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B CNG THNG
TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TPHCM
KHOA CNG NGH IN T - T NG
GIO TRNH MN HC
MC LC
Chng 1.
ng qu n v ro ot.
01
ch s ph t tri n Robot.
01
1.2. C c ng d ng ca Robot.
04
1.1.
04
05
07
07
08
10
11
13
13
. Robot ni tip.
13
14
1.4.2. Robot di ng
15
17
17
2. . . Trng th i cn bng.
17
2. .2. c.
17
17
2. .4. Momen ca lc i vi tr c.
17
2. .5. H lc.
18
18
20
2. .8. Sc b n vt li u.
22
2. .9. c ma s t
23
24
2.2. . X c nh c c yu t u vo.
24
24
25
28
28
2.3.2. H to .
28
2.3.3. Qu o robot.
28
28
29
29
30
32
34
34
3.1.
ect i m v h to thun nh t.
35
3.2.
35
36
36
36
37
37
d. t ca ma trn.
38
38
38
39
40
41
2
42
43
2.4.2. Mi quan h gi a c c h to .
44
3.5. M t vt th i t ng lm vi c ca robot.
Chng 4. Phng tr nh ng h c c
ro ot
4. . D n nhp.
47
47
47
47
49
4.2. B th ng s DE
IT HARTENBERG (DH).
4.2.1. D n nhp.
49
49
4.2.2.
50
4.2.3.
50
51
4.4.
42
51
a. Chn gc ca h to .
51
b. Chn tr c n.
51
c. Chn tr c n.
51
d. G n h to cho robot SC R .
53
c trng ca c c ma trn
53
4.3. . h i ni m ma trn .
53
54
55
55
4.6. . C c bc thc hi n.
55
55
b. p bng th ng s DH.
55
c. X c nh c c ma trn i.
55
d. Tnh c c ma trpn T.
55
3
56
64
64
64
65
71
71
5.4. . Tng qu t.
72
74
74
75
78
78
i suy ng a thc.
78
80
82
82
93
93
Deravition of Inner
93
96
98
100
6.4.5. Bng tm t t.
102
103
Chng 1
Trong giai on ny, nhiu nc khc cng tin hnh cng tc nghin
cu tng t, to ra cc Robot iu khin bng my tnh c lp t cc loi cm
bin v thit b giao tip ngi v my.
Hnh 1.10. Cc ng dng Robot trong cc lnh vc thm him, qun s, v tinh
Ngoi ra, tu thuc vo cc ng dng c th khc m Robot c thit k
phc v cho cc mc ch khc nhau, tn dng c cc u im ln ca
chng ng thi th hin kh nng cng ngh trong qu trnh lm vic.
1.3. Cc khi nim v Robot Robot cng nghip.
Lnh vc nghin cu v Robot hin nay rt a dng v phong ph. Trong
7
Cm bin
11
d2
z0
0
x0
y0
12
o4
y4
z4
x4
y0
z0
o1
x1
y1
z1
o2
y2
z2
x3
o3
y3
z3
o4
y4
x2
x4
z4
Thng ng dng loi robot ny trong vic vn chuyn phi liu, lp rp,
hn trong mt phng
Hnh 1.18. Robot kiu to cc
Robot kiu to tr.
Vng lm vic ca robot
ny c dng hnh tr rng
Robot Versatran (hng
AFM, Hoa K) l mt robot
thuc loi ny.
14
Hnh 1.22. Phn loi cc loi robot chuyn dng. (Ngun : Reis Robotics, ABB
Flexible Automation, CMB Automation)
2. Robot song song (Parallel Robot).
Cc loi Robot thuc nhm ny c cc khu chuyn ng song song tng
i vi nhau. Thng thng chng gm 1 c nh v 1 di ng.
16
17
Chng 2
Mmen ca lc F t ti A i vi tm O l m0 ( F ) OA F d F
18
( )
F//
d
O
2.1.5. H lc
Hp lc ca h lc: R c gi l hp lc ca h lc ( Fk ) khi R Fk
H lc cn bng khi R 0
2.1.6. Cc tin tnh hc
Hai lc cn bng khi chng cng phng, ngc hng, cng ln.
Hp lc ca hai lc l vector lc ng cho ca hnh bnh hnh.
F1
R F1 F2
F2
Tip tuyn
Vt t do l vt c th dch chuyn ty trong ln cn b t v tr ang xt.
Ngc li gi l vt khng t do
Vt kho st (S) c qui c gi l vt chu lin kt. Cc vt khc tng
tc c hc vi S c gi l vt gy lin kt.
Vt khng t do c th xem l t do nu ta thay th cc vt gy lin kt
bng cc phn lc lin kt.
V d :
19
M r
m
iu kin cn bng ca h tnh
R0
( Fk ) 0
, trong R l vector hp lc v M 0 l m men
M 0 0
chnh vi tm O ca h ( Fk ) .
Ta c
m
(
F
R
ox
x
k)
x
kx
k
k
R( Rx , R y , Rz ) R y Fky , v M 0 ( M ox , M oy , M oz ) M oy m y ( Fk )
k
k
F
z kz
M oz m z ( Fk )
k
Fkx 0
k
Fky 0
k
Fkz 0
k
Vy iu kin h cn bng tnh l ( F ) 0 m
x ( Fk ) 0
m y ( Fk ) 0
k
m z ( Fk ) 0
k
20
N1
s
s
b. Lin kt bn l tr
s
c. Lin kt bn l cu
Rx
Rz
Ry
K hiu qui c
d. Lin kt gi
K hiu qui c
c
e. Lin kt thanh
21
N2
450
A1
A2
m(5kg)
2.1.8. Sc bn ca vt liu
Thanh lin kt
dy
dx
dz
b nn li
Na trn ca thanh c xu
hng b ko gin ra
Na di ca thanh c xu
hng b nn li
22
Fn
t
Khi b ko qu mc gii hn kim loi s b bin dng, sau ln bin dng ny
Fk
t
2.1.9. Lc ma st
a. nh ngha: Ma st l lc sinh ra do s c st gia hai vt. Vt ny c st
sinh ra lc ma st tc ng ln vt kia v ngc li
1
2
Fm 21
1
2
Fm12
Fm12 Fm 21
Fm12 Fm 21
23
Tnh ton cn bng lc cho c h: tnh ton cn bng lc cho cc khu v cho
ti trng
V d: Thit k h cn bng tnh cho cnh tay Robot trong dy chuyn
phn loi sn phm di y
Khu 1
Thanh d2
Khu 2
Thanh d1
Tay gp
dng gic ht
ti trng
M
1m
Bng chuyn A
Bng chuyn B
2m
Bc 1:
a. Vt th M c khi lng 0,5kg, kch thc hnh tr cao 10cm, c nhn mc
nn d try xc
b. Nhc vt M ln, di chuyn t bng chuyn A sang bng chuyn B, h vt B
xung
c. Khong cch gia 2 bng chuyn 2m, chiu cao ca bng chuyn 1m, chiu
cao ca vt M l 10cm
d. Ngun nng lng cung cp kh nn
Bc 2:
a. Kt cu hnh hc nh hnh v
Khp 1: xoay quanh trc
Khp 2: khp trt ln xung
Tay gp: dng gic ht
Thanh 1 c chiu cao: 1m + 0,1m +(chiu di cylinder trt)
Thanh 2 c chiu di: 1m
ti trng c hnh dng v kch thc nh hnh v
25
0.5m
Chn
0.5m
0.25m
0.25m
b. Ngun lc
Khp 1: dng v lng kh nn truyn ng xoay trc tip, khi lng 1kg
Khp 2: dng cylinder kh nn truyn ng trt trc tip, khi lng 1kg
Tay gp: dng van kh nn iu khin gic ht, khi lng 200g
c. Vt liu lm cho cc thanh l Inox
Thanh 1: loi thanh trn, 34, khi lng 8kg
Thanh 2: loi thanh trn, 20, khi lng 5kg
Tay gp: phu gic ht, 8
ti trng: St tm si Inox, dy 5mm, khi lng 7kg
Bc 3:
a. Ho rn ton h, xc nh cc phn lc lin kt ca ti trng, nh hnh v
Do h i xng nn:
Pcylinder
Pvolang
N1 N 4 v N 2 N 3
PT cn bng ca h lc:
Pk N i 0
m
(
P
)
m
(
N
( ) i ) 0
( ) k
Pthanh2
PM
( )
N1
Tnh
cn bng
lc:
N4
Pde
Pthanh1
N3
N2
N1 N 2 N 3 N 4 0
2 N1 2 N 2 225( N ) (1)
26
Pcylinder
PM
Pvolang
1m
Pt1 _ 2
Pt1 _ 1
2N 2
2N1
( )
Pde
Pthanh1
0.25m
0.75
0.75 ( PM Pcylinder )
Pt1 _ 1 0.5 2 N 2
2
0.25
N 2 16.25( N ) (2)
N1 96.25( N )
m. g
m. g
2.3.2. H to
kho st cho chuyn ng cc khu, ta gn vo y mt h ta
(0xyz). H trc ny c t sao cho n gin cho vic kho st
y4
y3
x4
x2
2
y1
x3
z2
y2
z3
x1
z4
z1
2.3.3. Qu o
m t qu o ca tay my ta th hin thng qua cc ta suy rng
ca cc h ta khu. V d m t qu o ca tay my ti v tr M ca tay
gp (khu cui)
28
z1
a
k0
y1
i0 o
o1
j0
x1
a
cos(
a
,
i
)
a
a
cos(
a
,
j
)
a
a
cos(
a
, k0 )
Vi : x
0
y
0
z
nh l v phpchiu hnh hc
au a x cos(u, x ) a y cos(u, y ) a z cos(u, z )
a ln y1 l a y1 a x cos( y1 , x ) a y cos( y1 , y ) a z cos( y1 , z )
a ln z1 l
a z1 a x cos( z1 , x ) a y cos( z1 , y ) a z cos( z1 , z )
x1
y1
..
3
3
3
z1
Gi ma trn cosin ch hng t h ta (Oxyz) vo (O1 x1 y1 z1 ) l
29
1 cos( x1 , x ) , 2 cos( y1 , x ) ,
a x1
ax
1 1 1
MC10 2 2 2 => a y1 MC10 a y
a z
3 3 3
a z1
1 2 3
a x
a x
T
a MC T a
MC01 1 2 3 => MC01 MC10
=>
y
y
az
1 2 3
a z
1
10
x2
y2
y1
y1
z2
y2
z2
x1
z1
x1
z1
Hnh 1a)
Hnh 2a)
30
x2
r2
x2
y1
d1
z2
r2
r1
r1
d1
y1
y2
z2
y2
x1
x1
1
z1
z1
Hnh 1b)
Hnh 2b)
Vy ta ca P trong h khu 1 l
2
y1
x3
z2
y2
z3
x1
z4
z1
Xem xt m hnh ca tay my ba bc t do nh hnh v trn
31
y3
x2
y1
d2
d1
r3
x3
r1
z2
y2
z3
z4
x1
z1
T m hnh vector ta thy: r1 d1 d 2 r3
r1 1 MC12 (d1 d 2 r3 ) 2
MC12 ( d1 ) 2 MC12 ( d 2 r3 ) 2
=> MC ( d ) MC [ MC ( d r ) ]
12
1 2
12
23
2
3 3
MC12 ( d1 ) 2 MC12 MC23 ( d 2 r3 ) 3
Nu xem im P cng l mt khu (khu 4), ta c
y4
y3
x2
y1
d1
P
z4
x3
r1
z2
d2
x4
r3
y2
z3
x1
z1
(
r
)
MC
(
d
)
MC
MC
(
d
d
Vy 1 1
12
1 2
12
23
2
3 )3
n
n 1
i
( rT (Ter min al ) )1 d i [ MC j ( j 1) (d i ) i 1 ]
i 1
i 1
j 1
2
x1
d1
y2
z2
d2
x3
3
d3
r1
y1
y3
z4
y4
x4
z1
Ta c
M:
33
1 2 3 cos( x2 , x1 ) cos( y 2 , x1 ) cos( z2 , x1 ) cos 1 sin 1 0
M 12 1 2 3 cos( x2 , y1 ) cos( y 2 , y1 ) cos( z2 , y1 ) sin 1 cos 1 0
0
1
1 2 3 cos( x2 , z1 ) cos( y 2 , z1 ) cos( z2 , z1 ) 0
cos( x3 , x2 ) cos( y3 , x2 ) cos( z3 , x2 ) cos 2 0 sin 2
M 23 cos( x3 , y2 ) cos( y3 , y2 ) cos( z3 , y2 ) sin 2 0 cos 2
cos( x3 , z 2 ) cos( y3 , z2 ) cos( z3 , z2 ) 0
1
0
M 34
cos( x4 , x3 ) cos( y4 , x3 ) cos( z4 , x3 ) cos 3 sin 3 0
cos( x4 , y3 ) cos( y4 , y3 ) cos( z4 , y3 ) sin 3 cos 3 0
0
1
cos( x4 , z3 ) cos( y4 , z3 ) cos( z4 , z3 ) 0
2
x1
d2
d1
P
y4
3
x3
r1
z2
x4
d3
y2
y3
y1
z1
34
z4
Chng 3
zA
VA
yC
xC
y
xA
v:
i
Nu gi , j , k l cc vector nh v ca h to d no th vector im
v ai bj ck
Vi a,b,c l to v tr ca im v.
o Nu
quan tm ng thi vn v tr v nh hng ta phi biu din vector
im v trong khng gian 4 chiu :
35
x
y
v , vi
z
w
x
a;
w
y
b;
w
z
c
w
v ai bj ck
2
i
3
j k
V d :
o Cc trng hp c bit :
+ [0, ,0, 0, 0]T : Vector khng xc nh.
+ [0, 0, 0, n]T : Vector 0.
+ [x, y, z, 0]T : Vector ch hng.
+ [x, y, z, 1]T : Vector trong h to thun nht.
3.2. Nhc li cc php tnh v vector v ma trn.
3.2.1) Php nhn vector :
Cho 2 vector :
a ax i a y j az k
b bx i by j bz k
a. Tch v hng 2 vector :
a.b ax bx a y by az bz
b. Tch c hng hai vector (Tch hai vector) :
i
j
k
a.b c a x a y a z
bx by bz
3.2.2. Cc php tnh v ma trn :
a. Php cng tr hai ma trn :
iu kin : Cc ma trn phi cng bc (cng kch thc)
36
A 4
1 2
6 v B 3 4
5 6
9
3
22 28
A.B C 49 64
76 100
Ch :
+ A.B B.A
+ (k.A).B = k.(A.B) = A.(k.B)
+ A.(B.C) = (A.B).C
+ (A+B).C = A.C+B.C
+ C.(A+B) = C.A+C.B
c. Ma trn nghch o :
A. A1 I
1
CT
det( A)
37
nx ox
n
oy
A y
nz oz
0
0
A n o a
ax
ay
az
0
px
p y
pz
o
.p
x
y
z
A
a x a y a z a. p
0
0
1
0
V d : Cho
0 0
0 1
A
1 0
0 0
A1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
3
1 3
0 2
0 1
0
1
0
1
0
0
Kim tra :
A. A1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
I
0
e. Vt ca ma trn :
Vt ca ma trn vung bc n l tng cc phn t trn ng cho chnh.
n
38
a
A d
g
b
e
h
c
f
k
a b c
t
t t
d e f
g h k
t
t t
Tng t cho php tch phn ma trn.
v H .u
L vector biu din im sau khi chuyn i.
3.3.1. Php bin i tnh tin.
Gi s cn tnh tin 1 im hay hay 1 vt th theo vector dn :
h a.i b. j c.k
Ma trn chuyn i tnh tin theo vector dn :
1 0 0 a
0 1 0 b
H
0 0 1 c
0 0 0 1
v H .u
0 0 1 c z z c
0 0 0 1 1 1
K hiu :
v= Trans(a,b,c).u
h 4.i 3. j 7.k
39
1
0
v H .u
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
4 2 6
3 3 0
7 2 9
1 1 1
0
cos
0
sin
sin
0
cos
0
cos
0
Rot ( y, )
sin
cos
sin
Rot ( z , )
0
0
1
sin
0
0
0
cos
0
sin
cos
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
V d : u 7.i 3. j 2.k
Quay mt gc 900 quanh trc z : Rot(z, 90), sau tip tc cho quay y 1
gc 900 : Rot(y, 90)
Thc hin chuyn i :
1 0
0 0
0
0
1
0
0 7 3
0 3 7
0 2 2
1 1 1
W= Rot(y, 90).v
0
0
v R.u
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0 3 2
0 7 7
0 2 3
1 1 1
Vy c th tnh :
W Rot(y,90 ).Rot ( z,90 ).u
Ch :
+ Php quay cn tun th theo ng th t trc sau .
Trong v d : quay quanh trc z trc, trc y sau, ta k hiu : Rot(y,
90).Rot(z, 90).u
+ V cc php quay cho cc ma trn nn :
Rot(y, 90).Rot(z, 90).u Rot(z,90).Rot(y,90).u
3.3.3. Php quay le( Euler)
Trong thc t vic nh hng khu chp hnh cui thng l kt qu ca
cc php quay quanh trc x, y, z.
Php quay le m t kh nng nh hng ca cc khu chp hnh cui
thng qua cc gc quay , , bi cc php bin i sau :
+ Quay 1 gc quanh trc z.
+ Quay 1 gc quanh trc y mi l y
+ Quay 1 gc quanh trc z mi l z
Euler ( , , ) Rot ( z, ).Rot ( y, ).Rot ( z, ) Rot ( z, ).Rot ( y, ).Rot ( z, )
Ch :
Php quay phi theo th t trc sau , nhng c bit vi php quay le th
s thay i th t khng lm thay i kt qu.
Cng thc tnh :
Euler ( , , ) Rot ( z, ).Rot ( y, ).Rot ( z, )
cos
0
Rot ( z , )
sin
0
1
sin
0
0
0
cos
0
0 cos
0 sin
0 0
1 0
41
sin
cos
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
sin cos
cos sin
sin sin
sin sin
0
cos
0
ROLL
O
PITCH
z
y
x
Ngi ta s dng php quay ny biu din chuyn ng ca Robot.
Phng php ny c s dng kh ph bin.
42
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
cos
sin
Rot ( z , )
sin 0 cos 0 0 sin
cos
0
0
0
1 0
0
0
1
0
cos cos cos sin sin sin cos cos sin cos sin sin
sin cos sin cos sin cos cos sin sin cos cos sin
sin
cos sin
cos cos
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hay c th vit :
C C C S S S C C S C S S
RPY ( , , ) S C S S S C C S S C C S
S
C S
C C
h 4.i 3. j 7.k th kt qu ta c to im OT :
0
0
OT H .O
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
4 0 4
3 0 3
7 0 7
1 1 1
43
zT
z'T
Rot(z,-90)
Rot(y,90)
x'T
OT
x'T
OT
OT
yT
xT
z'T
y'T
y'T
OT
OT
y'T
yT
xT
x''T
OT
z'T
z''T
x'T
44
y''T
zC
P
pC
pA
zB
yC
xC
yB
zA
xB
A
y
xA
Tnh cht :
B A TBA
A B TAB
TAB (TBA ) 1
3.5. M t vt th
Vt th l cc i tng lm vic ca Robot . Da vo c im hnh hc
ca chng , ta c th chia chng thnh 3 nhm sau :
+ Nhm cc vt th trn xoay : ngoi gi tr ca v tr v kch thc, ta cn xc
nh to tm v bn knh ca ng cong.
+ Nhm cc vt th c gc cnh : Gi tr c trng l to cc im gii hn.
+ Nhm cc vt th c cu trc hn hp
i vi hot ng cm nm i tng v qu trnh vn ng ca Robot th
vic m t vt th cn phi gn lin vi cc php bin i thun nht.
V d : Cho vt th hnh ln tr t trong h to oxyz nh hnh v :
45
C
z
B
D
y
E
A
x
0
0
4
4
A
0 0
2 2 0 0
1 1 1 1
1 1
A A B C D E F
Yu cu : Thc hin cc php bin i : H=Trans(4,0,0) Rot(y,90)
Rot(z,90).
Thc hin nhn cc ma trn thun nht ca cc php bin i theo ng th
t nh trn , ta thu c ma trn H nh sau :
0 0 1 4
1 0 0 0
H
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1
0
1
A' H . A
0
4
1
A'
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
4 1
0 0
0 0
1 1
4
6 6
1 1 1
4
1
0
1
4
1
0
1
0
1
1 1 1
0
0 0
1
4
0
1
0
1
2
1
4
1
4
1
46
2
1
1
4
0
y'
z'
x'
+ Rot(y,90) :
y''
x'
z''
+ Trans(4,0,0) :
y''
O
4
z''
47
x'
Chng 4
Hnh 4.1. Khp quay v khp tnh tin trong chuyn ng ca robot.
Ta t trn mi khu ca mt Robot mt h trc to . S dng cc php
bin i thun nht c th m t v tr tng i v hng gia cc h to
ny.
Theo Denavit, mi lin h gia hai khu lin k nhau (khu n so vi khu
(n-1)) c m t bi ma trn A l ma trn bin i thun nht gm c cc php
quay v tnh tin gia cc h to vi nhau.
n : Vector php tuyn ca o v a : n o.a
nx ox a x p x
n o
a y p y
y
y
T6
nz oz a z p z
0
0
1
0
4.2. B thng s Denavit-Hartenberg (DH)
4.2.1. Cc khi nim :
49
Hnh 4.7. Khong cch hai khu v gc quay gia hai khu.
