UNIVERZITET SV.

KIRIL I METODIJ
PRIRODNO-MATEMATI^KI FAKULTET-SKOPJE

Metodija Najdoski

PRAKTIKUM PO
OP[TA HEMIJA

Skopje, 2010

SODR@INA
Predgovor
VOVED ........................................................................................................... 5
1.1. Hemiska laboratorija ..................................................................... 5
1.2. Pravila za odnesuvawe vo hemiska laboratorija .................... 6
1.3. Merki za pretpazlivost pri rabota vo
hemiska laboratorija ...................................................................... 7
1.4. Supstanci i pravila za nivno koristewe .................................. 9
1.5. Pravila za koristewe na hemikaliite ....................................... 14
1.6. Pravila za kompatibilno ~uvawe na hemikaliite ................. 17
1.7. Klasifikacija na opasnite materii ........................................... 22
1.8. ^istewe na istureni hemikali ..................................................... 47
1.9. Nesre}i i prva pomo{ vo hemiskata laboratorija ................. 49
1.10. Laboratoriski pribor .................................................................. 57
1.10.1. Laboratoriski staklen pribor ............................................. 58
1.10.1.1. Laboratoriski staklen odmeritelen pribor .............. 65
1.10.2. Laboratoriski porcelanski pribor ..................................... 68
1.10.3. Laboratoriski metalen pribor ............................................ 69
1.10.4. Laboratoriski drven pribor ................................................. 71
1.10.5. Laboratoriski plasti~en pribor ......................................... 72
1.10.6. Laboratoriski gumen pribor................................................. 73
1.10.7. ^istewe na laboratoriskiot pribor ................................... 74
1.10.8. Li~en za{titen pribor .......................................................... 75
1.11. Laboratoriski aparati ................................................................. 76
1.11.1. Laboratoriski stakleni aparati .......................................... 76
1.11.2. Laboratoriski elektri~ni aparati ..................................... 77
1.12. Osnovni laboratoriski operacii ............................................ 79
1.12.1. Zagrevawe ................................................................................ 79
1.12.2. Operacii za frakcionirawe ................................................. 84
1.12.3. Vagawe ...................................................................................... 89
1.12.4. Me{awe ................................................................................... 64
LABORATORISKI VE@BI ................................................................. 95
1. Homogeni i heterogeni smesi, fizi~ki i hemiski promeni .... 95
1.1. Homogeni i heterogeni smesi ..................................................... 95
1.2. Fizi~ki i hemiski promeni ....................................................... 96
1.3. Frakcionirawe ............................................................................ 99
2. Disperzni sistemi ............................................................................ 103
2.1.Grubodisperzni sistemi............................................................. 103

2.2. Homogeni sistemi....................................................................... 110

3. Osnovni tipovi hemiski procesi ................................................. 115
3.1. Procesi na sinteza ..................................................................... 115
3.2. Procesi na razlo`uvawe ........................................................... 117
3.3. Procesi na istisnuvawe (zamena) ............................................. 120
3.4. Procesi na zamena (metateza) ................................................... 122
3.5. Procesi na oksidacija i na redukcija ...................................... 123
3.6. Procesi prosledeni so osloboduvawe i so
apsorbirawe na toplina............................................................. 126

4. Hemiska kinetika ........................................................................... 129

4.1. Ispituvawe na vlijanieto na koncentracijata
na reaktantite vrz brzinata na hemiskata reakcija ............ 129
4.2. Vlijanie na temperaturata vrz brzinata na
hemiskata reakcija .................................................................... 137

5. Kataliza - katalizatori ................................................................. 141

5.1. Heterogena kataliza ................................................................. 141
5.2. Homogena kataliza .................................................................. 142
6. Hemiska ramnote`a ......................................................................... 145
6.1. Ramnote`a vo hemiskite sistemi............................................. 145
6.2. Vlijanie na koncentracijata vrz polo`bata
na hemiskata ramnote`a ........................................................... 147
6.3. Vlijanie na temperaturata vrz polo`bata
na hemiskata ramnote`a ........................................................... 150
7. Osnovni tipovi neorganski soedinenija .................................... 153
7.1. Oksidi..................................................................................................153
7.2. Hidroksid ................................................................................... 159
7.3. Kiselini .............................................................................................164
7.4.Soli ......................................................................................................166

8. Ramnote`i vo rastvori na elektroliti ..................................... 169

8.1. Vodoroden pokazatel ........................................................................169
8.2. Puferi. ....................................................................................... 172
8.3. Hidroliza ...........................................................................................175
8.4. Proizvod na rastvorlivost ............................................................177

9. Ekolo{ka hemija .............................................................................. 179

9.1. Efekt na staklena gradina .............................................................179
9.2. Pro~istuvawe na vozduh ..................................................................182
9.3. Pro~istuvawe na voda ......................................................................183
10. Vodorod i kislorod........................................................................ 187
10.1. Kislorod ...........................................................................................187
10.2. Vodorod ..............................................................................................193
11. Izbor eksperimenti ...................................................................... 197
11.1. Atomsko molekulska teorija ........................................................197

11.2. Rastvori ............................................................................................199

11.3. Elektrohemija..................................................................................203

Dodatoci ...................................................................................................... 205

Literatura .................................................................................................. 217