KEOA/IAIO

32

ANODBEDH AKTINOBOAIAE. DKEAAEH

TOY OOTOD

IIeprel6pevcr Kaqo-lc(ou
32.1
32.2

32.L

A\.dorqonAKnvo6oliqs

453

PuOpoSAKr1vo6oi.4o4geutpyr-g.

455

32.3

Anoo6co4Anrvo6o,\iog

467

32.4

Aveaclpr4regnqyfgAKrwo6oliqs

454

32.5

X<i6oor1rou Oor69

460

Awrr>re>uAKrnloeoArAE

tTo reluroio KsQo.Loro

poOopre
oLrorov 6vo o0orqpo rqlo\Tr,lvcror,cvcpycrocxndpncrorono quro xor
xorooxeuooope plo oxeon y1o ulv ev6pyeronou ortrvo6o}eiror on6 6vo rdroro raLovroupevo o0mr;po.
Eov 1'vopi(oupe ro qlenprx6 ne6io, r6re I peo4 uprl rou rerpoy<ilvourou ne6iou, eni rov nopoyor,.ro
eOcloouror pe tqv noo6rqro ev6pyerognou 6r6pXerorava retpoyr,rvrxopdrpo xor ovo oeurspolerno
on6 pro emqovero, xoOerq otq 6reu0uvoq 0ro0oo4grqg ornvo6o.Liog:

s = oc(E'z)

(32.1)

Onoro6qnore ro-lowoupevo rpoptio oruvoGo.lei ev6pyero' yto nopo6erlpo, pro oOqyoupevq xepoio
ornvoBoLei evipyero. Eav 6vo o0orlpo ornvoGoLei ev6pyera,r6re, yro vo roluer q op1r16ror4pr1o1g
rqg evdpysrog,9o npener vo npoo6ropiooupe exeivq rqv roXu nou nopelouv ro xoLrilOronou o6qyouv
otqv xepoio. Me o-l-Lo.L6yro,ro <ux.Lopo o64yqo4g rrlg xepoiog evepyeiog pro awiaaoq,4 oMtrig cog
pdpog 6nou pnopei vo dloupe non<bLeroo
evdpyerog(r1evepyero6e Xoveror p66oro,o-l-LoortrvoBo.Leiror
npog ro d(o, ooov oqopo 6pr,lg ro xuxlopo, our6 epqovi(er orrilero evdpyerog). De pro ouvqOr;
owimoo4, q ev6pyeroq onoio oloveror' parqrpnsrcn oe 9epp6rqro. Drrlv nepinrroo4 rqg xepoiog, q
evdpyeronou oxqverqr,,6roXeteuetororo Oroorqpo. Alo rq oxomo opcogrqg 9eroptogtcovqlenprxriv
rcuxLoporov, Xopig vo lrlqOei un6rp4 ro rrou n4yoiver q evepyero,ro ouvo.Lrx6onoreleopo eni rou
rux.Ldlporog :ivor ro i6ro-q evdpyerooyoveroroono ro r0xLopo. Enopevorg, q xepoio rpoiveror orq

454

i 32.I,

ANTIDTA'H AKTINOBOAIAE

Yeu/lrplo oo vo 6rqe6lt1 Kqrrolo ovrioroorl, oKolrn Ko1 mrlv nsptnr(,orl nou eivol KorooKeuoopwq
ono op1y4 Xc.LKo.Er4v npolporrxorqto, eov xorooxeuooci pe ono6otrxo rpono, Tore90 nopouotogsl
yoport4proruo l0ovurls lleKrprKrls ovriorooqE, pe no.Luprrp6 rnoyoylKo q Xopqnx6 Xoporiqpo,
entlOrl tnrOupoupe 4 xepoio vo orcnvoGoLei6oo ro Ouvqrov neproo6repqevepyeto. H ovriorooq nou
nopouoro(er pra Krpoio, ovopoSfltt avtiotao4 axuvoaolLiag (radiation resistance).
Eov oupGoliooupe lre 1 ro psuFo nou 6ropp6errqv <epoio, rore o lrfoos puql6s nopoxrls loXUoS
orlv xepaio tivqr ro yrv6Frvo t4g peoqg rllrls rou rerpoy<bvourou pruporoE, rni rqv or,tiorooq. O
pu0lroE pe tov onoiov at uvo6o\Ei r1 xepoio eivor ovo-Loyogrou rerpoyctvou rou peuporog nou trl
Otoppdet,onroEovopevoupe, ener0q ro ne6io sivol ovoLoyo rrov peupotov xor q oneleuOepoupevq
ev6pyeroeivor ovoloyr; rou rsrpoycbvour4g evtoo4g rou ne6iou. O ouvnlsorrls ovo-Loyiogperolu rqg
o!.rlvo6olouFevqg roXuogxor rrlg noo6rqrog (I2), eivor q ovriorooq ornvo6oLiog.
'Evo
evOroqepovep6rrlFo ivor, nou oqei-Lrror4 ovrioroorl ourrl rqg ornvo6oLiog; Ag $eoprlooupe
6vo on.Lo nopo6erlpo: og unoOeooupe6n dXoupepeuporo, to onoio o6qyouvrot novr,t raro, oe pro
xepoio. Atonror6voupe 6u 9o np6ner vo xoroGolloupr 6pyo, rov 9d,Loupeq xepoio vo oxrrvoGolei
evepyero. Eov 9eoprlooupe evo rpopnop6vo od)po Kol ro en[oluvoupe, novo-xqrr,r, Tore our6 9o
ornvoGolei evepyero'eov 6ev rFov rpopuqrdvo, ouro 6e So ouveGorve.'Evo npolpo rivor | orqrdor(noq,
pe pool rqv opX4 6rot4pqoqg rr'19evepyerog,6n unopyer onr^rleroevepyerog,ol,lo ollo 96po eivor
ro ep6trlpo oEvowiov rrorcig6uvop49 xoroOo.l-Loupe6pyo;, Aurrl eivor pro ev6roqepouooxor opxero
6ioxoLq ep6Tqol, rl onoio 6ev 6xsr nore pelpr rcbpoonovtrl0ei lKovonotrlrlKo yrq ro. rl.leKrp6vro orqv
nspinroo! 6progtov xeporr,tv,ouro ixet yiver. Aut6 nou oup6oiver, eivor ro e(qg: oe lrlo Kspoio, ro
ne6io nou nopoyovrol ono to <rvoupevo goprio oe evo tpqpo qS Kepoios, enr6pouv oro <rvoupevo
rpoprio, ro onoicr PpioKovror oe xonoro ollo rpqpo rr1g. Mnopoupe vo uno.loyiooupe rts Ouvoprs
ourig ror vo BpouprtLo 6pvo nou nopoyouv, sno1rsvosvo npoo6ropioouperq ooorrl o1ron yto rnv
or.riotooq rqg omvo6ol.iog. 'Orov L6pe on oMnopoupe vo uno.l,oyiooupe . . ., 6ev oxpr6oLoyoupe
nl4pog 4 ol40ero eivor otr 6ev pnopoupe, ener64 oxopq 6ev dloupe pelerrqoer rous v6pous rou
rlLenptopou yro prxp6g onoorooerg. Auro nou l.vc)pi3ouFepdypr rcbpo, eivor ro q.lexrptxo ne6io
oe peyoLeg onootooerg. llopo0eoope r4v E(iooorl (28.3), ollcr eni tou nopor.tog eivot rpopopo
OuoxoLo y1o epdg va uno.Loyiooupe rq ne6io evr6g rqg (rbvrlg r<uparog. @uorxo, eqooov roluer q
opxrl Olorqplo{S r{S evepyelos, pnopoupe vo unoloyioou}rs ro rehxo pos onordleo}ro, Xepis vo
yvopiSoupe ro nt6iq ong prxpeg onoorooerg. (Erqv npolponxor4ro, ovrrorpeqor,'rogro emXeipqpo
ouro, pnopei Konolos vo pper rq oleoq nou 6r6nernS Ouvopns ons prKpss onomoong, yvopieovros
povo ro nc6io oc no,\u pryo,\egoflooroors.Xpqotponorr,lwoE
ro vopo rrlg brorrlpqorlgrqg evipyrrog'
0e 9o oxoLouOqooupe e6cbr4v nopeio ourq.)
To npoBlqpo orrlv nepintooq evog xot povo6rxou rlleKrpoviou, eivor ro el4g: eov unopxsr 6vo
xor povo rpoprio, rore novo os ri pnopei vo enrbpooer q 6uvop4; 'E1er nporo0ei, oto ntroioro ulg
noloros x.Looor<qE$ectpiog, 6tt to <popriosivor Frq prxprl oeoipo xor ou ro rvo rpqpo rns oeotpos
out4s en16po oro o.l-Lo rqg 4rqporo. A6ycl rrlg Koeuorspqoqs rqE Opooqg peroij rov l,lEp6v rou
prxpooxomxou ourou rl.leKrpoviou, q 6uvopq 6e ppioxeror oKp166Sor rpooqpe rqv xivqoq. Me ol,Lo
.L6yro, eov ro 4.lei<tpovroqpepei, \.vc,)piSoupr6u (l 6poo4 roouror pe t4v orti6pooq,. Enopsvos, 01
6roqopeg eooreprxeg0uvoperg oMqloelouOerep<bvoworKo1n ouvoLrxq Ouvopr; nporunrer p4Oevrxq.
Eov op6)Sro lLempovro entroXuvetor, rore loycl rrls unopSls rrlg Xpovrxrlg xoOumepqoqg, q 6uvo
pq nou em6po mo npoo0ro qriFo rou qi.ercpoviou ono ro onio0lo, 6sv eivqr o<pr6cbgio4 pe r4v
owiororlq rou nior,r p6pous npos ro pnpoonv6, r,rEonoreLeopo trls Ko0uodplorlg. H ypovrxq ourq
Ko0uodp{oq npo<o.Leiel-Lerrpqroopponiog, on6re, og re.Lrxoonore.leopo, eivot oov xonoros vq o\,'urpcirveror
orov oipo, rpo6dvrqs rq Kop6ovrorov nonourold)v rou ! To povr6Lo ouro nepi rqg npo6Leuoqg
tns o\Timaorls oqv enrroXuvoq, TrlSovliorools or<nvo6olios 6qlo0r1 evogrtvoupevou qopriou, 6Xet
ouvolt4oer nol-Leg DuoxoLieg,ener64 oupqr,rvo pe lg oqpeprvig pog owr-lrlrpergro 4lerctpovro Oev
pnopei vo ovonopooro0ei oS pto nprxprl oQoipo' ro np66trr1poouro Oevdler enrLuOeio<opr1. flop'
oLo ouro opc,:g,pnopoupe vo unoLoyiooupe rnoKpl6cbs,<puor<o,noro 9o eivor 4 ouvoLrx4 6uvo1rn,