Mi trc khp c hai ng php tuyn chung i vi n, khong cch
gia hai ng php tuyn chung o dc theo trc khp n gi l d n
dn cn gi l khong cch gia hai khu : Khu n so vi khu th (n-1)
Gc gia hai ng php tuyn chung o trong mt phng vung gc vi
trc khp th n l gc n.
n l gc quay ca khu th n so vi khu th (n-1)
4.2.4. B thng s Denavit-Hertenberg :
51
52
d*3
o0
y0
x0
z0
o1
y1
x1
z1
o2
y2
x2
z2
x3
o3
y3
z3
o4
y4
x4
z4
1*
a1
2*
a2
d3
4*
d4
0
1
0
H1
0
sin
cos
0
0
0 0 a
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0
1
0 cos
Rot ( x, )
0 sin
0
0
1
0
H2
0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 d
0 0 1
0
0
sin 0
cos 0
0
1
cos i
sin
i
Ai
0
Hay:
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
cos i sin i
cos i cos i
sin i sin i
sin i cos i
sin i
0
cos i
0
ai cos i
ai sin i
di
: Ai i
0
pi
vi Ri l ma trn quay 3 x 3 v pi l vect tnh tin 3 x 1.
1
Lu :
i vi khp tnh tin th i =a=0 nn:
0
1
0 cos
Ai
0 sin
0
0
0
sin
cos
0
0
0
d
1
54
+ n : Vector php tuyn ca o v a : n o.a
nx
n
T6 y
nz
ox
oy
ax
ay
oz
0
az
0
px
p y
pz
Tn Ai
n 1
i 1
Vi : T3 A3
2
T3 A2 A3
y2
O2
x2
z1
y1
x1
O1
l1
y0
O0
x0
z0
Khu
1
2
ai
di
1*
0
90
l1
d 2*
*
*
Cc bin khp : 1 , d 2
Phng trnh ng hc :
+ Cc ma trn c trng A :
c1 0 s1
s1 0 c1
A1
0 1 0
0
0 0
1
0
A2
0
0
0
l1
0
0
0 1 d2
0 0 1
cos
cos
sin
cos
a
sin
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
Ai
0
sin i
cos i
di
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0 cos sin 0
Ai
0 sin cos d
0
0
1
0
0 0
1 0
c1 0 s1
s1 0
c1
T A1 A2
0 1 0
0
0 0
0
0
l1
1
0
0 c1 0 s1 d 2 s1
0 s1 0 c1 d 2 c1
0 1 d2 0 1 0
l1
0 0 1 0 0
0
1
0 0
1 0
nx cos 1
ox 0
a x sin 1
n y sin 1 ,
nz 0
oy 0 ,
o z 1
az 0
a y cos 1
Vector nh v : p
p x d 2 sin 1
p y d 2 cos 1
p z l1
1. V d 2. Xc nh phng trnh ng hc Robot c cu hnh RRT
57
i. Gn h to cho Robot :
Hnh 4.12. Gn h ta ti
chn
v tr ban u cho.
Hnh 4.13. Gn h ta ti v tr la
ii. B thng s DH :
Khu
1
2
3
iii.
cos i
sin
i
Ai
0
ai
di
1*
+90
d1
2*
0
-90
3*
Xc
nh
cc
ma
cos i sin i sin i sin i ai cos i
cos i cos i sin i cos i ai sin i
sin i
cos i
di
0
1
58
trn
Qui uc :
cos 1 = c1
cos 2 = c2
0 s1
0 c1
1
0
0
0
0
0
d1
c 2 0 s 2
s2 0 c2
A2
0 1 0
0
0 0
1
0
A2
0
0 0
1 c2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
d 3
T3
s2
0
c2
c 2d 3 d1
0
0
1
0
ox
oy
ax
ay
oz
0
az
0
px
p y
pz
59
i. B thng s DH :
1
1*
a1
2*
a2
3*
a3
ii. Xc nh cc ma trn A
cos i
sin
i
Ai
0
cos i sin i
cos i cos i
sin i sin i
sin i cos i
sin i
0
cos i
0
ai cos i
ai sin i
di
s123
c123
0
0
0
0
1
0
60
c1
s
0
1
1T
0
3T
s1
c1
0
0
c 3
s 3
s 3
c 3
c 5
0
4
5T
s 5
s 5
0
c 5
0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
c 2 s 2 0 0
0
0 1 0
1
2T
s 2 c 2 0 0
0
0 1
0
a2
0 0
,
0 d3
0 1
c 3
0
3
4T
s 4
0
1 0
,
0 0
0 1
c 6 s 6 0 0
0
0
1 0
5
6T
s 6 c 6 0 0
0
0 1
0
s 3
0
c 4
0
a2
1 d 4
0 0
0 1
Ta c :
r
r
Py
21
22
23
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6T 1T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T
r31 r32 r33 Pz
0
0
0
1
Trong :
r11 c1 [c 23 (c 4 c5 c6 s 4 s5 ) s 23 s5 c5 ] s1 ( s 4 c5 c6 c 4 s 6 )
r21 s1 [c 23 (c 4 c5 c6 s 4 s 6 ) s 23 s5 c6 ] c1 ( s 4 c5 c6 c 4 s 6 )
r31 s 23 (c 4 c5 c6 s 4 s 6 ) c 23 s5 c6
r12 c1 [c 23 (c 4 c5 s 6 s 4 c6 ) s 23 s5 s 6 ] s1 (c 4 c6 s 4 c5 s 6 )
r22 s1 [c 23 (c 4 c5 s 6 s 4 c6 ) s 23 s5 s 6 ] c1 (c 4 c6 s 4 c5 s 6 )
r32 s 23 (c 4 c5 s 6 s 4 c6 ) c 23 s5 s 6
r13 c1 (c 23c 4 c5 s 23c5 ) s1 s 4 s5 ]
r23 s1 (c 23c 4 c5 s 23c5 ) c1 s 4 s5 )
r33 s 23c 4 s5 c 23c5
Px c1 [a 2 c 2 a3 c 23 d 4 s 23 ] d 3 s1
62
Py s1 [a 2 c 2 a3 c 23 d 4 s 23 ] d 3 c1
Pz a3 s 23 a 2 s 2 d 4 c 23
r12 c1 [c 23 (c 4 c5 s 6 s 4 c6 ) s 23 s5 s 6 ] s1 (c 4 c6 s 4 c5 s 6 )
r22 s1 [c 23 (c 4 c5 s 6 s 4 c6 ) s 23 s5 s 6 ] c1 (c 4 c6 s 4 c5 s 6 )
r32 s 23 (c 4 c5 s 6 s 4 c6 ) c 23 s5 s 6
r13 c1 (c 23c 4 c5 s 23c5 ) s1 s 4 s5 ]
r23 s1 (c 23c 4 c5 s 23c5 ) c1 s 4 s5 )
r33 s 23c 4 s5 c 23c5
Px c1 [a 2 c 2 a3 c 23 d 4 s 23 ] d 3 s1
Py s1 [a 2 c 2 a3 c 23 d 4 s 23 ] d 3 c1
Pz a3 s 23 a 2 s 2 d 4 c 23
63
Chng 5
NG LC HC ROBOT V NG DNG
TRONG IU KHIN
5.1. Mc ch v phng php kho st ng lc hc robot
Vi nhng mc ch thit k v iu khin, cn thit phi c mt m hnh
ton hc m t ng lc hc ca h thng. V th, chng ny ta s xc lp
phng trnh chuyn ng ca tay my di dng phng trnh vi phn. Phng
php p dng y l xy dng phng trnh chuyn ng ca c h da trn
quan h nng lng, xut pht t nguyn l bo ton v chuyn ha nng lng
trn c s xc lp quan h gia ng nng v th nng ca c h tay my, sau
s dng phng trnh vi phn ca chuyn ng trn c h vi cc i lng
tham gia vo phng trnh gm lc, qun tnh v nng lng.
Vic nghin cu ng lc hc Robot thng gii quyt hai nhim v sau :
1. Xc nh momen v lc ng trong qu trnh chuyn ng. Khi qui lut
bin i ca bin khp qi(t) xem nh bit.
Vic tnh ton lc cng nh momen trong c cu tay my l nhim v tt
yu trong vic la chn cng sut ng c, tnh ton kim tra bn, cng
vng, m bo tin cy cho Robot.
2. Xc nh cc sai s ng, tc l sai s xut hin so vi qui lut chuyn ng
trong chng trnh.
C nhiu phng php nghin cu ng lc hc Robot, nhng nhiu hn
c l phng php c hc Lagrange, c th l phng trnh Lagrange-Euler.
Trong phm vi ni dung ca mn hc ny, chng ta tm hiu nhim v th
nht, t to c s cho vic lp trnh v iu khin robot.
5.2. ng lc hc robot vi phng trnh Euler-Lagrange.
Hm Lagrange ca mt h thng nng lng c nh ngha :
L= K P
Trong : K l tng ng nng ca c h
L l tng th nng ca c h
K v P u l nhng i lng v hng, nn c th chn bt k h ta
no gi bi ton n gin.
Xt mt Robot c n khu th :
64
K Ki
P Pi
i 1
i 1
(2.1)
Ki K qi , qi v Pi Pqi , qi
(2.2)
d L L
dt q q
dt q q
(2.3)
L K P
(2.4)
a. V d 1.
Ta xt v d xy dng phng trnh chuyn ng ca tay my hai khu phng
lin kt bng khp bn l.
Trong v d ny, ta p dng cc kt qu ca bi ton ng hc c kho
st phn trc. xy dng bi ton ng lc hc, ta kho st c h vi gi
thit rng khi lng ca khu c tp trung cc khp. Ma trn bin khp l:
q 1 2
(2.5)
v ma trn biu din ca lc suy rng c th hin:
(2.6)
vi 1 , 2 l cc m men c cho bi cc c cu tc ng (chng hn l m
men pht ng ca cc ng c in).
65
(x2,y2)
2
a2
m2
g
a1
m1
x
(2.7)
P1 m1 ga1 sin1
(2.8)
Vi khu 2 ta c:
x2 a1 cos1 a2 cos(1 2 )
(2.9)
y2 a1 sin1 a2 sin(1 2 )
(2.10)
x2 a11 sin1 a2 (1 2 ) sin(1 2 )
(2.11)
)
Ta cn xc nh cc biu thc :
L
2
(m1 m2 )a1 1 m2 a 22 (1 2 ) m2 a1 a 2 (21 2 ) cos 2
1
d L
2
(m1 m2 )a1 1 m2 a 22 (1 2 ) m2 a1 a 2 (21 2 ) cos 2 m2 a1 a 2 (212 22 ) cos 2
dt 1
L
(m1 m2 ) ga1 cos 1 m2 ga 2 cos(1 2 )
1
L
m2 a 22 (1 2 ) m2 a1 a 21 cos 2
2
d L
m2 a 22 (1 2 ) m2 a1 a 21 cos 2 m2 a1 a 212 sin 2
dt 2
L
m2 a1 a 2 (12 12 ) sin 2 m2 ga 2 cos(1 2 )
2
Cui cng, phng trnh chuyn ng ca c h tay my c cho bi h
hai phng trnh vi phn:
(2.18)
67
2
2
m2 a2 m2 a1a2cos 2
m2 a2
2
m2 a1a2 (2 1 2 22 ) sin 2 (m1 m2 ) ga1cos1 m2 ga2cos (1 2 ) 1
2 sin
m
ga
cos
(
)
m
a
a
2
2
1
2
2
2 1 2 1
2
Ta tm c biu thc ng lc hc tay my di dng chun, c biu
din chung di dng sau :
d2
O0
68
d L L
dt q q
(2.1)
L K P
(2.2)
d2
(2.3)
v ma trn biu din ca lc suy rng c th hin:
(2.4)
m 2 ( x 2 ,y 2)
l1
m 1(x 1,y 1 )
d2
x2 d 2 cos 1
y2 d 2 sin 1
(2.8)
69
(2.7)
x2 d2 cos 1 d 21 sin 1
(2.9)
y 2 d2 sin 1 d 21 cos 1
(2.10)
Bnh phng vn tc l :
2 2
2
v22 x22 y 22 d 2 1 d2
(2.11)
Do vy ng nng ca khu 2 l:
K2
1
1
1
2 2
2
m2 v22 m2 d 2 1 m2 d2
2
2
2
(2.12)
Th nng cho khu 2 l:
1 2 2 1
1
2 2
2
L K P K1 K 2 P1 P2 m1l1 1 m2 d 2 1 m2 d2 m1 gl1 sin 1 m2 gd 2 sin 1
2
2
2
1
1 2
2
2 2
Vy : L (m1l1 m2 d 2 )1 m2 d 2 (m1l1 m2 d 2 ) g sin 1
2
2
(2.14)
Nhng hng thc cn tnh c th hin nh di y:
70
L
2
2
(
m
l
m
d
)1
1
1
2
2
1
d L
2
d 2 )
m
l
m
(
2
d
d
1
1
1
2
2
2 1
2
1
dt 1
L
(m1l1 m2 d 2 ) g cos 1
1
L
m2 d2
d 2
(2.15)
)
d L
m2 d2
dt d 2
L
2
m2 d 21 m2 g sin 1
d 2
Cui cng, phng trnh chuyn ng ca c h Tay my c cho bi h
hai phng trnh vi phn:
d L L
2
2
Vy :
d L L
dt q q
d L L
m d 2 m g sin
m
d
2 2
2 2 1
2
1
dt d2 d 2
Vy :
2 m2 d2 m2 d 212 m2 g sin 1
d L L
m d 2 m g sin
m
d
2
2
2 2 1
2
1
dt d2 d 2
m
g
sin
0
m2 d 2 m2 d 21
2
1
2
71
F (q ) Fv q Fd
trong Fv l ma trn h s ca ma st tnh v Fd l ma st ng. Ta s a
thm lng nhiu d vo phng trnh, i lng ny gip m t phn b cho
trng hp m hnh ng lc hc c sai st m ta cha lng ht trong qu trnh
xy dng m hnh ton.
Vic xc nh lc ma st rt kh khn, cch m t nh vy c chp nhn.
Hu ht nhng tr lc no chng li chuyn ng u c cc nh nghin cu
m t trong m hnh ng lc hc Tay my theo cch nh trn.
Phng trnh ng lc hc Tay my cng c biu din di dng:
N ( q, q ) d
M ( q)q
72
Ti
TiT
m jk ( q ) trace
Ii
q
q k
i 1
j
n
x 2 dm
xy dm
I i i ri i riT dm
xz dm
x dm
yx dm
y dm
yz dm
y dm
2
zx dm
zy dm
z dm
z dm
2
x dm
y dm
z dm
dm
I yy ( x 2 z 2 )dm
I zz ( x 2 y 2 )dm
I xx ( y 2 z 2 )dm
I xz xz dm
I yz yz dm
I xy xy dm
73
my y dm
mz z dm
mx x dm
ri x
I xx I yy I zz
I xy
Ii
I xz
mx
Vi
Ti / q j
I xy
I xz
I xx I yy I zz
2
I yz
I xx I yy I zz
I yz
2
mz
my
mx
my
mz
T TiT
m jk (q) trace
Ii
i max( j , k )
q j qk
n
1 T
K
V ( q, q ) M ( q )q
( q M ( q )q ) M q
2 q
q
Cc thnh phn ca vect Coriolis/hng tm c xc nh nh sau:
V (q, q ) vijk qi q j
i, j
vijk
2 qi
q j
q k
G( q )
P( q )
q
( g T Ti ( q ))I i e 4
i 1 q
n
e4 = (0, 0, 0, 1)
T , ta suy ra c:
( g T Ti ( q )) I i e 4
i 1 q
n
T
G (q ) ( I n g T ) i I i e 4
q
i 1
n
G ( q )
, j 1,2..., n
n T Ti
g q I i e 4
1
in1
T
i
g T
I i e4
G( q ) i 2
q 2
T
T
i
g
I i e4
i n
q n
n y ta kho st bi ton ng lc hc Tay my t thu c
cc gi tr lc hay m men suy rng trn mi khp trong qu trnh hot ng ca
robot. Da trn nhng thng s ny ta s a ra nhng gii php thit k kt cu
cng nh iu khin robot tt hn. Bi b iu khin s n gin v c hiu qu
hn nu nhng c tnh ng lc hc bit ca Tay my c kt hp cht ch
ngay t trong giai on thit k.
5.5. ng dng bi ton ng lc hc m t i tng robot trong iu
khin.
Sau khi thc hin tnh ton bi ton ng lc hc robot, chng ta c th s
dng trc tip cc m hnh ton thu c xy dng i tng trong vic m
phng v a ra cc tng trong vn iu khin.
Tt nhin, vic xc nh cc thng s ca robot l rt kh khn, v vy
chng ta ch xy dng i tng robot c tnh cht m phng thc hin cc
gii thut iu khin. V trong thc t, cc thng s ca m hnh ng lc hc
tay my chu nh hng ca rt nhiu cc yu t nh : chnh xc trong gia
cng c kh, nh hng ca cc tc nhn c tnh cht nh nhiu, cc sai s m
hnh khi thc hin tnh ton...
Trong mc ny, bng cc phn mm h tr m phng (Visual C, Visual
Basic, Matlab, ...) chng ta thc hin m hnh ha cc robot t cc phng trnh
75
Theta
U2
d
(Do dai tinh tien d khop 2)
f(u)
theta_2dot
theta_dot
1
s
theta_
theta
2
u2
1
s
f(u)
d_2dot
d_dot
1
s
2
d
77
d2
Chng 6
IU KHIN ROBOT
Vn trng tm ca chng ta trong lnh vc nghin cu robot l iu
khin chng theo cc mc tiu c th. Trong chng ny ta cn a ra cc
phng thc iu khin lm cho tay my i theo qu o yu cu c cho
trc. Qu o d kin i hi ngi lp trnh iu khin phi tm kim ng
i c tnh n nhng vn lin quan n mi trng ng dng nh trnh s va
chm, cc yu cu v tc p ng
Trong cc trng hp ng dng, ta khng th iu khin tay my di
chuyn c chnh xc tuyt i theo qu o d kin.V vy cn thc hin cc
thao tc sau tm qu o mong mun trong qu trnh iu khin. Th nht, ta
s ch ra cch thc bin i mt qu o theo mong mun t h ta Descartes
(Cartesian coordinates) qua h ta suy rng (Joint coordinates - hay khng
gian khp). Sau , a ra mt bng nhng im ta, l nhng im thuc qu
o d kin c ri rc ha m ta mong mun im trn khu tc ng cui
s i qua v t ta ch ra cch xy dng li mt qu o lin tc theo yu
cu.
6.1. Bin i qu o t h to Descartes sang khng gian khp
Trong cc ng dng ca robot, mt cng vic c th, v mt l thuyt ta c
th biu din trong khng gian Descartes; v , dch chuyn ca tay my
c m t d dng trong mi quan h v v tr ca n vi cc phn t khc
trong mi trng hot ng bn ngoi. Tuy nhin, vic iu khin chuyn ng
ca cc khu trn tay my sao cho im lm vic trn khu tc ng cui di
chuyn ng theo qu o cho trc li yu cu phi s dng khng gian khp
v vy ta cn s dng gii quyt c bi ton ng lc hc.
y ta cng ch mt kt qu bi ton ng hc ngc m ta bit
phn trc, l c nhiu li gii v chuyn ng ca cc khu thnh vin trong
khng gian khp qd(t) cho im trn khu tc ng cui di chuyn theo qu
o cho (bi ton v nh). V vy vic chn li gii duy nht trong s nhng
li gii c th c l mt vn cn quan tm.
Ngoi ra cch thc hin dch chuyn ca im trn khu tc ng cui
gia cc im ta (ni suy) nh hng n kh nng v phng php iu
khin. y, chng ta c th thc hin gii bi ton ng hc ngc trc tip
hay theo phng php tch nhm ba khu.
6.1.1. Ni suy ng a thc
Gi nh rng mt qu o yu cu c xc nh v c th hin hoc
78
trong khng gian Descartes hoc dng ng hc ngc, trong khng gian khp.
thun tin, ta dng bin khng gian khp q(t) cho k hiu. S khng thun
tin cho vic iu khin khi d liu v qu o vi s lng v hn cc im
c lu trong b nh my tnh, cho nn ta thng lu di dng mt s N hu
hn cc im ta v h qu l s c nhng gi tr qi(tk) tng ng cho mi bin
khp i m t nhng gi tr yu cu v v tr ca cc khu ti nhng im thi
gian ri rc tk. Theo cch q(tk) l mt im trong khng gian R n m bin
khp s i qua ti thi im tk. Ta gi chng l nhng im ta.
Hu ht cc k hoch iu khin robot yu cu mt qu o lin tc.
chuyn thnh mt bng cc im ta qi(tk) cho qu o mong mun qd(t), ta c
th s dng cc cch thc ni suy tu chn. Di y trnh by s lc v ni
suy a thc.
