Contents

15.7
15.8
15.9
15.10
15.11
15.12
15.13
15.14
15.15

xiii

UMTS QoS Mechanisms

UMTS QoS Signaling
UMTSInternet QoS Inter-working/Mapping
End-to-End QoS Delay Analysis
ATM QoS Classes
More on QoS Mechanisms in IP Networks
IP Precedence to ATM Class of Service Mapping
Web Traffic Classification for QoS
QoS Levels of Agreement
References

16 The TCP Protocols, Issues, and Performance Tuning over

Wireless Links
16.1 The TCP Fundamentals
16.1.1 TCP Connection Set Up and Termination
16.1.2 Congestion and Flow Control
16.1.2.1 Slow Start Congestion Control Phase
16.1.2.2 Congestion Avoidance Phase
16.1.2.3 TCP Congestion Algorithm Bottlenecks in
Wireless Networks
16.1.3 TCP RTO Estimation
16.1.4 Bandwidth-Delay Product
16.2 TCP Enhanced Lost Recovery Options
16.2.1 Fast Retransmit
16.2.2 Fast Recovery
16.2.3 Selective Acknowledgement (SACK)
16.2.4 The Timestamp Option
16.3 TCP Variations as used on Fixed Networks
16.3.1 TCP Tahoe
16.3.2 TCP Reno
16.3.3 TCP New Reno
16.3.4 TCP SACK
16.4 Characteristics of Wireless Networks and Particularly 3G
16.4.1 BLER, Delays, and Delay Variations
16.4.2 Delay Spikes
16.4.3 Dynamic Variable Bit Rate
16.4.4 Asymmetry
16.5 TCP Solutions Proposed for Wireless Networks
16.5.1 Link Layer Solutions
16.5.1.1 The RLC Solution for TCP Connections
16.5.2 TCP Parameter Tuning
16.5.2.1 TCP Rxwnd tuning
16.5.2.2 TCP Maximum Segment Sizing (MSS)
16.5.2.3 Initial Transmission Window
16.5.3 Selecting the Proper TCP Options
16.5.3.1 TCP SACK Option for Wireless

264
265
267
267
268
269
270
271
271
271

273
274
275
275
276
276
277
277
278
279
279
279
280
280
280
280
280
281
281
281
281
282
282
283
283
283
284
288
288
289
290
290
290