Ứng dụng của đạo hàm để khảo sát và vẽ đồ thị hàm số - Nguyễn Phú Khánh

Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Chng 1
Ti Liu n thi T Ti i hc theo cu trc BGD.
NG DNG CA O HM KHO ST
V V TH CA HM S
Bi 1: TNH N IU CA HM S
1.1 TM TT L THUYT
1. nh ngha :
Gi s K l mt khong , mt on hoc mt na khong . Hm s f xc nh
trn K c gi l
ng bin trn K nu vi mi x 1, x 2 K , x 1 < x 2 f x 1 < f x 2 ;
Nghch bin trn K nu vi mi x 1, x 2 K , x 1 < x 2
( ) ( )
f ( x ) > f (x ) .
1
2. iu kin cn hm s n iu :
Gi s hm s f c o hm trn khong I
( )
bin trn khong I th f ' ( x ) 0 vi mi x I .
Nu hm s f ng bin trn khong I th f ' x 0 vi mi x I ;

Nu hm s f nghch
3. iu kin hm s n iu :
Gi s I l mt khong hoc na khong hoc mt on , f l hm s lin tc
trn I v c o hm ti mi im trong ca I ( tc l im thuc I nhng
khng phi u mt ca I ) .Khi :
Nu f ' x > 0 vi mi x I th hm s f ng bin trn khong I ;
( )
Nu f ' ( x ) < 0 vi mi x I th hm s f
Nu f ' ( x ) = 0 vi mi x I th hm s f
nghch bin trn khong I ;

khng i trn khong I .
Ch :
Nu hm s f lin tc trn a;b v c o hm f ' x > 0 trn khong
( )
(a;b ) th hm s f ng bin trn a;b .
( )
Nu hm s f lin tc trn a;b v c o hm f ' x < 0 trn khong
(a;b ) th hm s f
nghch bin trn a;b .

Gi s hm s f lin tc trn on a;b .
( )
* Nu hm s f ng bin trn khong a;b th n ng bin trn on
a;b .
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
( )
* Nu hm s f nghch bin trn khong a;b th n nghch bin trn on
a;b .
( )
* Nu hm s f khng i trn khong a;b th khng i trn on a;b .

4. nh l m rng
Gi s hm s f c o hm trn khong I .
Nu f '(x ) 0 vi x I v f '(x ) = 0 ch ti mt s hu hn im thuc
I th hm s f ng bin trn khong I ;
Nu f '(x ) 0 vi x I v f '(x ) = 0 ch ti mt s hu hn im thuc
I th hm s f nghch bin trn khong I .
1.2 DNG TON THNG GP

Dng 1 : Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s .
( )
Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s y = f x ta thc hin cc bc sau:

Tm tp xc nh D ca hm s .
( )
Tnh o hm y ' = f ' x .
( )
( )
Tm cc gi tr ca x thuc D f ' x = 0 hoc f ' x khng xc nh
( ta gi l im ti hn hm s ).
Xt du y ' = f ' x trn tng khong x thuc D .
( )
Da vo bng xt du v iu kin suy ra khong n iu ca hm s.

V d 1: Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s sau:
x +2
x 2 + 2x 1
1. y =
2. y =
x 1
x +2
Gii:
x +2
x 1
* Hm s cho xc nh trn khong ;1 1; + .
1. y =
* Ta c: y ' = -
x 1
* Bng bin thin:

x
y'
1
y
) (
< 0, x 1
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
) (
Vy hm s ng bin trn mi khong ;1 v 1; + .

x 2 + 2x 1
x +2
* Hm s cho xc nh trn khong ; 2 2; + .
2. y =
* Ta c: y ' =
x 2 4x + 5
x +2
x = 5
y' = 0
x = 1
* Bng bin thin :
x
5
y'
+
y
) (
, x 2
2
0
Vy, hm s ng bin trn cc khong 5; 2 v 2;1 , nghch bin trn cc
) (
khong ; 5 v 1; + .
Nhn xt:
ax + b
(a.c 0) lun ng bin hoc lun nghch
cx + d
bin trn tng khong xc nh ca n.
* i vi hm s y =
ax 2 + bx + c
* i vi hm s y =
lun c t nht hai khong n iu.
a 'x + b '
* C hai dng hm s trn khng th lun n iu trn .
Bi tp tng t :
Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s sau:
2x 1
3x
1. y =
4. y = 2
x +1
x +1
2
x + 4x + 3
x 2 4x + 3
2. y =
5. y = 2
x +2
2x 2x 4
x +1
x 2 + 2x + 2
3. y =
6. y = 2
3 x
2x + x + 1
V d 2: Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s sau:
1. y = x 3 3x 2 + 24x + 26
2. y = x 4 6x 2 + 8x + 1
7
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Gii:
1. y = x 3x + 24x + 26
* Hm s cho xc nh trn .
* Ta c : y ' = 3x 2 6x + 24
3
x = 4
y ' = 0 3x 2 6x + 24 = 0
x = 2
* Bng xt du ca y ' :
x
4
y'
0
+
2
0
)
( )
+ Trn mi khong ( ; 4 ) , ( 2; + ) : y ' < 0 y nghch bin trn cc
khong ( ; 4 ) , ( 2; + ) .
+ Trn khong 4;2 : y ' > 0 y ng bin trn khong 4;2 ,
Hoc ta c th trnh by :
* Ta c : y ' = 3x 2 6x + 24
x = 4
y ' = 0 3x 2 6x + 24 = 0
x = 2
* Bng bin thin :
x
4
y'
0
+
+
y
2
0
Vy, hm s ng bin trn khong 4;2 , nghch bin trn cc khong
( ; 4 ) v (2; + ) .
2. y = x 4 6x 2 + 8x + 1
* Ta c: y ' = 4x 3 12x + 8 = 4(x 1)2 (x + 2)
x = 2
y ' = 0 4(x 1)2 (x + 2) = 0
x = 1
* Bng xt du:
x
2
y'
0
+
1
0
+
+
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Vy,hm s ng bin trn khong (2; +) v nghch bin trn khong

(; 2) .
Nhn xt:
* Ta thy ti x = 1 th y = 0 , nhng qua y ' khng i du.
* i vi hm bc bn y = ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + dx + e lun c t nht mt
khong ng bin v mt khong nghch bin. Do vy vi hm bc bn
khng th n iu trn .
Bi tp tng t :
4
5. y = x 5 + x 3 + 8
5
1
3
3
6. y = x 5 2x 4 + x 2 2x
5
4
2
7
7. y = 9x 7 7x 6 + x 5 + 12
5
1. y = x 3 3x 2 + 2
2. y = x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 2
1 4
x + 2x 2 1
4
4
4. y = x + 2x 2 3
3. y =
V d 3 : Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s sau:

1. y = x 2 2x
3. y = x 1 x 2
2. y = 3x 2 x 3
4. y = x + 1 2 x 2 + 3x + 3
Gii:
1. y = x 2 2x .
* Hm s cho xc nh trn mi na khong ; 0 2; + .

x 1
* Ta c: y ' =
, x ; 0 2; + .
x 2 2x
Hm s khng c o hm ti cc im x = 0, x = 2 .
Cch 1 :
) (
( )
( )
+ Trn khong ( 2; + ) : y ' > 0 hm s ng bin trn khong ( 2; + ) .
+ Trn khong ; 0 : y ' < 0 hm s nghch bin trn khong ; 0 ,
Cch 2 :
Bng bin thin :
x
y'
0
||
2
||
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Vy , hm s nghch bin trn khong ; 0 v ng bin trn khong 2; +
2. y = 3x 2 x 3
* Hm s cho xc nh trn na khong (; 3] .
3(2x x 2 )
* Ta c: y ' =
) ( )
, x ; 0 0; 3 .
2 3x 2 x 3
( )
Suy ra, trn mi khong ; 0 v 0; 3 : y ' = 0 x = 2

Bng bin thin:
x
y'
0
||
2
0
3
||
Hm s ng bin trn khong (0;2) , nghch bin trn cc khong (; 0) v

(2; 3) .
3. y = x 1 x 2
* Hm s cho xc nh trn on 1;1 .
* Ta c: y ' =
1 2x 2
, x 1;1
1 x2
Trn khong 1;1 : y ' = 0 x =

Bng bin thin:
x
y'
||
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
||
2 2
, nghch bin trn mi khong
Hm s ng bin trn khong
;
2 2
2
2
1;
v
;1 .
2
2
10
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
4. y = x + 1 2 x 2 + 3x + 3
2x + 3
* Ta c: y ' = 1
x 2 + 3x + 3
3
x
2
y ' = 0 x 2 + 3x + 3 = 2x + 3
x 2 + 3x + 3 = 2x + 3
Bng bin thin :

x
1
y'
+
0
x = 1
Hm s ng bin trn khong (; 1) , nghch bin trn khong (1; +) .

Bi tp tng t :
1. y = 2x x 2
2. y = x + 1 x 2 4x + 3
3. y = 3 3x 5
3
4. y = x 2 2x
5. y = 4 3x
6. y =
7. y =
6x 2 + 1
2x 2 x + 3
3x + 2
x +2
x2 x + 3
V d 4 :Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s sau: y =| x 2 2x 3 |

Gii:
x 2 2x 3 khi x 1 x 3
2
y =| x 2x 3 | = 2
x + 2x + 3 khi 1 < x < 3
2x 2 khi x < 1 x > 3
* Ta c: y ' =
2x + 2 khi 1 < x < 3
Hm s khng c o hm ti x = 1 v x = 3 .
( )
+ Trn khong ( ; 1) : y ' < 0 ;
+ Trn khong ( 3; + ) : y ' > 0 .
+ Trn khong 1; 3 : y ' = 0 x = 1 ;
11
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Bng bin thin:

x
y'
1
||
1
0
3
||
y
Hm s ng bin trn mi khong (1;1) v (3; +) , nghch bin trn mi
khong (; 1) v (1; 3) .
Bi tp tng t :
1. y = x 2 5x + 4
3. y = x + 1 2x 2 + 5x 7
2. y = 3x + 7 + x 2 6x + 9
4. y = x 2 + x 2 7x + 10
V d 5 :
Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s sau: y = 2 sin x + cos 2x trn on 0; .
Gii :
* Hm s cho xc nh trn on 0;
* Ta c: y ' = 2 cos x 1 2 sin x , x 0; .

x 0;
5
cos x = 0
Trn on 0; : y ' = 0
x = x = x =
.
2
6
6
1
sin x = 2
Bng bin thin:
x
5
0
6
2
6
+
0
0 +
0
y'
y

Da vo bng bin thin suy ra : hm s ng bin trn cc khong 0; v
6
5

5
;
, nghch bin trn cc khong ; v ; .
2 6
6 2
6
Bi tp tng t :
12
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt

1. y = sin 3x trn khong 0; .
3
cot x
2. y =
trn khong 0; .
x

1
1
2 3 cos 2x trn khong 0; .
3. y = sin 4x
8
4
2
4. y = 3 sin x + 3 cos x + trn on 0; .

6
3
( )
V d 6: Chng minh rng hm s y = sin2 x + cos x ng bin trn on

0; v nghch bin trn on ; .
3
3
Gii :
* Hm s cho xc nh trn on 0;
( )
* Ta c: y ' = sin x 2 cos x 1 , x 0;
x = .
2
3

+ Trn khong 0; : y ' > 0 nn hm s ng bin trn on 0; ;
3
3

+ Trn khong ; : y ' < 0 nn hm s nghch bin trn on ; .
3
3
( )
( )
V x 0; sin x > 0 nn trn 0; : y ' = 0 cos x =
Bi tp tng t :
1. Chng minh rng hm s f x = x sin x x sin x ng bin trn
( ) (
)(

on 0; .
2
2. Chng minh rng hm s y = cos 2x 2x + 3 nghch bin trn .
3. Chng minh rng hm s y = t a n
( ;2 ) .
( )
x
ng bin trn cc khong 0; v
2
4. Chng minh rng hm s y = cos 3x +
3x
ng bin trn khong
2

0; v
18

nghch bin trn khong ; .
18 2
13
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Dng 2 : Ty theo tham s m kho st tnh n iu ca hm s .

V d : Ty theo m kho st tnh n iu ca hm s:
1
1
y = x 3 m m + 1 x 2 + m 3x + m 2 + 1
3
2
Gii:
* Ta c y ' = x 2 m m + 1 x + m 3 v = m 2 m 1
+ m = 0 th y ' = x 2 0, x v y ' = 0 ch ti im x = 0 . Hm s ng
bin trn mi na khong ; 0 v 0; + . Do hm s ng bin trn .
+ m = 1 th y ' = x 1
0, x v y ' = 0 ch ti im x = 1 . Hm s
ng bin trn mi na khong ;1 v 1; + . Do hm s ng bin

trn .
x = m
+ m 0, m 1 khi y ' = 0
2 .
x = m
Nu m < 0 hoc m > 1 th m < m 2
Bng xt du y ' :
x
m
m2
+
y'
+
0
0
+
Da vo bng xt du, suy ra hm s ng bin trn cc khong ;m v
(m ; + ) , gim trn khong (m; m ) .

2
Nu 0 < m < 1 th m > m 2

Bng xt du y ' :
x
m2
y'
+
0
m
0
+
+
Da vo bng xt du, suy ra hm s ng bin trn cc khong ;m 2 v
(m; + ) , gim trn khong (m ; m ) .

2
Bi tp t luyn:
Ty theo m kho st tnh n iu ca hm s:
1
1
1. y = x 3 mx 2 + m 3x + m 3
3
2
1
1
2. y = m 1 x 3 m 1 x 2 + x + 2m + 3
3
2
14
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Dng 3 : Hm s n iu trn .
S dng nh l v iu kin cn
( )
( )
Nu hm s f ( x ) n iu gim trn th f ' ( x ) 0, x .
Nu hm s f x n iu tng trn th f ' x 0, x .
V d 1 : Tm m cc hm s sau lun nghch bin trn mi khong xc

nh .
mx + 3 2m
2x 2 + m + 2 x 3m + 1
1. y =
2. y =
x +m
x 1
Gii :
mx + 3 2m
1. y =
x +m
* Hm s cho xc nh trn khong ; m m; +
* Ta c : y ' =
m 2 + 2m 3
(x + m )
) (
, x m .
Cch 1 :
* Bng xt du y '
m
3
1
+
y'
+
0
0 +
Da vo bng xt du ta thy
Nu 3 < m < 1 th y ' < 0 hm s nghch bin trn mi khong ; m ,
( m; + ) .
Cch 2 :
Hm s nghch bin trn tp xc nh khi :
y ' < 0, x ; m m; + m 2 + 2m 3 < 0 3 < m < 1
2. y =
2x 2
) (
)
+ (m + 2 ) x 3m + 1
1 2m
= 2x + m +
x 1
x 1
* Hm s cho xc nh trn khong ;1 1; + .
* Ta c : y ' = 2 +
+ m
(1; + ) .
2m 1
(x 1)
) (
,x 1
1
y ' < 0, x 1 , do hm s nghch bin trn mi khong ;1 ,
2
15
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
1
khi phng trnh y ' = 0 c hai nghim x 1 < 1 < x 2 hm s ng
2
bin trn mi khong x 1;1 v 1;x 2 , trng hp ny khng tha .
+ m>
1
tha mn yu cu ca bi ton.
2
Bi tp tng t :
Tm m cc hm s sau lun nghch bin trn mi khong xc nh .
x m 2 + 7m 11
m 1 x 2 + 2x + 1
1. y =
3. y =
x 1
x +1
2
m 1 x + m 2 + 2m 3
x 2 m +2 x +m 1
2. y =
4. y =
x + 3m
x 3
Vy m
V d 2 : Tm m cc hm s sau lun nghch bin trn .