KEOAAAIO 32. AIIODBEEH AKTINOBOAIAE. EKEAAEH TOY OSJTOD 455

rl uneueuvq yro rrlv q!.riorqon oKrlo6olios, nool orr6Lelo 6qlo64 9o unopler 6tov entroXuv0ei evo
rpoprio,rlorroxor pn l.vopiSovrosovolunKo ro prlxovrop6 poo4 rou onoiou Letoupyei 4 6uvop4 our4.
9.2.2

Pyovo>

AKTTNoBoAHTHD ENEpTETA>

@o unoloyiooupe rdlpo rq ouvol,rxq evdpyeronou ornvoGo.lei evo enrroXuv6pevo rpoprio. fro vo

xpot4ooupe rq ou(rprloq oe evo yevrx6 enine6o, 0o 9er,lpqooupeulv rcpiruotoq 6nou evo tpoprio
enttoluveror pe ouOoipeto tp6no, ollo nortog o1t o;cnxrmrxo. Eqv oe xqnoto Xpovu<qonypq r1
emroXuvoq 6xer rn 6reu0uvol n.X. rrls <oroxopuqou, rote yvrapi(oupe 6tr ro nopoy6pevo qlerrprxo
neOioroouror pe to yrvopevo rou rpoprioueni rqv npo6olr; rr;g xoOuoupoupevrlg entoluvo4g, 6ro rqg
onooroo4g. fvopi(oupe enopdvr,rgro 4lerrprxo ne6io o-ex10e o4peio, onore pnopoupe vo unoloyiooupe to retpoyovo rou xor enop6vr,rgrqv cvipyero egcEr nou 6ripXeror ono pro povoOroio enrqovero
ovo 6eurep6.lento.
H nooorrpq e6c epqovi(etor opxero oulvo oe exqpooergnou oqopouv 6ro6oo4 po6roruporr,:v, To
ovriotpoqo tqg noo6rqrog cut4g ovopo(erot egn664o4 r.ou t<evoi (impedance of a vacuum\ xan
eivor 6vq voupepo euxolo vo ro 9upopome: 11up4 eivor Tl(enc) = 377 Ohm. Enopevog, 4 toXug oe
Watts ovo rsrpoyr,:vrxop6rpo roouror pe ro rerpoyovo r4g peoqg trpqg rou neOiou, 6ro 377.
Xp4orponorri*'ros rnv eKQpoonrqg (29.I) yro ro 4.lenprxo ne6io, ppioxoups orr
c-

q2a'2 sin2o
16n2e6Pc3

(32.2\

eivorq roXugovo terpoyrlvrro pirpo nou qrnvoBoLeiror xoro 14 (y<,lvro<r1)

6reu0uvo4 0. flopotqpoupe
pero6o.l}eror
6n ouq
oruotp6qr,rg ovol.oyo pe to rerpdyc,:vor4g on6oroo4g, 6nr,rgovoqepope oro
nporlyoupevo. Ag uno06ooupe r6po orl $i:loupe vo unoloyiooupe rq ouvoLrx4 evpyero, 11onoio
ornvoGoleitor npog 6.leg ng xoreuOuvoerg.Tore, 9o np6ner vo oLox-Lr;priloouperqv E(ioooq (32.2)
yro 6Legrrg xoreu0uvoerg. ApXrxo, noMorll,aoro(oupe pe ro ep6o66, <irorevo ppoupe rqv nooor4ro
nou pderoe pro prxpq y<oviod0 (pf. EXrlFo 32.1). Xpero(eror vo unoLoyiooupr rrlv rnrQovflo w6S
oqorprxou Oorcu.Liou.I'o vo ro ppoupe ouro, oxeqtopome r,lgel4g : eov r eivor 11orcivo rrlg oqoipog,
tote ro eupogrou oqorprxou borruliou xivcurd9 Kqr rl nrplQipero eivor 2fir sin 9, ener6q r sin 6 sivor
4 ortivo rou ruxlou. Enop6vr,:5.ro ep6o6o rou oQorpu(ou6qlquLiou roourqrpero ytvopevo 2nrsin I
ti rd9:

dA = 2nl sin 0d0

DX4po 32.1: To e1r6o6oevosoeqlpxou Oqrculiou ei.'tqt2nr sin0.rd0.

(32.3)

1q6

532.2. pr@Mor AKTTNOBOAHTHE

ENEpfEr.A>

floMonl,oora(ovtog rq pori (flux)_ro p6ye0og nou unol,oyioope

oqv E!ior,:o1 (32.2), rrlv roxu
6r;l\o6rj ovd retpoyovrxd pftpo eni to ep6o66v (oe crpoyovrro perpo)
nou neprxLeieror mn Frrpi
y,"vio d0, Fnopoupr vo unol,oytooupe-ro nooo u1g evepyerog
nou oroXereustornpog ouulv t4v xoreu_
9uvor1,petolri tov yovrriv 0 xar 0 + d0. Kot6mv, oloxL4prirvou'e yro
6^eg'g yovieg, on6 = 0"icls
6 = 180':
f

^2J2

r-n

P=lsdA=!"lsjn3oal.
fpoqovrog sin3I = (1 - cos2g; sin 0, 6eveivor6uoxo^ovo 6eifou'e ot

ponorrilvtog to onocLeopo

(32.4)

6noc'Jo

out6, eloupe 6u

42a'2

6nesF

ff

sn30 d0 = 4/3. xprtor

(32.5)

H E(ioorrl (32.5) oli(er xonoro o1or.to. Kord nprinov, reooov

to 6rowopo a, exer pro oprorrwn
6reu0uvo4, ..6rero a'2 or4v Elioooq out4 go eivor ro mtpoy'vo
rou, gq roouror OaioO4 pe a, . a, , ro
terpoyovo tou p{Kouq rou orowoFotog. asutepov,
4 poil $2.2) ixer unoLoyrorei Lop6dvortog unogrl
rqv xo0uorep4p6v4 entoXuvo4, r4v enrroXuvo4 611lo611
xoto tq Xpovxq mlyprl nou or<nvoBotrrl0qxe
4 evepyero,q onoio orepletor tdrpo ono u1v enrqovero t4g oqoipog. @o pnopouoope vo
noupe otr
4 evepyero out4 0neLeu'epri'4xe exeivq t4v np6rep4 xpovlr<' 'n$r'.
Aut6 61rr,5 'ev eivor evterrirg
oxpr6eg, ol^o p6vo pro npooeyyronxq r6io. o oxpr6{g
1p6vog xoro rov onoiov oneLeuoeprir'4xc r;
svepyero,6ev eivor 6uvot6v vo xo0oprorei enoxprOrbg.To povo
nou pnopoupr vq uno.loyiooupe eno_
xpr&irg, eivor qur6 nou oupGoiveroe pro nrr1pr1,olorl4popev4
xivqorl, onr,:gn.x. o u1o rqno!.roon,
6tov 641o6{ oa xonoro otrypt'l go unopler pq6evropog t4g entoluvons.
Tore, ouro nou ppioxou
pr rivql rl ofuxr; evepyerox{ porl ovo nepioDo (xuxlo),
rooutor pe 14 peo4 npq tou rerpoydvou trls
trrlroxuvorls, 6oov qeopo evov n_Lqpr1
r'xlo.
Aur6 go enpene vo epeovlorei ocrlv npollouxoupo
or4v Etiooo4 (32'5). 'H oMrdrg, eov elouFe pra xiv4orl orqv onolq
rr ernroxuvo4 eivor opxrKo r<or
c^xo p46evrxq, r6re 4 ouvoi,rx4 ev6pyaro nou d;1er.role."urei
npog to 6!cl roouror ps ro XpovlKo
oloxlrlpopo rqg (32.b).
fto vo 6ei(oupe ug ouveneregr4g Eliorooqg (32.b) orqv nepinroorl
ev6gtoLovtoupevou ouorqporog,
og 6oripe d oupGoiver edv I ;reror6mo4 r tou gopriou to-rqw6vetor
,-or d,o* q emtoluvo4 tou vo
eivor a = -r,f xgei.t. H p6or1npt'1rou rerpoyovou t4g amtdlpvo4g yro
evov r0xlo (guuneite otr go
npener vo eipoote npooertrxoi xord rov retpoyravropdp.yo6rxri,v
opropdrv)eivor 6vo ouvq.pirovo xar
r'1peoq np4 ulg nooor4rog cos2ruf eivor 1/2, on6re sloupe
otr
t..\

