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Agaricus deserticola
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Agaricus deserticola, commonly known as the gasteroid agaricus, is
a species of fungus in the family Agaricaceae, Found only in
southwestern and western North America, A. deserticola is adapted
for growth in dry or semi-arid habitats. The fruit bodies are secotioid,
‘meaning the spores are not forcibly discharged, and the cap does not
fully expand. Unlike other Agaricus species, A. deserticola does not
develop true gills, but rather a convoluted and networked system of
spore-producing tissue called a gleba. When the partial veil breaks or
pulls away from the stem or the cap splits radially, the blackish-brown
gleba is exposed, which allows the spores to be dispersed.
The fruit bodies can reach heights of 18 em (7.1 in) tall with caps that
are up to 7.5 cm (3.0 in) wide. The tough woody stems are 1-2 cm
(0.4-0.8 in) wide, thickening towards the base. Fruit bodies grow
singly or scattered on the ground in fields, grasslands, or arid
ecosystems. Other mushrooms with which 4. deserticola might be
confused include the desert fungus species Podaxis pistllaris and
Montagnea arenaria. The edibility of Agaricus deserticola
mushrooms is not known definitively. previously known as Longula
texensis (among several other synonyms), the fungus was transferred
to the genus Agaricus in 2004 after molecular analysis showed it to be
closely related to species in that genus. In 2010, its specific epithet
was changed to deserticola after it was discovered that the name
Agaricus texensis was illegitimate, having been previously published
for a different species.
Contents
= 1 Taxonomic history
= 2 Classification and phylogeny
= 3 Description
= 3.1 Microscopie characteristics
= 3.2 Similar species
= 33 Edibility
4 Fruit body development
5 Habitat and distribution
6 See also
7 References
Taxonomic history
The species was first described scientifically as Secotium texense by
Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis in 1873, based on
specimens sent to them from western Texas.'°] George Edward
‘Masse transferred it to the genus Gyrophragmium in 1891, because
tpvienwikipodiacorgwikilAgaricus_desericola
‘Agaricus desericela- Wikipedia, the fre encyclopedia
Agaricus deserticola
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Agaricaceae
Genus: Agaricus
Species: A. deserticola
Binomial name
Agaricus deserticola
G-Moreno, Esqueda & Lizdrraga (2010)
Synonyms!)
Secotium texense Berk, & MA.Curtis
(1873)
Gyrophragmium texense (Berk. &
M.A.Curtis) Massee (1891)
Secotium decipiens Peck (1895)
Podaxon strobilaceus Copeland
(1904)
Gymnopus texensis (Berk. &
M.A.Curtis) Murzill (1916)
Longia texensis (Berk. & M.A.Curtis)
Zeller (1943)
Longula texensis (Berk. & M.A.Curtis)
Zeller (1945)
16ew20%68 Acercundoseriecla- Wikipatia, the Fee encyclopedia
of its resemblance to the species Gyrophragmium delilei, and because | Agaricus texensis (Berk. &
he felt that the structure of the volva as well as the internal M.A.Curtis) Geml, Geiser & Royse
morphology of the gleba excluded it from Secotium.4] In 1916, (2004)
William Murrill listed the species in Gymnopus, but did not explain
the reason for the generic transfer./5] In a 1943 publication,
Sanford Zeller compared a number of similar secotioid Agaricus deserticola
genera: Galeropsis, Gyrophragmium and Montagnea. He
concluded that the species did not fit in the limits set for the
genus Gyrophragmium and so created the new genus Longia
with Longia texensis as the type species. The generic name
was to honor William Henry Long, an American mycologist
noted for his work in describing Gasteromycetes. Zeller also
mentioned two additional synonyms:!2! Secotium decipiens
(Peck, 1895),(°] and Podaxon strobilaceous (Copeland,
1904),71
Mycological characteristics -
e
gills on hymenium
cap is convex
hymenium is free
stipe has @ ring
=
Two years later in 1945, Zeller pointed out that the use of the
name Longia was untenable, as it had already been used for a or is bare
genus of rusts described by Hans Sydow in 1921,!8] so he kk spore print is purple-black
proposed the name Longula and introduced the new
combination Longula texensis in addition to L. texensis var, | agg ecology is saprotrophic
major.) The species was known by this name for about 60 Ai .