1
1. y = x 3 + 2x 2 + 2m + 1 x 3m + 2
3
2. y = (m + 2)
x3
(m + 2)x 2 + m 8 x + m 2 1
3
Gii:
1
1. y = x 3 + 2x 2 + 2m + 1 x 3m + 2
3
* Ta c : y ' = x 2 + 4x + 2m + 1 v c ' = 2m + 5
* Bng xt du '
m
+
5
2
'
0
+
2
5
+ m = th y ' = x 2 0 vi mi x v y ' = 0 ch ti im x = 2
2
Do hm s nghch bin trn .
5
+ m < th y ' < 0, x . Do hm s nghch bin trn .
2
5
+ m > th y ' = 0 c hai nghim x 1, x 2 x 1 < x 2 . Hm s ng bin trn
2
khong x 1; x 2 . Trng hp ny khng tha mn .
x3
(m + 2)x 2 + m 8 x + m 2 1
3
2. y = (m + 2)
16
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
* Ta c y ' = (m + 2)x 2 2(m + 2)x + m 8 .

+ m = 2 , khi y ' = 10 0, x hm s lun nghch bin trn .
+ m 2 tam thc y ' = (m + 2)x 2 2(m + 2)x + m 8 c ' = 10(m + 2)

* Bng xt du '
m
2
+
'
0
+
+ m < 2 th y ' < 0 vi mi x . Do hm s nghch bin trn .
+ m > 2 th y ' = 0 c hai nghim x 1, x 2 x 1 < x 2 . Hm s ng bin trn
(x ; x ) . Trng hp ny khng tha mn .
khong
Vy m 2 l nhng gi tr cn tm.
Bi tp tng t :
Tm m cc hm s sau lun nghch bin trn mi khong xc nh .
m
1
1. y = x + 2 +
3. y = x 3 m 2x + 1
x 1
3
m+4
1
2. y = m 1 x 3
4. y = mx 4 m 2x 2 + m 1
x +2
4
V d 3 : Tm a cc hm s sau lun ng bin trn .

1
1. y = x 3 + ax 2 + 4x + 3
3
1
2. y = a 2 1 x 3 + a + 1 x 2 + 3x + 5
3
Gii :
1
1. y = x 3 + ax 2 + 4x + 3
3
* Ta c y ' = x 2 + 2ax + 4 v c ' = a 2 4
* Bng xt du '
a
2
2
+
'
+
0
0 +
+ Nu 2 < a < 2 th y ' > 0 vi mi x . Hm s y ng bin trn .
+ Nu a = 2 th y ' = x + 2
, ta c : y ' = 0 x = 2, y ' > 0, x 2 . Hm
s y ng bin trn mi na khong ; 2 v 2; + nn hm s y ng

bin trn .
+ Tng t nu a = 2 . Hm s y ng bin trn .
17
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
+ Nu a < 2 hoc a > 2 th y ' = 0 c hai nghim phn bit x 1, x 2 . Gi s
x 1 < x 2 . Khi hm s nghch bin trn khong x 1; x 2 ,ng bin trn mi
) (
khong ;x 1 v x 2 ; + . Do a < 2 hoc a > 2 khng tho mn yu

cu bi ton .
Vy hm s y ng bin trn khi v ch khi 2 a 2 .
1 2
a 1 x 3 + a + 1 x 2 + 3x + 5
3
2. y =
* Ta c : y ' = a 2 1 x 2 + 2 a + 1 x + 3 v c ' = 2 a 2 + a + 2
()
Hm s y ng bin trn khi v ch khi y ' 0, x 1
+ Xt a 2 1 = 0 a = 1
i a = 1 y ' = 4x + 3 y ' 0 x
3
a = 1 khng tho yu cu bi
4
ton.
i a = 1 y ' = 3 > 0 x a = 1 tho mn yu cu bi ton.
+ Xt a 2 1 0 a
* Bng xt du '
a
'
+ Nu a < 1 a > 2
1
1
1
2
+
0
+
0
th y ' > 0 vi mi x . Hm s y ng bin trn .
+ Nu a = 2 th y ' = 3 x + 1
, ta c : y ' = 0 x = 1, y ' > 0, x 1 . Hm
s y ng bin trn mi na khong ; 1 va` 1; + nn hm s y

ng bin trn .
+ Nu 1 < a < 2, a 1 th y ' = 0 c hai nghim phn bit x 1, x 2 . Gi s
x 1 < x 2 . Khi hm s nghch bin trn khong x 1; x 2 ,ng bin trn mi
) (
khong ;x 1 v x 2 ; + . Do 1 < a < 2, a 1 khng tho mn yu cu

bi ton .
Do hm s y ng bin trn khi v ch khi a < 1 a 2 .
Vy vi 1 a 2 th hm s y ng bin trn .
Bi tp tng t :
Tm m cc hm s sau lun ng bin trn mi khong xc nh .
1
m
1. y = x 3 x 2 + m 2 3 x 1
3
2
3
x
2. y =
mx 2 + m + 2 x + 3
3
18
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
x3
m 1 x 2 + 4x 1
3
x3
4. y = m 2
2m 3 x 2 + 5m 6 x + 2
3
3. y = m + 2
Ch :
Phng php:
* Hm s y = f (x , m ) tng trn y ' 0 x min y ' 0 .
x
* Hm s y = f (x , m ) gim trn y ' 0 x max y ' 0 .

x
Ch :
1) Nu y ' = ax 2 + bx + c th
a = b = 0
c 0
* y ' 0 x
a > 0

0
a = b = 0
c 0
* y ' 0 x
a < 0

0
2) Hm ng bin trn th n phi xc nh trn .

Dng 4 : Hm s n iu trn tp con ca .
Phng php:
* Hm s y = f (x , m ) tng x I y ' 0 x I min y ' 0 .
x I
* Hm s y = f (x , m ) gim x I y ' 0 x I max y ' 0 .

x I
V d 1 : Tm m cc hm s sau
mx + 4
1. y =
lun nghch bin khong ;1 .
x +m
2. y = x 3 + 3x 2 + m + 1 x + 4m nghch bin trn khong 1;1 .
Gii :
mx + 4
lun nghch bin khong ;1 .
x +m
* Hm s cho xc nh trn khong ;1 .
1. y =
19
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
* Ta c y ' =
m2 4
(x + m )
, x m
(
)
y ' < 0, x ;1
Hm s nghch bin trn khong ;1 khi v ch khi
m ;1
m 2 4 < 0
2 < m < 2
2 < m < 2
2 < m 1
m
1
m
1
m
;1
Vy : vi 2 < m 1 th tho yu cu bi ton .
2. y = x 3 + 3x 2 + m + 1 x + 4m nghch bin trn khong 1;1 .
* Hm s cho xc nh trn khong 1;1 .

* Ta c : y ' = 3x 2 + 6x + m + 1
Cch 1 :
Hm s cho nghch bin trn khong 1;1 khi v ch khi
( ) hay.
Xt hm s g ( x ) = ( 3x + 6x + 1) , x ( 1;1)
g ' ( x ) = 6x 6 < 0, x ( 1;1) g ( x ) nghch bin trn khong ( 1;1)
v lim g ( x ) = 2, lim g ( x ) = 10
y ' 0, x 1;1
x 1+
x 1
* Bng bin thin.

x
g' x
( )
( )
g x
10
Vy m 10 tho yu cu bi ton .
Cch 2 :
f '' x = 6x + 6
( )
( )
cho nghch bin trn khong ( 1;1) khi v ch khi m lim g ( x ) = 10 .
Nghim ca phng trnh f '' x = 0 l x = 1 < 1 . Do , hm s

x 1
Vy m 10 tho yu cu bi ton .
20
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Bi tp t luyn:
Tm m cc hm s sau:
mx 1
1. y =
lun nghch bin khong 2; + .
x m
x 2m
2. y =
lun nghch bin khong 1;2 .
2m + 3 x m
( )
x 2 2m
lun nghch bin khong ; 0 .
x m
m 1 x2 + m
4. y =
lun nghch bin khong 0;1 .
x + 3m
V d 2 : Tm m cc hm s sau
3. y =
( )
(
1. y = 2x 3 2x 2 + mx 1 ng bin trn khong 1; + .
2. y = mx 3 x 2 + 3x + m 2 ng bin trn khong 3; 0 .

3. y =
1
mx 3 + 2 m 1 x 2 + m 1 x + m ng bin trn khong 2; + .
3
Gii :
1. y = 2x 3 2x 2 + mx 1 ng bin trn khong 1; + .
* Hm s cho xc nh trn khong 1; + .

* Ta c : y ' = 6x 2 4x + m
Hm s cho ng bin trn khong 1; + khi v ch khi
( ) ( )
Xt hm s g ( x ) = 6x 4x lin tc trn khong (1; + ) , ta c
g ' ( x ) = 12x 4 > 0, x > 1 g ( x ) ng bin trn khong (1; + )
v lim g ( x ) = lim ( 6x 4x ) = 2, lim g ( x ) = +
y ' 0, x 1; + g x = 6x 2 4x m, x > 1
2
x 1+
x +
x 1+
* Bng bin thin.

x
g' x
( )
( )
g x
2
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra 2 m m 2
21
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
2. y = mx 3 x 2 + 3x + m 2 ng bin trn khong 3; 0 .
* Hm s cho xc nh trn khong 3; 0 .

* Ta c : y ' = 3mx 2 2x + 3
Hm s cho ng bin trn khong 3; 0 khi v ch khi y ' 0,
x 3; 0 .
Hay 3mx 2 2x + 3 0, x 3; 0 m
( )
Xt hm s g x =
2x 3
, x 3; 0
3x 2
2x 3
lin tc trn khong 3; 0 , ta c
3x 2
6x 2 + 18x
< 0, x 3; 0 g x nghch bin trn khong 3; 0
9x 4
4
v lim+ g x = , lim g x =
x 3
27 x 0
* Bng bin thin.
x
3
0
g' x
( )
g' x =
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
g x
4
27
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra m
4
27
1
mx 3 + 2 m 1 x 2 + m 1 x + m ng bin trn khong 2; + .
3
* Hm s cho xc nh trn khong 2; + .
3. y =
)
Hm s ng bin trn khong ( 2; + ) khi v ch khi
y ' 0, x ( 2; + ) mx + 4 (m 1) x + m 1 0, x ( 2; + )
* Ta c : y ' = mx 2 + 4 m 1 x + m 1
x 2 + 4x + 1 m 4x + 1, x 2; + m
( )
Xt hm s g x =
4x + 1
, x 2; +
x + 4x + 1
2
4x + 1
, x 2; +
x 2 + 4x + 1
22
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
( )
g' x =
2x 2x + 1
(x
+ 4x + 1
( )
< 0, x 2; + g x nghch bin trn khong
(2; + ) v lim g (x ) = 139 , lim g (x ) = 0

x +
x 2+
Bng bin thin.
x
g' x
( )
9
13
( )
g x
Vy m
9
tho yu cu bi ton .
13
Bi tp t luyn:
Tm m cc hm s sau:
mx 2 + m + 1 x 1
1. y =
ng bin trn khong 1; + .
2x m
2. y = x 3 mx 2 2m 2
)
7m + 7 ) x + 2 (m 1)( 2m 3 ) ng bin trn
khong 2; + .
1
mx 3 (m 1)x 2 + 3(m 2)x + 1 ng bin trn khong 2; + .
3
V d 3 : Tm m cc hm s sau :
3. y =
1. y =
mx 2 + 6x 2
nghch bin trn na khong 2; + .
x +2
2. y = x 3 (m + 1)x 2 (2m 2 3m + 2)x + m(2m 1) ng bin trn na
khong 1; + .
Gii :
mx 2 + 6x 2
nghch bin trn na khong 2; + .
x +2
* Hm s cho xc nh trn na khong 2; +
1. y =
* Ta c y ' =
mx 2 + 4mx + 14
(x + 2)2
23
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Hm nghch bin trn na khong [1; +) f (x ) = mx 2 + 4mx + 14 0 ,
)()
x 1; + * .
Cch 1: Dng tam thc bc hai
()
Nu m = 0 khi * khng tha mn.