^"

\a'')=,u.4.
Enop6vc,lg,

'D - -

q2ua
i.
'

l2"r7-

(32.6)

Or o16.oergoutfu, ng onoieg ou-(rlrope e6cir,eivqr oXerrxo npolop4pives

Ko1 liyo_nol,ri o0yXpoveg:
epqoviorqxov otrg opXig tou 20o, qu,bvqror eivor opxero 6rooqpeg.
noyo rqs roroprx{g roug o(iog,
xqL6 eivor vo pnopoupe vo oup.ouLeuroupe yro out6g xonoro
no-Lo.rorepopr'lio. To Br6rio 6pog
nou rxouv ypoerei no-Lolorspo,lpqorlronorouv ivo oumnpo povoorov
6roqopetrxo afto ro orl]replvo,
ouoqFo' to MKS' 'onos Kor vo elet rb npdypo oPr,lg, neprnl.or<g
tou tunou outor! pnopouv vo
endu0ouv, oleruo pe-ug teLrxeg oleoerg nou ovoespovror
oro 4lerrpovro, oKoloue6vras rov e(qg
xov6vq: H noo6rrlto q] 11lnes), onou
4" eivor ro <popriotou qLercrpovioufoe Coulomb) ypoqeror yro
rmoprxoug loyoug r,5 l. Mnopoupe eur<oLovo 6romorrirooupe
ou n oplgFrlrkq npq ourou tou e
oro o.orlpo MKS eivor 1.5188 x 10 1a, ener64 yvopi(oupe
6u q" = 1.6g2gi x 10-le xor llgn;;;
=

KEOAAAIO 32. ANODBEDH AKTINOBONA>. DKEAA'H TOY OE'TOD

8.98748x 10v. Enopevog, 9o xovoups ouxvi Xprlon r4g ox6lou0qg pohx4g ouvropoypoqiog
+n0

(32.7)

Eov Xpqolponorqooupe rrlv noponovo opr0pquxq up4 yro ro e ons nolorotepeg oXioerg xor xoto
ro o-l-lo ng ovtrpetoniooupe oo vo 6xouv ypoqtei os povo6eg rou oumqpotog MKS, t6te 9o lo6oupe
to opOo oprOp4uxo onorei.6o;:oro. I'o nopo6erypo, 4 no-Lor6repqpoperl qS E(ior,ro4g(32.5) eivor
p -44a2lC. Enio4s, rl Ouvoprrrl evdpyeroev69ouor4porog npr,rtoviou-q.lerrpoviou nou ppioxovror
oe pio on6oroorl r eivorq! I ( neor), q I I r, 6nou e = 1.5188 x 10-1a (oro MKS).

32.3

Ano>nr>sAnrrwoeorua>

To yeyov6gr<bpo6tr 6vogro.Lovrorrlg nopouoro(er pro ouyxexprp6vq onriLero ev6pysrog,o4pqiver or1

eov ovopulooupe dvo rpopriooro oxpo evogr,\orqpiou (rl ger,lpnoouperqv riv4o4 ev69rl.Lerrpoviou oe
dvo oropo), to onoio 6ro06rerpro cpuox4 ouXvor4ro rio, ro onopoKpuvoupe on6 rr1 gdoq roopponiog
Kor ro oQqooupr eLeuOepovo xrv4Oet,t6re ouro 6e 9o ouveXioervo ro-Lor"toverqryro nowo, ox6pq
xor eov ppior<eroroto xev6, oe on6otoo4 exoroppupiov Xd.rop6rpov ono onoro64note ollo uhxo
orbpo. Ero ouor4po our6, 6ev unopXer hnovrrx6 6.Loro,xonoro ovriorooq, oXr roulolrorov pe rrl
ouvq0rop6vqdworo. Aevunopler xonoro *r(r;6e9,,nqp'[16 outo, q rolortoo4 6e 9o 6ropx6oer,6norg
npoovoqepope, en' onerpov, ener64 to <poprioSo omvoBoLei evdpyeroxor enop6vr,rgq rolowooq 8o
onooGeorei,dmo xor pe opy6 puOpo. ll6oo opyo; llorog eivor o ouneleoqg Q yro dvov r6roro roLovtor4, o onoiog npoxo-Leiroron6 qlerrpopolvqnxo gorvopevo, rrq leyopevq ovriorooq ornvoSo.Liog
q oMrcirg tqv onoo6eoq ornvoBo.Liog tou tolowr,rtr] ; H noo6rrlro Q onorou64nore ro-Lovroupevou
ouorqlloros eivor to ouvohx6 evepyeroxoneprex6pevorou ro.lovror4, oe pro onoro6r]nore lpovrx4
ortypq, 6ro rrlg evepyeroxqgoncblerogovq qr<rivro:

dwld+
'Evogo-l-Log
tp6nos ypoeis ourou (eqooovdfldQ = @Wldt)(d!ldt) = (dwldt)la), sivor o elqg:
tt:W

dwldt

(32.8)

rore toXuer
Eov yro 6va 6e6opivo Q n oXeol ourrl pog 6iver tov tpono onoo6eorlgqg ro-Low<oor1g,
--(ulQ)W,
q efiooo4 dwldt =
Wye-&tlQ, eov Wo eivor 4 opxrxq
n luon qs onoiog eivor \ W
ev6pyero(yrof=0).
fro tqv eupeoqtou Q evogoxtrvoBolouvrog ouoqpotog, ovnxo0rmoupe tqv dxqpoo4 yrorc dWldt
utS (32.6) orqv Eliocooq (32.8).
Ti 9o xpqorponorrlooupe og ev6pyero W rou ro-Lowotrl; H xrvqnx4 evipyero ev6g rolowr,xrl
roouror pe lmuz. on6le q prio4 xrv4trxrl evipyero toouror pe ma2xf,l+. @upopoors opr,lg orr r1
ouvoLrxrl evipyero evog ro-Lovrc:r4 eivor xqtd p6oo 6po q prorl xrvqtrx4 evipyero xor r1 ol.l.4 proq
Ouvoprxq ev6pyero,on6re Ornlooro(oupe tqv noponovo noo6r4ro xor 61oupe, t:g ouvo.Lrxqevdpyero
tou rolowr,rrq to p6y:0og

w =)^,,,3.

(32.e)

Tt XprlorponororJpeyro oulvorrpo ong oXloerg ourig; Xpqotponoroulre rr1 quorrq ouyvot4ro a-l6,
ener6rl,yro xoOe npomxrl Xprlol, ouq eivor 4 oulvoulro otqv onoio ornvoBoLsi to orop6 pog ror
yro tq po(o m Xpqorponoroupetq po(o rou qLerrpoviou, lfle. Msro ono Uepx6g npo(erg onLonoirlo4g,
iwnrrrc

rcl

rzA

Arr

4n&

JAmeC'

(32.1o)

454

ti 32.4. ANEEAPTHTEE NHIEE AKTINOBOAI,AE

(I'o vo ro Ooulle ouro liyo ro.lurepo Ko1o p1q nro nopobooroxrl Fopen, ro yporpope Xpqorlronor6vros Tn ouvroUoypclqio q? lencl\ = I ^or rov nopoyovro u,ofc rov ypogope (i,SZnlA.l Eqooov ro
Q eivor 6vo o6rqmqto peyeOog,4 nooor4ro ezl(mecz) 9o npiner vo qnoreLei pro r6r6rqro nou e!oproror p6vo ono ro <popriorou rlLercpoviou xor rq po(o rou, 6vo evOoyevdgDqlo6q loporcqprouxo
rou 4Lerrpoviou, xor pol,roto pe Oroorooergp4xoug. 'EXoupe 6riroerevo ovopo otqv noo6r4ro ourq,
t4v onoio onoxoi.oupe xtraoo*ti
axxiva tou q exxpoviou, enerOqro npdlpo oroprxo pow6Lo, ro
onoio 6qproupy40qxov yro vo elqyrloouv r4v cvriotooq orrrvoOoliog pe poorl rqv nopoOopl r45 eni6poo4g xonorov pepriv rou qlenpoviou oro un6lorno, olo qnqrrouoqv r4v unop(q evogrllercpoviou,
tou onoiou or Dromooergenpene vo eivor ourrlg t4g tolng Fey60oug. E4pepo oprog,q nooor4ro ourq
6ev 6Xerrq onou6orotqro nou eile noLor6tepo, pe u1v 6woro 6n n-Liov 6e 9eclpoupe6tr to qLenpovro
6to0dcr pro rerorq qrcivq. Aprpqnxo, r1up{ rqg xlooorrrlg onivog rivor io4 pe

,o=

ntec",

= 2 . 8 2 x 1 , 01 5 m .

