BNH LUN THI THPT QUC GIA MN TON NM 2015

TRN QUC LUT

(GV THPT Chuyn H Tnh)

K t nm 2015, k thi tt nghip (TN) trung hc ph thng (THPT) v k thi tuyn sinh i hc
(TSH) c B Gio dc v o to ghp li thnh mt k thi chung vi tn gi "K thi THPT Quc gia".
V vy, thi mn ton nm nay c bin son theo cu trc mi v c bit mc kh - d tng cu so
vi nhng nm trc c s nhiu thay i. Chng ti phn tch chi tit tng bi ton trong thi nm nay
bn c nh hng, kp thi bt nhp vi s thay i ny v t c phng php dy, hc ph hp trong
xu th mi.
Cu 1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca
hm s y x 3 3 x.
Nhn xt. y l mt bi tp rt c bn thuc
kin thc Gii tch lp 12. Dng ton ny lun
xut hin trong thi TN THPT cc nm trc.
Bi luyn tp
Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s:
2 x
1) y
.
x2
2) y 4 x 2 x 4 .
Cu 2. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca
4
hm s f ( x) x trn on [1;3].
x
Hng dn.
4
Xt hm s f ( x) x trn on [1;3]. Ta c
x
4 f ( x ) 0
f ( x) 1 2 ;
x 2.
x 1 x 3
Ta c hm s f ( x) lin tc trn [1;3] v
13
f (1) 5; f (2) 4; f (3) .
3
Do vy gi tr ln nht ca hm s f ( x) l 5, t
c khi x 1 v gi tr nh nht ca hm s
f ( x) l 4, t c khi x 2.
Nhn xt. y l bi tp rt quen thuc v ng
dng ca o hm, thuc kin thc Gii tch 12.
Phn ln th sinh c kin thc c bn s lm trn
vn cu ny. Dng ton ny thng xuyn xut
hin trong thi TN THPT cc nm trc, cng
tng xut hin trong TSH khi D mt s
nm.
Bi luyn tp
Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca cc
hm s trn cc min tng ng ( kh tng dn)
1) f ( x) x 2 4 x 5 trn [ 2;3].

2) f ( x) x 4 x 3 3 x 2 x 5 trn [0;1].
4x 3
trn [ 3;2].
3) f ( x) 2
x 1
x4 1
4) f ( x) 2
trn on [ 1;1].
x 2x 3

Cu 3.
a) Cho s phc z tha mn (1 i) z 1 5i 0.
Tm phn thc v phn o ca z .
b) Gii phng trnh log 2 ( x 2 x 2) 3.
Hng dn.
a) t z a bi vi a , b ta c
(1 i)( a bi) 1 5i 0
a b 1 0
a 3

a b 5 0 b 2.
Vy phn thc v phn o ca s phc z ln lt
l 3 v 2.
b) Ta c
log 2 ( x 2 x 2) 3 x 2 x 2 8

x 2
( x 2)( x 3) 0
x 3.
Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim l x1 2; x2 3.
Nhn xt. y l bi tp rt quen thuc v s
phc v phng trnh logarit thuc kin thc Gii
tch 12. Phn ln th sinh c kin thc c bn s
lm trn vn cu ny. Dng ton tm s phc ny
xut hin trong TSH A, A1 nm ngoi.
Bi luyn tp
1) Cho s phc z tha mn (1 2i) z 1 3i 0.
Tm m-un ca z.
2

2) Gii phng trnh 3log 2 x log 2 x 9.

1

Cu 4. Tnh tch phn I ( x 3)e x dx.

0

Hng dn. Ta c
1

I ( x 3)e x dx ( x 3)d(e x )
0

0
1

( x 3)e x e x d( x 3)
0

0
1

2e 3 e x dx 2e 3 e x 4 3e.
0

Nhn xt. y l mt bi tp tch phn rt c

bn thuc kin thc Gii tch 12. Dng ny cng
xut hin nhiu tronng thi TN THPT v
TSH cc nm trc.

Bi luyn tp
Tnh cc tnh phn sau
3

1) I ( x 1) ln xdx.
1

2) I (2 x 1)sin xdx.
0

Cu 5. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho

cc
im
A(1; 2;1); B(2;1;3)
v
mt
phng ( P) : x y 2 z 3 0. Vit phng trnh
ng thng AB v tm ta giao im ca
ng thng AB vi mt phng ( P ).
Hng dn.
ng thng AB i qua A(1; 2;1) v nhn

AB (1;3; 2) lm vect ch phng nn c phng

x 1 y 2 z 1
trnh l AB :

.
1
3
2
Gi M l giao im ca ng thng AB v mt
phng ( P ).
Do M AB nn M (1 m; 2 3m;1 2m).
Do M ( P) nn
1 m ( 2 3m) 2(1 2m) 3 0 m 1.
Khi M 0; 5; 1 .
Nhn xt. y l bi ton ta khng gian rt
c bn thuc kin thc Hnh hc 12.
Bi luyn tp
1) Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt
phng ( P ) : x 3 y 2 z 1 0 v ng thng
x 2 y 1 z
d:

. Tm ta giao im M
1
2
3
ca d v ( P). Vit phng trnh ng thng
nm trong ( P ) bit i qua M v vung gc
vi d .
2) Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz , cho
x y 1 z 2
A(1; 2;0) v ng thng :

.
1
2
1
Tm ta hnh chiu H ca A trn . Vit
phng trnh ng thng d i qua H v vung
gc vi mt phng i qua im A cha ng
thng .
Cu 6.
a) Tnh gi tr ca biu thc
2
P (1 3cos 2 )(2 3cos 2 ), bit sin .
3
b) Trong t ng ph dch MERS-CoV, S Y t
thnh ph chn ngu nhin 3 i phng chng
dch c ng trong s 5 i ca Trung tm y t d
phng thnh ph v 20 i ca cc Trung tm y t
c s kim tra cng tc chun b. Tnh xc sut
c t nht 2 i ca cc Trung tm t c s
c chn.
Hng dn.

2
1
a) Vi sin , ta c cos 2 1 2sin 2 .
3
9
1
1
14

Do P 1 3. 2 3 .
9
9 9

b) C tt c 20 5 25 i chng dch c ng.

Gi A l bin c "c t nht 2 i ca cc trung
tm y t c s c chn".
Ta c | | C252 .
S trng hp thun li cho bin c A l
| ( A) | C202 .C51 C203 .
| ( A) | 209
Vy xc sut cn tnh l P ( A)

.
||
230
Nhn xt. y l 2 bi tp c bn v tnh ton
lng gic v xc sut thuc chng trnh i s
10 v i s - Gii tch 11. a s hc sinh s gii
c bi ton ny. Tuy nhin bi xc sut pht
biu cha thc su chnh xc v lm cho hc
sinh hiu nhm thnh "chn 3 trong 5 i" ri
chn thm "20 i" na c 23 i. Ta cng
khng nn mt cu qu di m nn tch ra v
pht biu r rng li thnh: "Trong t ng ph
dch MERS-CoV, S Y t chn ngu nhin 3
i trong s 25 i phng chng dch c ng
(trong c 5 i ca Trung tm y t d phng v
20 i ca cc Trung tm y t c s) kim tra
cng tc chun b. Tnh xc sut c t nht 2
i ca cc Trung tm t c s c chn." y
l mt kinh nghim qu bu cho Ban thi trong
nhng nm ti.
Bi luyn tp
1) Tnh gi tr ca biu thc P sin 4 , bit

3
0
v sin cos
.
2
5
2) Mt chi on c 15 on vin trong c 7
nam v 8 n. Ngi ta chn ra 4 ngi trong chi
on lp mt i thanh nin tnh nguyn.
Tnh xc sut trong 4 ngi c chn c t
nht 1 n.
Cu 7. Cho hnh chp S .ABCD c y ABCD l
hnh vung cnh a, SA vung gc vi mt phng
( ABCD), gc gia ng thng SC v mt
phng ( ABCD) bng 45. Tnh theo a th tch
khi chp S . ABCD v khong cch gia 2 ng
thng SB, AC.
Hng dn.

Ta c SA l ng cao ca hnh chp S . ABCD.

Do vy gc gia ng thng SC v mt phng
(ch tam gic SAC
( ABCD) bng gc SCA

90 ).
vung ti A nn SCA
45.
Theo bi ra ta c SCA
Li c AC AB 2 BC 2 a 2 a 2 a 2.
a 2.
Do vy SA AC.tan SCA
Mt khc S ( ABCD) a 2 . Do vy
1
a3 2
V ( S . ABCD) .SA.S ( ABCD)
(vtt).
3
3
ng thng qua B song song vi AC ct ng
thng qua A vung gc vi AC ti E .
AB
a
Ta c AE

.
2
2
Gi H l hnh chiu ca A trn ng thng
SE. Ta c BE EA v BE SA (do
SA ( ABCD) ) nn BE ( SAE ).
T AH BE . Li c AH SE nn
AH ( SBE ). Do vy
d ( SB; AC ) d ( AC;( SBE )) d ( A;( SBE ))
(do AC ( SBE ) v AC BE )
AH (do AH ( SBE ) )
AE. AS

(do tam gic SAE vung ti A )

AE 2 AS 2
a
.a 2
a 10
2

(vd).
2
5
a
2
2a
2
a3 2
a 10
Vy V ( S . ABCD )
; d ( SB; AC )
.
3
5
Nhn xt. y l bi ton kh c bn, tng t
v cng mc vi bi ton phn ny trong
TSH cc nm trc. Bi ny thuc chng trnh
Hnh hc 11.
Bi luyn tp
Cho t din ABCD c ABC l tam gic vung
ti A , AB a, AC a 3, DA DB DC. Bit
rng DBC l tam gic vung. Tnh theo a th
tch khi t din ABCD v khong cch gia hai
ng thng DB, AC.
Cu 8. Trong mt phng vi h trc ta Oxy,
cho tam gic ABC vung ti A. Gi H l hnh
chiu vung gc ca A trn cnh BC; D l im
i xng ca B qua H ; K l hnh chiu vung
gc ca C trn ng thng AD. Gi s
H (5; 5); K (9; 3) v trung im ca cnh AC
thuc ng thng x y 10 0. Tm ta
im A.
Hng dn.