Nu m 0 . Khi f (x ) c = 4m 2 14m
Bng xt du
m
0
7
2
'
7
th f (x ) > 0 x , nu f (x ) c hai nghim x 1, x 2 th
2
f (x ) 0 x (x 1; x 2 ) nn * khng tha mn.
Nu 0 < m <
()
Nu m < 0 hoc m >
7
. Khi f (x ) = 0 c hai nghim
2
2m + 4m 2 14m
2m 4m 2 14m
x1
; x2 =
m
m
x x 1
7
V m < 0 hoc m > x 1 < x 2 f (x ) 0
2
x x 2
Do f (x ) 0 x 1; + x 2 1 3m 4m 2 14m
m < 0
14
2
m .
5
5m + 14m 0
14
= g (x ) x 1; + m min g(x )
Cch 2: (*) m
x 1
x 2 + 4x
14
14
Ta c min g (x ) = g (1) =
m .
5
5
x 1
2. y = x 3 (m + 1)x 2 (2m 2 3m + 2)x + m(2m 1) ng bin trn na
khong 1; + .
* Hm s cho xc nh trn na khong 1; +
* Ta c y ' = 3x 2 2(m + 1)x (2m 2 3m + 2)
Hm ng bin trn na khong 2; + . y ' 0, x 2; +
)
24
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
f (x ) = 3x 2 2(m + 1)x (2m 2 3m + 2) 0, x 2; +
V tam thc f (x ) c ' = 7m 2 7m + 7 > 0 m nn f (x ) c hai nghim

m +1 '
m + 1 + '
; x2 =
.
3
3
x x 1
V x 1 < x 2 nn f (x )
.
x x 2
x1 =
Do f (x ) 0 x 2; + x 2 2 ' 5 m
m 5
m 5
3
2 m
2
2
2
' (5 m )
2m + m 6 0
Bi tp t luyn :
Tm m cc hm s sau :
x2 + m 2 x 2
1. y =
x +m
ng bin trn na khong ;1 .
1 3
x + m 1 x 2 m 1 x + 1 nghch bin trn na khong ; 2 .
3
1
2
3. y = mx 3 m 1 x 2 + 3 m 2 x + ng bin trn na khong
3
3
2; + .
2. y =
4. y =
2x 2 + (1 m )x + 1 + m
ng bin trn na khong 1; + .
x m
V d 4 : Tm tt c cc tham s m hm s y = x 3 + 3x 2 + mx + m nghch
bin trn on c di bng 1 ?.
Gii :
* Ta c : y ' = 3x 2 + 6x + m c ' = 9 3m
i Nu m 3 th y ' 0, x , khi hm s lun ng bin trn , do
m 3 khng tho yu cu bi ton .
i Nu m < 3 , khi y ' = 0 c hai nghim phn bit x 1, x 2 x 1 < x 2 v hm s
nghch bin trong on x 1; x 2 vi di l = x 2 x 1

Theo Vi-t, ta c : x 1 + x 2 = 2, x 1x 2 =
m
3
25
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Hm s nghch bin trn on c di bng 1 l = 1

2
2
4
9
x 2 x 1 = 1 x 1 + x 2 4x 1x 2 = 1 4 m = 1 m = .
3
4
Bi tp tng t :
1. Tm tt c cc tham s m hm s y = x 3 3m 2x 2 + x + m 1 nghch
2. Tm tt c cc tham s m hm s y = x 3 + m 2x 2 + mx + 3m + 5 ng
V d 5: Tm m hm s y = x + m cos x ng bin trn .
Gii:
* Ta c y ' = 1 m sin x .
Cch 1: Hm ng bin trn
y ' 0, x 1 m sin x 0, x m sin x 1,x (1)
* m = 0 th (1) lun ng
1
1
x 1
0 < m 1.
m
m
1
1
* m < 0 th (1) sin x
x R 1
1 m < 0 .
m
m
Vy 1 m 1 l nhng gi tr cn tm.
* m > 0 th (1) sin x
Cch 2: Hm ng bin trn y ' 0 x

1 m 0
min y ' = min{1 m;1 + m} 0
1 m 1 .
1 + m 0
Bi tp t luyn:
1. Tm m hm s y = x m 1 + m cos x nghch bin trn .
2. Tm m hm s y = x .sin x + m cos x ng bin trn .
Dng 5 : S dng tnh n iu ca hm s CM bt ng thc.
( )
Xt hm s y = f ( x ) , x (a;b ) .
( )
a bt ng thc v dng f x M , x a ;b .
( )
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s trn khong a;b .

Da vo bng bin thin v kt lun.
26
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt

V d 1 : Vi x 0; .Chng minh rng :
2
1. sin x + t a n x > 2x
2 sin x
2.
<
<1
x
Gii :
1. sin x + t a n x > 2x

* Xt hm s f x = sin x + t a n x 2x lin tc trn na khong 0; .
2

1
1
* Ta c : f ' x = cos x +
2 > cos2 x +
2 > 0, x 0;
2
2
cos x
cos x
2

f x l hm s ng bin trn 0; v f x > f 0 , x 0;
2
2

hay sin x + t a n x > 2x , x 0; (pcm).
2
T bi ton trn ta c bi ton sau : Chng minh rng tam gic ABC c ba
gc nhn th sin A + sin B + sin C + tan A + tan B + tan C > 2
2 sin x
2.
<
<1
x
sin x
* Vi x > 0 th
< 1 (xem v d 2 )
x

sin x
* Xt hm s f x =
lin tc trn na khong 0; .
x
2

x .cos x sin x
* Ta c f ' x =
, x 0; .
2
x
2

* Xt hm s g x = x . cos x sin x lin trc trn on 0; v c
2

g ' x = x . sin x < 0, x 0; g x lin tc v nghch bin trn on
2

0; v ta c g x < g 0 = 0, x 0;
2
2
g' x

* T suy ra f ' x =
< 0, x 0; f x lin tc v nghch
2
x
2

2

bin trn na khong 0; , ta c f x > f = , x 0; .
2
2
2
( )
( )
( )
( )
()
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
()
( )
( )
( )
27
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Bi tp tng t :

Chng minh rng vi mi x 0; ta lun c:
2
1. tan x > x
3. 2 sin x + tan x > 3x
3
3
x
4.
<x
2. tan x > x +
2
3
+ cot x
sin x
V d 2 : Chng minh rng :

1. sin x x , x 0;
2
2. sin x > x
x3
3!
3. cos x < 1

,x 0;
2

x2 x4
+
, x 0;
2 24
2
sin x

4.
> cos x , x 0; .
x
2
Gii :

1. sin x x , x 0;
2

* Xt hm s f (x ) = sin x x lin tc trn on x 0;
2

* Ta c: f '(x ) = cos x 1 0 ,x 0; f (x ) l hm nghch bin trn
2

on 0; .
2

Suy ra f (x ) f (0) = 0 sin x x x 0; (pcm).
2
2. sin x > x
x3
3!

,x 0;
2

x3
* Xt hm s f (x ) = sin x x +
lin tc trn na khong x 0; .
6
2
* Ta c: f '(x ) = cos x 1 +

x2
f "(x ) = sin x + x 0 x 0; (theo
2
2
cu 1)

f '(x ) f '(0) = 0 x 0; f (x ) f (0) = 0 x 0;
2
2
28
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
sin x > x

x3
, x 0; (pcm).
3!
2
3. cos x < 1

x2 x4
+
, x 0;
2 24
2
* Xt hm s g (x ) = cos x 1 +

x2 x4

2 24
2

x3
0 x 0; (theo cu
6
2

2) g(x ) g(0) = 0 x 0;
2
* Ta c: g '(x ) = sin x + x

x2 x4
cos x < 1
+
, x 0; (pcm).
2 24
2
3
sin x

4.
> cos x , x 0; .
x
2

, x 0;
2
x3
Theo kt qu cu 2, ta c: sin x > x
6
3
sin x
sin x
x2
x2
x2 x4
x6
1
1
>1
>
x
6
6
2 12 216
x
sin x
x2 x4 x4
x2
>
+
+
1
(1
)
2 24 24
9
x
3

sin x
x2
x2 x4
V x 0; 1
>0
+
>1
9
2 24
2
x
Mt khc, theo cu 3: 1

x2 x4
+
> cos x ,x 0;
2 24
2
sin x

Suy ra
> cos x ,x 0; (pcm).
x
2
sin x
Nhn xt: Ta c 0 < sin x < x 0 <

< 1 x (0; ) nn
x
2
29
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
sin x
sin x
x
x
3 . Do , ta c kt qu sau
sin x

Chng minh rng: vi 3 , ta lun c:
cos x x 0; .
x
2
Bi tp tng t :
Chng minh rng :
1
1
x2
x2 x4
1. 1
< cos x < 1
+
, x 0 2. x sin x > 1 2 , x > 0
6x
2
2 24
V d 3 : Chng minh rng
* Xt hm s f (x ) =
* Ta c: f '(x ) =
sin2 x
1
sin2 x
2 cos x
sin 3 x
x2
x3
+1
x2
Gii :

, x 0;
2

2
<
2(x 3 cos x + sin 3 x )

x 3 sin 3 x
sin x

Theo kt qu cu 4 - v d 2 , ta c:
> cos x ,x 0;
x
2

x 3 cos x + sin 3 x > 0 ,x 0; f '(x ) > 0 ,x 0;
2
2

4
f (x ) f = 1
, x 0;
2
2
2

1
1
4
Do vy:
<
+1
, x 0; (pcm).
2
sin2 x x 2
2
Bi tp tng t :

4x
1. Chng minh rng : sin2 x <
x vi mi x 0; .
2
2

2
x
2. Chng minh rng : sin x > x +
4x 2 vi mi x 0; .
12
2
V d 4 : Vi 0 x <
2. sin x
. Chng minh rng 2
+2
ta n x
3
x +1
2
>2
Gii :
30
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
2. sin x
+2
* Ta c: 2
ta n x

2 sin x
2. 2
1
sin x + t a n x
2
2
3x
22
.2
ta n x
1
sin x + t a n x
2
2.2

1
3
t a n x x x 0; .
2
2
2

1
3x
* Xt hm s f x = sin x + t a n x
lin tc trn na khong 0; .
2
2
2
Ta chng minh:
sin x +
( )
( )
* Ta c: f ' x = cos x +
1
2.cos2 x
3 2 cos3 x 3 cos2 x + 1
=
2
2 cos2 x
(cos x 1)2 (2 cos x + 1)

2 cos2 x

0 , x 0; .
2
f (x ) ng bin trn
1
3
[0; ) f (x ) f (0) = 0 sin x + tan x x , x 0; (pcm).
2
2
2
2
V d 5 : Chng minh bt ng thc sau vi mi s t nhin n > 1
n1+
n
n n
n
+ 1
<2
n
n
Gii :
n
* t x =
( )
n
0;1 , n N * .
n
* Bt ng thc cn chng minh l:
( )
1 + x + n 1 x < 2, x 0;1
( )
* Xt hm f x = n 1 + x + n 1 x , x [0;1)
1
1
f' x =
nn
1+x
( )
< 0, x 0;1
( )
(1 x )
Vy f ( x ) gim trn ( 0;1) nn f ( x ) < f ( 0 ) = 2, x ( 0;1) .
n 1
n 1
V d 6:
1. Cho x y z 0 .Chng minh rng :
x z y x y z
+ + + +
z y x y z x
2. Cho x, y, z > 0 .Chng minh rng:

x 4 + y 4 + z 4 + xyz (x + y + z ) xy(x 2 + y 2 ) + yz (y 2 + z 2 ) + zx (z 2 + x 2 )
Gii :
31
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
1 Cho x y z 0 .Chng minh rng :
x z y x y z
+ + + +
z y x y z x
x y z 0
x z y x y z
+ + + + .
z y x y z x
1 1
y
z
1
1
* Ta c: f '(x ) = ( ) ( ) = (y z )( ) 0, x 0
z y
yz x 2
x2 x2
f x l hm s ng bin x 0 f (x ) f (y ) = 0 pcm.
* Xt hm s : f (x ) =
()
2. Cho x, y, z > 0 Chng minh rng:

x 4 + y 4 + z 4 + xyz (x + y + z ) xy(x 2 + y 2 ) + yz (y 2 + z 2 ) + zx (z 2 + x 2 ) .
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s: x y z > 0 .
* Xt hm s
f (x ) = x 4 + y 4 + z 4 + xyz (x + y + z ) xy(x 2 + y 2 ) yz (y 2 + z 2 ) zx (z 2 + x 2 )
* Ta c f '(x ) = 4x 3 3x 2 (y + z ) + xyz + yz (x + y + z ) (y 3 + z 3 )
f "(x ) = 12x 2 6x (y + z ) + 2yz
f "(x ) > 0 (do x y z ) f '(x ) f '(y ) = z 2y z 3 = z 2 (y z ) 0 nn
f (x ) l hm s ng
bin. f (x ) f (y ) = z 4 2z 3y + y 2z 2 = z 2 (z y )2 0 pcm.
V d 7:
a
b
c
3
+
+
.
a +b b +c c +a 2
Cho 0 < a b c . Chng minh rng:
1. Cho a,b, c > 0 . Chng minh rng:

2.
2a
2b
2c
(c a )2
+
+
3+
.
b +c c +a a +b
a(c + a )
Gii :
a
b
c
3
1. Cho a,b, c > 0 . Chng minh rng:
+
+
a +b b +c c +a 2
b
c
a
* t x = , y = , z = xyz = 1 v bt ng thc cho
a
b
c
1
1
1
3
+
+
.
1+x 1+y 1+z 2
32
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
* Gi s z 1 xy 1 nn c:
1
1
2
2 z
+
=
1 + x 1 + y 1 + xy 1 + z
1
1
1
2 z
1
2t
1
+
+
+
=
+
= f (t ) vi
1 + x 1 + y 1 + z 1 + z 1 + z 1 + t 1 + t2
t = z 1
* Ta c: f '(t ) =
f (t ) f (1) =
2
(1 + t )2
2t
(1 + t 2 )2
2(1 t )
(1 + t 2 )2
3
, t 1 pcm.
2
2. Cho 0 < a b c . Chng minh rng:

* t
2a
2b
2c
(c a )2
+
+
3+
b +c c +a a +b
a(c + a )
b
c
= , = x ,1 x . Khi bt ng thc cn chng minh tr
a
a
2
2
2x
x2 + x + 4
+
+
+x 1+x 1+
x +1
x +1
2x (x + 1)
)
x 2 + x + 1 (2
+ 2 +
+x
1+
x +1
2x (x + 1)
* Xt hm s f (x ) = x 2 + x + 1 (2
+ 2 +
),
+x
1+
2(2x + 1)
1
* Ta c: f '(x ) = 2x + 1
2
+1
(x + )2
thnh
2x +1
2
f '(x ) = ( 1)
0,
+1 (x + )2
1 x
1 x
Nh vy hm f (x ) l ng bin do f (x ) f ( ) = 2 3 + 3
Nhng f '( ) = 2 3 +
= + +
3 3 3 . .
3 =0
f (x ) f ( ) f (1) = 0 pcm.
Bi tp t luyn:
1.
Cho hm s f x = 2 sin x + t a n x 3x
( )
33
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt

a ) Chng minh rng hm s ng bin trn na khong 0; .
2

b ) Chng minh rng 2 sin x + t a n x > 3x vi mi x 0; .
2
2.

a ) Chng minh rng t a n x > x vi mi x 0; .
2

x3
b ) Chng minh rng t a n x > x +
vi mi x 0; .
3
2
3.

4
Cho hm s f x = x t a n x vi mi x 0;
4

a ) Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s trn on 0; .
4

4
b ) T suy ra rng x t a n x vi mi x 0; .
4
4.
Chng minh rng cc bt ng thc sau :
a ) sin x < x vi mi x > 0
b ) sin x > x vi mi x < 0
( )
x2
c) cos x > 1
vi mi x 0
2
x3
d ) sin x > x
vi mi x > 0
6
x3
e ) sin x < x
vi mi x < 0
6

f ) sin x + t a n x > 2x vi mi x 0; .
2
Dng 6 : Dng n iu hm s gii v bin lun phng trnh v
bt phng trnh .
Ch 1 :
Nu hm s y = f x lun n iu nghim cch trn D ( hoc lun ng bin
( )
( )
hoc lun nghch bin trn D ) th s nghim ca phng trnh : f x = k s
( )
()
khng nhiu hn mt v f x = f y
khi v ch khi x = y .
34
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Ch 2:
Nu hm s y = f x lun n iu nghim cch trn D ( hoc lun ng
( )
( )
bin hoc lun nghch bin trn D ) v hm s y = g x lun n iu nghim

ngoc ( hoc lun ng bin hoc lun nghch bin ) trn D , th s nghim trn
D ca phng trnh f x = g x khng nhiu hn mt.
Nu
( ) ( )
hm s y = f ( x ) c o hm n cp n
trn D v phng trnh
f (k )(x ) = 0 c m nghim, khi phng trnh f (k 1)(x ) = 0 c nhiu nht l

m + 1 nghim.
Ch 3:
Nu hm s y = f x xc nh trn D v c f x > 0 hoc f x < 0 trn I
( )
( )
( )
th f ' x ng bin hoc lun lun nghch bin trn I
( )
nn f ' ( x ) = 0 nhiu
( )
nht 1 nghim trn I suy ra f x nhiu nht 2 nghim trn I .
x + 3x + 1 = x 2 + x + 1 .
V d : Gii phng trnh :
Gii :
iu kin : x 0
( )
Xt hm s f x = x + 3x + 1 x 2 + x + 1 trn na khong 0; + .
( )
Ta c : f x =
( )
V f x =
1
2 x
1
4 x
3
2 3x + 1
9
4
2x 1
( 3x + 1)
( )
2 < 0, x > 0 , suy ra phng trnh
()
()
f x = 0 nhiu nht 2 nghim v f 0 = f 1 = 0 x = 0, x = 1 l 2
nghim ca phng trnh.

