C yxmsL`i[ INRPryLji s[sV zms[ NRPzqs %dsVLRiV %sys Ary*jLiRRLi gRiVLjiLi

xmsRLi LjigjiLij.
zmss INRP zqs*%sVLig`ixmnsQpN][, FyLRiVN][, NRP FyL`iN][ dxqsVNRPVsRLi y*LS
yLji[ sos RVLRiVNRPVRys, %dsVLRiV FsNRPVs[}qs %dsV NRPVgRiVRVLij. zms[ \LRiLi RVLi
LiVVsds LRiNRPLRiNS Fy[ soLiLiVV. %ds][ NRPzqs RV xmsxmsLiRLi[ LRigRiRLi y*LS
%dss %dsVLRiV gRiVLjiLiRgRiVgRiVyLRiV.
xmsxqsVR NSrFys sgRiLS[ sos zms[ Fss\aSRLi sVLij zmsV BLiRsLRiNRPW
NRPdsqx sLi sj%dsVR mx sRs[ ztsQNSLRiV RV[RLi[ %dsVLRiV ssVgRiLS?
ksNTP RR ZNP[sLi RRLiRV[. RsV L]s %sRLi[ NRPdsxqsLi yVgRiVL][V
sLi, RsV NRPVLRiyTNTP sj V soLiVLi][, mx sRs[ xmsRWLi Fs soLiVLi][
xms[NRPF[; zms NRPs A RRLiRVV |msLi |msR[}qs NRPLRiys sWRs[V dxqsVNRPVyLRiV
Rxms, yNTP INRP g]xms @sVW sy*s[ RRs dxqsVN][[RssW.
\LRiLi @s[j INRP |msR xmsyLRiLiNSRV. @j sVsLi [}qs xmssVs[ sVsN]xqsW
soLiVLij. DyxLRiNTP %dsV AlLi[ zmsy zqs*%sVLig`ixmnsQp[ @LiVVyLRiV sFyV CR
s[Lji}qs, yTNTP sRsLi[s[ dsxms RVLi FRVLij. dsxms[ NSRV, %sRLixms
NRPWy ysLRiNRPW RVLi FRVLij. zqs*%sVLig`i @s[j sWszqsNRP aSxqsQs[R jRVLki xmsNSLRiLi
%sys[ FsRVL]s[ |msR RLRiNRPV s FyLRiLiLi.

@y RVLi c 3

LRi NRP LRi NS R RLi RV V

INRP xmsRsVW[ @sWLiVV xqsWsVLi J lLiLiRV gRiLiV AxqsLigS BLiNTP

sLiRsVN][LiT. A AxqsLi xms LRiNRPLRiNS RRLiRV xmsxqsLiRs s[LRiV s[LRiV %syVgS
soLiRsRV.
RLiT sVVLiRV LRiWsV[ dNRPLRiLigS xmsyLRiV [xqsW, NRPWRVLRiV LiVVLi[NTP @RVgRiV |msgSs[
lLiNRPxmsVN]s sVVLiRVNRPV gji ""FsLiRVNSxqsLi @LiVVLi['' @s @RVgRiVyLRiV. A @sWLiVV
yV }ms[gSs[ Lixms%dsVR xmsFysVs ""s dlLi[rysV. FsxmsVRLiVVy B
AxqsLigS s}qs LRiNRPLi NRPrysV. Fs[...... F....... @RVNRPVsV c'' @LiW L_RLigS
@LjiyRV. sVR[ R @RVxmsRNRPF[ ""yds, ssW NTPLRixqsyLiVVV Fzqs RgRiRysV.
yNRPRVLSNRPV. F..... sLiLi[ RgRiRV'' @s LRis gRiRsWLiVVLiRsRV.
sVL][ NRPVVLiLi[...... A Fyxms BLiNTP AxqsLigS ssxmsVRV R sV%dsVR
NRPWLRiVs gRiVRdsLRiV NRPNRPVNRPVLiW Fyxms LSgSs[ syy BLiR AxqsLi @LiVVLi[.

