Questions on the Caliphs

3 Explain: (a) why Abu Bakr was known as the Saviour of

Islam, [10]
and (b) why `Ali was forced to fight against his former
allies at the battle of Nahrawand. [10]

3 (a) Give an outline of the expansion of the Islamic

empire in the period of the Rightly Guided Caliphs.
[12] (b) Why did the Islamic empire expand so rapidly in
this period? [8]

3 Give a critical assessment of the main events in the

caliphates of: (a)
Abu Bakr [12] and
either (b) Uthman ibn Affan [8] or
(c) Ali ibn Abi Talib. [8] Section

Explain why the Caliph Ali was compelled to fight against

(a) Talha and Zubayr [10]

(b) Muawiya. [10]

3 (a) Why was Abu Bakr called the Saviour of Islam? [10]
(b) Why was Uthman ibn Affan assassinated? [10]

3 (a) Explain why Abu Bakr thought it necessary to resist

the false prophets who rose up in his time. [10]
(b) Describe the main ways in which Umar established
the foundations of the Islamic state. [10]

3 (a) Why did the caliph Uthman encounter hostility from

Muslims in Egypt? [10]
(b) Why did the caliph Ali and Muawiyah meet in battle
at Siffin? [10]