( 3 2 . 11 )

Ag xovoups t<bpo rivov peol\ronxo unoloyropo tou Q yro 6vo oropo nou exndpner qoE og noupe,
6vo oropo Norpiou. fro 6vo trLorooropo, ro p4xog ruporog eivorrr15rolqg rcov6000 A. oro xiLprvo
rpqpo rou oporou rpooporog,ro onoio 9er,rpeirordvo rumx6 prlxog ruporog. Enopevc,lg,

a= #=5xro7 ,

(32.12)

on6re to Q ev6g orolrou eivor rqg tolrlg tou 10d. Aur6 o4poiver 6tr evog oroprx6g ro.Lovrr,lrrlg9o
tolortoOsi yro nepinou 108 orcivro, 4 o-l-Lrirggo erctelioer nepinou 107ro-lowrioerE, rrp6)rourl Evapyero rou pero0ei oe rooomo 1/e. H ouXv6qro ro.Lowooqg rou tporog nou ortrororlei mo 6000 ,
v = cli, eivor rqg ro(4g tr,lv 1015r0x-Lou ro 6eurep6.lenroxor enopevog 6 tXp6vog (cois,, o Xpovos
611lo611nou onqrreirqr <iore 4 evipyero ev6g orrrvoBol,ouvrog oropou vo peroOei xoto 1/e, eivor r4g
rolqg rcov10-8 sec. Ee opoldg ouv04xe5, ro eleuOepoornvo6oLouvro oropo, onortouv tooo nspinou
Xpovoyto vo exndprpouvqclg. Auro roXuerpovo yro oropo oro xevo xor oXryro oropo nou ro 61oupe
Ororopoler pe onorov0rlnote rpono, Eov to 4Lerrpovro ppioxeror er,'r6gav6g orepeou xor 9o npenst
vo oMqLent6pooer pe oLi.o oropo 4 oLlo 4Lerrpovro, rote spqovi(ovror emrlldov or,.rrorooerg,
roOdrg
xor Oroqopetrx6gonooBeoerg.
O opog 7 qE evepyouovriorooqg, oro vopo nou xo0opi(er rqv ovrioroo4 rou ro-lovrr,rr4,pnopei vo
npoo6roproei on6 rq o16o4 l lQ = y la6 xor Sup6poore otr to p6ye0ogrou 7 xoOopi(er ro eupog r49
xopnu.lrlg ourtovrolrou (DXqpo 23.2). Enop6vcog,pohg iloupe uno.loyioer ro evpog tav Eooltauxcbv
ypapprbv, yro eleu0epo ornvoGo.louvro otopo ! Eq6oov ,1 = 2nc la, ppioxoupe on

L). = 2ncLalo2= ZncylaZ = 2ncl(er.,,o)

= llQ = 4nrs13= "1.18
x10-14m .
9.2.4

( 3 2 .1 3 )

AnpeeprHrer flnre>AxrrwoBolrA>

Koro rrlv nponopooxeurl rou Oeurepou9dporog pog, rqg ox66oor1grou tporog, 9o npener rripo vo ou(rlrqooupe ivo ouyxsxprpdvo XqpoKrrlplmlKo rou qorvopsvou ulg oupGolrlg, ro onoio nopo-Leipope
or4 pelpr rritpo ou(r;qor1 pos. To 9dpo out6 iXer vo xover pe ro note 6ev epqovi(ovror rporv6pevo
oup6olq5. Eov 6ro06roupe 6r.ionqyeg, 51 xor 52, rov onoiov ro n.Loul eivqr .41 Kor .42 xor orevepy4ooupe pro noporqp4oq npos Fra opropdvrl 6reu0uvoq, xoro tqv onoio or <pooergoqtl4g r<ov6uo
oqpotov 61ouv ng lrPeg q5tKo.102 o\rimorxo (or onoieg sivor 6vog ouv6uoqr6g rou npolgo xou Xpovou ro-Lowr,ro4gxor rou Xp6vou xo0um6pqoqg, ovoLoyo pe q 96oq noporqpqo4$, t6re 11evrlpyero
nou Lop6ovoupe oro oqpeio ouro pnopei vo unoLoyrorei ouv6uo(ortog roug 6uo pryo6rxoug oprOpoug

KEOAAAIO 32. AIIODBtrDH AKTINOBOAIA). EKEAA'H TOY OOTOD

459

A1 ror A2,6vog pe 6propo u| yr,rvio rpt rcot o oMog pe rrl 02 (6nc)S Kovope Ko1 oto KtQo-Lolo 3O)'
ppioxoupe rore ou 11npor0ntouoo evepyero eivor ovoloyq tqg noo6rqrog

- Q
A ' o= A i + A ) + 2 4 1 A 2 c o s ( @
1 z ).

(32.14)

Tripa, oe nepinrooq onouoiog rou pucou opou 2A1A2cos(Q1- 4z), rl olox4 svepYslonou So Oroxereu6rov npog pro opropivq 6reu0uvoq 9o qrov onlo ro oOporopo 6uo evepyerriv,Ai + Ai, trg onoieE
Loyro,
9o oneLeuOipove q xoOepro n4yr1. xorr nou eivqr xor ro ouvqOog ovopevopevo. Me o-tr-tro
6uo
gori(er
npoepl6pev4
ono
evo
cwrxeipevo,
q orrv6uoop6vrl 6wooq rpcorerv4g
ornvoOoLiog nou
nr1y6g,eivor to oOporopo rov 6uo ourcbvoruvoGo.lrtbv. Ano tqv ol-tr4 nleupo, eov peprpvqooupe
xorotrlq.Lo ciore vo 61oupe pro or,rot4 6roro(q xot unopler o prno5 outog 6po5, r6re Oev 6Xoupe
on-Lo vo oOpoloFo Ouo evepyeroxtbv6pov, ener6q unopler xor o opoE oup6olq5. Eov unoplouv
reprmriosrg xoro uE onoieg o opog ourog eivor oveu oqpooioS, t6re tr6pe<irr6e oupGoivouvrporvopevo
oup6ol4g. @uor<o, oe pro npolpotrx4 neptmoorl otq rpuorl,o opog ourog eivor nqvrors noprirv, eotr,l
xor eov 6ev pnopoupe vo Oronror6oouperrlv unoplq rou.
Ag ger,lpqooupeopropevo nopo6eiyporo. Ag uno06ooupe, xot' op1o5, on or 6uo nqyeg pptoxortol
oOuvqro vo empqxriv r0porog pero$.: touE, xo.n nou 6ev eivor evreLcbg
oe onomoo4 7.OOO.OOO.O00
reuX0ei.Tore, xoto pro opropdv4 6reu0uvoq, eivor 6vrog olq0ig orr unopXer pra nolu ouyrexprp6v4
'Opcog,
on6 tqv o.L.L4pepro, eov peroxrvq0oupe 6oto xor .Liyo npog
up4 ourrbvtov 01oqop6v rpooqg.
pro oMrl xoreuOuvoq, xoro peprxo p6hg p4xq r<uporog, <qu nou 6e pnopei vo npooperpqOei og
onooroorl (r16qro potr pog 6ro06rerpro on4, q onoio eivar 16oo peyolq, <botero omrxo oqporo nou
ortr-LopOovopooreqnorlouv p1o nolu eupeic peoomoOPro{, oe ox6ol }re trlv qfiootooq nou ovrl14 oXetrx4 rpoorlxot ro ottv4pitovo ourqg
morlei oe 6vo pqxog xupotog), r6re dloupe q6q peto6o.L.Lei
pero6oMeror pe nolu yp4yopo pu0p6. Eov 9eorprlooupet4 7tio4 aprl rrls ivtools ortrvo6oliog eni
prog prxprlg neproXqg.rorr ro ouv4pitovo. tou onoiou or Lrp65tvol-loooovror 6toprr,r9,opv4Lrxegp
9errx6g,opvq x6g, xoocbgperoxrvoupoote otlv enrQovtlo out4, .LoF6oveipq6evx4 p6oq r1p4
Enop6vorg,eov geoprlooupe p6oeg npdg eni neproX6v onou 4 rpoo4 pero6oMeror noLu yprlyopo
ovoqoprxo pe rq 96oq, rore .l,o1r6ovoupeprlOevrxq oup6ol4.
'Evo q-l-Lonopo6er11ro. AS unoOoouFe otr or Ouo n4y65 eivor 6uo oveloprqror poOroqovtxoi
ro-Lovror6g-6Xrivog to-Loworrlg nou tpoqo0oteiror on6 6uo xo-Lrir6ro,rqrt nou elooqoli(er oro0epq
6roqopo rpoo4g, o-l-Lo6uo r qpcS ove(oprqreg nqydg-xor otr our65 6ev eivor puOpropdvegvo Lerroupyouv enaxpr9tbgpe rr;v i6ro oulv6rqro (eivor telvrxo no.Lu 6uoxo.Lovo ug elovoyraooupa vq
Letoupyqoouv orqv i6ro oxprGrbgouxvot4ro, xc,rpiEvo ng ou(euloupe pero(ri roug). Dtqv nepinr<,ro4
our4, 6ro06roupe quro nou ovopo(oupe avelaptqteg nqy65. @uorxo, ono tq on11rr1nou or rpooelS
6sv eivqr orpr66g ioeg perolu roug, oxop4 xor eov oplroov vo lerroupYouv oe rpoo4, q plo ano oureg
opli(er vo npo4yeiror rqg oMqg xor no.lu o0wopo Bpioxowor n-lqpcogoe Oloqopo qoorls, Korontv
noLu otvropo or rpooergtoug nlqoro(ouv, lovo6pioxor,'ror oe oupqr,rvio rpooqS,6nerto oe 6loQopo
x.6.<. Enopdvog, 4 Oroqopo rpoorlgpero(u tov 6uo nqyrirvpetoBol-letor pe ro 1povo, eov opog q noporqpqoq pog eivor 16oo 1ov0prxq, cirotevo p4 pnopei vo 6roxpiver t6oo prxpo Xpovrxo Orooqporo'
eov .Lo6oupepdoegrrp6g yro vo nolu peyolicpo Xpovrx6 6rooqpo, rore qv xor q 6r,tooq rrls or<rlvopoLiog ouloperrbverorpe evov rp6no, onog autov nou onoxo-Loupedto.xpottigata (beats) mq pelerq
rr,rvrlx4nxrilv rporvopevov,eov or ou(opert5oergourdg tivol ToooYprlYopeg,tbote o e(ontrrop6gpog Oev
pnopei vo rrg owd.4qOei, t6te xor notrr o 6pog oup6ol45 nopouoro(etar peoootoOprxo pq6evrx6g.
Me o.l-LoLoyro, os onoro64nore nepimr,roq q peroronto4 rgooqEpq6svi(eror roro p6oo 6po, 6ev
noporlpoul-rs cpow6pevooupBolqg !
Mnopei xoveig vq evronioet opxeto pr6Lio, ro onoio ovoQ6pouv 6116uo 6ro<pt65 n4y69 rpot65
nord 6e oup6ollouv. Aurq 6ev eivor pro 6qi.oor1 nou 6Xervo xover pe rq rpuoxq tou npoyparog,
o-llo po-l-Lovpe ro poOpo euoroO4oiogrqg telvxqE u19 6rev6pyeragnerpopot<,rv,roro tq Xpovrxq
nepioOonou ypoqrqre ro pr6lio. Aut6 nou oupGoiveroe pro n4yq rpr,rtogeivor otr opXrxo ortrvo6olei
xonoro ono ro oropo rr1g, xotomv xonoro oLLo x.l,n. xor p6hg 61oupe ovoQtpel 6n ro oropo