years, until a 2004 phylogenetic study revealed the taxon's x edibility: edible
close evolutionary relationship with Agaricus, a or unknown
possibility insinuated by Curtis Gates Lloyd a century
before.!2] This resulted in a new name in that genus, but it
soon came to light that the name Agaricus texensis had already been used, ironically enough, by Berkeley and
Curtis themselves in 1853,"5) for a taxon now treated as a synonym of Flammulina velutipes.!"4] Since this
made the new Agaricus fexensis an unusable homonym, Gabriel Moreno and colleagues published the new
name Agaricus deserticola in 2010.5] The mushroom is commonly known as the gasteroid Agaricus.!'°]
Classification and phylogeny
The classification of Agaricus deserticola has been under debate since
[A linipes the taxon was first described. It was thought by some mycologists to
be a member of the Gasteromycetes, a grouping of fungi in the
“A maskae basidiomycota that do not actively discharge their spores. The
Gasteromycetes are now known to be an artificial assemblage of
A. subratiescens morphologically similar fungi without any unifying evolutionary
— relationship. When the species was known as a Gyrophragmium,
a sivas vax pallidus Fischer thought it to be close to Montagnites, a genus he considered a
member of the family Agaricaceac!'7] Conrad suggested a
relationship with Secotium, which he believed to be close to
Agaricus.|'8] Curtis Gates Lloyd said of Gyrophragmium: "[it] has no
place in the Gasteromycetes. Its relations are more close to the
Agarics. It is the connecting link between the two passing on one hand
Ld aridicota
4, deserticota
Cladogram showing the phylogeny and
relationships of Agaricus deserticola and through Secotium to the true Gasteromycetes."t!2] Morse believed that
related Agaricus species based on Gyrophragmium and the secotioid genus Endoptychum formed a
ribosomal DNA sequences.l101 transition between the Gasteromycetes and the Hymenomycetes (the
gilled fungi).(!9)
tpvienwikipodiacorgwikilAgaricus_desericola 26aware Aeercundoseriecla- Wipe, the Fee erzytepada
The species is now thought to have evolved from an Agaricus ancestor, and adapted for survival in dry
habitats.!!°ll!!] These adaptations include: a cap that does not expand (thus conserving moisture); dark-colored
Is that do not forcibly eject spores (a mechanism known to depend on turgor pressure achievable only in
sufficiently hydrated environments); and a partial veil that remains on the fruit body long after it has
matured." This form of growth is called secotioid development, and is typical of other desert-dwelling fungi
like Battarrea phalloides, Podaxis pistillaris, and Montagnea arenaria. Molecular analysis based on the
sequences of the partial large subunit of ribosomal DNA and of the internal transcribed spacers shows that
A. deserticola is closely related to but distinct from A. aridicola.!'°) A separate analysis showed A. deserticola
to be closely related to A. arvensis and A. abruptibulbus.21
Description
The fruit body of Agaricus deserticola can grow up to 5 to 18 em (2.0 to
7.1 in) in height. Fresh specimens are usually white, but will age to a pale
tan; dried fruit bodies are light gray or tan mixed with some yellow.) The
cap is 4 to 7.5 cm (1.6 to 3.0 in) in diameter, initially conic, later becoming
convex to broadly convex as it matures.!?3) The cap is composed of three
distinct tissue layers: an outer volval layer, a middle cuticular layer (cutis),
and an inner (tramal) layer which supports the gleba. The surface of the
cap is white with yellow-brown to brown-tipped raised small scales; these
‘These young fruit bodies have not Scales result from the breakup of the volva and the cutis 41
yet formed scales, and have a
peridium enveloping the cap.
Initially, the caps are covered by a peridium—an outer covering layer of
tissue. After the fruit body matures and begins to dry out, the lower part of
the peridium begins to rip, usually starting from small longitudinal slits
near where the peridium attaches to the top of the stem. However, the
pattern of tearing is variable; in some instances the slits may appear higher
up on the peridium, in others the peridium rips more irregularly.!'21l72) The
peridium may also rip in such a way that it appears as if there is a ring at
the top of the stem. The torn peridium exposes the internal gleba. The
gleba is divided into wavy plates or lamellae, some of which are fused
together to form irregular chambers. The gleba is a drab brown to blackish-
In mature mushrooms, the brown color, and it becomes tough and brittle as it dries out. The flesh is
peridium rips to reveal the dark firm when young, white, and will stain light to bright yellow when it is
brown, lamellate gleba bruised {61
underneath,
The stem is cylindrical, 4 to 15 cm (1.6 to 5.9 in) long and 1 to 2 em (0.4 to
0.8 in) thick. It is shaped like a narrow club, and the base may reach widths
up to 4.5 cm (1.8 in). It is typically white, staining yellow to orange-yellow or pink when bruised, and becomes
woody with age.['5124] Mature specimens develop longitudinal grooves in maturity.25] Numerous white
thizoids are present at the base of the stem; these root-like outgrowths of fungal mycelium help the mushroom
attach to its substrate.(““] The apex of the stem extends into the gleba to form a columella that reaches the top of
the cap. The internal gills are free from attachment to the stem,! but are attached full-length to the inside of the
cap.4I The partial veil is thick, white, and often sloughs off as the cap expands.!?3)
A larger variety of the mushroom has been described by Zeller,?] A. deserticola var. major (originally Longula
texensis vat. major), whose range overlaps that of the typical variety. Its caps are scalier than the typical variety,
and range from 6 to 12 cm (2.4 to 4.7 in) or more in diameter, with a stem 10 to 25 cm (3.9 to 9.8 in) and up to
4.5 cm (18 in) thick.('6124]
Microscopie characteristics
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In deposit, such as with a spore print, the spores appear almost black, tinged with purple.2] The spores are
spherical in shape or nearly so, smooth, thick-walled, and lack a germ pore. They are nonamyloid (not
absorbing iodine when stained with Melzer's reagent), black-brown, and have dimensions of 4.5-7.5 by 5.5—
6.5 um.) There is a prominent scar where the spore was once attached to the basidium (the spore-bearing cell)
through the sterigma, The basidia are broadly club-shaped, and mostly four-spored, with long, slender
sterigmata, Unlike other Agaricus species, the spores of A. deserticola are not shot off, but are instead dispersed
when they sift out of the dried, mature fruit bodies after the peridium breaks open.)