Gi nh rng cc im ta l khng gian ng dng trong thi gian v
c xc nh trn c s ly mu thi gian nh sau:
T t k 1 t k
(6.1)
di chuyn c trn, trong mi khong thi gian [tk+1,tk] ta cn n v
tr mong mun qd(t) v vn tc mong mun qd (t) hp vi bng im ta. Ta c:
qd i ( tk ) qi ( tk )
qd i ( tk ) qi ( tk )
qd i ( tk 1 ) qi ( tk 1 )
qd i ( tk 1 ) qi ( tk 1 )
(6.2)
ph hp vi nhng iu kin gii hn, rt cn thit dng khong [tk,tk+1]
ni suy a thc bc 3:
qdi (t ) ai (t tk )bi (t tk ) 2 ci (t tk )3 di
(6.3)
trong c 4 bin t do. :
79
1
0
1 0
T T2
1 2T
0 ai qi (t k )
0 bi q i (t k )
T 3 ci qi (t k 1 )
3T 2 d i q i (t k 1 )
(6.6)
ai qi (t k )
bi q i (t k )
3[qi (t k 1 ) qi (t k )] T [2q i (t k ) q i (t k 1 )]
(6.7)
T2
2[qi (t k ) qi (t k 1 )] T [q i (t k ) q i (t k 1 )]
di
T3
ci
qi (t s ) q0 1 2 a M (t s t 0 ) 2
q i (t s ) a M (t s t 0 )
qi (t f ) qi (t s ) q i (t s )(t f t s ) 1 2 a M (t f t s ) 2
q i (t f ) q i (t s ) a M (t f t s )
ta c phng trnh vn tc:
q i (t f ) aM (t s t 0 ) aM (t f t s ) 0
hoc
80
t s (t f t 0 ) / 2
(6.8)
iu ny c ngha l s chuyn t gia tc ln nht n gim tc ln nht
xy ra im gia chu k. By gi ta c th thc hin nhng thao tc n gin
trong phng trnh v tr:
qi (t f ) q0 1 2 a M (t s t 0 ) 2 a M (t s t 0 )(t f t s ) 1 2 a M (t f t s ) 2 q f
q f q0
aM
(t s t 0 ) 2 (t s t 0 )(t f t s ) 1 2 (t f t s ) 2
t f t 0 (q f q0 ) / a M
(6.9)
Hnh 6.1: Qu o thi gian ngn nht: (a) gia tc; (b) vn tc
Tuy vy, qu o dch chuyn vi thi gian nh nht trn c s s dng gia
tc ln nht khng lin quan trc tip trong robotics l v trong thc t l nhng
tay my lun b gii hn m men bo ha, M. T c im ca phng trnh
chuyn ng ca Tay my xy dng trong phn trc l phi tuyn, do m
m men bo ha thng s khng tng ng vi gii hn hng s trong gia tc.
81
f(u)
theta_2dot
theta_dot
1
s
theta_
theta
2
u2
1
s
f(u)
d_2dot
d_dot
1
s
2
d
d2
83
Hnh 6.5. Kt cu b
truyn vitme-ai c bi
84
f(u)
f1
Fcn2
theta_random.mat
Random_theta
theta0_theta
theta_elip.mat
PD_FUZZY_THETA
Elip_theta
f3
U1
PI_FUZZY_THETA
Out1
f(u)
ref1
Fcn
Out1
End_Effector
Trajectory
PI_FUZZY_D
ref2
ROBOT_2DOF
PD_FUZZY_D
d0_d
d_elip.mat
Elip_d
U2
f(u)
d_random.mat
Fcn1
f4
Random_d
f(u)
f2
Fcn3
k1
1
s
Gain
Saturation
du/dt
Derivative
Integrator
k3
Gain2
1
u1
Fuzzy_PI
k2
Gain1
85
k1
k3
Gain
Saturation
du/dt
Derivative
Gain2
1
u1
Fuzzy_PD
k2
Gain1
k4
r2
1
s
Gain
Saturation
du/dt
Integrator
1
u2
Gain2
Fuzzy_PI_d
k5
Derivative
k6
Gain1
k4
k6
Gain
Saturation
du/dt
Derivative
Gain2
1
u1
Fuzzy_PD_d
k5
Gain1
Qu o l elip mong
mun
0.7m
End Effecttor
l1
l1 + dmax
x
2m
x2 y2
+ Ni suy d2(t) :
+ i vi tn hiu ra l gc :
90
91
MT-Matlab
VXL A
VXL B
DA
DA
MCH
KCS
NG C A
NG C B
(6.10)
M (q)q N (q, q ) d
hoc
(6.11)
vi bin khp q(t) thuc khng gian R n, (t) l m men iu khin, d(t) l i
lng nhiu. Nu trong phng trnh ny c k n ng lc hc ca ng c
dn ng th (t) l in p ng vo.
Gi nh rng mt qu o mong mun qd(t) c la chn cho s di
chuyn ca Tay my nh trnh by phn trong 7.3. Vic bo m s hiu chnh
qu o bi cc bin khp, nh ngha mt u ra hay sai s hiu chnh nh sau:
e(t ) qd (t ) q(t )
(6.12)
gii thch nh hng ca u vo qd(t) trn sai s hiu chnh, vi phn hai
ln ta nhn c:
e q d q
e qd q
Tm ra li gii cho q trong (6.11) v thay th vo trong phng trnh trn ta
c:
93
e qd M 1 ( N d )
(6.13)
nh ngha hm vo iu khin:
u qd M 1 ( N )
(6.14)
v hm nhiu
w M 1 d
(6.15)
Ta nh ngha bin x(t) thuc R2n bi:
e
x
e
(6.16)
v ta vit li sai s hiu chnh ng lc hc nh sau:
0
d e 0 I e 0
I w
dt e 0 0 e I
(6.17)
y l h thng sai s tuyn tnh Brunovsky hp vi quy tc chun gm c
n cp i hp nht 1/s2. N c to ra bi u vo iu khin u(t) v hm nhiu
w(t).
Chuyn i hi tip tuyn tnh c th o ngc li nh sau:
M (qd u) N
(6.18)
Ta gi y l nh lut tnh ton iu khin m men. iu quan trng ca
nhng thao tc ny l nhng k tha. Khng c php bin i bin trng thi i
t (6.10) n (6.17). V th, nu ta chn mt iu khin u(t) lm cho (6.17) n
nh vi e(t) tin v 0. Sau u vo iu khin phi tuyn (t) cho bi (6.18)
s gy ra qu o sai lch cho Tay my (6.12). Trn thc t, vic thay th
(6.18) vo (6.11) s cho kt qu:
Mq N d M (qd u ) N
e u M 1 d
(6.19)
cho thy l (6.17) ng n.
Vng lp
phi tuyn
bn trong
N(q,q)94
H thng
tuyn tnh
Hnh 6.20: S k hoch iu khin m men, biu din vng trong v ngoi
S n nh ca (6.17) l khng kh. Trn thc t, php bin i phi tuyn
(6.14) l bin i mt bi ton thit k iu khin phi tuyn phc tp thnh bi
ton thit k n gin cho h thng tuyn tnh gm c n h thng ph c tch
ra, mi h tun theo nh lut Newton.
Kt qu s phi hp iu khin c a ra trong bng tm tc phn
cui. Cn ch rng kt qu ny bao gm mt vng phi tuyn bn trong cng
vi mt tn hiu iu khin bn ngoi u(t). Ta s thy mt vi cch chn la
u(t), trong u(t) s ph thuc vo q(t) v q (t ) , vng bn ngoi s l vng hi
tip. Thng thng, ta c th chn c cu b ng lc hc H(s) cho:
U ( s) H ( s) E ( s)
(6.20)
H(s) c th c chn sao cho hot ng vng kn t hiu qu tt nht.
Theo (2.61) sai s h thng vng kn c chuyn thnh hm s:
T ( s) s 2 I H ( s)
(6.21)
(6.21), ta c nhn xt quan trng l biu thc tnh ton m men ph
thuc vo nghch o ca ng lc hc tay my, v tht vy, i khi ta gi l
ng lc hc iu khin ngc. Thc t, (6.18) m t rng (t) c tnh bi
d u cho q (t) ; kt qu cho php ta tm ra li gii cho bi ton
vic thay th q
ng hc ngc tay my. Nhng d bo cho bit trc vi mt h thng nghch
o, c tnh n nhng p s ca bi ton khi m h thng khng c pha nh
nht bng 0, tt c u c p dng kho st ny.
C mt vi cch tnh (6.18) trnh cho cc ma trn chun nhn vi
nhau ti mi khong thi gian ly mu. Trong mt s trng hp biu thc trn
95
c th tnh ton theo php gii tch. Mt cch tt nht tnh m men (t) l s
dng chuyn i ng lc hc ngc Newton-Euler vi qd u thay vo ch
ca q (t).
Tn hiu vng ngoi u(t) c th c chn dng cho nhng php tnh gn
ng, k c k thut iu khin th v iu khin thch nghi. Trong phn cn li
ca chng ny ta cng s kho st mt vi cch thit k cho u(t) v nhng s
bin thin trong tnh ton v iu khin m men .
6.4.2. Thit k PD vng ngoi
y, chng ta tm hiu vic thit k b iu khin t l vi phn PD vi
tn hiu iu khin u c xc nh :
u K v e K p e
(6.22)
y u vo ca Tay my ni chung s tr thnh biu thc:
M (q)(qd K v e K p e) N (q, q )
(6.23)
Sai s ng lc hc ca vng kn l:
e K v e K p e w
(6.24)
hoc dng khng gian trng thi :
d e 0
dt e K p
I e 0
w
K v e I
(6.25)
Phng trnh c trng ca vng kn l :
c ( s) s 2 I K v s K p
(6.26)
La chn li m bo tnh n nh ca h thng. Cc li thng
dng ly ma trn hm truyn ng cho n x n nh sau:
K v diag k vi ;
K p diag k pi
(6.27)
n
c ( s) ( s 2 k vi s k pi )
i 1
(6.28)
v h thng sai s l n nh tim cn vi iu kin l kvi v kpi u dng. V
96
p(s) s 2 2 n s n2
(6.29)
vi v n l h s gim chn v tn s ring ca h dao ng. Cho nn, hiu
sut mong mun ca mi sai s e(t) hp thnh c th t c bng cch chn
li nh sau:
k pi1 n2 ;
k vi 2 n
(6.30)
vi v n l h s gim chn mong mun v tn s ring cho sai s ca khp
th i. N c th hu ch khi la chn li phn hi ti trng thi m Tay my
vn ht tm vi ln hn so vi li phn hi trng thi cc khu ca Tay
my co v gn gi c nh, ni m khi lng tp trung ca Tay my gn gc
nht.
iu khng mong mun cho Tay my l mc vt qu gim chn,
iu ny c th l nguyn nhn gy nh hng n chnh xc ca qu o
mong mun khi mun dng chnh xc ti b mt ca i tng cng tc. Cho
nn, li PD thng c chn vi gim chn ti hn =1. Trong trng hp
ny th:
k vi 2 k pi ;
k pi k v2i / 4
(6.31)
Tn s ring n nh hng n tc p ng ca mi sai s hp thnh.
Khi gi tr ca n ln s cho p ng nhanh v s chn la ph thuc vo c
tnh ca i tng. Theo , qu o mong mun s c a vo ch tiu chn
la n . Ta s tho lun v nhng h s a vo trong s chn la ny.
r k r / J
(6.32)
vi J l m men qun tnh khu i v kr l cng ca khu. K , trnh hin
97
tng cng hng, ta s chn n < r / 2. D nhin, m men qun tnh J s thay
i theo hnh dng ca Tay my, cho nn gi tr ln nht c th c dng trong
tnh ton r.
Gii hn trn khc ca n c quy nh bi s xem xt n mc bo ha
m men. Nu li PD qu ln, m men (t) c th t ti gii hn trn.
Hm truyn ca sai s h thng vng kn trong (2.66) l:
e(s) (s 2 I K v s K p ) 1 w(s)
(6.33)
hoc nu Kv v Kp l ng cho, th
ei ( s)
1
w( s) H ( s) w( s)
s k vi s k pi
ei ( s)
s
w( s) sH ( s) w( s)
s 2 k vi s k pi
(6.34)
(6.35)
vi w(s) l nhiu.
6.4.3. V d :
a. Lut iu khin tnh ton m men
Trong v d di y ca c cu hai khu phng lin kt bng khp bn l
(hnh 6.7), ta nhn c kt qu vn tc ca cc khu t bi ton ng hc nh
sau:
x1 a1 sin 1
y1 a1 .cos1
m2 a22 m2 a1a2 cos 2
m2a22
m2 a1a212 sin 2
2
98
N c dng chun:
(2)
(3)
e qd q
(4)
b. Qu o yu cu:
Ta gi s qu o mong mun ca qd(t) gm cc thnh phn:
1d =g1sin(2t/T)
(5)
2d =g2cos(2t/T)
vi mu T=2s v gi = 0.1 rad. Chn hng s thi gian cho h thng l 0.1s. Lc
ta c:
n = 1/0.1 = 10
kp = n2 =100
kv = 2n = 20
c. Kt qu m phng
Sau khi dng phn mm Matlab m phng ta c kt qu nh sau:
0.15
0.1
0.05
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
5
Time(s )
10
99
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
Time(s )
10
(6.43)
u K v e K p e K i
(6.44)
y u vo iu khin Tay my, ta c:
M (q)(qd K v e K p e K i ) N (q, q )
(6.45)
vi (t) l phn nguyn ca sai s hiu chnh e(t). Chnh l phn cng thm vo
hiu chnh ng lc hc.
nh lut iu khin ny l c m t thun li bi nh ngha trng thi
T
l x = [T eT e ] T thuc R3n v lm tng thm sai s ng hc (6.17) vi mt
mch tch phn:
0 I 0 0
0
d
e 0 u 0 w
e
0
0
I
dt
e 0 0 0 e I
I
(6.46)
Mt s khi ca b tnh ton iu khin m men c a ra trong
bng tm tc.
y h thng vng kn c dng:
0
d
e 0
dt
e K i
I
0
Kp
(6.47)
100
0 0
I e 0 w
K v e I
c(s) s 3 I K v s 2 K p s K i
(6.48)
Tng t nh trng hp tnh ton b PD, ta cng la chn li m
bo tnh n nh h thng trong iu khin.
Chn t s li
qd
N(q, q )
q
qd
1/s
Ki
M(q)
Robot
arm
K
v
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
Time(s)
hoc:
M (q)q N (q, q ) d
N (q, q ) V (q, q ) Fv q Fd (q ) G(q)
e(t ) qd (t ) q(t )
c. Tnh ton m men theo PD
102
10
e
c K v e K p e Ki
6.2.6. p dng Matlab kho st cc bi ton c th.
Phn tnh ton trn MATLAB c xy dng da trn c s kho st ln
lt bi ton ng hc v ng lc hc ca tay my cho trc, sau la chn
cc quy lut iu khin tuyn tnh a ra kt qu cui cng v s thay i m
men ti cc khp. t a ra k hoch thit k v iu khin tay my mt
cch hp l.
S thit k:
Nhp d liu
Gii bi ton
ng hc
Gii bi ton
ng lc hc
M phng
103
Chng I
Gii thiu chung v robot cng nghip
1.1. S lt qu trnh pht trin ca robot cng nghip (IR : Industrial Robot) :
Thut ng Robot xut pht t ting Sec (Czech) Robota c ngha l cng vic tp
dch trong v kch Rossums Universal Robots ca Karel Capek, vo nm 1921. Trong v kch
ny, Rossum v con trai ca ng ta ch to ra nhng chic my gn ging vi con ngi
phc v con ngi. C l l mt gi ban u cho cc nh sng ch k thut v nhng c
cu, my mc bt chc cc hot ng c bp ca con ngi.
u thp k 60, cng ty M AMF (American Machine and Foundry Company) qung
co mt loi my t ng vn nng v gi l Ngi my cng nghip (Industrial Robot).
Ngy nay ngi ta t tn ngi my cng nghip (hay robot cng nghip) cho nhng loi thit
b c dng dp v mt vi chc nng nh tay ngi c iu khin t ng thc hin mt s
thao tc sn xut.
V mt k thut, nhng robot cng nghip ngy nay, c ngun gc t hai lnh vc k
thut ra i sm hn l cc c cu iu khin t xa (Teleoperators) v cc my cng c iu
khin s (NC - Numerically Controlled machine tool).
Cc c cu iu khin t xa (hay cc thit b kiu ch-t) pht trin mnh trong chin
tranh th gii ln th hai nhm nghin cu cc vt liu phng x. Ngi thao tc c tch bit
khi khu vc phng x bi mt bc tng c mt hoc vi ca quan st c th nhn thy
c cng vic bn trong. Cc c cu iu khin t xa thay th cho cnh tay ca ngi thao tc;
n gm c mt b kp bn trong (t) v hai tay cm bn ngoi (ch). C hai, tay cm v b
kp, c ni vi nhau bng mt c cu su bc t do to ra cc v tr v hng tu ca tay
cm v b kp. C cu dng iu khin b kp theo chuyn ng ca tay cm.
Vo khong nm 1949, cc my cng c iu khin s ra i, nhm p ng yu cu
gia cng cc chi tit trong ngnh ch to my bay. Nhng robot u tin thc cht l s ni kt
gia cc khu c kh ca c cu iu khin t xa vi kh nng lp trnh ca my cng c iu
khin s.
Di y chng ta s im qua mt s thi im lch s pht trin ca ngi my cng
nghip. Mt trong nhng robot cng nghip u tin c ch to l robot Versatran ca cng
ty AMF, M. Cng vo khong thi gian ny M xut hin loi robot Unimate -1900 c
dng u tin trong k ngh t.
Tip theo M, cc nc khc bt u sn xut robot cng nghip : Anh -1967, Thu
in v Nht -1968 theo bn quyn ca M; CHLB c -1971; Php - 1972; - 1973. . .
Tnh nng lm vic ca robot ngy cng c nng cao, nht l kh nng nhn bit v
x l. Nm 1967 trng i hc tng hp Stanford (M) ch to ra mu robot hot ng
theo m hnh mt-tay, c kh nng nhn bit v nh hng bn kp theo v tr vt kp nh
cc cm bin. Nm 1974 Cng ty M Cincinnati a ra loi robot c iu khin bng my vi
tnh, gi l robot T3 (The Tomorrow Tool : Cng c ca tng lai). Robot ny c th nng c
vt c khi lng n 40 KG.
C th ni, Robot l s t hp kh nng hot ng linh hot ca cc c cu iu khin t
xa vi mc tri thc ngy cng phong ph ca h thng iu khin theo chng trnh s
cng nh k thut ch to cc b cm bin, cng ngh lp trnh v cc pht trin ca tr khn
nhn to, h chuyn gia ...
Trong nhng nm sau ny, vic nng cao tnh nng hot ng ca robot khng ngng
pht trin. Cc robot c trang b thm cc loi cm bin khc nhau nhn bit mi trng
1.488
1.197
2.000
Php
Anh
510
1.086
1.500
Hn quc
1.000
1.200
M l nc u tin pht minh ra robot, nhng nc pht trin cao nht trong lnh vc
nghin cu ch to v s dng robot li l Nht.
1.2. ng dng robot cng nghip trong sn xut :
T khi mi ra i robot cng nghip c p dng trong nhiu lnh vc di gc
thay th sc ngi. Nh vy cc dy chuyn sn xut c t chc li, nng sut v hiu qu
sn xut tng ln r rt.
Mc tiu ng dng robot cng nghip nhm gp phn nng cao nng sut dy chuyn
cng ngh, gim gi thnh, nng cao cht lng v kh nng cnh tranh ca sn phm ng
thi ci thin iu kin lao ng. t c cc mc tiu trn l nh vo nhng kh nng to ln
ca robot nh : lm vic khng bit mt mi, rt d dng chuyn ngh mt cch thnh tho,
chu c phng x v cc mi trng lm vic c hi, nhit cao, cm thy c c t
trng v nghe c c siu m ... Robot c dng thay th con ngi trong cc trng hp
trn hoc thc hin cc cng vic tuy khng nng nhc nhng n iu, d gy mt mi, nhm
ln.
Trong ngnh c kh, robot c s dng nhiu trong cng ngh c, cng ngh hn, ct
kim loi, sn, phun ph kim loi, tho lp vn chuyn phi, lp rp sn phm . . .
Ngy nay xut hin nhiu dy chuyn sn xut t ng gm cc my CNC vi
Robot cng nghip, cc dy chuyn t mc t ng ho cao, mc linh hot cao . . .
y cc my v robot c iu khin bng cng mt h thng chng trnh.
Ngoi cc phn xng, nh my, k thut robot cng c s dng trong vic khai thc
thm lc a v i dng, trong y hc, s dng trong quc phng, trong chinh phc v tr,
trong cng nghip nguyn t, trong cc lnh vc x hi . . .
R rng l kh nng lm vic ca robot trong mt s iu kin vt hn kh nng ca
con ngi; do n l phng tin hu hiu t ng ho, nng cao nng sut lao ng,
gim nh cho con ngi nhng cng vic nng nhc v c hi. Nhc im ln nht ca
robot l cha linh hot nh con ngi, trong dy chuyn t ng, nu c mt robot b hng c
th lm ngng hot ng ca c dy chuyn, cho nn robot vn lun hot ng di s gim
st ca con ngi.
w = 6n -
ip
i =1
(1.1)
y :
n - S khu ng;
pi - S khp loi i (i = 1,2,. . .,5 : S bc t do b hn ch).
i vi cc c cu c cc khu c ni vi nhau bng khp quay hoc tnh tin (khp
ng loi 5) th s bc t do bng vi s khu ng . i vi c cu h, s bc t do bng tng
s bc t do ca cc khp ng.
nh v v nh hng khu chp hnh cui mt cch tu trong khng gian 3
chiu robot cn c 6 bc t do, trong 3 bc t do nh v v 3 bc t do nh hng.