sLiVV[soNTP sVVNRPVNRPVysV.
dsZNP[ ANTP=Li @soRVLi[sWss..... GsVLiU
FyF~Lij'' @LiW BLi[NTP mx sLjilgiT[ A LRi rFny[ NRPWLRiVs }msxmsLRiV RRVsoNRPVLiW
""sLiy..... @ssqx sLRiLigS lLiLiRVgRiLiV BLiy yyRWgki [aSso'' @s }msxmsLRiV xmsNRPs
mx s[zqs @V Ljigji mx sRVN][sRV.
sVL][ NRPVVLiLi[...... Fyxms qx sWsVLi AxqsLigS sxqsVLij. R sLiLi[
NRPWLRiVs mx ss[xqsVNRPVLiW soLiVLij. RLiT LRiWLi[ \|mns= RRVsoNRPVLiW soLiLRiV. FssLji
mx ssV[ yLiLRiV. C Fyxms Rs gRij[ZNP mx soxqsNSV mx s[zqs, |msLRi[NTP s NS
[RVW NRPRVN]s [Li[zqs Rs LRiWLi[NTP sFRVLij.
A Fyxms s FsLiR}qs\|msy @NRPR mx sLiRVNRPVs[ ysLRiW soLiRLRiV. L][ NRPlLiNRPV
\LiNTP s[ Fyxms INRPL][ AxqsLigS s}qs "FsLiRVNSxqsLi @LiVVLij?' @s @Tlgi[y
soLiRNRPFsRLi FsLi][ yNRPLRisVLiVVs %sxtsQRVLi.
FssLRiW @sWLiVV{tsQ RVs }qs*y xmsxmsLiys INRPs[mx so AsLiRLigS
@sV%sxqsVy, sVsqx sV[ G][ INRP sVW "ssV mx sLiRVNRPVs[ ysLRiW [LRiV' @s
RNRPWy A FyxmsNTP soLiVLij.
BLiN][ BLi[ RLiT FsxmsVRW gRiLidLRiLigS soLiRV. AxqsLigS ss FyxmssV R
xmsaRPV s[xqsVLij. C RLiT T @ds %sLiRV Rxms G xmsaS @RgRiRV. RsV G
%sxtsQRVLi[ NRPLiRVNRPVy Rsxms yLjiNTP g_LRisLi FRVLiRs, FsxmsVRW ssLigS,
gRiLidLRiLigS soLiVLiRV. R @Tgjis xmsaRPNTP xqsLiRXzmsNRPLRi\sVs qx ssWyyV LSNRPF[
gRiLidLRiLigS Rs LRiWLi[NTP sFyRV. R A Fyxmss gS RVRVLij.
BLiN]NRP LiVVLi[ y RLigS soLiVLij. RRLiRV xmssLRis, @sWLiVV
AxqsLigS BLiNTP sxqsVLij. R "FsLiRVZNP[ BLiR AxqsLi @LiVVLij' @s A @sWLiVVs
@RgSs[ A @sWLiVV RLiT RVN] "FsNRPTNTP FyV @ds R VRVV' @LiW
Rs LRis sNTPLjiryRV.
AsV sLis[, ys[Li NSRV, BLi[ $LSsVRLiRVRV, RV $NRPXxtsvRV @syLRisV[
%dsVs[. NSNRPF[ ARzmsNTP BVsLi VR Vy[V @s y R @LiVLij. "A [T
%dsVys @LiVVRVs[V NRPsNTP $NRPXxtsvRV LSNRP @xmsLRi $LSsV RLiRV]ryy' @LiW
lLiFyRV.
AsV sLis[ "%dsVNRPV A @LiVVRVs[V Bs*Rs[V RLiRgRi' @LiW sW
zmsN]RVRVLij. lLiFLiVVs @RRV AsVs yVgRiV RVyRV. FsNRPR FyLRiLi# \sVs
xqsLixtsQ, FsV Ljigji, FsNRPR sVVgjizqsLi][ RWzqss A Fyxms NRPLigSLRiV xmsTFRVLij.
INRP xqsLixmnsVsNTP LRiNRPLRiNS B[ LRiNRPLRiNS xmsLjisWV xqsLi%sLiRRLi LjigjiLij.

B INRP xqsLixmnsVsNTP LRiNRPLRiNSVgS xmsxqsLijLi[ RRLiRVs yVgRiV LRiNSVgS

%sRg]sRV.
1. %sVLki sRVLiRV
2. xqsLiLS LSLiVV
3. sVLSR LSsVsV
4. WRRLi RRLiRVV.