V d 1 : Gii cc phng trnh
1. 3x (2 + 9x 2 + 3) + (4x + 2)( 1 + x + x 2 + 1) = 0
3
2. x 3 4x 2 5x + 6 = 7x 2 + 9x 4
Gii :
1. 3x (2 + 9x 2 + 3) + (4x + 2)( 1 + x + x 2 + 1) = 0 (1)
Phng trnh (1) 3x (2 + (3x )2 + 3) = (2x + 1)(2 + (2x + 1)2 + 3) (2)

35
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
t u = 3x , v = 2x + 1, u, v > 0
Phng trnh (1) u(2 + u 2 + 3) = v(2 + v 2 + 3)
(3)
* Xt hm s f (t ) = 2t + t 4 + 3t 2 lin tc trn khong
2t 3 + 3t
* Ta c f '(t ) = 2 +
()
> 0, t > 0 f t ng bin trn khong
t 4 + 3t 2
( 0; + ) .
( 0; + )
Khi phng trnh (3) f (u ) = f (v ) u = v 3x = 2x + 1 x =

Vy x =
1
5
1
l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
5
3
2. x 3 4x 2 5x + 6 = 7x 2 + 9x 4 .
3
t y = y = 7x 2 + 9x 4 . Khi phng trnh cho

3
2
x 4x 5x + 6 = y
2
3
7x + 9x 4 = y
x 3 4x 2 5x + 6 = y
3
3
2
y + y = x + 3x + 4x + 2
2
3
x 4x 5x + 6 = y
3
3
y + y = x + 1 + x + 1 *
()
(I )
( ) ( ) (a )
* Xt hm f (t ) = t + t, t
* V f ' (t ) = 3t + 1 > 0, t nn hm s ng bin trn tp s thc .
Khi (a ) y = x + 1
x 4x 5x + 6 = y
x 4x 6x + 5 = 0 ( * *)
H ( I )
( *) c dng
f y = f x +1
3
y = x + 1
y = x + 1
1 + 5 1 5
Gii phng trnh * * ta c tp nghim : S = 5,
,
.
2
2
( )
V d 2 : Chng minh rng phng trnh: 2x 2 x 2 = 11 c nghim duy nht

Gii :
Cch 1 :
Xt hm s y = 2x 2 x 2 lin tc trn na khong 2; + .
36
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Ta c: y ' =
x 5x 8
x 2
Bng bin thin :
x
y'
) > 0, x
(2; + )
lim y = lim 2x 2 x 2 = +
x +
x +
+
+
y
0
Da vo bng bin thin ta thy th ca hm s y = 2x 2 x 2 lun ct

ng thng y = 11 ti duy nht mt im. Do phng trnh
2x 2 x 2 = 11 c nghim duy nht .
Cch 2:
( )
)
Ta c f ( 2 ) = 11, f ( 3 ) = 7 . V f ( 2 ) .f ( 3 ) = 77 < 0 f ( x ) = 0 c t nht
mt nghim trong khong ( 2; 3 ) .
x ( 5x 8 )
f ' (x ) =
> 0, x ( 2; + ) f ( x ) lin tc v ng bin trn khong
Xt hm s y = f x = 2x 2 x 2 11 lin tc trn na khong 2; + .
(2; 3 ) .
x 2
( )
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht thuc khong 2; 3 .

V d 3 : Gii bt phng trnh sau : 5x 1 + x + 3 4
Gii :
1
iu kin : x
5
* Xt hm s f (x ) = 5x 1 + x + 3 lin tc trn na khong ; +

5
5
1
1
* Ta c : f '(x ) =
+
> 0 ,x > f x
5
2 5x 1 2 x 1
( )
l hm s ng bin trn na khong ; + v f (1) = 4 , khi bt phng

5
trnh cho f (x ) f (1) x 1.

Vy bt phng trnh cho c nghim l x 1 .
37
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
V d 4 : Gii bt phng trnh sau 3 3 2x +
2x 1
2x 6
Gii :
iu kin:
1
3
<x
2
2
* Bt phng trnh cho 3 3 2x +
5
2x 1
2x + 6 f (x ) g (x ) (*)
1 3
lin tc trn na khong ;
2x 1
2 2
1 3
3
5
< 0, x ; f (x ) l hm
3 2x ( 2x 1)3
2 2
* Xt hm s f (x ) = 3 3 2x +
* Ta c : f '(x ) =
1 3
nghch bin trn na on ; .
2 2
Hm s g (x ) = 2x + 6 l hm ng bin trn v f (1) = g(1) = 8
i Nu x > 1 f (x ) < f (1) = 8 = g(1) < g(x ) (*) ng
i Nu x < 1 f (x ) > f (1) = 8 = g(1) > g(x ) (*) v nghim.
Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l: 1 x
3
.
2
V d 5 : Gii bt phng trnh sau

(x + 2)(2x 1) 3 x + 6 4 (x + 6)(2x 1) + 3 x + 2
Gii :
1
iu kin: x .
2
Bt phng trnh cho ( x + 2 + x + 6)( 2x 1 3) 4
(*)
i Nu 2x 1 3 0 x 5 (*) lun ng.

i Nu x > 5
* Xt hm s f (x ) = ( x + 2 + x + 6)( 2x 1 3) lin tc trn khong
( 5; + )
* Ta c:
f '(x ) = (
( )
1
2 x +2
1
2 x +6
)( 2x 1 3) +
x +2 + x +6
2x 1
> 0, x > 5
f x ng bin trn khong 5; + v f (7) = 4 , do
(*) f (x ) f (7) x 7 .
38
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l:

V d 6 : Gii bt phng trnh sau
1
x 7.
2
2x 3 + 3x 2 + 6x + 16 < 2 3 + 4 x
Gii :
2x 3 + 3x 2 + 6x + 16 0
iu kin:
2 x 4. .
4 x 0
Bt phng trnh cho
2x 3 + 3x 2 + 6x + 16 4 x < 2 3 f (x ) < 2 3
( *)
* Xt hm s f (x ) = 2x 3 + 3x 2 + 6x + 16 4 x lin tc trn on
2; 4 .
3(x + x + 1)
* Ta c: f '(x ) =
2x + 3x + 6x + 16
( )
> 0, x 2; 4 f x
2 4x
ng bin trn na khong 2; 4 v f (1) = 2 3 , do
(*) f (x ) < f (1) x < 1 .

Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l: 2 x < 1 .
V d 7 : Chng minh rng x 4 x + 1 > 0 , x
Gii :
* Xt hm s f (x ) = x 4 x + 1 lin tc trn .
* Ta c f '(x ) = 4x 3 1 v f '(x ) = 0 x =
1
3
* V f '(x ) i du t m sang dng khi x qua
min f (x ) = f (
1
3
)=
1
3
4
4 4
Vy f (x ) > 0 , x .
1
3
1
3
, do
+1 > 0
V d 8 : Chng minh rng phng trnh : x 5 +
2009 = 0 c
x 2
2
ng hai nghim dng phn bit.

Gii :
* iu kin: x > 2 (do x > 0 ).
39
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
* Xt hm s : f (x ) = x 5 +
2009 vi x > 2 .
x 2
2
* Ta c f '(x ) = 5x 4
(x 2 2)3
3x
f "(x ) = 20x 3 +
> 0 ,x > 2
(x 2)
f '(x ) = 0 c nhiu nht mt nghim f (x ) = 0 c nhiu nht l hai
nghim.
2
lim f (x ) = +, f ( 3) < 0, lim f (x ) = + f (x ) = 0 c hai nghim
M:
x 2
x1
x +
2; 3 v x 2 > 3 .
V d 9 : Gii h phng trnh
2x + 3 +
1.
2y + 3 +
4 x = 4 (2)
x 3 + 2x = y
2. 3
y + 2y = x
(1)
(2)
4 y = 4 (1)
x 3 3x = y 3 3y (1)
3.
6
6
(2)
x + y = 1
Gii :
2x + 3 +
1.
2y + 3 +
4 y = 4 (1)
4 x = 4 (2)
3
x 4
iu kin: 2
.
3 y 4
2
Cch 1:
Tr (1) v (2) ta c:
2x + 3
4x =
* Xt hm s f (t ) =
2y + 3
2t + 3
4 y
(3)
4 t lin tc trn on ; 4 .
2
40
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
* Ta c:
3
> 0, t ; 4
2t + 3 2 4 t
2
(3) f (x ) = f (y ) x = y .
Thay x = y vo (1) ,ta c:
1
f / (x ) =
2x + 3 +
4 x = 4 x + 7 + 2 (2x + 3)(4 x ) = 16
x = 3
9 x 0
2 2x + 5x + 12 = 9 x 2

x = 11
9
38
33
0
x
x
+
=
11
x = 3 x =
9 .
,
Vy h phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit
y
=
3
11
y =
9
Cch 2:
2
Tr (1) v (2) ta c:
2x + 3
) (
2y + 3 +
(2x + 3) (2y + 3)
2x + 3 +
2y + 3
4y
4x
(4 y ) (4 x )
4y +
4x
)=0
=0
2
1
(x y )
+
= 0(*).
4 y + 4x
2x + 3 + 2y + 3
2
1
V
+
> 0 nn ( * ) x = y
2x + 3 + 2y + 3
4y + 4x
Thay x = y vo (1) ,ta c:
2x + 3 +
4 x = 4 x + 7 + 2 (2x + 3)(4 x ) = 16
x = 3
9 x 0
2 2x + 5x + 12 = 9 x 2

x = 11
9
x
38
x
+
33
=
0
11
x = 3 x =
9 .
,
y
=
3
11
y =
9
2
x 3 + 2x = y
2. 3
y + 2y = x
(1)
(2)
Cch 1 :
41
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
* Xt hm s f (t ) = t 3 + 2t f / (t ) = 3t 2 + 2 > 0, t .
f (x ) = y (1)
* H phng trnh tr thnh
.
f (y ) = x (2)
+ Nu x > y f (x ) > f (y ) y > x (do (1) v (2) dn n mu thun).
+ Nu x < y f (x ) < f (y ) y < x (mu thun).
Suy ra x = y , th vo h ta c
x 3 + x = 0 x x 2 + 1 = 0 x = 0 v x 2 + 1 > 0.
x = 0
Vy h c nghim duy nht
.
y = 0
Cch 2:
Tr (1) v (2) ta c:
x 3 y 3 + 3x 3y = 0 (x y )(x 2 + y 2 + xy + 3) = 0
2
y
3y 2
(x y ) x + +
+ 3 = 0 x = y
2
4

Th x = y vo (1) v (2) ta c: x 3 + x = 0 x x 2 + 1 = 0 x = 0
x = 0
Vy h phng trnh c nghim duy nht
.
y = 0
x 3 3x = y 3 3y (1)
3.
6
6
(2)
x + y = 1
T (1) v (2) suy ra 1 x , y 1
(1) f (x ) = f (y ) (*)
* Xt hm s f (t ) = t 3t lin tc trn on [ 1;1] , ta c
3
()
f '(t ) = 3(t 2 1) 0 t [ 1;1] f t nghch bin trn on [ 1;1]

* Do : (*) x = y thay vo (2) ta c nghim ca h l:
x =y =
1
6
V d 10 : Gii h phng trnh

1
1
(1)
x = y
1.
x
y
2x 2 xy 1 = 0 (2)
1
1
(1)
x = y
2.
x
y
2y = x 3 + 1 (2)
Gii :
42
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
1
1
(1)
x = y
1.
x
y
2x 2 xy 1 = 0 (2)
iu kin: x 0, y 0 . Ta c:
y = x
(1) (x y ) 1 +
1
=0
xy
y = .
x
i y = x phng trnh (2) x 2 1 = 0 x = 1 .
1
i y = phng trnh (2) v nghim.
x
x = 1 x = 1
.
;
y = 1 y = 1
Bnh lun:
1
1
(1)
x = y
Cch gii sau y sai:
.
x
y
2
2x xy 1 = 0 (2)
iu kin: x 0, y 0 .
* Xt hm s
1
1
f (t ) = t , t \ {0} f / (t ) = 1 +
> 0, t \ {0} .
t
t2
Suy ra (1) f (x ) = f (y ) x = y !
Sai do hm s f (t ) n iu trn 2 khong ri nhau (c th
f ( 1 ) = f ( 1 ) = 0 ).
1
1
(1)
x = y
2.
x
y
2y = x 3 + 1
(2)
Cch 1:
iu kin: x 0, y 0.
x = y
x y
(1) x y +
= 0 (x y ) 1 +
1
=0
xy
xy
y = .
x
x = 1
i x = y phng trnh (2)
x = 1 5 .
43
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
i y =
1
phng trnh (2) x 4 + x + 2 = 0.
x
Xt hm s f (x ) = x 4 + x + 2 f / (x ) = 4x 3 + 1 = 0 x =
1
3
3
1
f
=2
> 0, lim = lim = +
x
x +
34
43 4
f (x ) > 0, x x 4 + x + 2 = 0 v nghim.
Cch 2:
iu kin: x 0, y 0.
x = y
x y
1
(1) x y +
= 0 (x y ) 1 +
1
=0
xy
xy
y = .
x
x = 1
i x = y phng trnh (2)
x = 1 5 .
2
i y =
1
phng trnh (2) x 4 + x + 2 = 0.
x
i Vi x < 1 x + 2 > 0 x 4 + x + 2 > 0 .

i Vi x 1 x 4 x x x 4 + x + 2 > 0 .
Suy ra phng trnh (2) v nghim.