Mt s cng vic n gin nng h, sp xp... c th yu cu s bc t do t hn. Cc robot
hn, sn... thng yu cu 6 bc t do. Trong mt s trng hp cn s kho lo, linh hot
hoc khi cn phi ti u ho qu o,... ngi ta dng robot vi s bc t do ln hn 6.
1.3.3. H to (Coordinate frames) :
Mi robot thng bao gm nhiu khu (links) lin kt vi nhau qua cc khp (joints),
to thnh mt xch ng hc xut pht t mt khu c bn (base) ng yn. H to gn vi
d2
n
a
o On
1
y
x
O0
O
y
H
R
B iu
khin v
my tnh
Thit b
dy hc
Ngun
ng lc
Cc chng
trnh
Cnh tay
robot
Dng c
thao tc
T.T.T
R.R.R
R.R.T
Chng II
Cc php bin i thun nht
(Homogeneous Transformation)
Khi xem xt, nghin cu mi quan h gia robot v vt th ta khng nhng cn quan
tm n v tr (Position) tuyt i ca im, ng, mt ca vt th so vi im tc ng cui
(End effector) ca robot m cn cn quan tm n vn nh hng (Orientation) ca khu
chp hnh cui khi vn ng hoc nh v ta mt v tr.
m t quan h v v tr v hng gia robot v vt th ta phi dng n cc php
bin i thun nht.
Chng ny cung cp nhng hiu bit cn thit trc khi i vo gii quyt cc vn
lin quan ti ng hc v ng lc hc robot.
2.1. H ta thun nht :
biu din mt im trong khng gian ba chiu, ngi ta dng Vect im (Point
vector). Vect im thng c k hiu bng cc ch vit thng nh u, v, x1 . . . m t v
tr ca im U, V, X1 ,. . .
Ty thuc vo h qui chiu c chn, trong khng gian 3 chiu, mt im V c th
c biu din bng nhiu vect im khc nhau :
V
vE
vF
E
F
x
y
z
w
Trong
x/w = a
y/w = b
z/w = c
vi w l mt hng s thc no .
w cn c gi l h s t l, biu th cho chiu th t ngm nh, Nu w = 1 d thy :
x x
y y
z z
= = x=a;
= = y =b;
= =z=a
w 1
w 1
w 1
10
x y z
= = =
w w w
ta c :
r
r
r
r
a = a xi + a y j + az k
r
r
r
r
b = bx i + by j + bz k
Ta c tch v hng
V tch vect :
r r
i
j
r
r
axb = a a
x
y
bx by
1
4
7
Ta c :
2
5
8
3
6
9
B =
1
3
5
2
4
6
11
1.1+2.3+3.5
4.1+5.3+6.5
7.1+8.3+9.5
C = A.B =
1.2+2.4+3.6
4.2+5.4+6.6
7.2+8.4+9.6
22
49
76
28
64
100
T =
Ox
Oy
Oz
0
ax
ay
az
0
px
py
pz
1
nz
Oz
az
0
-p.n
-p.O
-p.a
1
T-1 =
ny
Oy
ay
0
(2-1)
H =
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
3
1
H =
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
-1 3
0 -2
0 -1
0 1
Chng ta kim chng rng y chnh l ma trn nghch o bng cc nhn ma trn H vi H-1 :
0
0
-1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
3
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
-1 3
0 -2
0 -1
0 1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
12
Phng php tnh ma trn nghch o ny nhanh hn nhiu so vi phng php chung;
tuy nhin n khng p dng c cho ma trn 4x4 bt k m kt qu ch ng vi ma trn
thun nht.
d/ Vt ca ma trn :
Vt ca ma trn vung bc n l tng cc phn t trn ng cho :
n
a
i =1
ii
V d : cho
a11
a
A = 21
a31
a 41
a12
a13
a 22
a 23
a32
a 42
a33
a 43
a14
a 24
a 34
a 44
t
t
t dt
dA = t
th :
a31 a32 a33 a34
t
t
t
t
a41 a42 a43 a 44
t
t
t
t
Tng t, php tch phn ca ma trn A l mt ma trn, c :
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
a
b
c
1
(2.2)
13
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
a
b
c
1
x
y
z
w
x+aw
y+bw
z+cw
w
x/w+a
y/w+b
z/w+c
1
Nh vy bn cht ca php bin i tnh tin l php cng vect gia vect biu din
im cn chuyn i v vect dn.
r
r
r
r
u = 2i + 3j + 2k
V d :
r
r
r
r
h = 4i - 3j + 7k
Th
1 0 0 4
2
2+4
6
v = Hu =
0 1 0 -3 . 3 =
3-3
=
0
0 0 1 7
2
2+7
9
0 0 0 1
1
1
1
v vit l :
v = Trans(a,b,c) u
z
v
2
-3
4
u
3
6
x
Rot(y, ) =
o
1
0
0
0
0
cos
sin
0
0
-sin
cos
0
0
0
0
1
cos
0
-sin
0
0
1
0
0
sin
0
cos
0
0
0
0
1
(2.3)
(2.4)
14
cos
Rot(z, ) =
sin
0
0
V d : Cho im U biu din bi
(hnh 2.5). Ta c
0 -1
o
v= Rot(z, 90 )u =
1
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
-sin
0
0
(2.5)
cos
0
1
0
0 r r0 r 1
r
u = 7i + 3j + 2k quay xung quanh z mt gc = 90o
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
7
3
2
1
-3
7
2
1
w = Rot(y, 90 )v =
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-3
7
2
1
2
7
3
1
V c th biu din :
2
7
3
1
Ch : Nu i th t quay ta s c w w (hnh 2.6), c th : cho U quay quanh y
trc 1 gc 900, ta c :
w = Rot(y, 90o). Rot(z, 90o) . u
0
0
-1
0
v =
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
7
3
2
1
2
3
-7
1
= Rot(y, 90o).u
w =
-1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
-7
1
-3
2
-7
1
= Rot(z, 90o).Rot(y,900)u
z
v
y
y
w
w
u
u
x
Hnh 2.5
w = Rot(y, 90o). Rot(z, 90o)u
Hnh 2.6
w= Rot(z, 90o). Rot(y, 90o)u
15
C=
Cx
nx
ny
nz
0
Cy
Ox
Oy
Oz
0
Cz
az
ay
az
0
Co
0
0
0
1
Co
O(Cy)
a (Cx)
Chng hn :
hay l
Vy
Rot(k,) = Rot(Cz,)
Rot(k,).T = C.Rot(z,).X = C.Rot(z,).C -1.T
Rot(k,) = C.Rot(z,).C -1
(2.6)
nx
Ox
ax
0
ny
Oy
ay
0
nz
Oz
az
0
0
0
0
1
16
nx
ny
nz
0
Ox
Oy
Oz
0
ax
ay
az
0
0
0
0
1
cos
sin
0
0
-sin
cos
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
nx
Ox
ax
0
ny
Oy
ay
0
nz
Oz
az
0
0
0
0
1
Rot(k,) =
0
0
0
1
(2.7)
ax = nyOz - nzOy
ay = nxOz - nzOx
ax = nxOy - nyOx
kxkxvers+cos
kxkyvers+kzsin
kxkzvers+kysin
0
kykxvers-kzsin
kykyvers+cos
kykzvers+kzsin
0
kzkxvers+kysin
kzkyvers-kxsin
kzkzvers+cos
0
0
0
0
1
(2.8)
y l biu thc ca php quay tng qut quanh mt vect bt k k. T php quay tng
qut c th suy ra cc php quay c bn quanh cc trc to .
17
nx
ny
nz
0
Ox
Oy
Oz
0
ax
ay
az
0
0
0
0
1
kxkxvers+cos
= kxkyvers+kzsin
kxkzvers+kysin
0
kykxvers-kzsin
kykyvers+cos
kykzvers+kzsin
0
kzkxvers+kysin
kzkyvers-kxsin
kzkzvers+cos
0
0
0
0
1
Bc 1 : Xc nh gc quay .
* Cng ng cho ca hai ma trn hai v ta c :
nx + Oy + az + 1 = k x2 vers + cos + k y2 vers + cos + k z2 vers + cos + 1
(2.9)
= (1 - coss)( k x2 + k y2 + k z2 ) + 3cos + 1
= 1 - cos + 3cos +1
= 2(1+ cos)
cos
= (nx + Oy + az - 1)/2
* Tnh hiu cc phn t tng ng ca hai ma trn, chng hn :
Oz- ay = 2kxsin
ax - nz = 2kysin
ny - Ox = 2kzsin
(2.10)
sin =
1
(O z - a y ) 2 + (a x - n z ) 2 + (n y - O x ) 2
2
Vi 0 1800 :
tg =
(O z - a y ) 2 + (a x - n z ) 2 + (n y - O x ) 2
(n x + O y + a z - 1)
V trc k c nh ngha bi :
Oz a y
ny Oz
ax nz
kx =
; ky =
; kx =
(2.11)
2sin
2sin
2sin
rng vi cc cng thc (2.8) :
0
- Nu = 00 th kx, ky, kz c dng . Lc ny phi chun ho k sao cho k = 1
0
18
a0
. Lc ny k khng xc nh c, ta phi
0
k y = Sgn(a x - n z )
n x cos
1- cos
O y cos
(2.12)
1- cos
a cos
k z = Sgn(n y O x ) z
1- cos
H phng trnh (2.12) ch dng xc nh xem trong cc kx, ky, kz thnh phn no c
gi tr ln nht. Cc thnh phn cn li nn tnh theo thnh phn c gi tr ln nht xc nh
k c thun tin. Lc dng phng php cng cc cp cn li ca cc phn t i xng
qua ng cho ma trn chuyn i (2.9) :
ny + Ox = 2kxkyvers = 2kxky(1 - cos)
Oz + ay = 2kykzvers = 2kykz(1 - cos)
(2.13)
19
1
(O z - a y ) 2 + (a x - n z ) 2 + (n y - O x ) 2
2
1
3
(1 - 0) 2 + (1 - 0) 2 + (1 - 0) 2
=
=
2
2
0
tg = 3 v = 120
sin =
Theo (2.12), ta c :
0 +1/ 2
1
=
1+1/ 2
3
k x = ky = kz = +
y
x
1/ 3
Hnh 2.8 : Tm gc quay v trc quay tng ng
z z
yy
y
20
cos
sin
0
0
-sin
cos
0
0
0
0
1
0
Coscos
sin
-sin cos
0
0
0
0
1
cosCoscos - sinsin
= sinCoscos + cossin
-sin cos
0
-Cos sin
cos
sin sin
0
-cosCossin - sincos
-sinCossin + coscos
sin sin
0
sin
0
Cos
0
0
0
0
1
cossin
sinsin
cos
0
0
0
0
1
(2.15)
2.3.6. Php quay Roll-Pitch-Yaw :
Mt php quay nh hng khc cng thng c s dng l php quay Roll-Pitch v
Yaw.
Ta tng tng, gn h to xyz ln
thn mt con tu. Dc theo thn tu l trc z,
Roll l chuyn ng lc ca thn tu, tng
ng vi vic quay thn tu mt gc quanh
trc z. Pitch l s bng bnh, tng ng vi
quay mt gc xung quanh trc y v Yaw l
s lch hng, tng ng vi php quay mt
gc xung quanh trc x (Hnh 2.10)
x Yaw
Roll
Pitch
Roll,
Pitch,
y
x
Yaw,
21
Thc hin php nhn cc ma trn quay, cc chuyn v Roll, Pitch v Yaw c biu th
nh sau :
cos
0
-sin
0
RPY(,,)=Rot(z,)
cos
sin
0
0
-sin
cos
0
0
coscos
sincos
-sin
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
sin
0
cos
0
0
0
0
1
cos
0
-sin
0
sinsin
cos
cossin
0
cossinsin - sincos
sinsinsin +coscos
cos sin
0
1
0
0
0
0
cos
sin
0
0
-sin
cos
0
sincos
-sin
cos cos
0
cossincos + sinsin
sinsincos - cossin
cos cos
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
(2.17)
OT =
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
-3
7
1
0
0
0
1
4
-3
7
1
zT
7
OT
yT
xT
-3
22
z'T
y'T
90o
OT
Rot(z,900)
yT
OT
x'T
xT
y''T
y'T
90o
OT
Rot(y,900)
x'T
z"T
OT
x''T
OT
Rot(y,90o)
yT
y'T
O'T
z'T
xT
x'T
Ta tip tc quay h O'T quanh truc z (By gi l trc z'T ca h to mi) mt gc 900 :
y''T
y'T
90o O'T
z'T
Rot(z',90o)
z"T
O''T
x''T
x'T
23
zC
zB
pC
zA
xC
pA
C
B
A
yA
xA
xB
yC
yB
(2.18)
(2.19)
Kt hp (2.18) v (2.19) ta c :
p A = A TB BTC p c
(2.20)
O3
Bn tay
O1
T4
O0
O4
y
24
z
H = Trans(4,0,0)Rot(y,900)Rot(z,900)
-1,0,2,1
Vi v tr ca vt th, ta c ma trn to ca 6
im c trng m t n l :
1,0,2,1
-1,0,0,1
-1,4,0,1
y
1
0
0
1
-1
0
0
1
-1
0
2
1
1
0
2
1
1
4
0
1
-1
4
0
1
1,0,0,1
1,4,0,1
x
Hnh 2.15 : M t vt th
0
1
0
0
H=
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
1
4
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
4
-1
0
1
-1
0
0
1
6
-1
0
1
-1
0
2
1
1
0
2
1
6
1
0
1
4
1
4
1
1
4
0
1
-1
4
0
1
4
1
4
1
x
Hnh 2.16 : Rot (z,900)
25
y
O
Bi tp chng II :
Bi 1 : Cho im A biu din bi vect im v=[ 2 4 1 1 ]T. Tnh tin im A theo vect dn h
= [ 1 2 1 1 ]T, sau tip tc quay im bin i quanh trc x mt gc 900. Xc nh vect
biu din im A sau hai php bin i.
Bi 2 : Vit ma trn bin i thun nht biu din cc php bin i sau :
H = Trans(3,7,9)Rot(x,-900)Rot(z,900)
Bi 3 : Cho ma trn bin i thun nht A, tm ma trn nghch o A-1 v kim chng.
A =
0
0
-1
0
1
0
0
0
0 -1
-1 2
0 0
0 1
26
{B}
{A}
yB
xB
yA
xA
Hnh 2.19 : Quan h {A} v {B}
1
(1, 1, 1)T, = 900. Tm ma trn R = Rot(k, ).
3
Bi 6 : Xc nh cc gc quay Euler, v cc gc quay RPY khi bit ma trn T6 :
Bi 5 : Cho k =
1
0
0
0
T6 =
0
0
-1
0
0
1
0
0
0
5
3
1
TP =
0
0
-1
0
1
0
0
0
0 -1
-1 2
0 0
0 1
TR =
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
5
9
1
27
Chng III
phng trnh ng hc ca robot
(Kinematic Equations)
3.1. Dn nhp :
Bt k mt robot no cng c th coi l mt tp hp cc khu (links) gn lin vi cc
khp (joints). Ta hy t trn mi khu ca robot mt h to . S dng cc php bin i
thun nht c th m t v tr tng i v hng gia cc h to ny. Denavit. J. gi
bin i thun nht m t quan h gia mt khu v mt khu k tip l mt ma trn A. Ni
n gin hn, mt ma trn A l mt m t bin i thun nht bi php quay v php tnh tin
tng i gia h to ca hai khu lin nhau. A1 m t v tr v hng ca khu u tin; A2
m t v tr v hng ca khu th hai so vi khu th nht. Nh vy v tr v hng ca khu
th hai so vi h to gc c biu din bi ma trn :
T2 = A1.A2
Cng nh vy, A3 m t khu th ba so vi khu th hai v :
T3 = A1.A2.A3 ; v.v...
Cng theo Denavit, tch ca cc ma trn A c gi l ma trn T, thng c hai ch s:
trn v di. Ch s trn ch h to tham chiu ti, b qua ch s trn nu ch s bng 0.
Ch s di thng dng ch khu chp hnh cui. Nu mt robot c 6 khu ta c :
T6 = A1.A2.A3.A4.A5.A6
(3.1)
n
a o
28
r r r
n=oxa
Chuyn v T6 nh vy s bao gm cc phn t :
nx
ny
nz
0
T6 =
Ox
Oy
Oz
0
ax
ay
az
0
px
py
pz
1
(3.2)
T6 =
Vect v tr p
(3.3)
Ma trn R c kch thc 3x3, l ma trn trc giao biu din hng ca bn kp (khu
chp hnh cui) i vi h to c bn. Vic xc nh hng ca khu chp hnh cui cn
c th thc hin theo php quay Euler hay php quay Roll, Pitch, Yaw.
Khp n+1
Khu n
n
a
29
Khp n
Khp n-1
Khp n+1
n-1
n+1
Khu n
Khu n+1
Khu n-1
Khu n-2
an
zn-1
dn
zn
xn
On
xn-1
n
Hnh 3.6 : Cc thng s ca khu : , d, a v .
Mi trc s c hai php tuyn vi n, mi php tuyn dng cho mi khu (trc v sau
mt khp). V tr tng i ca hai khu lin kt nh th c xc nh bi dn l khong cch
gia cc php tuyn o dc theo trc khp n v n l gc gia cc php tuyn o trong mt
phng vung gc vi trc.
dn v n thng c gi l khong cch v gc gia cc khu.
m t mi quan h gia cc khu ta gn vo mi khu mt h to . Nguyn
tc chung gn h ta ln cc khu nh sau :
+ Gc ca h to gn ln khu th n t ti giao im ca php tuyn an vi trc
khp th n+1. Trng hp hai trc khp ct nhau, gc to s t ti chnh im ct . Nu
cc trc khp song song vi nhau, gc to c chn trn trc khp ca khu k tip, ti
im thch hp.
+ Trc z ca h to gn ln khu th n t dc theo trc khp th n+1.
+ Trc x thng c t dc theo php tuyn chung v hng t khp n n n+1.
r r
Trong trng hp cc trc khp ct nhau th trc x chn theo tch vect z n x z n-1 .
Trng hp khp quay th n l cc bin khp, trong trng hp khp tnh tin th dn
l bin khp v an bng 0.
Cc thng s an, n, dn v n c gi l b thng s DH.
V d 1 : Xt mt tay my c hai khu phng nh hnh 3.7 :
y2
x2
O2
y1
y0
z0
z2
x1 a
2
a1
1
O0
z1
O1
x0
30
i
1 *
2 *
i
0
0
ai
a1
a2
di
0
0
O1
O2
x1
z2 x
3
d3
a1
O3
O4
4
d4
x
z3 , z4
Hnh 3.8 : Robot SCARA v cc h to (v tr ban u).
i vi tay my ny cc trc khp u song song nhau, tin li tt c cc gc to
t ti tm cc trc khp. Trc x0 nm trong mt phng t giy. Cc h to khc nh hnh
v. Bng thng s DH ca robot SCARA nh sau :
Khu
1
2
3
4
i
1 *
2 *
0
4 *
i
0
1800
0
0
ai
a1
a2
0
0
di
0
0
d3*
d4
* : Cc bin khp.
3.3. c trng ca cc ma trn A :
Trn c s cc h to n nh cho tt c cc khu lin kt ca robot, ta c th
thit lp mi quan h gia cc h to ni tip nhau (n-1), (n) bi cc php quay v tnh tin
sau y :
Quay quanh zn-1 mt gc n
Tnh tin dc theo zn-1 mt khong dn
Tnh tin dc theo xn-1 = xn mt on an
Quay quanh xn mt gc xon n
31
An =
0
0
1
0
cos
sin
0
0
-sin
cos
0
0
cos
sin
0
0
-sin cos
cos cos
sin
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
sin sin
-cos sin
cos
0
0
0
1
0
a
0
d
1
1
0
0
0
(3.4)
0
cos
sin
0
0
-sin
cos
0
a cos
a sin
d
1
0
0
0
1
(3.5)
1
0
0
0
0
cos
sin
0
0
- sin
cos
0
0
0
d
1
(3.6)
T6 = A1A2A3A4A5A6
n 1
i=n
Ai
OR
Z
T6
E
A
32
Z O0 A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
OR
5
4
3
2
E A X
T6
OR
T6
T6
T6
T6
T6
Hnh 3.10 : Ton chuyn v ca robot.
T ton ny ta c th rt ra :
T6 = Z-1 X E-1
-1
-1
(Z v E l cc ma trn nghch o).
3.5. Trnh t thit lp h phng trnh ng hc ca robot :
thit lp h phng trnh ng hc ca robot, ta tin hnh theo cc bc sau :
1. Chn h to c s, gn cc h to m rng ln cc khu.
Vic gn h to ln cc khu ng vai tr rt quan trng khi xc lp h phng
trnh ng hc ca robot, thng thng y cng l bc kh nht. Nguyn tc gn h to
ln cc khu c trnh by mt cch tng qut trong phn 3.5. Trong thc t, cc trc
khp ca robot thng song song hoc vung gc vi nhau, ng thi thng qua cc php bin
i ca ma trn A ta c th xc nh cc h to gn trn cc khu ca robot theo trnh t
sau :
+ Gi nh mt v tr ban u() (Home Position) ca robot.
+ Chn gc to O0, O1, ...
