.

90 28

.

1 -2 ) (

 :
) (
.

)( :

.

):(properties of concrete
) (strength ) (durability ) (workability
.

:

151515
15 30
.

.
S28 = 0.8 S7 + S7 1

 : 7 kgcm2 100 28
= 100+ 0.8(100) = 180 kgcm2

S28

:



.

: .
:
.
.

:



.

.

) (slump test.

 ):( mark of concrete

. n : 2n :1
.
-: 250 1:1:2
.
-:2 200 1:1:3

.
-:3 150 1:2:4


.
-:4 100 1:3:6
.
.
-:5 100 1:4:8

.
-:6 100 2:5:10

kgcm2
kgcm2
kgcm2
kgcm2
kgcm2
kgcm2
kgcm2
kgcm2
kgcm2

300
250
200
150
125
100
75
50
25

n
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5

2n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

wc
wc = 0.4
wc = 0.45
wc = 0.5
wc = 0.55
wc = 0.6
wc= 0.65
wc = 0.7
wc = 0.75
Wc = 0.8

:
28---21 .


.
.

:
-1 .
-2 . mm 4.75 .

 -3
.
: .
- 1
-2

14 28 28
90 % 90 % .

:

(cm ) 3030390 .
= bogy cement 1m3 30 .

:
.
1
.
-2 ) : (mixer 10 %
90 %

ft327
ft327 2 sec15 .

 :
.
: .
: .
:
.

):(form work

.










.

 -1
.
-2 .
-3 .
-4
.




6
6 9

3
10
14
21
28

3
4.5
4.5
21
28

28
28
28
28
28

:
.
-: + + .
-: + + .
-: + + + .
-: + + +
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-: + .


(( bending
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.


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) (strain


.

-1 .
-2 " .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .

 2
.

"
.
"
) 0.1 (0.3
4%

Kg m3 1800

6mm 40mm.
:

.

.

:

10


.
:


.
:


.
:

.

11


.


.




"
"

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BM


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.

:

.

12

 :
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) (player wood
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L1= L2

L1= L2"
" L1 L2
.

):(Right method
3 4 5

. :

13

 ) :(Transit method
60 30

"

900

MT Tape
"
.

) :( Foundation

14

 .



.

-
-


.

) (Foundation Plan
.

20 30
.
300 600
600 300
.

15

) (BM

16

 ) (Player
1m "
.



.

.


.
" ) (Compact
) (Compactor cm5 )P C
(C )(1:3:6
5 10 .
2 1
) (P C C 2 4
)(1:4

((PCC
)P C
(C 2 5 .

17

 :



.
- .
- :

- .
-
.
- .
- .
- .
:
-
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:

.

18


.
:
-1 )(sub grade
-2 ) (settlement )
(uniformly
) (bearing capacity of soil

) load
(test
) (uniform )
(cm 2 cm2 ) ) settlement



) (dimension
.


.

-1
-2

19

 ): (deep foundation
2
DB >4

.


.

20

 ):( shallow foundation

) (shallow foundation
4

.

: )(wall footing
: )( insolated column footing
: ) (combined footing
: )(cantilever or strap footing
: )mat or raft foundation

:

.

21

:



.
):(Rings on foundation
)(foundation plan

.
.

.

.
.

22


.

.


) (1:2:4
" .
)(Load Bearing shear walls

.
24


.

) (Fired brick kgcm 70

.

1:4
.
cm1 .
.

23

 ) (
.

.

1.5
.

.

.

.

.
.
:

.
.

24

 ):(column

.
mm12 mm50
mm12 mm
32 mm8 ) (
mm32 mm50 mm12 .
):(Internal columns

.
"
mm3 .


) (vibration


.


.

25

 :

) (R C C
.

.

) (Section
) (Contraction .
.
) (Section .

4 10
135 31 31 6
cm25 .

26

 cm135 .
4 ((Overlap
40 45


.
) (Bending
.

B1 B2 B3 C1 C2
C3
) (Section C1 .

27

 C5 C1 6
mm15 3535 .
mm8 15

mm 135 ) (Section

) (Section C1 .
) (Section C1
.

28

 16 cm285 cm30
900 Bend

) (Section
.
) (Section C2.C3 .

Overlap 40 45 .

40 45
.
40


.
"
) (Steel bar table
.
Beam
.

29

 )-:(Beam

.

Secondary beam -1
Beam -2 main
"

) T
L I .
.
-1 )(Main bar
-2 )(Compressive bar Sheath bar
-3 )(Stirrup
.
-1 ): (Main bar

mm 14 mm40
mm8 mm12 cm3
cm40 cm50
.

30

 -2 :
" mm12
cm40

.
-3 :


.
:







1 2

.

31

 ):(slab


.

-1
-2
-3 flat
:

.
2 LL LS >2
:
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-c 3
-d cm 20 5
14 ) 8 mm (16
.

32

 :


2 .
-9 :

.

.
"
.


) (Section ) (Section
Cover

Cm cc 12@10

mm10 mm12 .

.

33


.

) (Chairs
2 3

:


) (Vibrator ) (Concrete lifter
) (Safety

.
) (Cracks .

.


.

)
(Concrete lifter .

34



40 -30
.


) (vibrator 2 5 .
) (vibrator


.

:



.
"
5 10
1:4 .


2 4 .

35

 :


.



.



.

.
) (Mechanical plan
) ( .

)
(main hole "
.

36

 :

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:

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.

.
"
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"

.

37


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.

.

)-:(stone

.





:



-
-
-
-
-

38

 -
-:



.
)-:( aggregate
.
-
-
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/
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.
:

39


)):sand




.-:







.
:


.
:

40

 .
:


.
:

.
:

.
:

.
:

.
Soil

41

 .
.
Clay - 1
Silt - 2
Sand - 3
Gravel 4
:Clay

:Silt


:Sand

: Gravel

.

cement :

Dolomite . ]Mg.Ca(Co
[3)2 .
0.002mm .
Clay

42

 900C 120C
. .
50Kg 30Kg 50Kg
.

.

.


.
:
) (cement

.

. .
.

.

43

 :
.

1400
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
:



.
.
.
.

44


).(kg/m2
. 390

21 .




.
:


2 5

3
:

100

80

70

45

 12

60

24

50

"
5
.
:



"
.


.
:

.
* *
.

46

 Partition .
:
.
-1
.
-2

-3

:
20 30
8 10 " 4
6

4 7 .
:
12 18
.
-1
-2
-3

47

 :


.

:



.

.
:





.
:
"

48


3
9
6 .

Pre Cost Concrete

.





.
:
- .
-
.
- .
- .
-

49

 .
-
.
:
-

.
- .
- )( .
-
.
- .
-
.
-
.
:
-
.
-
.

50

 - .
-

.

Per Stress Concrete


.
:


.
:



.
%

51

 .
:
- .
- .
- %
%

52