460

5 32.5. EKEAATH TOY OOTOD

orcrlvo6olouv rcuporoouppous or XpovrK66root4po rrov 10 8 sec. Mero ono 10 8 sec, xonoro oi.Lo
oropo nt0ovrbgvo eivor oe 96o4 vo orcnvo6ol4oer,xoronrv ovoLapOoverxonoro ol-Lo x.Ln. Enopdvr,rg,
pnopouv vo peivouv mo0ep6gpovo xoro lpovr<o 6roorqpo ioo pe 10 8 sec. Enopivr,:g, eov
or <pooerg
i.o6oupe pdoeg lpovr<69 npeg yro 6roorqporo nolu peyola oe o1do4 pe ro 10-B sec. rore 6ev eivor
6uvor6 vo noporqpqooupe oup6olrl on6 6uo Oroqopetrx6gnrlydg, ener6qot rpaoergautriv 0e yiveror vo
xporqOouv oro0epeEyro neprooorepoono 10 8 sec. Xp4orponorrivrog 6pr,5 rporor<0ropo fphotocells),
eivor Ouvorq 4 ovilveuo4 qr,rt6g pe nolu peyolq onoxproq, xqr r6re pnopei vo 6eiler xoveig ort
unopyouv rporvopevooup6ol4g ro onoio peroBo-l-trovrqlpa ro 1povo, oqperrirvovrorouloperritoerg,oe
8
Xpovrx6 Orooulpo t4g to(qg rr,rv10 sec. H nLsror.p4qiop68ororou ovryveurrxou elonhopou 6ev 6Xer
r6toro Ouvororqto ovilveuorlg, 16oo prxprirv lpovrxov Otootqpotov, enop6vr,:g6e
"pleneu, oup6olr1.
Diyoupcr,pe 1rupvooq0o-i,p6,o onoiog 6Xerdvo lpovo peoooroOpro4goro 1/10 rou Oeurepol6ntou, 6ev
unopXer nepinrcooqvo nopor4prlooupe rporvopevooup6ol4g psrolu 6uo ove(oprqtov ouvqOropdvov
rporervr,rvnqyov.
npooQoro. eXerxoroorei Ouvatq r; xorooxeurl nqycbv rporog, or onoieg nopoxopnrouv ourov rov
nepropropo, ovol.r<o(owog o.Lo ro oropo vo orcwo6ol,qoouv tavtoXpova. H ouoxeurl nou ro xover
our6 eivqr opxeto nepin-Loxq xor q Lerroupyio r4g npener vo yiver xorovoqt4 p6ocl evog x6owopqlovrxou rponou oxdpqg. ovopo(erqr Iaserl xor eivar 6uvorq q rorooreu4 prog nqy4g p6oo tou
(pqrvopevoulaser, otqv onoio 4 ouXv6rqro oup6otr4g, o XpovogOqlo6rl xoto rov onoiov q rpooq nopopevcrmoOcpq,rivor no.Lupsyo,\urep4rov l0-8 sec. Aurrl pnoprivo sivor rr;g rolrlg rou exqroorou.
rou Oexorou rou 6euupo.lemou, q oxoprl xor rov Oeurepo.tr6nrov
xqr enopevog pe u1 1pr1o4 ouvq
9<lv rporoxutropov pnopoupe vo 6romotr,rooupetr1 Oroqopo mr1 oulv6rqro pero(u 6uo nqyriv laser.
Avopqi6oLo, no.Lu oOwopo, xonorog go pnopdoer vo xorqoxeuqoel pro nelpo1rolKq 6rorolq, orqv
onoio 6uo nqyeg 9o rpori(ouv evo ndroopo, pe ro Otoxporqporo va eivor 16oo opyou puOpou, r,rorevo
pnopouyseva 5outta ro ndrooprovo .Lopnerxor vo oxorervro(er!
Mto oL.Lqnepimoorl orqv onoio 4 oup6oL4 eivor peoooroOprxopq6evx4, eivor exeivr; m4v onoio,
ovri rqg unoplqg 6uo nqycbv,eXoupeneproodzepeg.Erqv nepinroo4 ourrl, So npener vo yporpouperrlv
dxqpooq yro ro ,4fl og ro oOporopo evogpsyo-LounlqOoug nlorcbv, pryaOrxrilvopr0p6v, oro rerpoyovo
xor 9o LoGoupero rerpoyovo xoOevogon6 ouro, og opoug rou oOpoioporog xor emn.Leovprr<roug
6poug xoOe (euyoug' eov or neproroosrgeivor rdroregrilote or prrroi opor vo o-l-lq.Loe(ou6ere
prbvowor
xoro peoo 6po, r6re 6e 9o noporqpqOouv <porv6pevooup6oi.49. Ev6eleror or Oroqopegnqydg vo
eivor ronogerqp6veg oe reroreg (ruloieg) $6oetg, rirme evrbq oroqopo <poo4gperolu fi.X. rc)v A2 Kol
,43 vo eivor xoOopropevq enopxcbg,ev toutorg vo eivor noLu 6roqopenrq ono rqv or,tiororXq peto$-l
rov,41 Ko1,42 x.Ln. @o npo<urpouv lornov noLi.o ouvnpitovo, nolloi genxoi opor oup6o.l49, nol-loi
opvqnxoi, or onoior olor po(i 9o 6ivouv pqDevrxo peoooroOprxo onori:Leopo.
Enopev6)S,oe opxereg neprnrriloerg6ev noporqpoul.ror gorvopevo oupGolrlg, olla p6vo pro ouLloyrx4, ofuxrl dr,tooq arnvoGoLiog io4 pe ro oOpotopo rr,rvenrp6poug ewqoer,rv.