Schaeffer's chemical test is often used to help identify and differentiate Agaricus species. In this test, aniline
plus nitric acid are applied to the surface of the fruit body, and if positive, a red or orange color forms.74
Agaricus deserticola has a positive Schaeffer's reaction, similar to species in section Arvensis in the genus
Agaricus.1°l
Similar species
Species that resemble A. deserticola include the desert fungi
Montagnea arenaria and Podaxis pistillaris!?"| Montagnea
arenaria is a whitish stalked puffball with a hollow, woody stalk
and a loose sac-like volva at the base of the stem. It is topped by
a thin disc-like cap with blackish gill plates suspended around
the margin, Podaxis pistillaris has a cylindrical to oval white to
brownish cap with a paper-thin wall atop a slender stem. When
mature, the cap contains powdery, dark brown spores.!!61
Montagnea arenaria Podaxis pistillaris
Edibility
The edibility of the fruit bodies of Agaricus deserticola is not known definitively, and there are conflicting
‘opinions in the literature. One popular field guide to North American mushrooms suggests they are edible when
they are young, and have a pleasant odor and mild taste.!?) However, other sources claim that the edibility is
unknown, and consumption should be avoided.2?71
Fruit body development
In one early study of the mushroom's development, the fruit bodies
appeared above the surface of the ground two or three days after rainfall
or an irrigation, and required between five and eight days to mature.
Slender and fragile rhizomorphs—dense masses of hyphae that form
root-like structures—grow horizontally 2.5 to 5 em (1.0 to 2.0 in) below
the soil surface. Fruit bodies start as enlarged tips on the rhizomorphs,
and manifest as numerous small, almost-spherical protuberances just
beneath the surface of the soil. When the fruit bodies reach a diameter of
about 4 to 6 mm (0.16 to 0.24 in), the stem and peridial regions begin to
be distinguishable; the peridial region first appears as a small swelling at
‘Young and old specimens cut the apex of the much larger stem regions..22)
lengthwise to reveal internal tissues
‘The fruit bodies push upward through the soil when they are about 2 em
(0.8 in) tall. As growth progresses, the stem elongates and the peridium
becomes more rounded, increasing in size until maturity. At about the time the peridium reaches 1 cm (0.4 in)
or slightly more in diameter, the columella exerts an upward tension on the tissue of the partial veil, and it
begins to pull away from the stem, Typically, the veil tissue is weakest near the attachment to the stem, rather
than to the attachment at the edge of the peridium, and the veil separates from the stem. The lower edge of the
peridium is further stretched as it is pulled upward and outward. Usually, the arid environment causes the gleba
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to dry out rapidly. If the veil tissue at the base of the stem is stronger than that attached to the edge of the
peridium, the veil can rip so it remains attached to the stem as a ring. Scales begin to appear on the surface of
the peridium of some specimens at about this time.(22)
Habitat and distribution
Like other Agaricus species, A. deserticola is saprobie—feeding off dead or decaying organic matter. The fruit
bodies are found growing singly to sometimes more numerous, at low elevations, and typically in sandy soil, Its
usual habitats include dry lands, coastal sage scrub, and desert ecosystems.) It also grows in lawns and
fields.!?7] The range of the fungus is restricted to southwestern and western North America, where it fruits
throughout the year, typically during or following cool, wet weather.*! Zeller gives a range that includes as its
eastern border central Texas, and extends westward to San Diego County, California, and north to Josephine
County, Oregon.!2] The mushroom used to be common in the San Francisco Bay area before land development
reduced its preferred habitats.['5I 4, deserticola has been collected in several states in northwestern Mexico,
including Sonora8l Chihuahua,!!5! and Baja California.9)
See also
= List of Agaricus species
References
1. "Species synonymy: Agaricus texensis (Berk, & M.A. Curtis) Geml, Geiser & Royse”, Species Fungorum, CAB
International. Retrieved 2011-03-21,
Zeller SM. (1943). "North American species of Galeropsis, Gyrophagmium, Longia, and Montagnea”. Mycologia. 35
(4): 409-21, doi:10,2307/3754593, JSTOR 3754593,
Berkeley MJ. (1873). "Notices of North American fungi (cont.)". Grevillea. 2 (15): 33-5,
Massee G. (1891). "New or imperfectly known Gasteromycetes". Grevillea. 19 (92): 94-8.