+ Cc trc zn phi chn cng phng vi trc khp th n+1.
+ Chn trc xn l trc quay ca zn thnh zn+1 v gc ca zn vi zn+1 chnh l n+1. Nu zn
v zn+1 song song hoc trng nhau th ta c th cn c nguyn tc chung hay chn xn theo xn+1.
+ Cc h to Oxyz phi tun theo qui tc bn tay phi.
+ Khi gn h to ln cc khu, phi tun theo cc php bin i ca ma trn An.
l bn php bin i : An = Rot(z,) Trans(0,0,d) Trans(a,0,0) Rot(x,). Ngha l ta coi h to
th n+1 l bin i ca h to th n; cc php quay v tnh tin ca bin i ny phi l
mt trong cc php bin i ca An, cc thng s DH cng c xc nh da vo cc php
bin i ny. Trong qu trnh gn h ta ln cc khu, nu xut hin php quay ca trc zn
i vi zn-1 quanh trc yn-1 th v tr ban u ca robot gi nh l khng ng, ta cn chn
li v tr ban u khc cho robot.
2. Lp bng thng s DH (Denavit Hartenberg).
3. Da vo cc thng s DH xc nh cc ma trn An.
4. Tnh cc ma trn T v vit cc phng trnh ng hc ca robot.
()
33
y1
x1 z2
z1
1
d1
z0
y0
x0
O0
Hnh 3.12 : Gn cc h to O0 v O1
z3
d3
O1 , O2
O3
x3
d3
d3
y1 z2
O1 O2
x1 x2
z1
1
d1
z0
O0
y0
x0
Hnh 3.13 : H to
gn ln cc khu
34
Khu
1
2
3
i
90
-90
0
ai
0
0
0
di
d1
0
d3 *
3. Xc nh cc ma trn A :
Ma trn An c dng :
cos -sin cos sin sin
An = sin
cos cos -cos sin
0
sin
cos
0
0
0
Vi qui c vit tt : C1 = cos1 ; S1 = sin1 ; C2 = cos2 . . .
A1 =
C1
S1
0
0
0
0
1
0
S1
-C1
0
0
0
0
d1
1
A2 =
C2
S2
0
0
0
0
-1
0
-S2
C2
0
0
0
0
0
1
A3 =
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
d3
1
0
0
d
1
T3 =
+
C2 0 -S2 0
S2 0 C2 0
0 -1 0 d2
0
0
0
1
Ma trn T3 = A1 . 1T3
T3 =
C1
S1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
S1
-C1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
d1
1
0
0
d3
1
C2
S2
0
0
C2
S2
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
-1
0
-S2
C2
0
0
-S2
C2
0
0
-S2*d3
C2*d3
0
1
-S2*d3
C2*d3
0
1
35
C1C2
S1d2
S2
0
-S1
C1
0
0
-C1S2
-S1S2
C2
0
-C1S2d3
-S1S2d3
C2d3 + d1
1
ny = S1C2;
Oy = C1;
ay = -S1S2;
py = -S1S2d3
nz = S2
Oz = 0;
az = C2;
pz = C2d3 + d1;
36
O3,O4,O5,O6
z3,z5,z6
z4
xi
d2
C1 = cos1;
S1 = sin1;
C12 = cos(1+2);
S12 = sin(1+2)
S234 = sin (2+3+4) ... .
d3
z0
z2
O0,O1 z1
x0
H to gn ln cc khu ca robot nh
hnh 3.15. (Khu cui c chiu di v
khong cch bng khng, c th gn cc
loi cng c khc nhau nn chn O6O5).
O2
x1
ai
0
0
0
0
0
0
di
0
d2
d3 *
0
0
0
A1=
A3=
A5=
C1
S1
0
0
0
0
-1
0
-S1
C1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
d3
1
C5
S5
0
0
0
0
1
0
S5
-C5
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
A2=
A4=
A6=
C2
S2
0
0
0
0
1
0
S2
-C2
0
0
0
0
d2
1
C4
S4
0
0
0
0
-1
0
-S4
C4
0
0
0
0
0
1
C6
S6
0
0
-S6
C6
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
37
T6 =
C6
S6
0
0
-S6
C6
0
0
0
0
1
0
C5C6
S5C6
S6
0
T6 = A5A6 =
0
0
0
1
-C5S6
-S5S6
C6
0
S5
-C5
0
0
C4C5C6 - S4S6
S4C5C6 + C4S6
-S5C6
0
T63 = A4A5A6 =
-C4C5S6-S4C6
-S4C5S6 + C4C6
S5S6
0
C4C5C6-S4S6
S4C5C + C4S6
-S5C6
0
T6 = A3A4A5A6 =
T6 =A2 A3A4A5A6 =
0
0
0
1
C4S5
S4S5
C5
0
-C4C5S6 - S4C6
-S4C5S6 + C4C6
S5S6
0
0
0
0
1
C4S5
S4S5
C5
0
0
0
d3
1
-C2(C4C5S6-S4C6)+S2S5S6
-S2(C4C5S6+S4C6)-C2S5S6
-S4C5S6+C4C6
0
C2C4S5 + S2C5
S2C4S5 - C2C5
S4S5
0
S2d3
-C2d3
d2
1
Cui cng :
T6 =
nx
ny
nz
0
Ox
Oy
Oz
0
ax
ay
az
0
px
py
pz
1
A1T61
tnh T6, ta phi nhn A1 vi T61 sau cn bng cc phn t ca ma trn T6 hai v
ta c mt h thng cc phng trnh sau :
nx = C1[C2(C4C5C6 - S4S6) - S2S5C6] - S1(S4C5C6 + C4S6)
ny = S1[C2(C4C5C6 - S4S6) - S2S5C6] + C1(S4C5C6 + C4S6)
nz = -S2(C4C5C6 - S4S6) + C2S5C6
Ox = C1[-C2(C4C5S6 + S4C6) + S2S5S6] - S1(-S4C5S6 + C4C6)
Oy = S1[-C2(C4C5S6 + S4C6) + S2S5S6] + C1(-S4C5C6 + C4C6)
Oz = S2(C4C5S6 + S4C6) + C2S5S6
aX = C1(C2C4S5 + S2C5) - S1S4S5
ay = S1(C2C4S5 + S2C5) + C1S4S5
az = -S2C4S5 + C2C5
px = C1S2d3 - S1d2
py = S1S2d3 + C1d2
pz = C2d3
38
Khu 5
Khu 1
Khu 6
Hnh 1.16 : Robot Elbow
z0
z1
a2
O0,O1
z4
a3
O2
a4
O3
z2
O2,O5,O6
xi
z3
z 5, z 6
6
a5 = a6 = 0
ai
0
a2
a3
a4
0
0
di
0
0
0
0
0
0
C1
S1
0
0
0
0
1
0
S1
-C1
0
0
0
0
0
1
A2=
C2
S2
0
0
-S2
C2
0
0
0
0
1
0
C 2 a2
S 2 a2
0
1
39
A3=
C3
S3
0
0
-S3
C3
0
0
A5=
C5
S5
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
S5
-C5
0
0
C 3 a3
S 3 a3
0
1
0
0
0
1
A4=
C4
S4
0
0
A6=
C6
S6
0
0
0
0
-1
0
-S4
C4
0
0
-S6
C6
0
0
C 4 a4
S 4 a4
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
C6
S6
0
0
-S6
C6
0
0
T6 = A5A6 =
T63 = A4A5A6 =
T6 = A3A4A5A6 =
0
0
1
0
C5C6
S5C6
S6
0
0
0
0
1
-C5S6
-S5S6
C6
0
S5
-C5
0
0
C4C5C6 - S4S6
S4C5C6+C4S6
-S5C6
0
C34C5C6 - S34S6
S34C5C6+C34S6
-S5C6
0
0
0
0
1
-C4C5S6-S4C6
-S4C5S6+C4C6
S5S6
0
-C34C5C6 - S34C6
-S34C5S6+C34C6
S5S6
0
C4S5
S4S5
C5
0
C34S5
S34S5
C5
0
C4a4
S4a4
0
1
C34a4+C3a3
S34a4+S3a3
0
1
-C234C5S6 - S234C6
-S234C5S6 + C234C6
S5S6
0
C234S5
S234S5
C5
0
C234a4+C23a3+C2a2
S234a4+S23a3+S2a2
0
1
Cui cng :
T6 =
nx
ny
nz
0
Ox
Oy
Oz
0
ax
ay
az
0
px
py
pz
1
= A1T61
40
Bi tp chng III :
Bi 1 : Cho ma trn :
T6 =
?
?
?
?
0 -1
0 0
-1 0
0 0
0
1
2
1
41
Bi 3 : Cho mt robot c 2 khu tnh tin nh hnh 3.19, cu hnh TT. Thit lp h phng
trnh ng hc ca robot.
Bi 4 : Cho mt robot c 2 khu phng nh hnh 3.20, cu hnh RT. Thit lp h phng trnh
ng hc ca robot.
Bi 5 : Cho mt robot c 3 khu nh hnh 3.21, cu hnh RTR. Thit lp h phng trnh ng
hc ca robot.
Bi 6 : Cho mt robot c 3 khu nh hnh 3.22, cu hnh RRR. Thit lp h phng trnh
ng hc ca robot.
Bi 7 : Cho mt robot c 5 khu nh hnh 3.23, cu hnh RRRRR. Thit lp h phng trnh
ng hc ca robot.
42
Chng IV
43
-cosCossin - sincos
-sinCossin + coscos
sin sin
0
nx
ny
nz
0
cossin
sinsin
cos
0
Ox
Oy
Oz
0
ax
ay
az
0
0
0
0
1
px
py
pz
1
(4-2)
44
nx = cosCoscos - sinsin
ny = sinCoscos + cossin
nz = -sin cos
Ox = -cosCossin - sincos
Oy = -sinCossin + coscos
Oz = sin sin
ax = cossin
ay = sinsin
az = cos
(4.3)
(4-4)
(4-5)
(4-6)
(4-7)
(4-8)
(4-9)
(4-10)
(4-11)
(4-12)
(4-13)
(4-14)
X- Y+
X+ Y+
V d :
arctg2(-1/-1)= -1350,
trong khi
arctg2(1/1) = 450
Hm ny xc nh ngay c khi x hoc y
bng 0 v cho kt qu ng.
(Trong mt s ngn ng lp trnh nh
Matlab, turbo C++, Maple hm arctg2(y,x)
c sn trong th vin)
X- Y-
X+ Y-
45
(4-15)
sin
cos
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
nx
ny
nz
0
Ox
Oy
Oz
0
ax
ay
az
0
px
py
pz
1
Coscos
sin
-sin cos
0
-Cos sin
cos
sin sin
0
sin
0
Cos
0
0
0
0
1
(4-16)
Tch hai ma trn v tri ca phng trnh (4-16) l mt ma trn m c th
c vit gn li bng cc k hiu sau :
f11(n)
f12(n)
f13(n)
0
f11(O)
f12(O)
f13(O)
0
f11(a)
f12(a)
f13(a)
0
f11(p)
f12(p)
f13(p)
1
Trong :
(4-17)
(4-18)
(4-19)
f11(n)
f12(n)
f13(n)
0
f11(O)
f12(O)
f13(O)
0
f11(a)
f12(a)
f13(a)
0
sin
0
Cos
0
0
0
0
1
(4-20)
46
(4-21)
sin -a y
=
cos -a x
Trong trng hp ny gc tm c l :
tg =
= arctg2(-ay, -ax).
Nh vy phng trnh (4-21) c mt cp nghim cch nhau 1800 (y l
nghim ton) v ta c th vit :
= arctg2(ay, ax) v = + 1800.
(Hiu theo cch vit khi lp trnh trn my tnh).
Nu c ax v ay u bng 0 th gc khng xc nh c. iu xy ra khi
bn tay ch thng ln trn hoc xung di v c hai gc v tng ng vi cng
mt php quay. iu ny c coi l mt php suy bin (degeneracy), trong trng
hp ny ta cho = 0.
Vi gi tr ca nhn c, cc phn t ma trn v bn tri ca phng trnh
(4-20) s c xc nh. Tip tc so snh cc phn t ca hai ma trn ta c :
V
Vy
47
Vy :
f11(n)
f12(n)
f13(n)
0
f11(O)
f12(O)
f13(O)
0
f11(a)
f12(a)
f13(a)
0
Trong :
cos
0
0
0 =
-sin
0
0
1
sin sin
cos
cos sin
0
sin cos
-sin
coscos
0
0
0
0
1
-sin x + cos y = 0
Phng trnh ny cho ta hai nghim nh bit :
= arctg2(nx, ny)
= + 1800
(4-22)
48
do vy :
Ngoi ra ta cn c :
Nn :
A 51
A 11 T6
A 21 A 11 T6
A 31 A 21 A 11 T6
A 41 A 31 A 21 A 11 T6
A 41 A 31 A 21 A 11 T6
= 1T6
= 2T6
= 3T6
= 4T6
= 5T6
(4-24)
(4-25)
(4-26)
(4-27)
(4-28)
A T6 =
C1
0
-S1
0
S1
0
C1
0
f11(n)
f12(n)
f13(n)
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
1
nx
ny
nz
0
f11(O)
f12(O)
f13(O)
0
f11(a)
f12(a)
f13(a)
0
Ox
Oy
Oz
0
ax
ay
az
0
f11(p)
f12(p)
f13(p)
1
px
py
pz
1
49
f11 = C1 x + S1 y
f12 = - z
f13 = -S1 x + C1 y
V bn phi ca (4-24) l :
Trong :
T6 =
-C2(C4C5S6-S4C6)+S2S5S6
-S2(C4C5S6+S4C6)-C2S5S6
-S4C5S6+C4C6
0
C2C4S5 + S2C5
S2C4S5 - C2C5
S4S5
0
S2d3
-C2d3
d2
1
f13(p) = d2
hay :
-S1px + C1py = d2
gii phng trnh dng ny ta c th thay th bi cc hm lng gic sau
y :
px = r cos
py = r sin
Trong :
r = + p 2x + p 2y
= arctg2(py, px)
sincos1 - cossin1 = d2 / r
Vi
0 < d2 / r 1
Hay l : sin( - 1) = d2 / r
T ta c :
Vi
0 < - 1 <
cos( - 1) = 1 (d 2 / r ) 2
Trong du tr ph hp vi hnh th vai tri ca robotv du cng ph hp
vi hnh th vai phi ca robot. Cui cng :
(4-29)
(4-30)
50
f21(n)
f21(O)
f21(a)
f22(n)
f22(O)
f22(a)
f23(n)
0
f23(O)
0
f23(a)
0
f23(p)
1
Trong :
C4C5C6-S4S6
= S4C5C + C4S6
-S5C6
-C4C5S6 - S4C6
-S4C5S6 + C4C6
S5S6
C4S5
S4S5
C5
0
0
d3
0
1
(4-31)
f21 = C2(C1 x + S1 y) - S2 z
f22 = -S1 x + C1 y
f23 = S2(C1 x + S1 y) + C2 z
d3 = S2(C1 px + S1 py) + C2 pz
(4-32)
f41(n)
f42(n)
f43(n)
0
f41(O)
f42(O)
f43(O)
0
Trong :
f41(a)
f42(a)
f43(a)
0
0
0
0
1
C5C6
S5C6
S6
0
-C5S6
-S5S6
C6
0
S5
C5
0
0
0
0
0
1
(4-33)
51
S4S5
= -S1 ax + C1 ay
f51(n)
f52(n)
f53(n)
0
f51(O)
f52(O)
f53(O)
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
C6
S6
0
0
-S6
C6
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
(4-35)
Trong :
6 = arctg2(S6, C6)
(4-36)
52
A 11 T6 = 1T6 = A2A3A4A5A6
Tng t nh lm, ta xc nh cc phn t ma trn ca hai v nh sau :
f11(n)
f12(n)
f13(n)
0
f11(O)
f12(O)
f13(O)
0
f11(a)
f12(a)
f13(a)
0
f11(p)
f12(p)
f13(p)
1
C234C5C6 - S234S6
-C234C5S6 - S234C6
C234S5
C234a4+C23a3+C2a
S234C5C6 + C234S6
-S5C6
0
-S234C5S6 + C234C6
S5S6
0
S234S5
C5
0
S234a4+S23a3+S2a2
0
1
(4-37)
f11 = C1 x + S1 y
f12 = z
f13 = S1 x + C1 y
C234 = cos(2+3+4)
Ta k hiu :
S234 = sin(2+3+4)
Trong :
(4-38)
53
f41(n)
f42(n)
f43(n)
0
f41(O)
f42(O)
f43(O)
0
Trong :
f41(a)
f42(a)
f43(a)
0
f41(p)-C34a2-C4a3-a4
C5C6
0
= S5C6
f43(p)+S34a2+S4a3
S6
1
0
-C5S6
-S5S6
C6
0
S5 0
-C5 0
0
0
0
1
(4-39)
(4-40)
p2x + p2y = (S
23
+C
23
)a23 + (S
+C
2
2)a 2
+ 2 a2a3(C23C2 + S23S2 )
S3 = (1 C 23 )
54
3 = arctg2(S3 , C3)
(4-41)
= px
= py
Khai trin v rt gn :
T (g)
Ta c :
C 3a 3 + a 2
S 3a 3
p ,x
c = ,
py
- S 3a 3
C 3a 3 + a 2
- S 3a 3
C 3a 3 + a 2
C 3a 3 + a 2
s =
S3a 3
C2 =
C (C 3 a 3 + a 2 )p' y S3 a 3 p' x
=
(C 3 a 3 + a 2 ) 2 + (S3 a 3 ) 2
S2 =
S (C 3 a 3 + a 2 )p' x +S 3 a 3 p' y
=
(C 3 a 3 + a 2 ) 2 + (S 3 a 3 ) 2
p ,x
p ,y
2 = arctg2(S2, C2)
2 = arctg2((C3a3 + a2)py - S3a3px , (C3a3 + a2)px + S3a3py )
(4-42)
n y 4 c xc nh bi :
4 = 234 - 3 - 2
(4-43)
(4-44)
55
f51(n)
f52(n)
0
0
Trong :
f51(O)
f52(O)
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
C6
S6
0
0
-S6
C6
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
6 = arctg2(S6 , C6)
(4-45)
- sin ax + cos ay = 0
Dng ny cho ta mt cp nghim cch nhau 1800, n m t hai hnh th tng
ng ca robot. Nu cc t s v mu s u bng khng, robot b suy bin, lc
robot mt i mt bc t do.
Dng th hai :
-S1px + C1py = d2
56
y2
x2
O2
Bi tp chng IV :
Bi 1 : Cho mt v tr mong mun ca khu chp hnh cui ca robot c 3 khu phng
nh hnh 4.2; Dng phng php hnh hc xc nh c bao nhiu li gii ca bi
ton ng hc ngc ? Nu hng ca khu chp hnh cui cng c xc nh, th c
bao nhiu li gii ?
57
z0
1
O0
a2
z1
x
x
a1
d3
z2
O3
O4
4
z3 , z4
x
d4
x
58
Chng V
ngn ng lp trnh robot
(Robot Programming Languages )
59
60
61
Thanh cng c
Menu chnh
Meta keys
62
63
64
65
66
67
Proc main
integer A,B,C,D
integer Tong
A=2, B=4
C=A+B
Tong = A+ --B
D=(tong < C) ? tong : C
; nu Tong < C th D=Tong, nu sai D=C
Usermsg " D = %d , C = %d" D,C
Endproc
Kt qu
D = 5 v C = 6.
68
endswitch
V d :
proc main
integer Alpha = 2
switch Alpha
case 0
usermsg "Alpha = 0"
Endcase
case 1
usermsg "Alpha = 1"
endcase
case 2
usermsg "Alpha = 2"
endcase
endswitch
endproc
if / endif :
Cu lnh iu kin.
C php :
if <iu kin 1>
...
[elseif <iu kin 2]
...
[else]
...
endif
; kt thc khi lnh if.
(Lnh ny gn ging nh lnh if trong Pascal, khng c t then).
while/endwhile :
Lp li mt s cu lnh cho n khi iu kin kim tra l sai.
V d :
proc main
integer SoLanLap = 0
69
endfor
Return :
Thot khi th tc hoc hm hin ti, tip tc cu lnh tip theo ca
th tc gi.
* Cc lnh khc :
transmit :
V d :
proc main
transmit "B-250~C-200~F-240~~P+200
endproc
Pause :
Tm dng thc hin chng trnh trong mt s giy qui nh.
C php :
pause <s giy | FOREVER>
V d :
Pause 5 : tm dng thc hin chng trnh 5 giy
Pause Forever : Dng vi thi gian khng xc nh. Lnh Pause c th
c hu b khi n Ctl-Break.
K t ~ thay cho lnh pause vi gi tr dng bng 0,5 giy.
V d :
Transmit B+200~~E-100
Sau khi truyn lnh B+200 s tm dng 1 giy (2 k t ~) mi truyn tip
lnh E-100.
chdir :
V d :
Chdir C:\ procom3\Robot
copyfile :
Copy mt file theo ng dn hoc vi mt tn khc.
C php :
copyfile <file ngun> <file ch>
V d :
copy C:\ Procom3\ aspect\ robot.was C:\ tam\ robot1.txt
delfile :
Xo mt file theo ch nh.
C php :
delfile <tn file>
mkdir :
To mt th mc mi.
C php :
mkdir <tn th muc>
rmdir
Xo mt th mc (trng)
70
C php :
rename :
i tn mt file.