%sVLki sRVLiRV :
""s[sV ssV lgiLiRsVsxmsVRV "FsLiRVNRPV?' @s @RgRiNRPV. "FsLiR FsRV?' @s sWRs[V
@RgS'' c Bk %dsLji sVsqx sR*Li!
C LRiNRPLi RRLiRVV FsxmsVRV, G sVW`[ soLiL][ @LRiLi [xqsVN][sRLi NRPxtsQLi.
zms %dsVR ysVV |msVTgS |ms[ RV, qx ssVRVLi sXyNSNRPVLiy, y R*LRigS
xmsxmnsLi LSysN][LRiVNRPVLiLRiV. RsV zmsyRV INRP xqsNRPV[ sVLki "%dsN`P' @s zqssxmsVRV
sLis[ BLiRgRiLRi INRP WxtsQs sWryLji |msryLRiV.
|msLis sVLRiVxqs s[ G\y "sVLid qs[' RsV zmsyTNTP @s[ xqsNRPV[
xmsj[xmso sWLRiVV syRVsVN][LiT. A %sxtsQRVLi RVgSs[ ssNS sVVLiRV
A[LiRNRPVLiy ""Fssy WxtsQs sWryLRiV? GLi VRVyRV yRV? zmsyTNTP xmsj
sWLRiVV NRPWR LS[RV. yT d}qsrysV'' @s gRiLiRV[ryRV.
%dsNTP B%dsVTRVgS, "JsL`i\s'[ RsV zmsyRV g]xmsyRV NSys soLiVLij.
@Li[NSs "RsV zmsyRV A qx sNRPV[ FsLiR %dsN`P? @RsV BLixmsps NSyLi[ FsLiR \Li
mx sRVRVLij' BLis[%sd V %ds A[LiRLRiV.
zmsNRPV INRP xmss [ y yss FsRVLRiV xmsaRP s[RVNRPVLiy ORPQ[ [}qsRWs
N][LRiVNRPVLiLRiV. RsV zmsyTNTP ""|mss= dxqsVNRPVLS'' @s [ y FsLiRVNRPV? G%sV?
@s @RgRiNRPWRRV. s |mss= dxqsVNRPVs}qs @j s[ sVR |ms LRiWNRPLRi][ RVyLRiV.
BVsLi RRLiRVV zms RXztsQ[ sRVLiRVgS %sVgjiFyLRiV. @LiRVNRPV NSLRiLi
%ds @sVxqsLjiLi[ xmsRRV[.
zmssV NRPWy FsLiR sWLi[ @LiRsW ssNSsVVLiRV A[LiRNRPVLiy @s[ryLRiV.
@ sWTsLiRVs A zmsV FsLiR "xL`i' @RWL][ @s[j %dsNTP @ssxqsLRiLi. RsV
%sRLi[ INRPL][ NRPWy zms }mssVgS xmsNRPs NRPWL][VN]s y xqssVxqs gRiVLjiLi
@RgRiLRiV.
@ NRPWL][|msVN]s sWT[ RsV %dsVR yNTP g_LRisLi RgjiFRVLiRs RVLi.
@LiRVZNP[ zmsV |msLjilgi[N]k sWszqsNRPLigS RWLRisVsoyLRiV. RVsVLi GsWRLi

}mssWsVLSgSV FssLji\sxmso sVLi sy @V\sxmso ANRPL<jiLixmsRyLRiV.