32.5

DKEAADH Toy OoroD

To noportov<opog o6qyouv oe ivo gorv6pevo, to onoio lopBover lrirpo orov odpo, og orlvenero rc)v
orqrcov 96oeov tcov oropov. 'Orov ou(rlrouoope ro 6eirq 6ro0Looqg, eiOope otr pra eroeXpopevrl
66o1rqgor6g 9o ovoyxooet ro otopo vo ornvoGo.L4oouvxor outo. To qLeruprx6 ne0io ulg erorpXo
pev4g Oeopqgo64yei ro qLercp6vto, navo xorr,: r<orquro ornvo6oi,ouv, l6yco rqg enrroyuvoqg roug.
Aurrl q ornvoBo.Lio ox66ooqg, ouvOuo(erorriroe vo Orboerpro 66opn, n onoio iler rqv i6ro 6uu0uvo4
pe rqv eroepXopevl, o,1 o 61oQopu<qrpooq xor ourq eivar r; npod-treuoqrou Oeixrq 6ro0looqg.
Ti pnopou1rc vo noupc opr,:g yro Lqv nooorqro rou rnovonrvo6o.lou pevou qr,:roE.npog rrg o.\.
.LegxcreuOrivoers; Euvrleos, eov ro otopo eivor nol,u opopqo ronoOerrlpdvo oe pro r,:poio Xcoptx4
rDrM: dn6 ro opxrKq tov laaov Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission ofRadiation (svioxuo4
Kupotov tpcttogpe
6wyelp6Fvq eKnopn4 orrtvo6oliog).

KEOANAIO 32. AIIODBEDH AKTINOBOAIA',. DKEAAEH TOY OSITOE

46L

6roto(q, eivor euxolo vo 6ar10ei 6n 6ev npor0mer oruvo6oLio npog d-l.Les6reu0uvoerg, sner6q npoo0iroupe nlqOog Orovuoporov pe ouveyig peto6o-l-l6peveg qooerg, on6c ro onoti-leopo nporurner
peoooroOprxo p46evrx6. 'Opng, eov to oropo ppioxowot oe rq1oitg 9ioeIg, r6re 4 ouvohxrl iwtoo4
orrrvo6o.Liog oS npos plo onoro0{nore 6reu0uvo4 xivot ro a9potolto rov ewqoer,:v nou oxe6o(ovror
on6 xoOe oropo, 6nog eloupe 46q ovoqCpsl. Enrnl6ov, ro oropo ev6g oepiou ppioxowor oe npoYpouxrl xiv4o4, on6re nop'6lo nou r; oletrxq cpooq6to ordpov eivor orqv roprvrl lpovxrl ouyprl
enopxrirgopropfvr;, liyo opyorepo ouul 9o eivor reLsios 6roQoperrxq xor enopivrog xaae ouvqltrtonpos P1o
voer6{g 6pog 9o eivor xoro p6oo 6po pq6ev. Enop6vt':9,yro vo ppoupe n6oo rpos oKe663ero1
oproF6vq xoreuouvoq on6 ro otopo ev6g oepiou, lrnopotFr vo pti.errloouFe onlo rn oulrneplQopo
evrigxor ptivo or6pou xor vo noi\}orr}ooroooupe tqv ornvo6oloupev4 npog exei 6woo4 pe ro nlq0og
rov qr6uov.
AvoQrpoFs oro npoqyoupevo ou ro gorv6pevo rqg ox66oo4g rou qor6g onotelei rqv $lyrlo4 yro
ro yo-Lo(ro lpdrpo tou oupovou. flpoyFou, ro qos rou rlhou brooXi(er rov o6po xor 6tov rrtrpornpoupe nleuprxo oS npos trl 6reu0uvoq l4g-Flliou (n.1. oe y<ovio9o"og npog 14 gr,rterv46iopr;), t6re
noporqpoupe ruov6 gog. Auro nou nplner vo unoloyiooupe r6po eivor to nooom6 rou 9r,1169nou
nopotrlpoupc xor vo el4y4ooupc ro yrori to lqprbpatou tivat xuavo.
Eov 4 npoonimouoo 6iopq 61er 6vo 4lerrprx6 ne6io E = E1entt oto oqpeio nou ppioxeror to
oropo, yvopi(oupe t6re 6u 6vo 4Lerrp6vro tou or6pou outou 9o tolowoOei, novo-xorrl, oe onoxpro4
outou rou ne6iou E (Dxipq 32.2). An6 t4v Eliooorl (23.9), ro nlorog rqg to-lowr,:oqg 9o eivor
QeEo

m(ufi-u2+nya)

(32.r5)

Ero oqpeio our6, 9o pnoporioope vo oupnepr-loBoupe rlv on6o6eo4 xor r4v m0ov6r4to to otolro
vo oupneplgiperor og neproo6repor rou ev6g roJtowroti:5 6rogopeuxr.irv oullvot4rov xor vo oopoioou;:e
yro rr5 ouXv6t4reg outig, o-Llo yro onl6rqto cA $eop4ooupe 6vo povo to.Lovrorq xor og nopo-Lsirpoups
r4v onoo6eoq. T6te, q on6xproq oro e(r':cprxo nlsnpu<o ne6io, r4v onoio lprlorponorqoope 464
otov uno.Loyrop6rou 6eirr; 6ro0looqg, loourqr lre
x=

qeEo

(32.16)

m(atf,-a2

Mnopoupe n-l6ov euxolo vo unoloyiooupe rqv 6vroo4 r4g ornvo6o.Liog tou rpr.rtognou eror6pnetot
npog OroqopegxoteuOrlvoerg,lp4orponor6vrog qv Eliotiorl (32.2) xqr r4v emtdluvo4 nou ovtrotorlei
oro i qg (32.16).
Awi vo xovoupe out6, opr,rg, 9o unoloyiooupe orlo q ouvoltrxi noo6upa tou qor65 rrou oKa6o(eror npog ri,leg ng xocu0uvoerg, p6vo xor p6vo yro vo elorxovoprlooupe 1p6vo. H ouvokxn
nooorqto rpotervqgevipyerog, ovo OeucpoLemo, 4 onoio oxebo(etor npo5 6l5 tls Koteu0uvoels ono
evo ouyxexprpdvo oropo, 6iveror, rpuorxo, on6 tqv E{ioooq (32.7). EnoP6vog, ovttro0rotr'rwog ro
oloQopo pey60r1ono ng noponovo droriroergxor opooonorrbvtog,iXoupe

r^ =

@?.altzneschltf,
mrrkr, _ rrl,),

=(i.*eXT)(e*)(#w)
,^ ,\ |
'. = I
= (1.^.r?)lo"'oll
-.1),
\2'"""0/l z

)\1.2

yro u1 ouvohx4 oxeDorrutpevrl roXu, q onoio qKrwo6oleiror npog o.l.egtrg xoreuOuvoerg.

(32.17)

46.2

[32.5. EKEAAEHTOYOOTOD

fporpope ro noponovo onord-\eopo oe Fro Fopqrl euxolrl mrlv onopv4p6veuoq qg. Koro nprirov,q ouvol\rxrl oxeOowupevq evepyero eivor ovo-Loyr1rou terpoyrbvou rou npoonirnoltog ne6iou. Ti
orlpoiver outo; llpoqovrbg, to retpoyr,rvorou npoonintortog ne6iou eivor ovoloyo r49 evdpyerognou
xoroqOover ovo 6eurep6Lenro. Erqv npo1lorrx6rr1to, 4 evdpyero,4 npoonintouoo ovo tetpoyr,rvrxo
p6rpo xor ovo Oeurcpolrnro, roouror pe to yrvopevo rou 60c sni tq peoq trprl (E2) rou rerpoyrivou
rou 4ler<rprxou ns6iou xor eov E6 eivor 11piyrm4 npq rou E. rore 9o txoupe ou (f'z) = |ffr. rrat
o}.\o troyro. q ouvo.\rx4 oxe6o(opevr; evipycro eivor ovo-troy11
r4g etocl6pcv4g ovo rcrpoyovrx6 perpo
ev6pyerog'6oo nro <porervoeivor ro <prog
nou Lopner orov oupovo, rooo Lapnpdtepog 9o qoivetor o
oupovog.
Kor6nrv, not6 nooom6 rou eroepl6pevou <pot6guqiororor oxi6oo4 ; Ag qowooroupe evo *moxoo
ouyxer<pqr6vouep6o6ou rnrQovsros, 6or,r o, ew6g qg 66opr1g(6K dvov u.hxo m61o, eneroq our6g
9o npoxo-LouoerporvdpevonepiOlooqg xln. q neproXq tou moXou eivor voqrq). To ouvohxo nooo
ev6pyerognou 9o 6r6Lgeron6 our4 trlv rnreovero o, eivor ovoloyo t6oo rrlg eroepx6pevrlgdwooqg
orcnvoGo.Liog,
6oo xqr rou ep6o6ou o:

r =(|o.r3)'

(s2.r 8)