C php :
rename <tn file c> <tn file mi>
Fopen :
M mt file c hoc ghi.
C php :
fopen <s hiu file> <tn file> READ | WRITE |
READWRITE | CREATE | APPEND | READAPPEND
Cc tu chn : READ : ch c; READWRITE : c th c v ghi;
CREATE : To mi; APPEND : Ghi tip vo cui file;
READAPPEND : C th c v ghi tip vo cui file.
Fclose :
ng mt file m.
C php :
Fclose <s hiu file>
fputs
V d :
proc main
string Fname = "Vidu.txt"
; Tn file c m.
Fgets :
c mt dng k t t mt tp m ghi vo mt bin.
C php :
fgets <s hiu file> <tn bin kiu string>
V d :
proc main
string Fname = "Vidu.txt" ; Tn file cn c
string chuoi
; Bin chuoi nhn gi tr c t file.
if fopen 0 Fname READ
while not feof 0
fgets 0 FInput
71
usermsg FInput
; Th hin dng c
endwhile
fclose 0
; ng file
else
errormsg "Can't open `"%s`" for input." Fname ; bo li nu file khng tn ti.
endif
endproc
usesmsg :
th hin mt dng thng bo hay kt qu trn ca s.
C php :
usermsg <:dng thng bo> [bin1, ...]
Xem cc v d trn.
termwrites : Vit mt dng k t ln ca s nhp xut d liu.
C php :
termwrites <bin hoc dng k t>
Run : Thc hin mt chng trnh bn ngoi (ui COM, EXE hoc BAT).
C php :
run <tn chng trnh>
V d :
proc main
string Prog = "C:\ windows\ pbrush.exe"
; Chng trnh cn thc hin.
run Prog
; Thc hin chng trnh PaintBrush ca Windows.
Endproc
Ngoi cc t lnh gii thiu trn, cn c rt nhiu lnh khc..., ngi s
dng c th tham kho trc tip trong mc HELP ca c s son tho khi cn thit.
Ngn ng ASPECT khng c sn cc hm ton hc nh sin, cos, ... nn khi
mun thc hin cc tnh ton phc tp ta phi dng cc phn mm khc.
5.5. Lp trnh iu khin robot TERGAN - 45 :
Nh ni trn, iu khin robot TERGAN-45 ta c th dng phn mm
Procomm Plus for Windows iu khin trc tip hoc vit cc chng trnh bng
ngn ng ASPECT.
5.5.1. Gii thiu robot TERGAN 45 (TG-45):
TERGAN 45 l mt loi robot dng dy hc do Php sn xut. y l loi
robot ton khp quay, c 4 bc t do. i km vi robot gm c mt b ngun v mt
mun iu khin. Mun iu khin cho php iu khin robot trn cc Terminal
hoc my tnh c giao din kiu RS-232. Cu hnh ca robot nh hnh 5.2 :
Vai o
o
Thn
Cnh tay
o C tay
Bn tay
72
73
74
75
Bi tp chng V :
Bi 1 : Hy vit mt Function ca hm arctg2(y,x) bng ngn ng Turbo Pascal.
Bi 2 : Vit mt chng trnh (ngn ng tu ) nhp cc thng s DH v t ng
xc lp cc ma trn An (Biu hin kt qu trn mn hnh v ghi vo mt file dng
text).
Bi 3 : Vit mt chng trnh bng Turbo Pascal tnh ton ng hc nguc (Xc
nh cc gc quay) ca robot TERGAN-45. D liu nhp t bn phm. Ghi kt qu
vo mt file dng text.
Bi 4 : Vit mt chng trnh iu khin robot TERGAN-45 bng ngn ng ASPECT
robot c cu hnh nh sau :
1 = +300; 2 = -100; 3 = -300; 4 = -250.
Bn tay robot nm li sau khi di chuyn n v tr yu cu.
Bi 5 : Vit mt chng trnh bng ngn ng ASPECT, gi chng trnh tnh ng
hc ngc vit bng Turbo Pascal (nh bi 3), x l kt qu tnh ton iu khin
robot TERGAN-45 theo to v tr v hng ca bn tay.
76
Chng VI
77
78
Thanh cng c
Menu chnh
Thanh cng c
Ca s thit k
17
12
18
79
80
81
82
83
84
chng VII
ng lc hc Robot
(Dynamic of Robot)
K = Ki
i =1
P = Pi
i =1
(7.2)
dt q& i q i
85
ng nng v th nng s l :
1
1
K 2 = m 2 v 22 = m 2 d 12 & 12 + d 22 (& 12 + 2& 1& 2 + & 22 ) + 2d 1d 2 cos( 2 )(& 12 + & 1& 2 )
2
2
P2 = m 2 g[d 1 cos(1 ) + d 2 cos( 1 + 2 )]
(7.5)
(7.6)
86
d L
&& + m d 2 (&&
&&
& &
&&
= ( m1 + m 2 )d 12
1
2 2 1 + 2 ) 2 m 2 d 1d 2 sin 2 2 1 + 2 m 2 d 1d 2 cos 2 1
&
dt 1
&&
m d d sin & 2 + m d d cos
2 1 2
2 2
2 1 2
2 2
L
L
=
= ( m1 + m 2 )gd 1 sin 1 m 2 gd 2 sin(1 + 2 )
q 1 1
Vy :
L
d L
&& +
= [( m1 + m 2 )d 12 + m 2 d 22 + 2 m 2 d 1d 2 cos 2 ]
1
&
dt 1 1
&& 2 m d d sin & & m d d sin & 2 +
(7.8)
+[ m 2 d 22 + m 2 d 1d 2 cos 2 ]
2
2 1 2
2 2 1
2 1 2
2 2
+ ( m1 + m 2 )gd 1 sin 1 + m 2 gd 2 sin( 1 + 2 )
Mun cho khu 1 quay c mt gc 1 th ng c phi to ra mt lc tng qut
F1. Lc tng qut ny c c tnh phi tuyn, l hp tc dng ca nhiu yu t (non linear
and cuppling).
Tng t, tnh lc tng qut ca khu th hai , ta c :
L
= m 2 d 22 & 1 + m 2 d 22 & 2 + m 2 d 1d 2 cos 2 & 1
&
F1 =
d L
&&
& &
&& + m d d cos
= m 2 d 22 &&
1 + m 2 d 22
2
2 1 2
2 1 m 2 d 1d 2 sin 2 1 2
&
dt 2
L
= m2 d1d 2 sin( 2 )&1&2 m2 d1d 2 sin( 2 )&12 m2 gd 2 sin(1 + 2 )
2
v
Vy :
d L L
(7.9)
phn tch ngha cc thnh phn trong biu thc tnh lc tng qut, ta vit li
cc biu thc F1, F2 nh sau :
&& + D & 2 + D & 2 + D & & + D & & + D
F1 = D11&&
1 + D12
2
111 1
122 2
112 1 2
121 1 2
1
2
2
&&
&&
&
&
&
&
&
&
F2 = D12 1 + D 22 2 + D 211 1 + D 222 2 + D 212 1 2 + D 221 1 2 + D 2
Hiu ng
Hiu ng Hiu ng
Hiu ng
qun tnh
ly tm
tng h
trng trng
Effective inertias Centripetal effect Coriolis effect Gravity
87
(7.12)
y
i
Khu i
dm
Ti
r
O0
z
Hnh 7.1. Kho st tc ca vi khi lng dm.
a n1 a n 2 a 11 a nn
Hay :
x 2
y . [x y z ] =
y2
z
z
Do vy
d
d
&r 2 = Tr ( &r. &r T ) = Tr ( Ti .i r. Ti T .i r T )
dt
dt
88
i T
i T
= Tr i q& j i r. i q& k i r T
k =1 q k
j=1q j
T
i i Ti i i T Ti
rr .
q& j q& k
= Tr
qk
j =1 k =1 q j
(7.13)
1 i i Ti i i T Ti
dK i = Tr
rr .
q& j q& k dm
2 j=1k =1 q j
q k
T T
1 i i Ti i
= Tr
(7.14)
( r. dm.i r T ). i q& jq& k
2 j=1k =1 q j
q k
V do ng nng ca khu th i s l :
Ti T
1 i i Ti
i i T
K i = dK = Tr
( r. r dm ).
q& j q& k (7.15)
2 j =1 k =1 q j Khau i
q k
Khau i
Ji =
Khau i
i i
i 2
i i
i
x
ydm
y
dm
y
zdm
ydm
J i = i r.i r T dm = Ji = i i
(7.16)
i i
i 2
i
x
zdm
y
zdm
z
dm
zdm
Khau i
i
i
i xdm
ydm zdm dm
By gi ta nhc li mmen qun tnh c cc ca
mt vt th bt k nh hnh v.
y x
Theo nh ngha ta c :
I xx = ( y 2 + z 2 )dm
z
I yy = x 2 + z 2 )dm
Hnh 7.2 : Mmen qun tnh c cc
V v :
Vy :
I zz = ( x 2 + y 2 )dm
1
1
1
x2 = ( y2 + z2 ) + (x2 + z2 ) + (x2 + y2 )
2
2
2
2
x dm =( I xx + I yy + I zz ) / 2 ; .v.v
Ngoi ra ta cn c :
I xy = xydm ; I yz = yzdm ; I xz = xzdm
mx = xdm ; my = ydm ;
mz = zdm
89
I xx + I yy + I zz
I yx
I zx
mx
I xx I yy + I zz
I xy
I zy
my
ji =
2
I xx + I yy I zz
I yz
I yz
mz
mx
my
mz
m
1 i i Ti Ti
Vy ta c :
K i = Tr
Ji
q& j q& k
2 j =1 k =1 q j
q k
(7.17)
(7.18)
K = Ki
(7.19)
i =1
g = y =
g z 9,8
0 0
Th nng ca ton c cu robot n khu ng s l :
n
P = mi gTi i ri
(7.21)
i =1
7. 5.4. Hm Lagrange :
Sau khi xc nh ng nng v th nng ca ton c cu, ta c hm Lagrange ca
robot c n bc t do :
L=
Ti
Ti T
1 n i i
Trace
J
q i q
2 i =1 j =1 k =1
k
j
2 i =1
(7.22)
(7.23)
dt q& i q i
Sau khi thit lp hm Lagrange, vi p = 1... n, ta tnh c :
TS. Phm ng Phc
90
(p l ch s ln lt ly theo j v k)
Ti Ti T
Ti
Ti T
1 n i
L 1 n i
q& j
Ji
q& k + Tr
Ji
= Tr
2 i =1 j =1 q j
q p
q& p 2 i =1 k =1 q p
qk
Thay i ch s gi j thnh k trong s hng th hai ,v rng :
(7.24)
Ti
Ti
Ti
Ti T
Ti T
Ti T
(7.25)
Tr
J
J
J
= Tr
= Tr
q i q
q i q
q i q
p
p
j
p
j
j
n
i
Ti
Ti T
L
Ji
q& k
(7.26)
ta c :
= Tr
q& p i =1 k =1 qk
q p
Cng rng : trong Ti(q1, q2, . . . , qi), vi qi l cc bin khp ca i khp u tin. Do
Ti
vy, nu i < p th
= 0.
q p
q& k
n
i
T
T T
L
= Tr i J i i
q& p i = p k =1 qk
q p
Cui cng ta c :
(7.27)
T
T T
d L
d n i
= Tr i J i i
dt q& p dt i = p k =1 qk
q p
n
i
T
T T
= Tr i J i i
q
q p
i = p k =1
k
q& k
T
n
i
i
2
q p
i = p k =1 m =1
qk qm
n
i
i
2Ti
T T
J i i q& k q& m
+ Tr
qk
i = p k =1 m =1
q p qm
(7.28)
2Ti
T T
L 1 n i i
Ji i
= Tr
q p 2 i = p j =1 k =1 q j q p
qk
+
q& j q& k +
2Ti
Ti T
1 n i i
Tr
J
i
2 i =1 j =1 k =1 qk q p
q j
q& j q& k + mi g Ti i ri
q p
i= p
Fp =
(7.29)
L
d L
dt q& p q p
Thay th cc ch s p v i thnh i v j, ta s c :
j
j
n
n
2T j
T jT
T j j
q&&k + Tr
&
&
J
q
q
m
m
g
rj
k
j
j
q
q
q
q
=
=
1
=
1
=
j
i
j
i
k
m
i
i
k
m
(7.30)
Vi mt robot c n bc t do th :
j
n
T j
T jT
Fi = Tr
Jj
qi
j =i k =1
qk
91
(7.31)
Trong :
J th hin tc dng ca qun tnh, l mt ma trn i xng (n x n);
C th hin tc dng ca lc ly tm v Cariolis, l mt vect (n x 1);
G th hin tc dng ca lc trng trng, cng l mt vect (n x 1).
y l phng trnh ng lc hc ca robot.
Nu thm vo phng trnh trn cc tc dng khc nh : FEX c trng cho cc
ngoi lc tc dng ln trc, V c trng cho hiu ng ma st, ta c :
(7.32)
92
Chng VIII
Thit k qu o robot.
(Trajectory Planing)
Trong cc ng dng cng nghip ca robot, ta thng gp hai trng
hp sau :
Trng hp 1 : Khu chp hnh cui ca robot ch cn t c v tr v
hng ti cc im nt (im ta : Knot point). y chnh l phng php
iu khin im (PTP). Ti , bn tay robot thc hin cc thao tc cm nm
i tng hoc bung nh i tng. y l trng hp ca cc robot thc
hin cng vic vn chuyn v trao i phi liu trong mt h thng t ng
linh hot robot ho. Bn tay robot khng trc tip tham gia vo cc nguyn
cng cng ngh nh hn, ct kim loi ... Cc im nt l mc tiu quan trng
nht, cn dng ng i ti cc im nt l vn th yu. Trong trng hp
ny Robot thng c lp trnh bng phng php dy hc (Teach and
playback mode). Trong trng hp ny khng cn tnh ton phng trnh ng
hc hoc ng hc ngc robot, chuyn ng mong mun c ghi li nh
mt tp hp cc gc khp (thc t l tp hp cc gi tr m ho ca bin khp)
robot thc hin li (Playback) khi lm vic.
Trng hp 2 : Khu chp hnh cui ca robot phi xc nh ng i
qua cc im nt theo thi gian thc. l trng hp cc tay my trc tip
thc hin cc nguyn cng cng ngh nh sn, hn, ct kim loi ... Vn
thit k qu o cho cc robot trong trng hp ny l rt quan trng. N
quyt nh trc tip cht lng thc hin cc nguyn cng cng ngh m robot
m nhn. Trong chng ny, chng ta cp n bi ton thit k qu o
vi mt s qu o in hnh. Cc qu o ny khng ch c ngha trong
trng hp ng dng th hai m n bao hm mt ngha chung cho mi
robot, v ngay c trng hp n gin nh cc robot thuc ng dng th nht
cng thc hin nhng chuyn ng qu o c bn m chng ta s nghin cu
di y.
8.1. Cc khi nim v qu o robot :
xc nh c ng i mong mun ca robot theo thi gian, qu
o c th c tnh ton thit k trong mt h to truyn thng Oxyz
(Cartesian Space) hoc thit k trong khng gian bin khp (khng gian
trng vect cc to suy rng ca robot), chng hn vi robot 6 bc t do
th X = [1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . 5 , 6 ] T . Thit k qu o y c hiu l xc nh qui
lut chuyn ng ca cc bin khp iu khin chuyn ng ca tng khp
v tng hp thnh chuyn ng chung ca robot theo mt qu o c
xc nh.
TS. Phm ng Phc
93
x2
x1
xf-1
xo
Cc im nt
xf
to
t1
t2
tf-1
tf
on thng
q2
q1
qf
ng cong bc 2
94
q0
Vi cc rng buc :
qi(tk) = qk v q& i (t k ) = q& k
qi(tk+1) = qk+1 v q& i (t k +1 ) = q& k +1
qk+1
qk
Bc 3
tk+1
tk
(8.2)
T (8.1) ta thy : t = tk ai = qk
Ly o hm ca (8.1) theo t, ta c :
q& i (t) = b i + 2c i (t t k ) + 3d i (t t k ) 2
(8.3)
Ti : t = tk b i = q& k
Ti t = ti+1 ta c hai tham s :
3(q k +1 q k ) (2q& k + q& k +1 ) t k
ci =
(8.4)
t 2k
(q& + q& k ) t k 2(q k +1 q k )
d i = k +1
(8.5)
t 3k
Trong : t k = t k +1 t k
Cc phng trnh (8.4) v (8.5) nhn c khi gii (8.1) ... (8.3).
Tnh lin tc ca vn tc l s m bo cho qu o khng gp khc,
git cc, gy sc trong qu trnh hot ng ca robot. Vn tc v gia tc ti
im cui ca mt on ng cong bc 3 chnh bng vn tc v gia tc ca
on cong bc 3 tip theo.
Cn ch rng khi thit k qu o trong khng gian ct, iu
khin c robot, mi thi im u phi tm c nghim ca bi ton
ng hc ngc. V vy yu cu "no b" ca robot (my tnh) phi thc hin
TS. Phm ng Phc
95
mt khi lng cc php tnh khng l trong mt khong thi gian rt ngn
(vi chc microgiy) m bo thi gian thc khi robot hot ng. Nu ta
khng tm cch ci bin thit k qu o th rt kh m bo yu cu ny.
* V d v thit k qu o CS:
Thit k qu o CS (Path with Cubic segment) ca khp th i i qua
hai im nt c gi tr q0 v qf. Vi cc rng buc q&0 = 0 ; q& f = 0 .
T cc cng thc (8.2) . . . (8.5) ta xc nh cc h s ca a thc bc 3
nh sau :
ai = q0 ; bi = 0;
3(q f q 0 )
- 2(q f q 0 )
ci =
di =
V
2
(t f t 0 )
(t f t 0 ) 3
Do vy qu o qi(t) c dng nh sau :
3(q f q 0 )
2(q f q 0 )
2
q i (t) = q 0 +
t
t
(
)
( t t0 ) 3
0
3
2
(t f t 0 )
(t f t 0 )
6(q f q 0 )
6(q f q 0 )
( t t0 )
( t t0 ) 2
Vn tc l : q& i (t) =
3
2
(t f t 0 )
(t f t 0 )
6(q f q 0 ) 12(q f q 0 )
&q&i (t) =
( t t0 )
V gia tc l :
(t f t 0 ) 2
(t f t 0 ) 3
Trong v d trn, gi s thi gian t0 = 0 v tf = 1 giy, th :
qi(t) = q0 + 3(qf - q0) t2 - 2(qf - q0) t3
qf
q(t)
Qu o
q0
O
t
tf
t0
q& (t)
q& 0 = q& f = 0
tf
t0
6(q f q 0 )
(t f t 0 ) 2
Tc
q&&(t)
Gia tc
t
t0
tf
6(q f q 0 )
(t f t 0 ) 2
96
v = constant
d
(q0+qf)/2
Parabol c
O
t0 tb
Parabol
e
t
tf/2
tf - tb
tf
97
q f + q 0 vt f
+ vt
2
T iu kin lin tc v v tr, ti thi im tb ta c :
at 2b q f + q 0 vt f
q0 +
=
+ vt b
2
2
Rt ra :
q q f + vt f
tb = 0
v
Vi iu kin tn ti : 0 < tb tf/2, dn n :
q i (t) =
(8.10)
qf q0
2(q f q 0 )
< tf
v
v
iu ny xc nh vn tc phi nm gia cc gii hn trn, nu khng
chuyn ng s khng thc hin c.
V mt vt l :
Nu tf > (qf - q0) / v v tf 2(qf - q0) / v
qf
th : v > (qf - q0) / tf v v 2(qf - q0) / tf.
q0
t0
tf
q0
t0
tb
tf-tb
v = const
t0
tb
tf-tb
tf
q& (t)
i
tf
&q& (t)
i
t0
tb
tf-tb
tf
98
t
tf/2
tf
Vmax
t
t0
tf/2
tf
&q& (t)
i
t0
tf/2
t
tf
=======================
99
Chng 9
Truyn ng v iu khin robot.
9.1. Truyn ng in trong robot:
Truyn ng in c dng kh nhiu trong k thut robot, v c nhiu
u im nh l iu khin n gin khng phi dng cc b bin i ph, khng
gy bn mi trng, cc loi ng c in hin i c th lp trc tip trn cc
khp quay...
Tuy nhin so vi truyn ng thu lc hoc thu kh th truyn ng in
c cng sut thp v thng thng phi cn thm hp gim tc v thng cc
khu ca robot chuyn ng vi tc thp.
Trong k thut robot, v nguyn tc c th dng ng c in cc loi
khc nhau, nhng trong thc t ch c hai loi c dng nhiu hn c. l
ng c in mt chiu v ng c bc.
Ngy nay, do nhng thnh tu mi trong nghin cu iu khin ng c
in xoay chiu, nn cng c xu hng chuyn sang s dng ng c in xoay
chiu trnh phi trang b thm b ngun in mt chiu. Ngoi ra, loi ng
c in mt chiu khng chi gp (DC brushless motor) cng bt u c ng
dng vo k thut robot.
9.1.1. ng c in mt chiu :
ng c in mt chiu gm c hai phn :
+ Stato c nh vi cc cun dy c dng in cm hoc dng nam chm
vnh cu. Phn ny cn c gi l phn cm. Phn cm to nn t thng trong
khe h khng kh.