C LRiNRPLi RRLiRVNTP zms s sRVxqsV=[ RVxmsy, |msLjilgi[N]k LRigRiRyLRiV.
C zmsV Fsjgjis RLRiVyR A BLi[ sRLi mx sn VL<iR V Rmx sso.
@gRis C LRiNRPLi RRLiRVNTP RsV zms%dsVR }mssV[Rs, %ds Rys
xms[sVV. %dsNRPVs sVLi gRiVLi ORPQ[ sLRiRWV dxqsVN][sRLi, @Li[ s[gRiLigS ys
@sVVxmsLRiRLi mx sNTPLi FyFyLiVVNTP ysVLi FnyNRPVVyRVs, A zmssVVLiRV RsV
FyFyLiVV dzqsNRPVgS soLiRs @szms}qs, ORPQ[ LRiVZNP sVLi V dxqsVNRPVsryRV.
RsV zmsV gRiVLixmso[ g][%sLiy @sVgS soLiRNRPVLiy G NRPLSG[, y[=
s[LRiVNRPVLisVLi[ c ORPQ[ dxqsVZNP @NRPR [LjiryLRiV.
C LRiNRPLi RRLiRVV, RsV zmsV RsVs }ms%sVLiyLi[ yNTP sWszqsNRPLigS RgRiLRi
NSyLi[, N]s @ysV, sQQNTPgRiR [FysV xqsLjijRVN][y. C NTPLij %sxtsQRWsV
@sVxqsLjiLiy.
1. RsV zms @sxqsLRiAV, qx ssVxqs mx s R*LRigS xmsxqsLijLi, yLjiNTP NSszqss%s
qx ssVNRPWlLi[ sVVLiRV ysVVNRP mx sLjisWsV NRPWy sVVLi[ A[Li
soLiRVN][y. sLRiRWsV R*LRiR*LRigS dxqsVN][NRPWRRV.
2. N][xmsLi ssmx soRV, As[aRPLi ssmx soRV G sWLi[ A sW @s[RVNRPVLiy
FsRVyLRiV A sWNRPV FsLiR RxmsRyL][ A[Liy. RsVs ysVV
sgRizLiRVN][s.
3. RsVNTP, RsV zmsNTP sVR @sgSxs |msLiRVN][y. L][ J gRiLiFyV y][
sW[ @yV |msLiRVN][y.
4. RsV NRPVVLiLi mx s RsVNRPVsj }mssWsVLSgS[NSs, ys LRiVso, RRVgS
{msNSsLi [Rs RV[RW. RsV |msRLjiNSs sLSOTPQLigS
@sVV[RVNRPVLiy, AFyRVR][ yLjis ANRPVN][y.
5. G %sxtsQRVLi[\sy RsV sW[ sgSs sVVLiTxmsV xmsNRPVLiy NRPVVLi xqsVV
}ms %sxtsQRWsV NRPWR xmsLjigRis[NTP dxqsVN][y.
C \xmso RRLiRVV xmssLjiLi[ %syysNTP INRP sVLi DyxLRi VysV. lLiLiRV
sVWRV L][[ @RsV BV sWLRiVRVysVs FyRV. LSzmsNTP BV FsLiRVNRPV
sWLRiVRVyL][ @LRiLiNSRV.
Lki dxqsVNRPVs rysWsV FsNTPLi s[lLi[BLiNTP
dxqsVNRPVssxmsVRV @LiR Q\sVLij c FyR BV FssLjiN][ @s[VaSRs, RsV RLiT RVNRPV @LiR
BLij xmsRVRVyRs A zmsNRPV sLjisLRiNRPV RVNRPFsRLi y @RXxtsQLi NSRV
RVLRiRXxtsQLi. C \xmso RRLiRVV sVVLigS RsV xqsV{msLjiRWLjis sRVVN][y. @j

sRVVNRPVLi[ Rxms zms][ ryszRLi |msLRigRiRV.

6. sLiR RWV dxqsVNRPVs[aRPNTP RsVNRPV sWRs[V soLiRs, BLi[ sVlLisLjiNUP A aRPNTP [Rs
@sVN][sRsVV F~LRiFyV. @s %sxtsQRW[sV RsV sLRiRVs[V xqs\lLiLij @sVN][sRLi sV.
A{mnsqx sV[ FsLiR |msR F~xtsQs[ soy, Fss sLRiRWV dxqsVNRPVy, BLi[ sWRLi
RsNRPy sVLi sLRiRWV dxqsVNRPVs[yLRiV NRPdsxqsLi BRLRiVLiLRiV. LRi, N]RVNRPV, NRPWRVLRiV.
DyxLRiNTP BLiNTP rFny|qsV dxqsVNRPVLSsRLi sVLi A[Rs. NSds %dsVNRPV sLij
dxqsVNRPVs}qs RNTPs yLjiNTP A RLRi @LiR xqsLi][xtsQNRPLRiLigS soLiRRV. BLi[ sVgRiVLRiW
NRPWLRiVs g][RNRPVs NRPL`iNTP G NRPL`i rFny|qs sW` @soRVLi][ A[Li dxqsVNRPVs}qs A
RLRi[ RsVNUP gRisVVLiRs BLi[ @LiRLRiW qx sLiRXzmsmx sRyLRiV. y zmssj %dsVNRPV
sRNRPF[, %dsV sLRiRVs[V xqsLji\VsRszms}qs A %sRLigS VVRV NSds zms ARLjiLiRLi
s[LRiV, @xqsV xmsNRPFsRLi s[LRiV.
7. %dsVNRPV ss NRPWLRi[ %dsV LRi RLRiRW sLiRVRVLi[, @j %dsV sRVLiRXy*sNTP
INRP sRLRi+sLi. C mx soxqsNRPLi RRVsoRVs \LiNTP %dsV LRiNTP G[V NRPWLRiV BxtsQsW
RVNRPF[ @j NRPWy sRVLiRXy*sNTP INRP DyxLRi.