Gi M l trung im ca AC .
Ta c M AC : x y 10 0 nn M ( m; m 10).
T gic AHKC c
AHC
AKC 90 nn n l
t gic ni tip ng trn tm M .
Suy ra MH MK . Gii phng trnh ny ta c
m 0 hay M (0;10). Ch rng
HAK
HAB
90

HCK
ABC HCA
nn HK HA. Kt hp vi MK MA ta c A l
im i xng vi K qua ng thng MH .
ng thng MH i qua H (5; 5) v nhn

HM (5;15) lm vect ch phng nn c phng

trnh l MH : 3( x 5) 1( y 5) 0 hay
MH : 3 x y 10 0.
Khi ta im A l nghim ca h
1( x 9) 3( y 3) 0
x 15

x9
y3
y 5.
3. 2 1. 2 10 0
Vy A( 15;5).
Nhn xt. Bi ny khng qu phc tp, hc sinh
hc lc kh c th lm c bi ny. Ngoi cch
gii trn chng ta c th tnh c cc cnh ca
tam gic ABC sau tnh c AH , AM ri
tham s ha im A gii h ri loi trng hp
A K ta cng thu c kt qu nh trn.
Bi luyn tp
Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho hnh ch
nht ABCD c H l hnh chiu ca B trn AC ;
M v N ln lt l trung im ca CD v
AH . Tm ta cc nh ca hnh ch nht
ABCD bit rng M (5;0); N (4;3) v im B
thuc ( S ) : ( x 9) 2 ( y 8)2 10.
Cu 9. Gii phng trnh
x2 2x 8
( x 1)( x 2 2)
x2 2x 3
trn tp s thc.
Hng dn. iu kin x 2. Khi phng
trnh cho tng ng vi
( x 2)( x 4) ( x 1)( x 2)

( x 1)2 2
x2 2
x 2

2
( x 4)( x 2 2) ( x 1)[( x 1) 2]
x 2

f ( x 2) f ( x 1)

trong f (t ) (t 2)(t 2 2).

Ta c
2

2 2
f (t ) t 2 2 2t (t 2) 3 t 0; t
3 3
nn f (t ) l hm s ng bin trn .
Do vy phng trnh cho tng ng vi
x 2
x 2

x 1

x 2 x 1 x 2 3x 3 0

x 2

x 3 13 .

3 13
Vy S 2;
.
2

Nhn xt. Dng ton ny khng mi, a s hc

sinh kh s lm c bi ny. Ngoi ra ta c th
t x 2 a; x 1 b v bin i
( a 2)(a 2 2) (b 2)(b 2 2)
( a b)( a 2 ab b 2 2a 2b 2) 0
a b do
a 2 ab b 2 2 a 2b 2
2

b 2 3
2 2

a
b 0; a, b .
2 4
3 3

Bi luyn tp
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1) x 2 5 x ( x 4 3 3 x )( x 4 1).
2) 3 2 x 1 x 1 2 3 2 x 1 3 x 1 x 2 x.
Cu 10. Cho cc s thc a , b, c thuc on
[1;3] tha mn iu kin a b c 6. Tm gi
tr ln nht ca biu thc
a 2 b 2 b 2 c 2 c 2 a 2 12abc 72 abc
P

.
ab bc ca
2
Hng dn.
Vi a b c 6, ta c

( ab bc ca ) 2 12abc 12abc 72 abc

ab bc ca
2
72
abc
ab bc ca

.
ab bc ca
2
Ta c (a 1)(b 1)(c 1) 0 nn
abc ab bc ca 5.
72 t 5 5 t 72
Do vy P t
vi

t
2
2 2 t
1
t ab bc ca ( a b c) 2 12.
3
Ta li c (a 3)(b 3)(c 3) 0 nn
3( ab bc ca 9) abc.
Do 3(t 9) t 5 t 11.
P

Vi 11 t 12, ta c
29 (12 t ) 2 29 1 160
P

.
2
2t
2 2t 11
160
Khi a 1; b 2; c 3 th P
.
11
160
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P l
.
11
Nhn xt. y l bi ton khng qu kh nh
cu phn loi nm ngoi. D kin nm nay s c
nhiu im 10 mn Ton.
Bi luyn tp
1) Cho x, y 1 tha mn 3( x y ) 4 xy. Tm gi
tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
1
1 x y
P 3 3 xy.
x
y
y x
2) Cho a , b, c 1 tha mn a b c 6. Tm gi
tr ln nht ca biu thc
P (a 2 2)(b 2 2)(c 2 2).
Hi vng rng qua cc phn tch trn cc em s
thu c nhiu kinh nghim b ch v hu dng
khi i mt vi cc bi ton trong thi THPT
Quc gia nhng nm ti. Mong cc ng nghip
phn hi, xin trn trng cm n.
Trn Quc Lut (GV THPT Chuyn H Tnh,
ST 01674656000)