+ Roto vi cc thanh dn. Khi c dng in mt chiu chy qua v vi
dng t thng xc nh, roto s quay. Phn ny gi l phn ng.
Tu cch u dy gia phn cm so vi phn ng, ta c nhng loi ng
c in mt chiu khc nhau :
+ ng c kch t ni tip (Hnh 9.1.a);
+ ng c kch t song song (Hnh 9.1.b);
+ ng c kch t hn hp (Hnh 9.1.c).
a/
b/
Hnh 9.1. Cc loi ng c in mt chiu.
c/
100
'
N
S
'
'
'
101
Tc quay v tn s xung :
Tc quay ca ng c bc ph thuc vo s bc trong mt giy. i
vi hu ht cc ng c bc, s xung cp cho ng c bng s bc (tnh theo
pht) nn tc c th tnh theo tn s xung f. Tc quay ca ng c bc
tnh theo cng thc sau :
60 f
n=
(f : bc/pht)/(s : bc /vng)
s
Tong : n - tc quay (vng/pht)
f - tn s xung (Hz)
s - S bc trong mt vng quay.
TS. Phm ng Phc
102
103
(9.1)
104
Trong :
(9.2)
F = K e + K d & + K i (t)dt
(9.3)
Vi
105
La
Ra
+
eb(t)
Lf
Ua(t)
_
+
Uf
Rt
ia(t)
m
_
Mm
Jm
ML
JL
Mm
fL
Jm
m= L/n
fm
K hiu :
Ta c :
(9.5)
(9.6)
(9.7)
Trong fm v fL l h s cn ca ng c v ca ph ti.
Theo nh lut bo tn nng lng, cng do ph ti sinh ra, tnh trn trc
ph ti l MLL phi bng cng quy v trc ng c M *L m . T ta c :
106
M L (t) L (t)
= nM L (t)
m (t)
Thay (9.1) v (9.4) vo cng thc trn :
M *L (t) =
(9.8)
(9.9)
(9.10)
Vi :
: Mmen qun tnh tng hiu dng.
J = Jm + n2JL
2
f = fm + n fL
: H s ma st tng hiu dng.
Mmen trn trc ng c ph thuc tuyn tnh vi cng dng in
phn ng v khng ph thuc vo gc quay v vn tc gc, ta c :
(9.11)
M(t) = Kaia(t)
ia : Cng dng in phn ng.
Ka : H s t l mmen.
p dng nh lut Kirchhoff cho mch in phn ng :
di (t)
U a (t) = R a i a (t) + L a a + e b (t)
dt
Vi
Ra, La : in tr v in cm phn ng.
eb : sc phn in ng ca ng c.
e b (t) = K b & m (t)
Kb : h s t l ca sc phn in ng.
S dng php bin i Laplace, t (9.12) ta c :
U (s) - sK b m (s)
I a (s) = a
R a + sL a
T (9.10) v (9.11) ta c :
M(s) = s2Jm(s) + sfm(s) = KaIa(s)
K I (s)
m (s) = 2 a a
s J + sf
Thay (9.14) vo (9.15) :
U (s) - sK b m ( s )
m (s) = K a 2 a
(s J + sf)(R a + sLa )
Vi
(9.12)
(9.13)
(9.14)
(9.15)
107
U a (s) (s 2 J + sf)(R a + sL a ) + sK a K b
=
m (s)
Ka
m (s)
Ka
=
U a (s) s[(sJ + f)(R a + sL a ) + K a K b ]
Hay :
(9.16)
L (s)
nK a
=
U a (s) s[(R a + sL a )(sJ + f) + K a K b ]
(9.17)
Ka
sLa+ Ra
1
sJ + f
1
s
L(s)
Kb
L (s)
nK a
=
U a (s) s(sR a J + R a f + K a K b )
(9.18)
Trong
~
K p e(t) K p ( L (t) L (t))
U a (t) =
=
n
n
Kp : h s truyn tn hiu phn hi v tr.
(9.19)
108
~
e(t) = L (t) L (t) : sai lch gc quay.
~
Gi tr gc quay tc thi : L (t) c o bng cm bin quang hc hoc
chit p. Bin i Laplace phng trnh (9.18) :
~
K p ( L (s) L (s)) K p E(s)
U a (s) =
=
n
n
(9.20)
(9.21)
Ka Kp / R aJ
(9.22)
(R a f + K a K b )
Ka Kb
2
s +
s+
R aJ
R aJ
Phng trnh (9.22) cho thy rng h iu khin t l ca mt khp ng l
mt h bc hai, n s lun n nh nu cc h s ca ca phng trnh bc hai l
nhng s dng. nng cao c tnh ng lc hc v gim sai s trng thi n
nh ca h ngi ta c th tng h s phn hi v tr Kp v kt hp lm gim dao
ng trong h bng cch thm vo thnh phn o hm ca sai s v tr. Vi vic
thm phn hi ny, in p t ln ng c s t l tuyn tnh vi sai s v tr v
o hm ca n :
~
~
K p ( L (t) L (t)) + K v ( & L (t) & L (t)) K p e(t) + K v e& (t)
(9.23)
U a (t) =
=
n
n
Trong Kv l h s phn hi ca sai s v vn tc.
Vi phn hi nu trn, h thng tr thnh khp kn v c hm truyn nh
th hin trn s khi hnh (9.6). y l phng php iu khin t l - o
hm.
L(s)
Kp+ sKv
_
1
n
Ua(s)
+ _
1
sLa+ Ra
Ka
1
sJ + f
1
s
L(s)
Kb
Hnh 9.6 : S khi iu khin chuyn dch mt khp ng c lin h phn hi.
TS. Phm ng Phc
109
K a (K p + sK v )
K a K vs + K a K p
L (s)
=
=
= G(s)
E(s) s(sR a J + R a f + K a K b ) s(sR a J + R a f + K a K b )
(9.24)
T ta c :
K a (K v s + K p )
L (s)
G(s)
=
=
~
L (s) 1 + G(s) s 2 R a J + s(R a f + K a K b + K a K v ) + K a K p
(9.25)
Chng 1
Trong giai on ny, nhiu nc khc cng tin hnh cng tc nghin
cu tng t, to ra cc Robot iu khin bng my tnh c lp t cc loi cm
bin v thit b giao tip ngi v my.
Hnh 1.10. Cc ng dng Robot trong cc lnh vc thm him, qun s, v tinh
Ngoi ra, tu thuc vo cc ng dng c th khc m Robot c thit k
phc v cho cc mc ch khc nhau, tn dng c cc u im ln ca
chng ng thi th hin kh nng cng ngh trong qu trnh lm vic.
1.3. Cc khi nim v Robot Robot cng nghip.
Lnh vc nghin cu v Robot hin nay rt a dng v phong ph. Trong
7
Cm bin
11
d2
z0
0
x0
y0
12
o4
y4
z4
x4
y0
z0
o1
x1
y1
z1
o2
y2
z2
x3
o3
y3
z3
o4
y4
x2
x4
z4
Thng ng dng loi robot ny trong vic vn chuyn phi liu, lp rp,
hn trong mt phng
Hnh 1.18. Robot kiu to cc
Robot kiu to tr.
Vng lm vic ca robot
ny c dng hnh tr rng
Robot Versatran (hng
AFM, Hoa K) l mt robot
thuc loi ny.
14
Hnh 1.22. Phn loi cc loi robot chuyn dng. (Ngun : Reis Robotics, ABB
Flexible Automation, CMB Automation)
2. Robot song song (Parallel Robot).
Cc loi Robot thuc nhm ny c cc khu chuyn ng song song tng
i vi nhau. Thng thng chng gm 1 c nh v 1 di ng.
16
17
Chng 2
Mmen ca lc F t ti A i vi tm O l m0 ( F ) OA F d F
18
( )
F//
d
O
2.1.5. H lc
Hp lc ca h lc: R c gi l hp lc ca h lc ( Fk ) khi R Fk
H lc cn bng khi R 0
2.1.6. Cc tin tnh hc
Hai lc cn bng khi chng cng phng, ngc hng, cng ln.
Hp lc ca hai lc l vector lc ng cho ca hnh bnh hnh.
F1
R F1 F2
F2
Tip tuyn
Vt t do l vt c th dch chuyn ty trong ln cn b t v tr ang xt.
Ngc li gi l vt khng t do
Vt kho st (S) c qui c gi l vt chu lin kt. Cc vt khc tng
tc c hc vi S c gi l vt gy lin kt.
Vt khng t do c th xem l t do nu ta thay th cc vt gy lin kt
bng cc phn lc lin kt.
V d :
19
M r
m
iu kin cn bng ca h tnh
R0
( Fk ) 0
, trong R l vector hp lc v M 0 l m men
M 0 0
chnh vi tm O ca h ( Fk ) .
Ta c
m
(
F
R
ox
x
k)
x
kx
k
k
R( Rx , R y , Rz ) R y Fky , v M 0 ( M ox , M oy , M oz ) M oy m y ( Fk )
k
k
F
z kz
M oz m z ( Fk )
k
Fkx 0
k
Fky 0
k
Fkz 0
k
Vy iu kin h cn bng tnh l ( F ) 0 m
x ( Fk ) 0
m y ( Fk ) 0
k
m z ( Fk ) 0
k
20
N1
s
s
b. Lin kt bn l tr
s
c. Lin kt bn l cu
Rx
Rz
Ry
K hiu qui c
d. Lin kt gi
K hiu qui c
c
e. Lin kt thanh
21
N2
450
A1
A2
m(5kg)
2.1.8. Sc bn ca vt liu
Thanh lin kt
dy
dx
dz
b nn li
Na trn ca thanh c xu
hng b ko gin ra
Na di ca thanh c xu
hng b nn li
22
Fn
t
Khi b ko qu mc gii hn kim loi s b bin dng, sau ln bin dng ny
Fk
t
2.1.9. Lc ma st
a. nh ngha: Ma st l lc sinh ra do s c st gia hai vt. Vt ny c st
sinh ra lc ma st tc ng ln vt kia v ngc li
1
2
Fm 21
1
2
Fm12
Fm12 Fm 21
Fm12 Fm 21
23
Tnh ton cn bng lc cho c h: tnh ton cn bng lc cho cc khu v cho
ti trng
V d: Thit k h cn bng tnh cho cnh tay Robot trong dy chuyn
phn loi sn phm di y
Khu 1
Thanh d2
Khu 2
Thanh d1
Tay gp
dng gic ht
ti trng
M
1m
Bng chuyn A
Bng chuyn B
2m
Bc 1:
a. Vt th M c khi lng 0,5kg, kch thc hnh tr cao 10cm, c nhn mc
nn d try xc
b. Nhc vt M ln, di chuyn t bng chuyn A sang bng chuyn B, h vt B
xung
c. Khong cch gia 2 bng chuyn 2m, chiu cao ca bng chuyn 1m, chiu
cao ca vt M l 10cm
d. Ngun nng lng cung cp kh nn
Bc 2:
a. Kt cu hnh hc nh hnh v
Khp 1: xoay quanh trc
Khp 2: khp trt ln xung
Tay gp: dng gic ht
Thanh 1 c chiu cao: 1m + 0,1m +(chiu di cylinder trt)
Thanh 2 c chiu di: 1m
ti trng c hnh dng v kch thc nh hnh v
25
0.5m
Chn
0.5m
0.25m
0.25m
b. Ngun lc
Khp 1: dng v lng kh nn truyn ng xoay trc tip, khi lng 1kg
Khp 2: dng cylinder kh nn truyn ng trt trc tip, khi lng 1kg
Tay gp: dng van kh nn iu khin gic ht, khi lng 200g
c. Vt liu lm cho cc thanh l Inox
Thanh 1: loi thanh trn, 34, khi lng 8kg
Thanh 2: loi thanh trn, 20, khi lng 5kg
Tay gp: phu gic ht, 8
ti trng: St tm si Inox, dy 5mm, khi lng 7kg
Bc 3:
a. Ho rn ton h, xc nh cc phn lc lin kt ca ti trng, nh hnh v
Do h i xng nn:
Pcylinder
Pvolang
N1 N 4 v N 2 N 3
PT cn bng ca h lc:
Pk N i 0
m
(
P
)
m
(
N
( ) i ) 0
( ) k
Pthanh2
PM
( )
N1
Tnh
cn bng
lc:
N4
Pde
Pthanh1
N3
N2
N1 N 2 N 3 N 4 0
2 N1 2 N 2 225( N ) (1)
26
Pcylinder
PM
Pvolang
1m
Pt1 _ 2
Pt1 _ 1
2N 2
2N1
( )
Pde
Pthanh1
0.25m
0.75
0.75 ( PM Pcylinder )
Pt1 _ 1 0.5 2 N 2
2
0.25
N 2 16.25( N ) (2)
N1 96.25( N )
m. g
m. g
2.3.2. H to
kho st cho chuyn ng cc khu, ta gn vo y mt h ta
(0xyz). H trc ny c t sao cho n gin cho vic kho st
y4
y3
x4
x2
2
y1
x3
z2
y2
z3
x1
z4
z1
2.3.3. Qu o
m t qu o ca tay my ta th hin thng qua cc ta suy rng
ca cc h ta khu. V d m t qu o ca tay my ti v tr M ca tay
gp (khu cui)
28
z1
a
k0
y1
i0 o
o1
j0
x1
a
cos(
a
,
i
)
a
a
cos(
a
,
j
)
a
a
cos(
a
, k0 )
Vi : x
0
y
0
z
nh l v phpchiu hnh hc
au a x cos(u, x ) a y cos(u, y ) a z cos(u, z )
a ln y1 l a y1 a x cos( y1 , x ) a y cos( y1 , y ) a z cos( y1 , z )
a ln z1 l
a z1 a x cos( z1 , x ) a y cos( z1 , y ) a z cos( z1 , z )
x1
y1
..
3
3
3
z1
Gi ma trn cosin ch hng t h ta (Oxyz) vo (O1 x1 y1 z1 ) l
29
1 cos( x1 , x ) , 2 cos( y1 , x ) ,
a x1
ax
1 1 1
MC10 2 2 2 => a y1 MC10 a y
a z
3 3 3
a z1
1 2 3
a x
a x
T
a MC T a
MC01 1 2 3 => MC01 MC10
=>
y
y
az
1 2 3
a z
1
10
x2
y2
y1
y1
z2
y2
z2
x1
z1
x1
z1
Hnh 1a)
Hnh 2a)
30
x2
r2
x2
y1
d1
z2
r2
r1
r1
d1
y1
y2
z2
y2
x1
x1
1
z1
z1
Hnh 1b)
Hnh 2b)
Vy ta ca P trong h khu 1 l
2
y1
x3
z2
y2
z3
x1
z4
z1
Xem xt m hnh ca tay my ba bc t do nh hnh v trn
31
y3
x2
y1
d2
d1
r3
x3
r1
z2
y2
z3
z4
x1
z1
T m hnh vector ta thy: r1 d1 d 2 r3
r1 1 MC12 (d1 d 2 r3 ) 2
MC12 ( d1 ) 2 MC12 ( d 2 r3 ) 2
=> MC ( d ) MC [ MC ( d r ) ]
12
1 2
12
23
2
3 3
MC12 ( d1 ) 2 MC12 MC23 ( d 2 r3 ) 3
Nu xem im P cng l mt khu (khu 4), ta c
y4
y3
x2
y1
d1
P
z4
x3
r1
z2
d2
x4
r3
y2
z3
x1
z1
(
r
)
MC
(
d
)
MC
MC
(
d
d
Vy 1 1
12
1 2
12
23
2
3 )3
n
n 1
i
( rT (Ter min al ) )1 d i [ MC j ( j 1) (d i ) i 1 ]
i 1
i 1
j 1
2
x1
d1
y2
z2
d2
x3
3
d3
r1
y1
y3
z4
y4
x4
z1
Ta c
M:
33
1 2 3 cos( x2 , x1 ) cos( y 2 , x1 ) cos( z2 , x1 ) cos 1 sin 1 0
M 12 1 2 3 cos( x2 , y1 ) cos( y 2 , y1 ) cos( z2 , y1 ) sin 1 cos 1 0
0
1
1 2 3 cos( x2 , z1 ) cos( y 2 , z1 ) cos( z2 , z1 ) 0
cos( x3 , x2 ) cos( y3 , x2 ) cos( z3 , x2 ) cos 2 0 sin 2
M 23 cos( x3 , y2 ) cos( y3 , y2 ) cos( z3 , y2 ) sin 2 0 cos 2
cos( x3 , z 2 ) cos( y3 , z2 ) cos( z3 , z2 ) 0
1
0
M 34
cos( x4 , x3 ) cos( y4 , x3 ) cos( z4 , x3 ) cos 3 sin 3 0
cos( x4 , y3 ) cos( y4 , y3 ) cos( z4 , y3 ) sin 3 cos 3 0
0
1
cos( x4 , z3 ) cos( y4 , z3 ) cos( z4 , z3 ) 0
2
x1
d2
d1
P
y4
3
x3
r1
z2
x4
d3
y2
y3
y1
z1
34
z4
Chng 3
zA
VA
yC
xC
y
xA
v:
i
Nu gi , j , k l cc vector nh v ca h to d no th vector im
v ai bj ck
Vi a,b,c l to v tr ca im v.
o Nu
quan tm ng thi vn v tr v nh hng ta phi biu din vector
im v trong khng gian 4 chiu :
35
x
y
v , vi
z
w
x
a;
w
y
b;
w
z
c
w
v ai bj ck
2
i
3
j k
V d :
o Cc trng hp c bit :
+ [0, ,0, 0, 0]T : Vector khng xc nh.
+ [0, 0, 0, n]T : Vector 0.
+ [x, y, z, 0]T : Vector ch hng.
+ [x, y, z, 1]T : Vector trong h to thun nht.
3.2. Nhc li cc php tnh v vector v ma trn.
3.2.1) Php nhn vector :
Cho 2 vector :
a ax i a y j az k
b bx i by j bz k
a. Tch v hng 2 vector :
a.b ax bx a y by az bz
b. Tch c hng hai vector (Tch hai vector) :
i
j
k
a.b c a x a y a z
bx by bz
3.2.2. Cc php tnh v ma trn :
a. Php cng tr hai ma trn :
iu kin : Cc ma trn phi cng bc (cng kch thc)
36
A 4
1 2
6 v B 3 4
5 6
9
3
22 28
A.B C 49 64
76 100
Ch :
+ A.B B.A
+ (k.A).B = k.(A.B) = A.(k.B)
+ A.(B.C) = (A.B).C
+ (A+B).C = A.C+B.C
+ C.(A+B) = C.A+C.B
c. Ma trn nghch o :
A. A1 I
1
CT
det( A)
37
nx ox
n
oy
A y
nz oz
0
0
A n o a
ax
ay
az
0
px
p y
pz
o
.p
x
y
z
A
a x a y a z a. p
0
0
1
0
V d : Cho
0 0
0 1
A
1 0
0 0
A1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
3
1 3
0 2
0 1
0
1
0
1
0
0
Kim tra :
A. A1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
I
0
e. Vt ca ma trn :
Vt ca ma trn vung bc n l tng cc phn t trn ng cho chnh.
n
38
a
A d
g
b
e
h
c
f
k
a b c
t
t t
d e f
g h k
t
t t
Tng t cho php tch phn ma trn.
v H .u
L vector biu din im sau khi chuyn i.
3.3.1. Php bin i tnh tin.
Gi s cn tnh tin 1 im hay hay 1 vt th theo vector dn :
h a.i b. j c.k
Ma trn chuyn i tnh tin theo vector dn :
1 0 0 a
0 1 0 b
H
0 0 1 c
0 0 0 1
v H .u
0 0 1 c z z c
0 0 0 1 1 1
K hiu :
v= Trans(a,b,c).u
h 4.i 3. j 7.k
39
1
0
v H .u
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
4 2 6
3 3 0
7 2 9
1 1 1
0
cos
0
sin
sin
0
cos
0
cos
0
Rot ( y, )
sin
cos
sin
Rot ( z , )
0
0
1
sin
0
0
0
cos
0
sin
cos
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
V d : u 7.i 3. j 2.k
Quay mt gc 900 quanh trc z : Rot(z, 90), sau tip tc cho quay y 1
gc 900 : Rot(y, 90)
Thc hin chuyn i :
1 0
0 0
0
0
1
0
0 7 3
0 3 7
0 2 2
1 1 1
W= Rot(y, 90).v
0
0
v R.u
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0 3 2
0 7 7
0 2 3
1 1 1
Vy c th tnh :
W Rot(y,90 ).Rot ( z,90 ).u
Ch :
+ Php quay cn tun th theo ng th t trc sau .
Trong v d : quay quanh trc z trc, trc y sau, ta k hiu : Rot(y,
90).Rot(z, 90).u
+ V cc php quay cho cc ma trn nn :
Rot(y, 90).Rot(z, 90).u Rot(z,90).Rot(y,90).u
3.3.3. Php quay le( Euler)
Trong thc t vic nh hng khu chp hnh cui thng l kt qu ca
cc php quay quanh trc x, y, z.
Php quay le m t kh nng nh hng ca cc khu chp hnh cui
thng qua cc gc quay , , bi cc php bin i sau :
+ Quay 1 gc quanh trc z.
+ Quay 1 gc quanh trc y mi l y
+ Quay 1 gc quanh trc z mi l z
Euler ( , , ) Rot ( z, ).Rot ( y, ).Rot ( z, ) Rot ( z, ).Rot ( y, ).Rot ( z, )
Ch :
Php quay phi theo th t trc sau , nhng c bit vi php quay le th
s thay i th t khng lm thay i kt qu.