qx sLiLS LSLiVV :
%dsVlLixmsV\y LiRV xmsRLRi+saSNTP s[ @NRPR "JL`i' @s[ LiRVso soLiVLij.
@j FsxmsVRW xqsLjigS INRP][ NRPWL][RV. ALjiNTP LiT sRLi, gRiV%dsVR sVLi lgiLiRRLi
Li%s NRPWy INRP [N`PgS dxqsVNRPVs, sRLi xqsLRiygS @LRiVxqsW soLiVLij. [%sRV
RRLiRVV aSxmssaSRV LiRVsoVgS sWLRiLi qx sLi%s}qs C JLRiVgS sWLRiyLRiV.
rysVWzNRP %sRsVLi[ yNTP BxtsQLi. FsxmsVRW yLi[ FyLkiV LRiVgRiVRW
soLiLiVV. sVgRiV\lLiRVgRiVLji][ NRPzqs soLiRNRPF[ yNTP ][RRV. %dsLRiV RsV zms][
y N][gS soLiLRiV. qx sLRiyNRPs.
"L][Liy LiT [NRPFLiVVy xmnslLi[RV NSds gRiLi}qsxmso xqsLRiygS gRiTzms[ yV' @sVNRPVs[
LRiNRPLi %ds. zms][ qx sW %sxtsQRVLi[, zms mx sNRPs A Lid[ FsLiRsVLij
NRPWLRiVLiLRiV? RL`i G LRiNRPLi RxqsV=V s[xqsVN]ryRV? xqsW Li` @sL`i Fss gRiLiNTP?
sVLi ds FsNRPR ygRiVyLRiV? c BLi ysLids NRPWR zms Rgij LRi sVLi @Tgji
VxqsVNRPVLiLRiV. sWRVN][ssNTP %dsNTP FsxmsVRW G][ INRP zmsN`P NSy. @j FsLiR
sLRiLiR NRP\sVs\y xqslLi[.
@LiRLji][ sVLigS soLiRLi %dsLji @yV. @LiVV[ C @y[ %dsNTP @s
qx ssVxqssW |msRVRVLij. %ds [sds ""NSRV'' @s[LRiV. A{mnsqx sV[ @LiVVy,

}qszRVLiVVy, FssLRiV G mx ss zmsy A RR ss s[qx sVNRPVLiW soLiLRiV. Ds

NS}qsxmso zms][ dLjiNRPgS sW[LiRVNRPV qx ssVRVLi FsNRPVs ]LRiNRPRV.
%ds[ sos BLiN]NRP {sR G%sVLi[ @LiRLji[R sVLi @szmsLiRVN][ys
y N][LjiNRPgS soLiVLij. @sRy RsV sxtsQxmsys N][LRiVN][sRLis y FsLiR
xmss zmsy NSRsNRPVLiy, LSRLiy sVNRPVs yxmsgjiLis xmss xmspLji[ryLRiV. @LiRVs
%dsNTP %dszms][ dLjiNRPgS gRiT}ms "\Li' soLiRRV.
DyxLRiNTP LRi "ryRVLiRLi ]LiRLRigS LRiLiT. uyzmsLig`i [RW' @Li[ @[
ryRVLiRLi INRP N]dg`i lLiLiRV s RLRiVyR LRigRi[[V Rs |msNTP V |qsN`P[yLi
LRisVLi[ LRi NTPs sW sVLjiFLiVV, FsxmsV][ LRigRiszqss N]dg`i |msNTP V
RWRsNTP uymsZNPyRV. LRi Rgij LRiy A N]dg`i RgiR LRi "sVLi' @szmsLiRVN][ys
soLiRs[V ksNTP NSLRiLi.