1 + 5
1 5
x =
x = 1 x =
2
2
y = 1 y = 1 + 5 y = 1 5
2
2
Bi tp t luyn:
1. Gii phng trnh:
3x + 1 + x + 7x + 2 = 4
5x 3 1 + 3 2x 1 + x = 4
81
2. Gii phng trnh: 81 sin10 x + cos10 x =
*
256
3. Gii bt phng trnh:
a.
b.
()
(x + 2)(2x 1) 3 x + 6 4 (x + 6)(2x 1) + 3 x + 2
Dng 7 : Dng n iu hm s gii v bin lun phng trnh v
bt phng trnh cha tham s.
Cho hm s f x ; m = 0 xc nh vi mi x I
( *)
44
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
()
( )
( )
Bin i * v dng f x = f m
( )
Xt hm s y = f x lin tc trn I
Dng tnh cht n iu ca hm s v kt lun.
V d 1: Tm tham s thc m ptrnh x + 3x 2 + 1 = m c nghim thc .

Gii :
( )
* Xt hm s f x = x + 3x 2 + 1 v y = m
( )
* Hm s f x = x + 3x 2 + 1 lin tc trn .
3x
( )
* Ta c : f ' x = 1 +
3x 2 + 1
x < 0
3x 2 + 1 = 3x 2
2
3x + 1 = 9x
( )
f' x =0
3x 2 + 1
3x 2 + 1 + 3x
x < 0
6
,f
1 6 x =
6
=
x =
6
6
6
6
3
6
6
6
m f x = m do m
th phng
3
3
( )
( )
Bng bin thin : suy ra f x

trnh cho c nghim thc .
V d 2 : Tm tham s thc m phng trnh :
()
x 2 + 1 x = m 1 c
nghim thc .
Gii :
( )
* Xt hm s f x = x + 1 x lin tc trn na khong 0; + .
1
1
x
* Ta c : f ' x =
<0
3
2 4 2
x
x +1
x
x
1
x
1
V
<
=
< 0 nn
4
3
6
3
2
2
x
x
x
4
4
x +1
x +1
( )
( )
( )
f ' x < 0, x > 0 f x nghch bin trn na khong 0; + v
lim f (x ) = 0 , nn 0 < f (x ) 1, x 0; + .
x+
()
Vy, phng trnh 1 c nghim thc trn na khong 0; + 0 < m 1

45
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
V d 3: Tm tham s thc m phng trnh :
( 4m 3 )
x + 3 + 3m 4
()
1 x + m 1 = 0, 2 c nghim thc.
Gii :
iu kin: 3 x 1 .
* Phng trnh (2) m =
3 x + 3 + 4 1x +1
4 x + 3 + 3 1x +1
* Nhn thy rng:
x +3
) +(
2
1x
x + 3 1x
+
=4
2 2
=1
* Nn tn ti gc 0; , t = t a n ; t 0;1 sao cho:

2
2
x + 3 = 2 sin = 2
1 t2
2t
1
2
cos
2
v
x
=
=
1 + t2
1 + t2
3 x + 3 + 4 1x +1
7t 2 + 12t + 9
m=
m =
=f t , 3
5t 2 + 16t + 7
4 x + 3 + 3 1x +1
* Xt hm s: f (t ) =
f '(t ) =
7t 2 + 12t + 9
lin tc trn on t 0;1 . Ta c
5t 2 + 16t + 7
52t 2 8t 60
( 5t
v f (0) =
+ 16t + 7
()( )
()
< 0, t 0;1 f t nghch bin trn on
[ 0;1]
9
7
; f (1) =
7
9
()
()
* Suy ra phng trnh 2 c nghim khi phng trnh 3 c nghim trn

7
9
m .
9
7
V d 4: Tm tham s thc m bt phng trnh
on t 0;1 khi v ch khi:
x 2 2x + 24 x 2 2x + m c nghim thc trong on 4; 6 .

Gii :
t t = x 2 2x + 24 , x 4; 6 t 0; 5
Bi ton tr thnh tm tham s thc m bt phng trnh t 2 + t 24 m c
nghim thc t 0; 5
46
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
()
* Xt hm s f t = t 2 + t 24 lin tc trn on 0;5 .
()
* Ta c : f '(t ) = 2t + 1 > 0, t 0;5 f t
lin tc v ng bin trn
on 0;5
* Vy bt phng trnh cho c nghim thc trn on 0;5 khi
max f (t ) m f (5) m 6 m m 6
t 0;5
Bi tp t luyn:
1. Tm tham s thc m phng trnh : mx +
(m 1) x + 2 = 1 c nghim
thc trn on 0;1 .

2. Tm tham s thc m bt phng trnh:
nghim thc trn on 2; 3 .
x 2 4x + 5 x 2 4x + m c
Dng 8 : Dng n iu hm s chng minh h thc lng gic

V d : Chng minh rng : nu tam gic ABC tho mn h thc
1
13
cos A + cos B + cosC +
=
th tam gic ABC u.
cos A + cos B + cosC
6
Gii :
A
B
C
3
* t : t = cos A + cos B + cosC = 1 + 4 sin sin sin 1 < t .
2
2
2
2
3
1
* Xt hm s f t = t + hm s lin tc trn na khong 0; .
t
2
()
()
* Ta c : f ' t = 1
3
1
> 0, t 0; f t ng bin trn na khong
2
t
2
()
3
13
.
0; ,suy ra : 2 < f t
6
2
13
3
ng thc f t =
xy ra khi t = cos A + cos B + cosC = hay tam gic
6
2
ABC u.
()
()
Bi c thm : H HON V VNG QUANH
47
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
f (x 1 ) = g (x 2 )
f (x ) = g(x 3 )
nh ngha: L h c dng: 2
(I)
.................
f (x ) = g (x )
1
n
nh l 1: Nu f , g l cc hm cng tng hoc cng gim trn A v
(x 1, x 2 ,..., x n ) l nghim ca h trn A th x 1 = x 2 = ... = x n

nh l 2:Nu f , g khc tnh n iu trn A v (x 1, x 2 ,..., x n ) l nghim ca
x = x 3 = ... = x n 1
h trn A th x 1 = x 2 = ... = x n nu n l v 1
nu n chn .
=
=
=
x
x
...
x
2
4
n
V d 1: Gii cc h phng trnh
y 3 9x 2 + 27x 27 = 0
2. z 3 9y 2 + 27y 27 = 0
x 3 9z 2 + 27z 27 = 0
2x
y =
1 x2
2y
1. z =
1 y2
2z
x = 1 z 2
Gii :
2x
y =
1 x2
2y
1. z =
1 y2
2z
x = 1 z 2
Gi s x > y > z
()
Xt hm s : f t =
()
f t =
2t
,xc nh trn D = \ 1 .Ta c
1 t2
{ }
2(t 2 + 1)
> 0, x D f t lun ng bin trn D .
(1 t 2 )2
()
( )
()
()
Do : x > y > z f x > f y > f z y > z > x . Mu thun, do iu

gi s sai .
Tng t x < y < z khng tho .
Vy x = y = z
) (
H cho c nghim : x ; y; z = 0; 0; 0
)
48
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
y 3 9x 2 + 27x 27 = 0
2. z 3 9y 2 + 27y 27 = 0
x 3 9z 2 + 27z 27 = 0
y 3 9x 2 + 27x 27 = 0
y 3 = 9x 2 + 27x 27
3
3
2
2
z 9y + 27y 27 = 0 z = 9y + 27y 27
x 3 9z 2 + 27z 27 = 0
x 3 = 9z 2 + 27z 27
Xt hm s c trng : f (t ) = 9t 2 27t + 27 f '(t ) = 18t 27
3
f '(t ) > 0, t >
3
2
f '(t ) = 0 18t 27 = 0 t =
2
f ' t < 0, t < 3
()
Hm s ng bin trn khong ; + v nghch bin trn khong

2
3 27
3
3
; .Hm s t gi tr nh nht ti t = f =
2
2
4
2
27
27
9x 2 27x + 27
4
4
3
3
x
>
3
27
3
3
4 2
y3
y
>
3
4
4 2
z 3 > 3
3
4 2
V f (t )
f (x ) = y
Vy x , y, z thuc min ng bin, suy ra h phng trnh f (y ) = z l h hon

f (z ) = x
v vng quanh.
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s
x y f (x ) f (y ) y 3 z 3 y z
f (y ) f (z ) z 3 x 3 z x
x y z x x =y =z
Thay vo h ta c: x 3 9x 2 + 27x 27 = 0 x = 3 .
Suy ra: x = y = z = 3
49
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
V d 2: Gii h phng trnh :

sin x sin y = 3x 3y (1)
1. x + y =
(2)
5
(3)
x , y > 0
log (1 + 3 cos x ) = log (sin y ) + 2
3
2. 2
log 2 (1 + 3 sin y ) = log 3 (cos x ) + 2
Gii :
sin x sin y = 3x 3y (1)
1. x + y =
(2)
5
(3)
x , y > 0

T 2 , 3 x , y 0;
5
( )( )
(1) sin x 3x = sin y 3y (*) .

Xt hm s f t = sin t 3t, t 0; ta c
5

f ' t = cos t 3 < 0, t 0; f t l hm nghch bin trn khong
5
()
()
()
t (0; ) nn
5
( * ) f ( x ) = f (y ) x = y
()
Vi x = y thay vo 2 ta tm c x = y =
10

Vy x ; y = ; l nghim ca h.
10 10
log (1 + 3 cos x ) = log (sin y ) + 2
3
2. 2
log 2 (1 + 3 sin y ) = log 3 (cos x ) + 2
cos x > 0
iu kin :
sin y > 0
( )
50
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
()
()
log (1 + 3u ) = log (v ) + 2 1
2
3
t u = cos x ; v = sin y , ta c h:
log 2 (1 + 3v ) = log 3 (u ) + 2 2
tr v theo v ta c
log 3 (1 + 3u ) + log 3 u = log 3 (1 + 3v ) + log 3 v f (u ) = f (v )
(*)
Xt hm s f (t ) = log 3 (1 + 3t ) + log 3 t , d thy f (t ) l hm ng bin nn

* u =v.
()
()
Thay vo 1 ta c : log 3 (1 + 3u ) log 3 u = 2
1 + 3u
1
=9u =
u
6
y = + k 2
sin y =
6 y = + k 2 , trong
Vy h cho
cos x = 1
x = + m 2
6
1
sin = cos = .
6
V d 3: Gii h phng trnh :
2 2 x2 + 1
ey x =
y2 + 1
3 log (x + 2y + 6) = 2 log (x + y + 2) + 1
3
2
Gii :
2 2 x2 + 1
ey x =
y2 + 1
3 log (x + 2y + 6) = 2 log (x + y + 2) + 1
3
2
x + 2y + 6 > 0
iu kin :
x + y + 2 > 0
2
2
x2 + 1
Ly ln 2 v ca phng trnh : ey x =
, ta c
2
y +1
y 2 x 2 = ln
x2 + 1
y +1
2
) ( )
+ 1 + ln (y + 1) ( * )
= ln x 2 + 1 ln y 2 + 1
x 2 + 1 + ln x 2 + 1 = y 2
51
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
()
( ) ( )( )
f (t ) = ln t + t lin tc trn na khong 1; + ) , ta c
Phng trnh * c dng f x 2 + 1 = f y 2 + 1 * *

Xt hm s :
f ' (t ) =
1
+ 1 > 0, t 1 f (t ) ng bin trn na khong 1; + .
t
( )
Do * * x 2 + 1 = y 2 + 1 x = y .
Vi x = y thay vo phng trnh 3 log3 (x + 2y + 6) = 2 log2 (x + y + 2) + 1

, ta c
x < 6
log 3 (6 x ) = 1
x = 3 y = 3 tho mn bi ton .
=
6
x
3
Vi x = y thay vo phng trnh 3 log3 (x + 2y + 6) = 2 log2 (x + y + 2) + 1 ,

ta c
3 log3 (x + 2) = 2 log2 (x + 1), x > 1 .
x + 2 = 32u
t 3 log3 (x + 2) = 2 log2 (x + 1) = 6u
3u
x + 1 = 2
u
1+2
3u
= 3
2u
1
8
+ =1
9
9
u
1
8
Xt hm s g u = + l hm s ng bin trn v g 1 = 1 nn
9
9
( )
()
1
8
u = 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh + = 1 .
9
9
( ) ( )
Vi u = 1 x ; y = 7;7 tho mn h phng trnh .
( )
V d 4: Hy xc nh tt c cc nghim ca h phng trnh (n x ; y ) sau:

2
3
(1)
x + y = 29
log 3 x .log2 y = 1 (2)
()
()
x 2 + y 3 = 29
1
. Hc sinh gii Quc Gia nm 2008 .
log3 x .log2 y = 1 2
( )
()
D thy, nu x ; y l cc nghim ca h cho th x > 1, y > 1 3
52
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
()
()
t log 3 x = t, t > 0 (do 3 ). Ki , x = 3t v t phng trnh 2 c y = 2 t .

1
()
()
Khi phng trnh 1 9t + 8 t = 29 4 .
()
S nghim ca h bng s nghim dng ca phng trnh 4
()
Xt hm s f t = 9 + 8
()
f ' t = 9t.ln 9
1
29
t
lin tc trn khong 0; + . Ta c
1
t
8 .ln 8
.
t2
Trn khong 0; + , y = 8 t . ln 8 v y =
1
l cc hm nghch bin v ch nhn
t2
gi tr dng.
1
t
8 .ln 8
l hm ng bin. Suy ra, f ' (t ) l hm
)
t
s ng bin trn khong ( 0; + ) .
Do trn khong 0; + , y =
1
V f ' .f '(1) = 18(ln 9 ln 2256 )(ln 27 ln16) < 0 nn t0 0; 1 sao cho
2
( )
f ' t0 = 0 .
()
Do , ta c bng bin thin ca hm s f t trn khong 0; + .