Eqeupioxoupe trbpo pro 166o: royupr(6pqme otr ro otopo oxe6o(er pro noo6rqro r4g rirtoo4g, r1
onoio eivol outq nou So 6rep16rov on6 pro opropiv4 yer,:perprx4 sflrQqvro xor onolroupe oro
epdulpo "n6o4 eivor 4 oxe6o(6Fev4 orcnvoBo.lio;,, KoeopiSowosrlg oroorooetgr4g enrQovttos ouqs.
H onowqoq out4, enop6vr,:9,9o eivor oveloprqtrl on6 tqv npoonintouoo 6vrooq' 9o Oiverro loyo rqg
oxeOo(opcvqgevrlpycrog
npos rnv npooninrouoo, ovo rerpoyovrx6p6rpo. Me ollo loyro. o loyog
ohx4 oxe6o(6pevq evepyero ovo 6eurep6lerno
61er6roorooeig enrQovslqs .
npoonimouoo evipyero ovo m' xqr qvo 6eurep6.Lerno
H oqpooio outrlg tqg Enreovrlos eivor otr, eov ol4 4 evipyero nou npooninter oe our4 oxe6o(6rov
npog xo9e xoreu0uvoq, r6re 16o4 evipyero 9o eivor.ourrl nou oxs6o(eror ano ro oropo.
H enrqovero out{ onoxo-Leiror Dtrrtoptf oxi6rro4g (cross section for scattering). H 6woro tqg
Orotopqg lpqorponoreitor nolu ou1vo, r6roirepo otqv xonoro qorv6pevo lopSover xrirpo oe ovo-Loyio
pe rqv 6wooq orrrvo6oLiog r49 npooninrouoog 6eopr1g.Eng nsprrn<boergout6g, neprypoqoupe novrore ro nooouxo loporcqprmrxo rou rporvop6vou,xoOopi(owog noro 9o rltov q evepyogneprolq, q
onoio 9o ouyx6vrpr,rvet6oo noooord qg 6eopqg. Aur6 p66oro 0e o4poiver xqto xovevo rp6no orr o
ouyxexprpevog ro-Lowr,:r{g 6ro0drer pro r6roro enrqovaro. Orqv 6ev unopXer rinore o-L.Lo,nopo 6vo
rlLercpovro nou ro.Lovrrbverornovo-xoro, 6ev unopXer, pe tr; rpuorxq eworo, xonoro enrQoveronou
vo oXeri(eror pe our6. Eivor on.Lo pvog rp6nog xqpoo4g qg onortno4g oe 6vo ouyxexprpdvo npoBlqpo' pog lier oe n6oq enrqovero 9o inpene vo npooKpouoer,cborevo nporurper 4 nopor4poupavrl
noo6r4ro elepl6pevqg ev6pyerog.Enop6vog, orrlv nepirrroorl nou pe.Leropee6dr,9o eivor

a"4.
3

- uf,\2
1r,''2

(32.19)

onou o 6eirr4g s ovoQepfior oe o-x66ooq(scattering).

Ag 6oupe peprxo nopo6eilgoro. Koro nprixov, eov 9eopqooupe plo nolu Xop4.lrl rpuorxrl ouXv6rrlro ado,4 ox6pq rqv nepinroo4 rr,rve.leuoepr,:v(prl-6eoFrov) 4lerrpovir,rv, ylq rq onoiq aro = 0, r6te
4 ouXv6rqro ar ono-Leiqaroron6 ulv noponovco o;6o4 xor 4 Dtoroprl nporunrei oroOep4. Aur6 ro
opro Xolrq.Lrirvoulvotrltov, r1q Ororolrq rclv eleu0epc:v qlerrpovir,:v, onoro.Leiror Dtatopti oxt0ao4g
Thompson. Eivor pro rnrqqvErq Orqorqoetovnepinou 10-15 tr?mrl Frq rr-Leupor4g. onort pr-Lopreyro
10-30m2. xon ro onoio eivor elorpenxo prxpo!
An6 rqv oll4 pepro, eov 9eclp4oouper4v nepinrooq rou gc,:r69mov oepcr,9up6poore 6rr yro tov
oepo or quorx6g ouXv6r4ug rov rq-Lqwotrbv eivor up4L6repeg on6 ourig rou qor6g. Auto o4poivrt

KEOAAAIO 32. AIIODBEDH AKTINOBOAIAE. DKEAA'H TOY OOTO'

463

pnopoupe vo nopoLeir.poupetov 6po a;' mov nopovolromq ror r6re ppi6n, oe nprilrq npoo61ryror1,
oxoupe 6n 4 ox66oor; rpqovi3erol ovo-loy4 r49 riropr4g 6uvap4s tqg ouXv6rqrog. Aur6 orlpoiver
6n <pogpeyo-lutepqg oulvotqrog, n.1. 6rn-l.oorog,oxeOo(erorixxclil rpopig nro roXupo, pro oiyoupo
'Eror.Lorn6v.
o4povrm1 6roQopo.
ro xuovo <pr,rg.
4 ouXvor4ro rou onoiou eivor nepinou brni.ooro on6
ourrl rou epu0pou oxpou rou orrnxou gooporog, oxeOo(etoroe no.lu peyo-Lurepopo0p6, on6 o,rt ro
epu0p6 rpog. Aut6g Lorn6v eivor o loyog yro rov onoiov, 6nore xorrd(oupe tov oupov6, our69 ).opner
pe our6 ro 9eon6oroyoLo(ro lpcbpo !
Mnopoupe vo xovoupe xonoro oxoho, ovqQoprKope ro noponovo anoreldopotc. 'Evo ev6roqipov ep<iu'1po,eivor ro yrorl pnopoupe vo 6oupe ro ouweqo orov oupov6; Arro nou npodpXovrorouro ;
O xo0ivog 1ruclpi3r1
6n ra o0vveqo eivor ouyxevrpriroerg
u6porpritv. @uorxo, o u6porpog outog un<ip1er
mrlv oqrooQolpo npotov vcr ouyxertpcooei,on6te to epritlpo nopopdver, yrod 6ev eivor opor6g nro
npiv; Mero 14 ouyx6wpoo4 rou xqrq r6noug, eivor p66oro npoqovqg q unoplq rou. fIplv, 6ev qrov
exei, trirpo eivot. To pum4pto enoprivr,4rqg npoil\euo4g rov veqriv 6ev eivor rou runou rou nor6rxou
pum4piou *An6 nou npoepXerorro vepo, Mnopno;,, o.}.l'dnop'olo outo 9o npiner vo dr1yq0ei.
'Eloupe
ror, rpuorxo, o u6potpog pnopei xor
{64 ovoqdpr6rr Koee oropo pnopei vo oxeOooercpcog
our6g vo oxe0ooerrpc5, To pumr;pro yro epog Lorn6v eivor ro yrori 6rov or u6poqroi ouyxewpcovovror
uno popqrl veqrirvoxeoo(ouv 6vo rooo tpoltepa peyaAutepo nooooto rpr,rrog;
Ag 9er,lprlooupeti So ouv66orveeov, owi evogxor povo6rxou or6pou, 6ro06ropc dvo ouooopororpo
oropr,rv, emo 6uo, ro onoio vo ppio<owor nolu xowo. perolu roug, oe oXriorlpe ro p4xog xuporog
rou <por6g. @upqOeire,ro oropo eXouv Orootooergtqg tolqg rou svog A. ev6 ro pqxog r0porog rou
g<,rrogeivot rqg ro!4g rov 5000 A. on6ro 6rov peprxo oropo Oqpooupyouv6vo ouooo1roropo,rore
ouro pnopei vo ppe0ouv nolu <ovro, oe o;6oq pe t4v peyoi,q Xclprx4 onooroo4 nou owtnpoooneuer
6vo pqxog r0porog. Tore, un6 r4v eni6poo4 rou 4.Lercprxou ne6iou r4g <porerv{g ornvoBoLiog,
apQ'rcpa ta atopa 9o x|rlqouv ot Eoor1. To q.le1<tpx6 ns6io rqg oxe6o(6Pevr1gornvoGoliog 9o
roouror rote pe ro oOporoprorov 6rjo qlerrptxcbv ne6iclv oe <pdoq,611lo011
9o nopouoro(er ro Orn-looro
nlotos, oe olsoq pe rqv nspirnoo4 nou 9o unqpXe povo 6vo otopo, on6re q oxe6o(opevq evipyen
9q eivor rctpan).oorc ourqg rou evog pepovr,lp6vou ot6pou, o1r Drnlooro ! Enopdvog, ro Oroqopo
ouoor,rporr.llpotoot6pov oxeOo(ouv noLu neproo6rep4 evepyero,on6 6u rq pepovopevo oropo. O
rolupropog pog 6n or gooerg eivor ove(opqreg pooi(eror orqv un60eoq on uqimotor pro npolponx4
xot po,\roto ptyolq Droqopo qoorlg ptolu 6uo onorov6rlnorc oropclv. xqrr nou pnopci vo roXuer
povo mqv nepimoorl 6nou ro oropo ouro ppioxowor oe on6oroo4 peprxciv p4xcirv ruporog xor oe
ruloieg 9oerg,4 eov ppioxowor oe xiv4o4. Eov opog ppioxovror 6inlo-6in-lo, rore ovoyxoonxd 9o
oxeOo(ouv os gooq; onote iloupe 64proupyrxq oup6ol4, xqu nou ev6uvopriver to p4Xovropo rrlg
oxi6ooqg.
Eov ro ouooopor<oponepd.opBoverN ro n-lqOogoropo, xon nou ovnororXei oe pro pu<pooxomxq
oroy6vo vepou, rote to xoOdvo on6 ouro 9o o64yeirs on6 ro qlercprx6 ne6io pe rov i6ro nspinou
rpono, oncogKo1 nplv (or o.l,.l,qlem6pooergpero[u tov oropov 6ev 9eopouvror oqpovnr<6g' o.L-Lrome,
ro por.r6.Lonou neprypoqoupe eivor xoOopo noronx6, orqv nopouoo rpoo4). To nlotog ox66ooqg ono
xoOe oropo eivor to i6ro, on6re ro ouvofuxo oxe6o(6pevo na6io 6Xerr.pnomeipro N-ntrooro eio;uo4.
H iwao4 rr;g oruvoBoliog rou qror6g 6Xerevro;uOei xoro N2 <popeg.@o ovopdvope louov, eov ro
dropo pprox6rov xorovepqpevo opxeto poxpuo oro Xrirpo,pro oulqoq tou oxe6o(6pevou rpr,xogxoto
tov nopoyovro N, owi r4g povo6og, evrirrrirpo .LopBovoupe6vov nopoyovro N2! Me o,\-lo loyro, q
or60ooq tou qotog ono ouooopor<bpqrq rov N or6pov ro xq06vo, eivqr N qopeg roXup6tep4 ono 14
oxe6ooq rov pepovr,rpevr,rvoropcov. Ko0rbglornov or u6poqroi nurvrbvouv, q ox66oor1emreiveror.
Mnopei vo ouloveror tn'anapov;'OXr! De nor6 o4peio q ovo-l-Luoqpog opXi(er vo xoroppeer; fl6oo
oropo pnopoupe vo Se<,lpqooupe
on neprdler dvo on6 ro ouoocoporriporo, droreyro neprooorepoon6
ouro ro povri:.lo pos vo pn 6ou.Leuer;Anort4o4 : Eov 4 oroyovo vepou yiver 16oo peyo-Lq, rborevo
Lo6er 6roorooerg nepinou rou ev6g p4xoug ruporog, r6te to oropo Oev ppioxovror ni.dov oe rpoorl.
ener64 eivor mo oe opxero peyol4 on6moo4 to ivo ono ro o.l,tr,o.Aulovowog.trouov ro pdyeOogrqg