Murrill WA. (1916). "Agaricaceae tribe Agariceae". North American Flora. 9 (5): 297-374 (see p. 356).
Peck CH. (1895). "New species of fungi". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 22 (12): 485-93.
doi:10.2307/2477972,
7. Copeland EB. (1904), "New and interesting California fungi". Annales Mycologici. 2 (1): 1-1.
8. Longia as described by Sydow in 1921 is currently known as Haploravenelia. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW,
Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 392. ISBN 0-85199-
826-7,
9, Zeller SM. (1945). "Notes and brief articles: A new name". Mycologia, 37 (5): 636. JSTOR 3754700.
10. Geml J, Geiser DM, Royse DJ (2004). "Molecular evolution of Agaricus species based on ITS and LSU rDNA
sequences". Mycological Progress. 3 (2): 157-16. doi:10.1007/s11557-006-0086-8.
1, Gemt J. (2004). "Evolution in action: Molecular evidence for recent emergence of secotioid genera Endoptychum,
Gyrophragmium and Longula from Agaricus ancestors". Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica. $1 (1-2):
97-108, doi:10.1556/AMicr.51.2004,1-2.7. PMID 15362291
12, Lloyd CG. (1904). "Gyrophragmium decipiens". Mycological Notes. 18: 196,
13, Berkeley MJ, Curtis MA (1853). "Centuries of North American fungi". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 1.
12: 417-35,
14, Halling RE. (2004). "Extralimited, excluded and doubtful species". A revision of Collybia s.l. in the northeastern
United States & adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
15, Moreno G, Marcos Lizérraga ME, Coronado ML (2010). "Gasteroids and secotioids of Chihuahua (Mexico)"
Mycotaxon. 112: 291-315. doi:10.5248/112.291
16, Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten
Speed Press. pp. 725-30. ISBN 0-89815-169-4,
17. Fischer E. (1900). "Hymenogastrineac". In Engler A, Krause K, Pilger RKE, Prantl KAE. Natiirlichen
PAlanzenfamilien I (in German). 1. Leipzig, Germany: W. Engelmann, pp. 296-313.
18, Conrad HS. (1915). "The structure and development of Secotium agaricoides". Mycologia. 7 (2): 94-104.
doi:10.2307/3753132. JSTOR 3753132.
apne
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19, Morse BE. (1933). "A study of the genus Podaxis". Mycologia. 25 (1): 1-33. doi:10.2307/3754126. ISTOR 3754126.
20. Wood M, Stevens F. "Longula texensis". California Fungi. MykoWeb. Retrieved 2011-03-18
21, Capelari M, Rosa LH, Lachance M-A (2006). "Description and affinities of Agaricus martineziensis, a rare species"
(PDF). Fungal Diversity. 21: 11-8,
22, Barnett HL. (1943). "The development and structure of Longia fexensis". Mycologia. 38 (4): 399408,
doi:10.2307/3754592. ISTOR 3754592.
23, Miller HR, Miller OK Jr (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford,
Connecticut: Falcon Guide. p. 489. ISBN 0-7627-3109-5.
24, Harding PR Jr, (1957). "Notes on Longula texensis var. major". Mycologia. 49 (2): 273-6, doi:10.2307/3755637,
JSTOR 3755637,
25, Miller HR, Miller OK Ir (1988). Gasteromycetes: Morphological and Developmental Features, with Keys to the
Orders, Families, and Genera. Eureka, California: Mad River Press. p. 120, ISBN 0-916422-74-1,
26. Rumack BH, Spoerke DG (1994). Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment. Boca Raton,
Florida: CRC Press. p. 146. ISBN 0-8493-0194-7.
27. Phillips R. "Longula texensis". Rogers Mushrooms. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
28. Moreno G, Esqueda M, Pere7-Silva B, Herrera T, Altes A (2007), "Some interesting gasteroid and secotioid fungi
from Sonora, Mexico”. Persoonia. 19 (2): 265-80.
29. Ochoa C, Moreno G (2006). "Hongos gasteroides y secotioides de Baja Catifornia, México” [Gasteroid and secotioid
fungi of Baja California, Mexico]. Boletin de la Sociedad Micoldgica (in Spanish). 30: 121-66.
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