t
()
f (t )
t0
f' t
+
12
( )
f t0
()
T bng bin thin ta thy phng trnh 4 c ng hai nghim dng. V vy,
h phng trnh cho c tt c hai nghim.
Bi 2: CC TR HM S
53
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
2.1 TM TT L THUYT
1. Khi nim cc tr hm s :
Gi s hm s f xc nh trn tp hp D D v x 0 D
( )
a ) x 0 c gi l mt im cc i ca hm s f nu tn ti mt khong a;b
( )
a; b D
. Khi f x 0 c
cha im x 0 sao cho:
f
(
x
)
<
f
(
x
)
a
;
b
\
x
0
0
gi l gi tr cc i ca hm s f .
( )
( ) { }
( )
b) x 0 c gi l mt im cc tiu ca hm s f nu tn ti mt khong a;b
( )
a; b D
. Khi f x 0 c
cha im x 0 sao cho:
f
(
x
)
f
(
x
)
x
a
;
b
\
x
<
0
0
gi l gi tr cc tiu ca hm s f .
Gi tr cc i v gi tr cc tiu c gi chung l cc tr
Nu x 0 l mt im cc tr ca hm s f th ngi ta ni rng hm s f t cc
( )
( ) { }
tr ti im x 0 .
Nh vy : im cc tr phi l mt im trong ca tp hp D D
( )
Nhn mnh : x 0 a;b D ngha l x 0 l mt im trong ca D :
()
)
x xc nh trn 0; + . Ta c f (x ) > f 0
vi mi x > 0 nhng x = 0 khng phi l im cc tiu v tp hp 0; +
V d : Xt hm s f (x ) =
khng cha bt k mt ln cn no ca im 0 .
Ch :
54
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Gi tr cc i ( cc tiu) f (x 0 ) ni chung khng phi l GTLN (GTNN) ca
f trn tp hp D .
Hm s c th t cc i hoc cc tiu ti nhiu im trn tp hp D .
Hm s cng c th khng c im cc tr.
x 0 l mt im cc tr ca hm s f th im x 0; f (x 0 ) c gi l im
cc tr ca th hm s f .
2. iu kin cn hm s t cc tr:
nh l 1: Gi s hm s f t cc tr ti im x 0 . Khi , nu f c o hm
( )
ti im x 0 th f ' x 0 = 0
Ch :
o hm f ' c th bng 0 ti im x 0 nhng hm s f khng t cc tr ti
im x 0 .
Hm s c th t cc tr ti mt im m ti hm s khng c o hm
.
Hm s ch c th t cc tr ti mt im m ti o hm ca hm s
bng 0 , hoc ti hm s khng c o hm .
Hm s t cc tr ti x 0 v nu th hm s c tip tuyn ti im
(x
0;
f (x 0 ) th tip tuyn song song vi trc honh.
V d : Hm s y = x v hm s y = x
3. iu kin hm s t cc tr:
nh l 2: Gi s hm s f lin tc trn khong a;b cha im x 0 v c o
( )
) ( )
f ' ( x ) < 0, x (a; x )
a ) Nu
th hm s t cc tiu ti im x . Ni mt
f ' ( x ) > 0, x ( x ;b )
cch khc , nu f ' ( x ) i du t m sang dng khi x qua im x th hm s
hm trn cc khong a; x 0 v x 0 ;b . Khi :
0
t cc tiu ti im x 0 .
x
x0
( )
f' x
( )
f x
()
()
f a
f b
( )
f x0
55
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
( )
( )
(
(
)
)
f ' x > 0, x a; x
0
0
b ) Nu
th hm s t cc i ti im x 0 . Ni mt
f
'
x
<
0,
x
x
;
b
0
0
( )
cch khc , nu f ' x i du t dng sang m khi x qua im x 0 th hm s

t cc i ti im x 0 .
x
x0
( )
f' x
( )
f x0
( )
f x
()
()
f a
f b
( )
nh l 3: Gi s hm s f c o hm cp mt trn khong a;b cha im
( )
x 0 , f ' x 0 = 0 v f c o hm cp hai khc 0 ti im x 0 .
( )
Nu f '' ( x ) > 0 th hm s f
a ) Nu f '' x 0 < 0 th hm s f t cc i ti im x 0 .
b)
t cc tiu ti im x 0 .
Ch :
Khng cn xt hm s f c hay khng c o hm ti im x = x 0 nhng khng
th b qua iu kin " hm s lin tc ti im x 0 "
1 x khi x 0
khng t cc tr ti x = 0 . V
x
khi
x
>
0
V d : Hm s f (x ) =
hm s khng lin tc ti x = 0 .
2.1 DNG TON THNG GP.

Dng 1 : Tm cc im cc tr ca hm s .
Quy tc 1: p dng nh l 2
( )
Tm f ' x
Tm cc im x i i = 1, 2, 3... ti o hm bng 0 hoc hm s lin tc
nhng khng c o hm.

Xt du ca f ' x . Nu f ' x i du khi x qua im x 0 th hm s c cc
( )
( )
tr ti im x 0 .
56
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Quy tc 2: p dng nh l 3
( )
Tm f ' x
(
)
( )
Vi mi x tnh f '' ( x ) .
Nu f '' ( x ) < 0 th hm s t cc i ti im x .
Nu f '' ( x ) > 0 th hm s t cc tiu ti im x .
Tm cc nghim x i i = 1, 2, 3... ca phng trnh f ' x = 0 .
V d 1 : Tm cc tr ca cc hm s :
1. y = x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 5
2. y = x 4 + 6x 2 8x + 1
Gii :
1. y = x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 5
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn .
* Ta c: y ' = 3x 2 + 6x + 3 = 3(x + 1)2 0 x Hm s khng c cc tr.
Ch :
* Nu y ' khng i du th hm s khng c cc tr.
* i vi hm bc ba th y ' = 0 c hai nghim phn bit l iu cn v
hm c cc tr.
2. y = x 4 + 6x 2 8x + 1
* Ta c: y ' = 4x 3 + 12x 8 = 4(x 1)2 (x + 2)
y ' = 0 4(x 1)2 (x + 2) = 0 x = 1 x = 2
* Bng bin thin
x
2
1
+
y'
+
0
+
0
25
y
Vy, hm t cc i ti x = 2 vi gi tr cc i ca hm s l y(2) = 25 ,
hm s khng c cc tiu.
Bi tp t luyn:
Tm cc tr ca cc hm s :
4x 2 3x
1. y =
x 1
2. y =
4x 2 + 4x 1
2x 2 + 4x + 3
1. y = x 4 x 2
4. y = 2x + 1 2x 2 8
57
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
2. y = 2x x 2 3
3. y =
5. y =
x 3 + 3x 2
1
2
x 12 3x
2
Gii :
( )
1. y = f x = x 4 x 2
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn on 2;2
4 2x 2
* Ta c y ' =
, x 2;2
4 x2
Suy ra, trn khong 2;2 : y ' = 0 x = 2, x = 2

Bng xt du y '
x
2
y'
2
0
2
0
y ' i du t m sang dng khi x qua im 2 th hm s t cc tiu ti
( )
im x = 2, y 2 = 2 ;
y ' i du t dng sang m khi x qua im
im x = 2, y
( 2) = 2 .
2. y = 2x x 2 3
2 th hm s t cc i ti
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn ; 3 3; + .

* Ta c: y ' = 2
2 x2 3 x
x 3
) (
, x ; 3
x 3
3; + .
)(
Suy ra, trn mi khong ; 3 ,
) (
3; + : y ' = 0
x ; 3 3; +
0 x < 3
2
x = 2.
2
2
x
=
x
4(
3)
2 x 3 = x
Tng t trn suy ra hm s t cc tiu ti im x = 2, y(2) = 3 , hm s

khng c cc i.
3. y = x 3 + 3x 2
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn na khong (; 3] .
58
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
* Ta c: y ' =
3(x 2 2x )
, x < 3, x 0
2 x 3 + 3x 2
Suy ra, trn mi khong ; 3 : y ' = 0 x = 2

* Bng bin thin:
x
y'
0
||
2
0
2
3
||
0
0
Hm s t cc i ti im x = 2, y(2) = 2 v t cc tiu ti im
x = 0, y(0) = 0 .
Ch :
* bi 2 v d 2 mc d x = 3 l im m ti hm s khng c o hm
tuy nhin hm s li khng xc nh trn bt k khong (a; b) no ca hai im
ny nn hai im ny khng phi l im cc tr ca hm s.
* Tng t vy th x = 3 ca hm s cu 3 cng khng phi l im cc tr
nhng x = 0 li l im cc tr ca hm s.
4. y = 2x + 1 2x 2 8
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn na khong ; 2 , 2; + .

* Ta c: y ' = 2
2x
) (
, x ; 2 2; + .
2x 8
2
)(
Suy ra, trn cc khong ; 2 , 2; + : y ' = 0
) (
x ; 2 2; +
0 x < 2
x =2 2.
2
2
x = 8
2x 8 = x
* Bng bin thin:
x
2
2
2 2
+
||
||
0
y'
+
+
59
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
( )
2 + 1) .
Trn khong 2;2 2 : y ' < 0 , trn khong 2 2; + : y ' > 0 im cc tiu l
(2
2; 3
5. y =
1
2
x 12 3x
2
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn on 2;2 .

1 12 3x 2 + 3x
, x 2;2
* Ta c: y ' =
2
2
12
3
x
Suy ra, trn khong 2;2 : y ' = 0
x 2;2
2 < x 0
x = 1
2
2
x =1
12 3x = 3x
* Bng bin thin:

x
2
1
y'
||
0
+
2
||
Trn khong 2; 1 : y ' < 0 , trn khong 1;2 : y ' > 0 suy ra im cc tiu
l 1; 2 .
Bi tp tng t :
1. y = x + 1 + 2x 2 8
2. y =
3. y = x + 2 x 2 + x + 1
x
+ x2 + 3
2
4. y = x 16 x 2 + x 1
( )
2. y = f ( x ) = x ( x + 2 )
3. y = f ( x ) = x ( x 3 )
1. y = f x = x
( )
Gii :
1. y = f x = x
60
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt

x khi x 0
.
y=
x khi x < 0
1 khi x > 0
* Ta c y ' =
1 khi x < 0
Trn khong ; 0 : y ' < 0 ,trn khong 0; + : y ' > 0 .

* Bng bin thin
x
y'
y
0
Hm s t im cc tiu ti im x = 0, f 0 = 0 .
()
x x + 2 khi x 0
2. y = f x = x x + 2 =
x x + 2 khi x < 0
2x + 2 > 0 khi x > 0
* Ta c y ' =
2x 2 khi x < 0
Hm s lin tc ti x = 0 , khng c o hm ti x = 0 .
Trn khong ; 0 : y ' = 0 x = 1 ,trn khong 0; + : y ' > 0 .
( )
* Bng bin thin

x
y'
1
0
0
Vy hm s t cc i ti im x = 1, f 1 = 1 , hm s t cc tiu ti im
( )
()
3. y = f ( x ) =
x = 0, f 0 = 0 .
x x 3

x x 3 khi x 0
y=f x =
.
x x 3 khi x < 0
( )
61
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
3 x 1
khi x > 0
2 x
* Ta c y ' =
3 x + x khi x < 0
2 x
Trn khong ; 0 : y ' > 0 ,trn khong 0; + : y ' = 0 x = 1

* Bng bin thin
x
y'
+
1
0
+
+
+
2
Hm s t im cc i ti im x = 0, f 0 = 0 , hm s t im cc tiu ti
()
()
im x = 1, f 1 = 2 .
Bi tp tng t :
1. y = x + 1 + x
4. y = 2x 4 + 2x 2 8
2. y = x 2 + x x 2 4
5. y = x + 3 + 9x + x 2
3. y = x + 2 4 x 2
6. y = 2 x + 1 + x 2 + x x 2
V d 4 : Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau
1. y = 2 sin 2x 3
2. y = 3 2 cos x cos 2x
Gii :
1. y = 2 sin 2x 3
* Ta c y ' = 4 cos 2x
y ' = 0 cos 2x = 0 x =
y '' = 8 sin 2x
+k
,k ,
y '' + k = 8 sin + k =
2
4
2
8
khi
k = 2n
khi
k = 2n + 1
+ n ; y + n = 1 v t cc
4
4
i ti x = + 2n + 1 ; y + 2n + 1 = 5
4
2 4
2
Vy hm s t cc i ti cc im x =
62
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
2. y = 3 2 cos x cos 2x
* Ta c y ' = 2 sin x + 2 s in2x = 2 sin x 1 + 2 cos x
sin x = 0
x = k

y' = 0
,k .
cos x = 1 = cos 2
x = 2 + k 2
2
3
3
y '' = 2 cos x + 4 cos 2x
2
2
y ''
+ k 2 = 6 cos
= 3 < 0 . Hm s t cc i ti x =
+ k 2 ,
3
3
3
1
y
+ k 2 = 4
2
3
( )
y '' k = 2 cos k + 4 > 0, k . Hm s t cc tiu ti
( )
x = k , y k = 2 1 cos k
Bi tp tng t:
2
1. y = x 2 sin x .
2. y = x t a n x .
5. y = x 2 sin x .
6. y = x t a n x .
3. y = cos x .
7. y = cos x .
4. y = 3 cos x + 3 sin x .
8. y = 3 cos x + 3 sin x .

.
2
V d 5: Tm cc tr ca hm s : y = cos x sin x trn on 0;

Gii:

.
2
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc on 0;
* Ta c : y ' = sin x sin x +
cos x
. cos x =
1 3 sin2 x
2 sin x
2 sin x

x 0;

2 sin x = 1
Trn khong 0; : y ' = 0
3
sin2 x = 1
2
3
1
Tn ti gc sao cho sin =
, khi * x = .
3
(*)
()
63
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Vi sin =
3
Bng xt du y ' :
x
th cos =
4
6
12
v y ( ) = cos sin =
3
3
y'
0
4
Hm s t cc i ti x = , y ( ) =
12
3
vi sin =
Bi tp tng t:

; .
2 2
1. y = ( cos2x +1) sin 2x trn khong

2. y = 2 cos
x
2
+ 3 cos
x
3
( 0; 20 ) .
trn khong

; .
4 4
3. y = cot x + 4x trn on
4. y =
cos x +2 sin x + 3
trn khong
2 cos x sin x + 4
( ; ) .
V d 6: Tm cc tr ca hm s : y = cos3 x + sin3 x + 3 sin 2x .

Gii:
y = cos3 x + sin3 x + 3 sin 2x = ( cos x + sin x )(1cos x .sin x ) + 3 sin 2x

V 1 cos x . sin x =
1
1
2 2 cos x .sin x ) = ( 2 sin 2x ) > 0
(
2
2
Nn y = cos x + sin x 1 cos x . sin x + 3 sin 2x

t 2 1
,0 t 2
2
1 3 3 2 3
3
Khi y = f t = t + t + t , 0 t 2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
Ta c : y ' =
t 2 + 2t + 1 = 2 t 1 > 0, t 0; 2 , suy ra hm s
2
2
khng c cc tr .
t t = cos x + sin x cos x . sin x =
()
V d 7: Tnh o hm ca hm s ti im x = 0 v chng minh rng hm

s t cc tiu ti x = 0 , bit rng hm s f (x ) xc nh bi :
64
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
3 1 + x sin2 x 1
,x 0.
f (x ) =
x
0
,x =0
Gii :
f (x ) f (0)
1 + x sin2 x 1
f ' 0 = lim
= lim
x 0
x 0
x
x2
x sin2 x
f ' 0 = lim
x 0
2
x 2 3 1 + x sin2 x + 3 1 + x sin2 x + 1
sin x
1
f ' 0 = lim sin x .
.
=0
x 0
2
x
3
2
2
3
1 + x sin x + 1 + x sin x + 1
3
()
()
()
Mt khc x 0 , ta c :
sin2 x
f x =
f x 0=f 0 .
2
3
2
2
3
1 + x sin x + 1 + x sin x + 1
( )
( )
()
V hm s f (x ) lin tc trn nn hm s f (x ) t cc tiu ti x = 0 .
2
1
,x 0
x sin
. Chng minh rng
V d 8 : Cho hm s f (x ) =
x
0
,x =0
f '(0) = 0 nhng hm s f (x ) khng t cc tr ti im 0 .