46'4

\ 32.5. DKEAA'H TOY OC,TOE

otoyovos, LopBovoupe olo xot peyo-Lursprlox66oor1.6cogorou 4 oroy6vo onortrloer Droorooergrou

evogprlxoug r0potog. Ero piyeOog our6, 4 oxd6oo4 nqter vo ou(overor pe tov npoqyoupevo pu0po,
ooo ro p6ye0ogt49 otoy6vog oulover. Emnl,eov, eloqovi(sror ro xuov6 Xp6po on6 ro oxe6o(6pevo
cpc5,ener64yro 'psyo-Lurcpopr;xq ruporog, or moy6vegpnopouv vo eivor peyo-Lutepeg,nprv groooupe
oe quro ro opro, oe cXioq pe ro ptxp6repo pqxq xuporog. Av Kqr rq prxp6repo p4x4 xupotog
oreDo(ouv neproo6repo,ovo oropo, on6 ou rq peyoi.urepo, unopler ev rourorg peyo-Lureprlevioyuoq
yto to epu0po o<po rou qooporog oe o-Xdoqpe to xuovo, 6rov oleg or moy6veg dlouv p6yc0og
Fryolurepo rou evog pqroug xuporog, on6re ro nopor4poupevo yprilpo petoroni(eror ono ro ruovo
npog ro epu0p6.
Mnoporjpe vo Orevepy4ooupetvo neipopo nou vo xqrq6eu<vuerr4v o.lq0ero oor,:vroXupr(opome.
Mnopoup.svo xorooxauoooupe ouoooporr,:poto, (oopori61oD,ro onoio vo eivar no.Lrjprxp<iv 6roorooer,rv,oplrxo xor xor6nrv vo peyo-Ldrvouv
oe peyeOog.Xpqorponoroupe 6vo 6ro-Lupo (uno)rpr0eroulou
vorpiou pe 9ertxo olu ro onoio 6iver c5 i(4po no.lu Lenroug x6<xoug 9eiou. Ko0rig ro $eio xoroxqOetor, or x6xxor opXrxo eivor noLu prxpoi xor 4 oxd6oo4 nou nopotqpeitor eov goriooupe ro 6roi.upo
ouro 6ivct ctroqprig xuovo Xprirpo. Ko06g Lo9eio xorqxqOeror ncproo6repo.ro rpc,rg
yivcror ewovorepo
xot xoOrig to or,rpodOroyivowor psyolurepo, 4 Xporo tou Orolupotog yiveror nro Leuxq. Enrn-ldov, ro
qr,rsflou 6r6p1etoroneuOeiogonoppoQo ro xuovo <prog.
Aur6g eivor o L6yog, <puorxo,yro rov onoio to
poppivo
qho6ooi.l,epo eivor.
x6xxrvo, ener6{ 64lo6q ro rpr,rgDroWer 6vo peyo-Lootprirpo oepo, l6yo
rqg 9doeo5 rou 4Liou, pdXprg 6rou vo g0ooer oro pouo pog, onote dvo peyoLo noooor6 rou xuavou
<porog6XeroKe6ootei oq 6ro6opq ourq, onore p6ver neproo6repoxirprvo-epuOp6gclg.

/
-

npooninrouoodopn
(pq-notrujpdv11)

ATopo

Ere6ow0pev
n
oKTrvoPoAio
i
>yi11:o 32.2: Mro 66op4 orctrvoBo.lio5npoonirrrer oe 6vo oropo xor elovoyxo(er to qopdo rou or6lrou (n.Ler<rpovro)os rqlq\,'ro)ol. To (lvoulrvq 4lKrpov1o, pe t4 oerpo toug, orcnvoBolouv npo5 6roqope5xoreuouvoerg.

To n^Krp6vroKrviTql
qr nine6o KdeeToqrolk

npoqflimouoq
6aopn (pn-no^(,)pivq)

. Aropo

H oK6owupEvnqKTrvopo^iq
oro Kdgrornin6o qlo kl
eivqreniTrdqrol(r,pdvn

X,1qpo 32.3: D14pou<o6toypoppo rr;g npoi.leuo4grqg notroo4gr49 ornvo6oliog nou oxe6o(eroroe op04
vovrq (nSnpos rrlv npoonimouoo6dop4.
TeLos, unopxsl Kor 6vo oxoprl oqpowrr6 Xoporcqpronx6, ro onoio orqv ouoio ovqxer oro en6pevo
Keqo-Lo1o,nou npollroreuetor rqv n6Lcoo4rou gorog, o-l-Loeivor 1600 ev6tqqipov, cSoreo(i(er vo to
'EXer
ovoQipoupt on6 rcbpo.
vo xover pe ro 6u ro q).errprx6 neoio rou oxeoowupevou rpor6greiver ro

KEOAAAIO 32. AI]O>BEEH AKTINOBOAIA>. EKEAAEH TOY OOTOE

465

ro-?\owrileror xor6 gro oprop6v4 6rerl0uvo4. To 4l\ertprx6 ne6io rou eroepl6pevou got6g to-Lowrbv:ror
pe 6vo orryxexprp6vo rp6no xor o e(ovoyxoopdvog ro-lovrorqg xrveitor o5 npog ouri r4 Oreu0uvoq.
Eov pnopoupe vo gcvrooroupe pra 96oq noporilpqoqg oe op0r1yovio og npog 14 66opq, our6 nou 9o
noporqpriooupe eivor rro.ilcrpdvo q/og (polaraed lfght), rpog 6qlo6{ rou onotou To 4lertprx6 ne6io
xrveiror npog pro xor p6vo 6rerl0uvor1. Eq yevrxrl nepimcoo4, to dropo pnopotlv vo to-lovttitvovror og
onoro64nore 6rerl0uvoq xoOerq orq Oreu0uvorl r4g 66opqg, eov dpclg o6rlyotSwor eite xcteuOelov npog
u1 9eoq noporrjpqo{s FoS eire xoreu0eiov poxpuo cn6 e1rog,r6re epeig 6ev pnoporipe vo ro 6otpe
our6. Bror, eov 4 euepl6gev4 6iopr1 qor69 6ro00rer evo 4l.exrprx6 ne6io ro onoio pero6d.LLeror xor
ro-low6vetor npog xoOe xoreu0uvoq, t6re ro qog nou e{6p1ercrroe yovio 9o'og npog rqv eroepX6pevrl
66opr1,to-lowr.Sverorp6vo xor6 pto opropdvq 6ret0uvoq ! (Bf. Dlqpo 32.3.)
Ynopler pro ouoio, ro poUallod, 11onoio 6ro06rer rqv t6r6u1to 6u orov on6 ourrl 6r6p1etot go5,
p6vo exeivo ro p6pog rou 4lerrprxou ne6iou ro onoio ppioxaror nopd.Ll4.Lo pe 6vov opropdvo olovo,
pnopei vo 6r66lar. Mnopoupe vc lprlorponor4ooupe tqv ouoio ourr; yto rov di,eylo tqg n6l\oo45 xor
eov ro xovoupe our6, r6re 9o 6romol6ooupe 6u to oxe6o(6pevo qog on6 to 6rd-Lupo nou avoQ6pqFe
noponovo eivor rolupo noLropdvo.