dissolved gases :

.
:
-1

: pouring
.
venting
entrapment .

-2

cooling
.metal

: :

-3

solidification
solubilities .

FeO+C Fe+Co

.
. vacuum

) (.
dissolved gases
) ( insoluble gas
.
:
- which it
- rarely is
partially solidified areas " "
. communication criterion
pre-existing bubbles
turbulence growth
.positive pressure
gravity fed
castings
,
thickest part ,

 thickest section
mould .
pressure criterion
additional pressurization "".

bismuth grey
cast iron .
high bismuth alloy
" typesetting "
.
shrinks
graphite , distort
melt
.

micro structural aspects of :

feeding

"
".
-
.
.

.

.

.
) (2,50
.
" 2.5.1 "modelling casting fluidity
.

 short freezing range alloys

" " long freezing range
alloys solidify " " . dendritic manner
widespread
porosity pores interlinked

pressure-tight applications . hydraulic valves

,shrinkage .mass feeding stage
unidirectional solidification
.

.

critical stages
.
%35
%68
.

interdendritic
) 100 -10 (
.
.
)(
).(2.51

.
solid skin
punctured , just be drawn
.surface sink
interdendritic localized
strains macro porosity
solidification cracking . hot tearing )
.(02.52

 thinner section
thicker section hot
spot .
strained region
pulled apart .
gap
highly segregated region
.

""
.

solid
. feeding melting point
) ( creep
. mechanisms