Gii :
f (x ) f 0
1
Ta c
= x sin vi mi x 0 .
x
x
f (x ) f 0
1
Vi mi x 0 : x sin x v lim x = 0 nn lim
= 0 . Do
x 0
x 0
x
x
hm s f (x ) c o hm ti x = 0 v f '(0) = 0 .
()
()
Ly mt dy x n =
1
1
, khi f (x n ) =
2n
2n
sin 2n = 0, n .
( )
Gi s a;b l mt khong bt k cha im 0 .
( )
()
V lim x n = 0 nn vi n ln x n a;b v do f (x n ) = 0 = f 0 , n , theo

x 0
nh ngha cc tr ca hm s , x = 0 khng phi l mt im cc tr ca f (x ) .

Dng 2 : Tm iu kin hm s c cc tr.
65
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Phng php: S dng nh l 2 v nh l 3

Ch :
* Hm s f (xc nh trn D ) c cc tr x 0 D tha mn hai iu kin
sau:
i) Ti o hm ca hm s ti x 0 phi trit tiu hoc hm s khng c o hm
ti x 0
ii) f '(x ) phi i du qua im x 0 hoc f "(x 0 ) 0 .
* Nu f '(x ) l mt tam thc bc hai hoc trit tiu v cng du vi mt tam
thc bc hai th hm c cc tr phng trnh f '(x ) c hai nghim phn bit
thuc tp xc nh.
V d 1 : Tm m y = mx 3 + 3x 2 + 12x + 2 t cc i ti im x = 2 .
Gii :
Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn
Ta c : y ' = 3mx 2 + 6x + 12 y " = 6mx + 6
y '(2) = 0
Hm s t cc i ti im x = 2
y "(2) < 0
12m + 24 = 0
m = 2 l gi tr cn tm.
12m + 6 < 0
Ch : Ta c th gii bi ton trn theo cch khc nh sau
hm s t cc i ti im x = 2 th y '(2) = 0 m = 2 .
Vi m = 2 ta c y ' = 3(2x 2 + 2x + 4) ta thy hm s t cc i ti im

x = 2.
Bi tp tng t :
x 2 + mx + 1
1. Xc nh gi tr tham s m hm s y = f x =
t cc i ti
x +m
x = 2.
2. Xc nh gi tr tham s m hm s y = f x = x 3 + m + 3 x 2 + 1 m
( )
( )
t cc i ti x = 1.
V d 2 : Vi gi tr no ca m , hm s
y = 2 m 2 3 sin x 2m sin 2x + 3m 1 t cc tiu ti im x =
?.
Gii :
* Ta c : y ' = 2 m 2 3 cos x 4m cos 2x ,
66
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
y '' = 2 m 2 3 sin x + 8m sin 2x .
iu kin cn hm s y t cc tiu ti im x =

l f ' = 0
3
3
m 2 + 2m 3 = 0 m = 3 m = 1 .
iu kin hm s y t cc tiu ti im x =

l y '' > 0 .
3
3

Tht vy, y '' = 3 m 2 4m 3
3

+ m = 3 , ta c y '' < 0 . Do hm s t cc i ti im x = .
3
3

+ m = 1 , ta c y '' > 0 . Do hm s t cc tiu ti im x = .

3
3
( )
Vy hm s f x t cc tiu ti im x =
khi v ch khi m = 1 .
Bi tp tng t :
x 2 + mx 2
c cc tr .
mx 1
Gii :
1
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn \
m
V d 3: Tm m hm s y =
+ Nu m = 0 th y = x 2 2 hm s c mt cc tr
+ Nu m 0 hm s xc nh x
* Ta c y ' =
mx 2 2x + m
(mx 1)2
1
m
. Hm s c cc tr khi phng trnh
mx 2 2x + m = 0 c hai nghim phn bit khc
1 m 2 > 0
1 < m < 1 .
1
m
m
Vy 1 < m < 1 l nhng gi tr cn tm.
Bi tp tng t :
Tm m th ca hm s sau c cc tr :
1. y = x 3 3mx 2 + m + 2 x + 3m + 4
1
m
3. y = x 4 2 m 4 x 2 + 2m 5
67
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
2. y =
x2 m + 1 x m + 2
4. y =
x 1
mx 2 m 2 x 1
x +2
V d 4: Chng minh rng vi mi gi tr ca m , hm s

x2 m m + 1 x + m3 + 1
y=
lun c cc i v cc tiu .
x m
Gii :
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn D = \ m .
{ }
* Ta c:
x 2 2mx + m 2 1
( )
g x
( )
(x m )
(x m )
Du ca g ( x ) cng l du ca y ' v ' = m (m 1) = 1 > 0 , m .
Do m th g ( x ) = 0 lun c 2 nghim phn bit x = m 1, x = m + 1
y' =
, x m , g x = x 2 2mx + m 2 1
2
thuc tp xc nh .
* Bng bin thin:
x
m 1 m
m + 1 +
y'
+
0
+
y
+
+
y ' i du t dng sang m khi x qua im x 1 = m 1 th hm s t cc i
ti im x 1 = m 1
y ' i du t m sang dng khi x qua im x 2 = m + 1 th hm s t cc tiu
ti im x 2 = m + 1
Bi tp tng t :
V d 5: Tm m hm s y = m + 2 x 3 + 3x 2 + mx + m c cc i , cc
tiu .
Gii:
* Ta c y ' = 3 m + 2 x 2 + 6x + m
Hm s c cc i v cc tiu khi phng trnh y ' = 0 c hai nghim phn bit
m + 2 0
m 2
m 2
hay
2
3 < m < 1
' = 9 3m m + 2 > 0
3 m 2m + 3 > 0
68
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Vy gi tr m cn tm l 3 < m < 1, m 2 .
Bi tp tng t :
Tm m th ca hm s sau c mt cc i v cc tiu :
1
m 1 x2 m 1 x + m
2. y = m + 1 x 3 + m + 1 x 2 + 2m + 1
1. y =
3
x 1
( )
V d 6 : Tm m im M 2; 0 l im cc i ca th hm s
y = x 3 + mx 2 4 .
Gii:
* Ta c y ' = 3x 2 + 2mx , y '' = 6x + 2m .
( )
im M 2; 0 l im cc i ca th hm s khi v ch khi :
()
()
()
y ' 2 = 0
12 + 4m = 0
m = 3
m =3
y '' 2 < 0 12 + 2m < 0
m
<
6
y 2 = 0
8 + 4m 4 = 0
Bi tp tng t :
( )
( )
+ ( m 1) x + m 2
c im cc i ( 2; 2 ) .
x +1
1. Tm m hm s y = x 4 + m + 1 x 2 + m 1 c im cc tiu 1;1 .
2. Tm m hm s y =
x2
V d 7 : Xc nh cc gi tr ca tham s k th ca hm s
y = kx 4 + k 1 x 2 + 1 2k ch c mt im cc tr.
Gii:
* Ta c y ' = 4kx 3 2 k 1 x
x = 0
y' = 0 2
2kx + k 1 = 0 *
Hm s ch c mt cc tr khi phng trnh y ' = 0 c mt nghim duy nht v
()
y ' i du khi x i qua nghim .Khi phng trnh 2kx 2 + k 1 = 0
( *)
69
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
v nghim hay c nghim kp x = 0

k = 0
k = 0
k 0
k < 0 k 1
' = 2k k 1 0

Vy k 0 k 1 l gi tr cn tm .
Bi tp tng t :
k 0
k 1
V d 8 : Cho hm s y = x 4 + 4mx 3 + 3(m + 1)x 2 + 1 . Tm m :

1. Hm s c ba cc tr.
2. Hm s c cc tiu m khng c cc i.
Gii:
* Ta c y ' = 4x 3 + 12mx 2 + 6(m + 1)x = 2x (2x 2 + 6mx + 3(m + 1))
x = 0
y' = 0
2
f (x ) = 2x + 6mx + 3m + 3 = 0
Nhn xt:
*Nu y c hai nghim phn bit x 1, x 2 0 , khi y ' s i du khi i qua ba
im 0, x 1, x 2 khi hm c hai cc tiu v 1 cc i.
*Nu y c 1 nghim x = 0 , khi y ' ch i du t sang + khi i qua mt
im duy nht nn hm ch c mt cc tiu.
* Nu y c nghim kp hoc v nghim th y ' ch i du t - sang + khi i
qua x = 0 nn hm t cc tiu ti x = 0 .
T trn ta thy hm s lun c t nht mt cc tr.
1. Hm s c ba cc tr khi v ch khi y c hai nghim phn bit khc 0
1 7
1+ 7
' = 3(3m 2 2m 2) > 0
m <
m >
3
3 .
y(0) 0
m 1
2. Theo nhn xt trn ta thy hm ch c cc tiu m khng c cc i

hm s khng c ba cc tr
1 7
1+ 7
m
.
3
3
Ch :
1) i vi hm trng phng y = ax 4 + bx 2 + c (a 0)
x = 0
Ta c y ' = 4ax 3 + 2bx = x (4ax 2 + b) y ' = 0
2
4ax + b = 0 (1)
70
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
b 0
* Hm c ba cc tr (1) c hai nghim phn bit khc 0
.
ab < 0
Khi hm c hai cc tiu, mt cc i khi a > 0 ; hm c hi cc i, 1 cc
tiu khi a < 0 .
* Hm c mt cc tr khi v ch khi (1) c nghim kp hoc v nghim hoc c
< 0
ab > 0
1 nghim x = 0
. Khi hm ch c cc tiu khi a > 0

y(0) = 0
b=0
v ch c cc i khi a < 0 .
2) i vi hm s bc bn y = ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + d ,
x = 0
Ta c: y ' = 4ax 3 + 3bx 2 + 2cx y ' = 0
2
4ax + 3bx + 2c = 0 (2)
* Hm s c ba cc tr khi v ch khi (2) c hai nghim phn bit khc 0
9b 2 32ac > 0
. Khi hm c hai cc tiu, mt cc i khi a > 0 ; hm c
c 0
hi cc i, 1 cc tiu khi a < 0 .
* Hm c mt cc tr khi v ch khi (2) c nghim kp hoc v nghim hoc c
9b 2 32ac < 0
< 0
1 nghim x = 0
. Khi hm ch c cc tiu
y
(0)
0
=
c
=
0
khi a > 0 v ch c cc i khi a < 0 .

Bi tp tng t :
V d 9 : Xc nh m th ca hm s y =
1 4
3
x mx 2 + c cc tiu m
2
2
khng c cc i.
Gii :
* Ta c y ' = 2x 3 2mx
x = 0
y' = 0 2
x = m *
Hm s c cc tiu m khng c cc i khi phng trnh y ' = 0 c mt
nghim duy nht v y ' i du khi x i qua nghim Khi phng trnh
()
x2 = m
(*) v nghim hay c nghim kp x = 0
m0
Vy m 0 l gi tr cn tm.
Bi tp tng t :
71
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
1. Xc nh m th ca hm s y = x 4 mx 2 + 3 c cc tiu m khng c
cc i.
V d 10 : Tm m hm s y = mx 3 + 3mx 2 (m 1)x 1 khng c cc tr.
Gii :
()
* Ta c : y ' = 3mx 2 + 6mx m + 1 *
()
* m = 0 khi * tr thnh y ' = 1 > 0 x suy ra hm khng c cc tr.

* m 0 khi hm khng c cc tr th y ' = 0 c nghim kp hoc v
nghim ' = 3m(4m 1) 0 0 < m
1
.
4
1
th hm s khng c cc tr.
4
Bi tp tng t :
mx 2 + x + m
khng c cc i , cc tiu .
1. Tm m hm s y =
x +m
Vy 0 m
2. Tm m hm s y = mx 3 + 3mx 2 (m 1)x 1 khng c cc tr.

V d 11 : Tm m hm s y = 2x + 2 + m x 2 4x + 5 c cc i.
Gii :
x 2
m
* Ta c y ' = 2 + m
; y" =
.
2
2
3
x 4x + 5
(x 4x + 5)
Cch 1:
+ Nu m = 0 th y = 2 < 0 x nn hm s khng c cc tr.
+ m 0 v du ca y '' ch ph thuc vo m nn hm c cc i th trc
ht y " < 0 m < 0 . Khi hm s c cc i Phng trnh y ' = 0 c
nghim (1).
Ta c: y ' = 0 2 (x 2)2 + 1 = m(x 2) (2) .
t t = x 2 th (2) tr thnh :
t 0
t 0
2
mt = 2 t + 1 2
2
(1) c nghim
1
2
(m 4)t = 1
t = 2
m 4
m 2 4 > 0 m < 2 (Do m < 0 ).
Vy m < 2 th hm s c cc i.
72
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Cch 2:
Hm s t cc i ti x = x 0
a x 2
x 2 4x + 5
0
a
0
=2
0
y ' x 0 = 0
2
=
x 4x + 5
x0 2
2
0
0
y '' x 0 < 0
m < 0
m < 0
( )
( )
(1 )
()
Vi m < 0 th 1 x 0 < 2 .
x 02 4x 0 + 5
( )
Xt hm s : f x 0 =
( )
x 02 4x 0 + 5
lim f x 0 = lim
( )
Ta c f ' x 0 =
x0 2
x0 2
, x0 < 2
x 2
x0 2
Bng bin thin :

x
f' x
( )
f (x )
( )
= 1, lim f x 0 = lim
x 02 4x 0 + 5
x 02 4x 0 + 5
x0 2
x 2
< 0, x 0 ;2
()
Phng trnh 1 c nghim x 0 < 2
m
< 1 m < 2
2
V d 12 :
1. Tm cc h s a, b, c sao cho hm s f x = x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c t cc tr
( )
( )
bng 0 ti im x = 2 v th ca hm s i qua im A 1; 0 .
ax 2 + bx + ab
2. Tm cc h s a, b sao cho hm s f x =
t cc tr ti
ax + b
im x = 0 v x = 4 .
Gii :
1.
( )
( )
* Ta c f ' x = 3x 2 + 2ax + b
73
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Hm s t cc tr bng 0 ti im x = 2 khi v ch khi

f ' 2 = 0
4a b = 12
4
a
2
b
+
c
=
8
f
2
=
0
( )
( )
()
( )
(2 )
th ca hm s i qua im A 1; 0 khi v ch khi
()
T (1) , ( 2 ) suy ra a = 3, b = 0, c = 4 .
f 1 = 0 a +b +c +1 = 0
2.
* Hm s cho xc nh khi ax + b 0
a 2x 2 + 2abx + b 2 a 2b
* Ta c o hm y ' =
2
ax + b
iu kin cn :
Hm s t cc tr ti im x = 0 v x = 4 khi v ch khi
b 2 a 2b
=0
2
y ' 0 = 0
b2
16a + 8ab + b 2 a 2b
y
'
4
=
0
=0
4a + b
b 2 a 2b = 0
b = a 2 > 0
2
b 0
a = 2
a
a
2
8
+
2
=
0
2
2
b = 4
16a + 8ab + b a b = 0
4a + a 2 0
4a + b 0
iu kin :
a = 2
x = 0
x 2 4x
y' =
y
'
=
0
2
b=4
x =4
x + 2
()
()
Bng bin thin

