SOLUTIONS TO FINAL EXAM-A 1, Solve Bx = 0 to find a basis for Nul A. [BO] is almost in reduced echelon forn 24 1 6 10 12 0 5 0 0 _[0 0 1-4-3 0 0 0 1-4 0 0 B%-)o 0 0 o 1 of~fo 0 0 oO 1 o 0 0 0 0 0 Oo 00 0 0 0 0 es re myo =U - wot ety Npand x, are free xy =0, xp, x are free General solution of Ax = 0: Sy —2 4 + 1 =n} 0; tx Basis: 0 0 b, dim Col A =3 because there are three pivot columns, and the pivot columns of A form a basis for Col A. 3 5 525 3203 aA) sj~Jo 3uf~fo 3 ufsu 1 0 67 0 0-15 0 ‘i 4 I 0 -6 ‘ +3 +3 15) 1 J J [3] [2] a] 1 Sob=|-2 1 ‘The other entries in L are zeros. 221 ‘The LU factorization is used to solve equations Ax = b faster than using A~* U, then LUx = b is equivalent to Ly = b and Ux = y. Solve Ly =b first for y, and then solve Ux = y. LU, so det A = (det L)(detU), by a theorem. ‘Then det A = 1 (—135) triangular matrix is the product of the diagonal entries, 135, because the determinant of a 8, a. Stanly cavi teava — y- IP Unis is acd comsiatent, Urea y io uot in Uke plane spanned Ly ¥y aul 2. 12 10 1 2 10 1 2 10 2 1 6|~]/o -3 -4}~}o —u 1-4-4 0-6-4 0014 | — inconsistent systemb It is easy to see that vy and vp are orthogonal. (Either simply say this or make a calculation.) So, by a formula, Ca eae 2 tor b, To get change of variable x = Pu, we need eigenvectors for the columns of P. ctive= [Jonnie 2c [ “Et -1 fwietne[} cc. Use fact that A= PDP~! = PDP". Byen better, mention that PTAP = Substitute x = Pu into x" Ax = (Puy A(Pu) = u"(PTAP)u = u" Du = Gu} — tu} The quadratic form is indefinite, because one eigenvalue is positive and the other is negative. 5. a. 4 points, one point for each definition. See the text. A definition must be essentially complete and correct for credit. 1b. 6 points, one for each staten mt. ’) The equation Ax = 0 has only the trivial solution. ii) rankA =n ‘The columns of A are linearly independent, or: span B®, ‘or: form a basis for RB”. iv) deta #0 ¥) The transformation x ++ Ax is one-to-one for some matrix B, vi) A fs row equivalent to I, or: AB or: CA = 1 for some C. One point (total) is subtracted if one or more statements are worded as theorems that are always true, but the ‘theorem contains the proper statement that belongs in the Invertible Matrix ‘Theorem, 6. a, 3 points, one for each part of the definition, See the text 1b. 4 points for the whichever theorem is stated first, 3 for the second theorem. {) The column space of a matrix is a subspace. ‘or: The set, of all linear combinations of a set of vector fi) The null space of a matrix is a subspace. ‘oF: The solution set of a system of homogeneous linear equations is a subspace. fa subspace.Toa. XTXB= XTy, or: ATAX = AT. ra 10 1] ytye[7 mre ah : s) -[3] 1 417 1 3 1 0 19/1 wowace [T 5 3 ]~~- [6 at t]~~[o tat] eotyyixtys tf 3 -L]P7]_ fs Or, commute a= (XTHKTV= | TELLS |=] ta . Design matrix for the predietion equation y = dhe + Aix? + dy x xt ox 144 a0 0 ed roa From Buoy NB To. 8 4) Buy 2 6|NB -[8 4][3]2]6 po=[2 S][3]-[4] Answer: (0% probability that teller is busy ©. Px=x, Px—x=0, Px -Ix=0,(P=)x=0, een 8. a. Stochastic matrix d. Solve (P — I)x = 80 x = 2xp with x2 free, 28) 1/3 Answor: The probability is 2/3 that the teller is busy much later rye transformations on R®, reflect in translate rotate 30° y-axis 102 v3/2 -1/2 0 —r 0 0 i (0 1G 12 v320}-; 0 1 0 ool 0 Yo 4 ooo 1 ¢. The point with homogeneous coordinates Gt ; mp is (x,y, 2), where Poa Vaeeet/3 z_1p #7 ipa #7 Ipt ipa