Cng thc tnh :
Euler ( , , ) Rot ( z, ).Rot ( y, ).Rot ( z, )
cos
0
Rot ( z , )
sin
0
1
sin
0
0
0
cos
0
0 cos
0 sin
0 0
1 0
41
sin
cos
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
sin cos
cos sin
sin sin
sin sin
0
cos
0
ROLL
O
PITCH
z
y
x
Ngi ta s dng php quay ny biu din chuyn ng ca Robot.
Phng php ny c s dng kh ph bin.
42
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
cos
sin
Rot ( z , )
sin 0 cos 0 0 sin
cos
0
0
0
1 0
0
0
1
0
cos cos cos sin sin sin cos cos sin cos sin sin
sin cos sin cos sin cos cos sin sin cos cos sin
sin
cos sin
cos cos
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hay c th vit :
C C C S S S C C S C S S
RPY ( , , ) S C S S S C C S S C C S
S
C S
C C
h 4.i 3. j 7.k th kt qu ta c to im OT :
0
0
OT H .O
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
4 0 4
3 0 3
7 0 7
1 1 1
43
zT
z'T
Rot(z,-90)
Rot(y,90)
x'T
OT
x'T
OT
OT
yT
xT
z'T
y'T
y'T
OT
OT
y'T
yT
xT
x''T
OT
z'T
z''T
x'T
44
y''T
zC
P
pC
pA
zB
yC
xC
yB
zA
xB
A
y
xA
Tnh cht :
B A TBA
A B TAB
TAB (TBA ) 1
3.5. M t vt th
Vt th l cc i tng lm vic ca Robot . Da vo c im hnh hc
ca chng , ta c th chia chng thnh 3 nhm sau :
+ Nhm cc vt th trn xoay : ngoi gi tr ca v tr v kch thc, ta cn xc
nh to tm v bn knh ca ng cong.
+ Nhm cc vt th c gc cnh : Gi tr c trng l to cc im gii hn.
+ Nhm cc vt th c cu trc hn hp
i vi hot ng cm nm i tng v qu trnh vn ng ca Robot th
vic m t vt th cn phi gn lin vi cc php bin i thun nht.
V d : Cho vt th hnh ln tr t trong h to oxyz nh hnh v :
45
C
z
B
D
y
E
A
x
0
0
4
4
A
0 0
2 2 0 0
1 1 1 1
1 1
A A B C D E F
Yu cu : Thc hin cc php bin i : H=Trans(4,0,0) Rot(y,90)
Rot(z,90).
Thc hin nhn cc ma trn thun nht ca cc php bin i theo ng th
t nh trn , ta thu c ma trn H nh sau :
0 0 1 4
1 0 0 0
H
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1
0
1
A' H . A
0
4
1
A'
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
4 1
0 0
0 0
1 1
4
6 6
1 1 1
4
1
0
1
4
1
0
1
0
1
1 1 1
0
0 0
1
4
0
1
0
1
2
1
4
1
4
1
46
2
1
1
4
0
y'
z'
x'
+ Rot(y,90) :
y''
x'
z''
+ Trans(4,0,0) :
y''
O
4
z''
47
x'
Chng 4
Hnh 4.1. Khp quay v khp tnh tin trong chuyn ng ca robot.
Ta t trn mi khu ca mt Robot mt h trc to . S dng cc php
bin i thun nht c th m t v tr tng i v hng gia cc h to
ny.
Theo Denavit, mi lin h gia hai khu lin k nhau (khu n so vi khu
(n-1)) c m t bi ma trn A l ma trn bin i thun nht gm c cc php
quay v tnh tin gia cc h to vi nhau.
n : Vector php tuyn ca o v a : n o.a
nx ox a x p x
n o
a y p y
y
y
T6
nz oz a z p z
0
0
1
0
4.2. B thng s Denavit-Hartenberg (DH)
4.2.1. Cc khi nim :
49
Hnh 4.7. Khong cch hai khu v gc quay gia hai khu.
Mi trc khp c hai ng php tuyn chung i vi n, khong cch
gia hai ng php tuyn chung o dc theo trc khp n gi l d n
dn cn gi l khong cch gia hai khu : Khu n so vi khu th (n-1)
Gc gia hai ng php tuyn chung o trong mt phng vung gc vi
trc khp th n l gc n.
n l gc quay ca khu th n so vi khu th (n-1)
4.2.4. B thng s Denavit-Hertenberg :
51
52
d*3
o0
y0
x0
z0
o1
y1
x1
z1
o2
y2
x2
z2
x3
o3
y3
z3
o4
y4
x4
z4
1*
a1
2*
a2
d3
4*
d4
0
1
0
H1
0
sin
cos
0
0
0 0 a
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0
1
0 cos
Rot ( x, )
0 sin
0
0
1
0
H2
0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 d
0 0 1
0
0
sin 0
cos 0
0
1
cos i
sin
i
Ai
0
Hay:
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
cos i sin i
cos i cos i
sin i sin i
sin i cos i
sin i
0
cos i
0
ai cos i
ai sin i
di
: Ai i
0
pi
vi Ri l ma trn quay 3 x 3 v pi l vect tnh tin 3 x 1.
1
Lu :
i vi khp tnh tin th i =a=0 nn:
0
1
0 cos
Ai
0 sin
0
0
0
sin
cos
0
0
0
d
1
54
+ n : Vector php tuyn ca o v a : n o.a
nx
n
T6 y
nz
ox
oy
ax
ay
oz
0
az
0
px
p y
pz
Tn Ai
n 1
i 1
Vi : T3 A3
2
T3 A2 A3
y2
O2
x2
z1
y1
x1
O1
l1
y0
O0
x0
z0
Khu
1
2
ai
di
1*
0
90
l1
d 2*
*
*
Cc bin khp : 1 , d 2
Phng trnh ng hc :
+ Cc ma trn c trng A :
c1 0 s1
s1 0 c1
A1
0 1 0
0
0 0
1
0
A2
0
0
0
l1
0
0
0 1 d2
0 0 1
cos
cos
sin
cos
a
sin
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
Ai
0
sin i
cos i
di
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0 cos sin 0
Ai
0 sin cos d
0
0
1
0
0 0
1 0
c1 0 s1
s1 0
c1
T A1 A2
0 1 0
0
0 0
0
0
l1
1
0
0 c1 0 s1 d 2 s1
0 s1 0 c1 d 2 c1
0 1 d2 0 1 0
l1
0 0 1 0 0
0
1
0 0
1 0
nx cos 1
ox 0
a x sin 1
n y sin 1 ,
nz 0
oy 0 ,
o z 1
az 0
a y cos 1
Vector nh v : p
p x d 2 sin 1
p y d 2 cos 1
p z l1
1. V d 2. Xc nh phng trnh ng hc Robot c cu hnh RRT
57
i. Gn h to cho Robot :
Hnh 4.12. Gn h ta ti
chn
v tr ban u cho.
Hnh 4.13. Gn h ta ti v tr la
ii. B thng s DH :
Khu
1
2
3
iii.
cos i
sin
i
Ai
0
ai
di
1*
+90
d1
2*
0
-90
3*
Xc
nh
cc
ma
cos i sin i sin i sin i ai cos i
cos i cos i sin i cos i ai sin i
sin i
cos i
di
0
1
58
trn
Qui uc :
cos 1 = c1
cos 2 = c2
0 s1
0 c1
1
0
0
0
0
0
d1
c 2 0 s 2
s2 0 c2
A2
0 1 0
0
0 0
1
0
A2
0
0 0
1 c2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
d 3
T3
s2
0
c2
c 2d 3 d1
0
0
1
0
ox
oy
ax
ay
oz
0
az
0
px
p y
pz
59
i. B thng s DH :
1
1*
a1
2*
a2
3*
a3
ii. Xc nh cc ma trn A
cos i
sin
i
Ai
0
cos i sin i
cos i cos i
sin i sin i
sin i cos i
sin i
0
cos i
0
ai cos i
ai sin i
di
s123
c123
0
0
0
0
1
0
60
c1
s
0
1
1T
0
3T
s1
c1
0
0
c 3
s 3
s 3
c 3
c 5
0
4
5T
s 5
s 5
0
c 5
0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
c 2 s 2 0 0
0
0 1 0
1
2T
s 2 c 2 0 0
0
0 1
0
a2
0 0
,
0 d3
0 1
c 3
0
3
4T
s 4
0
1 0
,
0 0
0 1
c 6 s 6 0 0
0
0
1 0
5
6T
s 6 c 6 0 0
0
0 1
0
s 3
0
c 4
0
a2
1 d 4
0 0
0 1
Ta c :
r
r
Py
21
22
23
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6T 1T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T
r31 r32 r33 Pz
0
0
0
1
Trong :
r11 c1 [c 23 (c 4 c5 c6 s 4 s5 ) s 23 s5 c5 ] s1 ( s 4 c5 c6 c 4 s 6 )
r21 s1 [c 23 (c 4 c5 c6 s 4 s 6 ) s 23 s5 c6 ] c1 ( s 4 c5 c6 c 4 s 6 )
r31 s 23 (c 4 c5 c6 s 4 s 6 ) c 23 s5 c6
r12 c1 [c 23 (c 4 c5 s 6 s 4 c6 ) s 23 s5 s 6 ] s1 (c 4 c6 s 4 c5 s 6 )
r22 s1 [c 23 (c 4 c5 s 6 s 4 c6 ) s 23 s5 s 6 ] c1 (c 4 c6 s 4 c5 s 6 )
r32 s 23 (c 4 c5 s 6 s 4 c6 ) c 23 s5 s 6
r13 c1 (c 23c 4 c5 s 23c5 ) s1 s 4 s5 ]
r23 s1 (c 23c 4 c5 s 23c5 ) c1 s 4 s5 )
r33 s 23c 4 s5 c 23c5
Px c1 [a 2 c 2 a3 c 23 d 4 s 23 ] d 3 s1
62
Py s1 [a 2 c 2 a3 c 23 d 4 s 23 ] d 3 c1
Pz a3 s 23 a 2 s 2 d 4 c 23
r12 c1 [c 23 (c 4 c5 s 6 s 4 c6 ) s 23 s5 s 6 ] s1 (c 4 c6 s 4 c5 s 6 )
r22 s1 [c 23 (c 4 c5 s 6 s 4 c6 ) s 23 s5 s 6 ] c1 (c 4 c6 s 4 c5 s 6 )
r32 s 23 (c 4 c5 s 6 s 4 c6 ) c 23 s5 s 6
r13 c1 (c 23c 4 c5 s 23c5 ) s1 s 4 s5 ]
r23 s1 (c 23c 4 c5 s 23c5 ) c1 s 4 s5 )
r33 s 23c 4 s5 c 23c5
Px c1 [a 2 c 2 a3 c 23 d 4 s 23 ] d 3 s1
Py s1 [a 2 c 2 a3 c 23 d 4 s 23 ] d 3 c1
Pz a3 s 23 a 2 s 2 d 4 c 23
63
Chng 5
NG LC HC ROBOT V NG DNG
TRONG IU KHIN
5.1. Mc ch v phng php kho st ng lc hc robot
Vi nhng mc ch thit k v iu khin, cn thit phi c mt m hnh
ton hc m t ng lc hc ca h thng. V th, chng ny ta s xc lp
phng trnh chuyn ng ca tay my di dng phng trnh vi phn. Phng
php p dng y l xy dng phng trnh chuyn ng ca c h da trn
quan h nng lng, xut pht t nguyn l bo ton v chuyn ha nng lng
trn c s xc lp quan h gia ng nng v th nng ca c h tay my, sau
s dng phng trnh vi phn ca chuyn ng trn c h vi cc i lng
tham gia vo phng trnh gm lc, qun tnh v nng lng.
Vic nghin cu ng lc hc Robot thng gii quyt hai nhim v sau :
1. Xc nh momen v lc ng trong qu trnh chuyn ng. Khi qui lut
bin i ca bin khp qi(t) xem nh bit.
Vic tnh ton lc cng nh momen trong c cu tay my l nhim v tt
yu trong vic la chn cng sut ng c, tnh ton kim tra bn, cng
vng, m bo tin cy cho Robot.
2. Xc nh cc sai s ng, tc l sai s xut hin so vi qui lut chuyn ng
trong chng trnh.
C nhiu phng php nghin cu ng lc hc Robot, nhng nhiu hn
c l phng php c hc Lagrange, c th l phng trnh Lagrange-Euler.
Trong phm vi ni dung ca mn hc ny, chng ta tm hiu nhim v th
nht, t to c s cho vic lp trnh v iu khin robot.
5.2. ng lc hc robot vi phng trnh Euler-Lagrange.
Hm Lagrange ca mt h thng nng lng c nh ngha :
L= K P
Trong : K l tng ng nng ca c h
L l tng th nng ca c h
K v P u l nhng i lng v hng, nn c th chn bt k h ta
no gi bi ton n gin.
Xt mt Robot c n khu th :
64
K Ki
P Pi
i 1
i 1
(2.1)
Ki K qi , qi v Pi Pqi , qi
(2.2)
d L L
dt q q
dt q q
(2.3)
L K P
(2.4)
a. V d 1.
Ta xt v d xy dng phng trnh chuyn ng ca tay my hai khu phng
lin kt bng khp bn l.
Trong v d ny, ta p dng cc kt qu ca bi ton ng hc c kho
st phn trc. xy dng bi ton ng lc hc, ta kho st c h vi gi
thit rng khi lng ca khu c tp trung cc khp. Ma trn bin khp l:
q 1 2
(2.5)
v ma trn biu din ca lc suy rng c th hin:
(2.6)
vi 1 , 2 l cc m men c cho bi cc c cu tc ng (chng hn l m
men pht ng ca cc ng c in).
65
(x2,y2)
2
a2
m2
g
a1
m1
x
(2.7)
P1 m1 ga1 sin1
(2.8)
Vi khu 2 ta c:
x2 a1 cos1 a2 cos(1 2 )
(2.9)
y2 a1 sin1 a2 sin(1 2 )
(2.10)
x2 a11 sin1 a2 (1 2 ) sin(1 2 )
(2.11)
)
Ta cn xc nh cc biu thc :
L
2
(m1 m2 )a1 1 m2 a 22 (1 2 ) m2 a1 a 2 (21 2 ) cos 2
1
d L
2
(m1 m2 )a1 1 m2 a 22 (1 2 ) m2 a1 a 2 (21 2 ) cos 2 m2 a1 a 2 (212 22 ) cos 2
dt 1
L
(m1 m2 ) ga1 cos 1 m2 ga 2 cos(1 2 )
1
L
m2 a 22 (1 2 ) m2 a1 a 21 cos 2
2
d L
m2 a 22 (1 2 ) m2 a1 a 21 cos 2 m2 a1 a 212 sin 2
dt 2
L
m2 a1 a 2 (12 12 ) sin 2 m2 ga 2 cos(1 2 )
2
Cui cng, phng trnh chuyn ng ca c h tay my c cho bi h
hai phng trnh vi phn:
(2.18)
67
2
2
m2 a2 m2 a1a2cos 2
m2 a2
2
m2 a1a2 (2 1 2 22 ) sin 2 (m1 m2 ) ga1cos1 m2 ga2cos (1 2 ) 1
2 sin
m
ga
cos
(
)
m
a
a
2
2
1
2
2
2 1 2 1
2
Ta tm c biu thc ng lc hc tay my di dng chun, c biu
din chung di dng sau :
d2
O0
68
d L L
dt q q
(2.1)
L K P
(2.2)
d2
(2.3)
v ma trn biu din ca lc suy rng c th hin:
(2.4)
m 2 ( x 2 ,y 2)
l1
m 1(x 1,y 1 )
d2
x2 d 2 cos 1
y2 d 2 sin 1
(2.8)
69
(2.7)
x2 d2 cos 1 d 21 sin 1
(2.9)
y 2 d2 sin 1 d 21 cos 1
(2.10)
Bnh phng vn tc l :
2 2
2
v22 x22 y 22 d 2 1 d2
(2.11)
Do vy ng nng ca khu 2 l:
K2
1
1
1
2 2
2
m2 v22 m2 d 2 1 m2 d2
2
2
2
(2.12)
Th nng cho khu 2 l:
1 2 2 1
1
2 2
2
L K P K1 K 2 P1 P2 m1l1 1 m2 d 2 1 m2 d2 m1 gl1 sin 1 m2 gd 2 sin 1
2
2
2
1
1 2
2
2 2
Vy : L (m1l1 m2 d 2 )1 m2 d 2 (m1l1 m2 d 2 ) g sin 1
2
2
(2.14)
Nhng hng thc cn tnh c th hin nh di y:
70
L
2
2
(
m
l
m
d
)1
1
1
2
2
1
d L
2
d 2 )
m
l
m
(
2
d
d
1
1
1
2
2
2 1
2
1
dt 1
L
(m1l1 m2 d 2 ) g cos 1
1
L
m2 d2
d 2
(2.15)
)
d L
m2 d2
dt d 2
L
2
m2 d 21 m2 g sin 1
d 2
Cui cng, phng trnh chuyn ng ca c h Tay my c cho bi h
hai phng trnh vi phn:
d L L
2
2
Vy :
d L L
dt q q
d L L
m d 2 m g sin
m
d
2 2
2 2 1
2
1
dt d2 d 2
Vy :
2 m2 d2 m2 d 212 m2 g sin 1
d L L
m d 2 m g sin
m
d
2
2
2 2 1
2
1
dt d2 d 2
m
g
sin
0
m2 d 2 m2 d 21
2
1
2
71
F (q ) Fv q Fd
trong Fv l ma trn h s ca ma st tnh v Fd l ma st ng. Ta s a
thm lng nhiu d vo phng trnh, i lng ny gip m t phn b cho
trng hp m hnh ng lc hc c sai st m ta cha lng ht trong qu trnh
xy dng m hnh ton.
Vic xc nh lc ma st rt kh khn, cch m t nh vy c chp nhn.
Hu ht nhng tr lc no chng li chuyn ng u c cc nh nghin cu
m t trong m hnh ng lc hc Tay my theo cch nh trn.
Phng trnh ng lc hc Tay my cng c biu din di dng:
N ( q, q ) d
M ( q)q
72
Ti
TiT
m jk ( q ) trace
Ii
q
q k
i 1
j
n
x 2 dm
xy dm
I i i ri i riT dm
xz dm
x dm
yx dm
y dm
yz dm
y dm
2
zx dm
zy dm
z dm
z dm
2
x dm
y dm
z dm
dm
I yy ( x 2 z 2 )dm
I zz ( x 2 y 2 )dm
I xx ( y 2 z 2 )dm
I xz xz dm
I yz yz dm
I xy xy dm
73
my y dm
mz z dm
mx x dm
ri x
I xx I yy I zz
I xy
Ii
I xz
mx
Vi
Ti / q j
I xy
I xz
I xx I yy I zz
2
I yz
I xx I yy I zz
I yz
2
mz
my
mx
my
mz
T TiT
m jk (q) trace
Ii
i max( j , k )
q j qk
n
1 T
K
V ( q, q ) M ( q )q
( q M ( q )q ) M q
2 q
q
Cc thnh phn ca vect Coriolis/hng tm c xc nh nh sau:
V (q, q ) vijk qi q j
i, j
vijk
2 qi
q j
q k
G( q )
P( q )
q
( g T Ti ( q ))I i e 4
i 1 q
n
e4 = (0, 0, 0, 1)
T , ta suy ra c:
( g T Ti ( q )) I i e 4
i 1 q
n
T
G (q ) ( I n g T ) i I i e 4
q
i 1
n
G ( q )
, j 1,2..., n
n T Ti
g q I i e 4
1
in1
T
i
g T
I i e4
G( q ) i 2
q 2
T
T
i
g
I i e4
i n
q n
n y ta kho st bi ton ng lc hc Tay my t thu c
cc gi tr lc hay m men suy rng trn mi khp trong qu trnh hot ng ca
robot. Da trn nhng thng s ny ta s a ra nhng gii php thit k kt cu
cng nh iu khin robot tt hn. Bi b iu khin s n gin v c hiu qu
hn nu nhng c tnh ng lc hc bit ca Tay my c kt hp cht ch
ngay t trong giai on thit k.
5.5. ng dng bi ton ng lc hc m t i tng robot trong iu
khin.
Sau khi thc hin tnh ton bi ton ng lc hc robot, chng ta c th s
dng trc tip cc m hnh ton thu c xy dng i tng trong vic m
phng v a ra cc tng trong vn iu khin.
Tt nhin, vic xc nh cc thng s ca robot l rt kh khn, v vy
chng ta ch xy dng i tng robot c tnh cht m phng thc hin cc
gii thut iu khin. V trong thc t, cc thng s ca m hnh ng lc hc
tay my chu nh hng ca rt nhiu cc yu t nh : chnh xc trong gia
cng c kh, nh hng ca cc tc nhn c tnh cht nh nhiu, cc sai s m
hnh khi thc hin tnh ton...
Trong mc ny, bng cc phn mm h tr m phng (Visual C, Visual
Basic, Matlab, ...) chng ta thc hin m hnh ha cc robot t cc phng trnh
75
Theta
U2
d
(Do dai tinh tien d khop 2)
f(u)
theta_2dot
theta_dot
1
s
theta_
theta
2
u2
1
s
f(u)
d_2dot
d_dot
1
s
2
d
77
d2