x
y'
2
0
+
+
T bng bin thin :hm s t cc tr ti im x = 0 v x = 4 . Vy

a = 2, b = 4 l gi tr cn tm.
Bi tp t luyn:
74
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
( )
V d 13: Tm cc h s a, b, c, d sao cho hm s f x = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
()
()
t cc tiu ti im x = 0, f 0 = 0 v t cc i ti im x = 1, f 1 = 1 .
Gii :
( )
( )
i Hm s f ( x ) t cc tiu ti x = 0 khi v ch khi
f ' ( 0 ) = 0
c = 0
c = 0
(1 ) .
2b > 0
b > 0
f '' ( 0 ) > 0
i Hm s f ( x ) t cc i ti x = 1 khi v ch khi
f ' (1) = 0
3a + 2b + c = 0
(2)
6a + 2b < 0
f '' (1) < 0
f ( 0 ) = 0
d = 0
d = 0
( 3) .
a + b + c + d = 1
a + b + c = 1
f (1) = 1
T (1) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) suy ra a = 2, b = 3, c = 0, d = 0 .
Ta kim tra li f ( x ) = 2x + 3x
Ta c f ' ( x ) = 6x 2 + 6x , f '' ( x ) = 12x + 6
f '' ( 0 ) = 6 > 0 . Hm s t cc tiu ti x = 0
f '' (1) = 6 < 0 . Hm s t cc i ti x = 1
* Ta c f ' x = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c , f '' x = 6ax + 2b
Vy : a = 2, b = 3, c = 0, d = 0 .
Bi tp t luyn:
Dng 3 : Tm iu kin cc im cc tr ca hm s tha mn iu
kin cho trc.
Phng php:
Trc ht ta tm iu kin hm s c cc tr,
Biu din iu kin ca bi ton thng qua ta cc im cc tr ca th
hm s t ta tm c iu kin ca tham s.
Ch :
* Nu ta gp biu thc i xng ca honh cc im cc tr v honh cc
im cc tr l nghim ca mt tam thc bc hai th ta s dng nh l Vit.
* Khi tnh gi tr cc tr ca hm s qua im cc tr ta thng dng cc kt qu
sau:
75
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
( )
) ( )
( )
nh l 1: Cho hm a thc y = P x , gi s y = ax + b P x + h x khi

nu x 0 l im cc tr ca hm s th gi tr cc tr ca hm s l:
( )
( )
( )
y x 0 = h x 0 v y = h x gi l phng trnh qu tch ca cc im cc tr.
Chng minh: Gi s x 0 l im cc tr ca hm s, v P (x ) l hm a thc
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) (pcm) .
u (x )
nh l 2: Cho hm phn thc hu t y =
khi nu x l im cc
v (x )
u ' (x )
tr ca hm s th gi tr cc tr ca hm s: y(x 0 ) =
.
v ' (x )
u ' (x )
V y =
l phng trnh qu tch ca cc im cc tr.
v ' (x )
u ' ( x ) v ( x ) v ' (x ) u ( x )
Chng minh: Ta c y ' =
v (x )
y ' = 0 u ' ( x ) v ( x ) v ' ( x ) u ( x ) = 0 (*). Gi s x l im cc tr ca
u ' (x ) u (x )
hm s th x l nghim ca phng trnh (*)
=
= y (x ) .
v ' (x ) v (x )
nn P ' x 0 = 0 y x 0 = (ax 0 + b)P ' x 0 + h x 0 = h x 0
V d 1 : Tm m th ca hm s y =
1 3
x mx 2 + 2m 1 x + 2 c 2
3
im cc tr dng.
Gii :
* Ta c y ' = x 2 2mx + 2m 1
y ' = 0 x 2 2mx + 2m 1 = 0 (*)
* Hm s c hai im cc tr dng (*) c hai nghim dng phn bit
' = m 2 2m + 1 > 0
m >
S = 2m > 0
2.
P = 2m 1 > 0
m 1
76
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
1
m >
Vy
2 l nhng gi tr cn tm.
m 1
Bi tp tng t :
1. Tm m th ca hm s y = x 3 mx 2 + m + 6 x + 5 c 2 im cc tr
dng.
2. Tm m th ca hm s y =
2x 2 mx + m 2
c 2 im cc tr m.
mx + 1
mx 2 + 3mx + 2m + 1
c cc i,
x 1
cc tiu v 2 im nm v hai pha vi trc Ox .
Gii :
V d 2 : Tm m th ca hm s y =
{}
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn \ 1 .

* Ta c y ' =
mx 2 2mx 5m 1
(x 1)2
y ' = 0 mx 2 2mx 5m 1 = 0
( x 1) ( * )
()
Hm s c hai im cc tr * c 2 nghim phn bit x 1, x 2 1
m 0
m<
m(6m + 1) > 0
6.
6m 1 0
m
0
>
Hai im cc tr ca th hm s nm v hai pha trc Ox

y x 1 .y x 2 < 0 .
( ) ( )
( )
) ( )
(
) + 1 = 4m ( 2m 1) .
(
p dng kt qu nh l 2 ta c: y x 1 = 2m x 1 1 , y x 2 = 2m x 2 1
( ) ( )
y x 1 .y x 2 = 4m 2 x 1x 2 x 1 + x 2
( ) ( )
y x 1 .y x 2
1
m<
< 0 4m(2m 1) < 0

2.
m > 0
1
m<
Vy
2 l nhng gi tr cn tm.
m
>
0
Bi tp tng t :
77
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
m 3 1 2
x x + m 1 x + 3 c cc i, cc
3
2
tiu v 2 im nm v hai pha vi trc Ox .
m +1 3
x mx 2 + 3m 1 c cc i,
3
cc tiu v 2 im nm v hai pha vi trc Oy .
mx 2 + 3mx + 2m + 1
1
, m . Tm m hm s c cc i,
x 1
6
cc tiu v hai im cc tr nm v hai pha ca trc honh.
3. Cho hm s y =
V d 3 : Tm m th ca hm s (C m ) : y = 2x 3 + mx 2 12x 13 c
im cc i, cc tiu v cc im ny cch u trc Oy .
Gii:
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn
* Ta c y ' = 2(3x 2 + mx 6) y ' = 0 3x 2 + mx 6 = 0 (2)
V (2) lun c hai nghim phn bit nn th hm s lun c hai cc tr. Gi
x 1, x 2 l honh hai cc tr, hai im cc tr cch u trc tung
x 1 = x 2 x 1 = x 2 x 1 + x 2 = 0 (v x 1 x 2 )
b m
=
= 0 m = 0.
a
3
Vy m = 0 l gi tr cn tm.
Bi tp tng t :
S =
1
1. Tm m th ca hm s (C m ) : y = x 3 + 2m 3 x 2 2m 3 x
3
c im cc i, cc tiu v cc im ny cch u trc Oy .
2. Tm m th ca hm s (C m ) : y =
x2 m 1 x + m + 1
x 1
c im cc
i, cc tiu v cc im ny cch u trc Ox .

V d 4 : Tm m th ca hm s
y = x 3 2m + 1 x 2 + m 2 3m + 2 x + 4 c hai im cc i v cc tiu
nm v hai pha trc tung .

Gii :
* Ta c : y ' = 3x 2 2 2m + 1 x + m 2 3m + 2
Hm s c hai im cc i v cc tiu nm v hai pha trc tung khi v ch khi

phng trnh y ' = 0 c hai nghim phn bit x 1, x 2 tho mn x 1 < 0 < x 2
()
3.y ' 0 < 0 m 2 3m + 2 < 0 1 < m < 2
78
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Vy gi tr cn tm l 1 < m < 2 .
Bi tp tng t :
1. Tm m th ca hm s y = x 3 mx 2 + 2m 2 + 7m 9 x 1 c hai
im cc i v cc tiu nm v hai pha trc tung .

2. Tm m th ca hm s y = x 3 + 4m 3 x 2 + m 2 + 7m + 10 x + 3
c hai im cc i v cc tiu nm v hai pha trc honh .

V d 5 : Xc nh gi tr tham s m hm s
y = x 3 6x 2 + 3 m + 2 x m 6 t cc i v cc tiu ng thi hai gi tr
cc tr cng du.
Gii :
* Ta c : y ' = 3x 2 12x + 3 m + 2 .
Hm s c cc i , cc tiu khi y ' = 0 c hai nghim phn bit
' = 36 9 m + 2 > 0 2 m > 0 m < 2
)
(
)
) ( )
1
x 2 . 3x 2 12x + 3 m + 2 + 2 m 2 x + m 2
3
1
y = x 2 .y '+ 2 m 2 x + m 2
3
Gi A x1; y1 , B x 2 ; y2 l cc im cc tr ca th hm s th x 1, x 2
y=
( )
l nghim ca phng trnh g x = 3x 2 12x + 3 m + 2 = 0 .

Trong :
1
y1 = x 1 2 .y ' x 1 + 2 m 2 x 1 + m 2
3
y ' x 1 = 0
( )
) ( ) (
y1 = 2 m 2 x 1 + m 2
1
y2 = x 1 2 .y ' x 2 + 2 m 2 x 2 + m 2
3
y ' x 2 = 0
( )
) ( ) (
y2 = 2 m 2 x 2 + m 2
Theo nh l Vi-t , ta c : x 1 + x 2 = 4, x 1x 2 = m + 2
Theo bi ton : y1.y2 > 0 2 m 2 x 1 + m 2 2 m 2 x 2 + m 2 > 0
m 2
) (2x
2
)(
+ 1 2x 2 + 1 > 0
79
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
m 2 4x 1x 2 + 2 x 1 + x 2 + 1 > 0
)(
m 2 4x 1x 2 + 2 x 1 + x 2 + 1 > 0 m 2 4m + 17 > 0
17
m >
4
m 2
17
< m < 2 l gi tr cn tm .
So vi iu kin bi ton , vy
4
Bi tp tng t :
V d 6 : Xc nh gi tr tham s m hm s y =
x 2 m + 1 x + 3m + 2
x 1
hai im cc i v cc tiu cng du .

Gii :
{}
* Hm s cho xc nh trn D = \ 1
( )
* Ta c o hm f ' x =
x 2 2x 2m 1
( x 1)
,x 1
Cch 1:
Hm s c cc i v cc tiu khi f ' x = 0 c hai nghim phn bit
( )
( )
x 1 hay phng trnh g x = x 2 2x 2m 1 = 0 c hai nghim
' > 0
2m + 2 > 0
phn bit x 1 , khi
m > 1
2m 2 0
g 1 0
()
) ( )
l nghim ca g ( x ) = 0
(1 )
l cc im cc tr ca th hm s th x 1, x 2
Gi A x 1 ; y1 , B x 2 ; y2
x = 1 2m + 2 y = 1 m 2 2m + 2
1
Khi : y ' = 0 1
x 2 = 1 + 2m + 2 y2 = 1 m + 2 2m + 2
Hai gi tr cc tr cng du khi
)(
y1.y2 > 0 1 m 2 2m + 2 1 m + 2 2m + 2 > 0
1m
4 2m + 2 > 0
m 2 10m 7 > 0 m < 5 4 2 m > 5 + 4 2
(2 )
() ()
T 1 v 2 suy ra 1 < m < 5 4 2 m > 5 + 4 2

80
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Cch 2 :
Hm s cho xc nh trn D = \ 1 v c o hm
{}
( )
f' x =
x 2 2x 2m 1
x 1
,x 1
( )
Hm s c cc i v cc tiu khi f ' x = 0 c hai nghim phn bit
( )
x 1 hay phng trnh g x = x 2 2x 2m 1 = 0 c hai nghim
' > 0
2m + 2 > 0
phn bit
m > 1
2m 2 0
g 1 0
Hai gi tr cc tr cng du khi th ca hm s y = 0 ct trc honh ti

hai im phn bit x 1 hay phng trnh
x 2 m + 1 x + 3m + 2 = 0 x 1 c hai nghim phn bit x 1 .
()
2
2
= m + 1 4 3m + 2 > 0
m 10m 7 > 0
Tc l
2m + 2 0
1 m + 1 + 3m + 2 0
m < 5 4 2

m > 5 + 4 2
m 1
1 < m < 5 4 2
So vi iu kin suy ra
l gi tr cn tm .
m > 5 + 4 2
Bi tp tng t :
V d 7 : Tm tham s m > 0 hm s y =
x 2 + m 2x + 2m 2 5m + 3
t
x
cc tiu ti x 0;2m .
Gii :
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn khong 0;2m
* Ta c : y ' =
( )
x 2 2m 2 + 5m 3 g x
= 2 , x 0 , g x = x 2 2m 2 + 5m 3
2
x
x
( )
81
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
( )
Hm s t cc tiu ti x 0;2m g x = 0 c hai nghim phn bit

m > 0
x 1, x 2 x 1 < x 2 tho x 1 < 0 < x 2 < 2m 1.g 0 < 0

1.g 2m > 0
m > 0
1
m > 0
m < 1
<m <1
2m + 5m 3 < 0
2
.
m > 3
m > 3
2m 2 + 5m 3 > 0
m
<
1
m >
2

1
3
Vy gi tr m cn tm l < m < 1 m > .
2
2
Bi tp tng t :
1. Tm tham s m hm s y = x 3 m 2x 2 2x + 3 t cc tiu ti
()
( )
x m;2m .
2. Tm tham s m hm s y = x 4 m 1 x 2 1 t cc i ti
x 1; m + 1 .
V d 8 : Tm tham s thc m th ca hm s :
1
y = mx 3 + 3mx 2 + 3m + 1 x 2 c cc i ti x 3; 0 .
3
Gii :
* Ta c y ' = mx 2 + 6mx + 3m + 1
+ Nu m = 0 th y ' = 1 > 0, x hm s lun tng x , do hm
s khng c cc tr.
+ Nu m 0 , ta c ' = m 6m 1 .
* Bng xt du
m
'
1
6
0
+
+
82
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
1
th y ' > 0, x hm s lun tng x , do
6
hm s khng c cc tr.
2
1
1
3 1
i Nu m = th y ' = x 2 + x + = x + 3 0, x hm s lun
6
6
2 6
tng x , do hm s khng c cc tr.
1
i Vi m < 0 hoc m > , khi tam thc y ' c hai nghim phn bit
6
i Nu 0 < m <
'
x1 < x 2 .
m
+ m < 0 . Ta c bng xt du
x
x1
x 1,2 = 3
x2
0
+
0
Da vo bng xt du, suy ra x 2 l honh cc i ca hm s.

y'
'
< 0 ' < 3m
m
1
m 6m 1 < 9m 2 3m 2 + m > 0 m < do m < 0
3
1
+ m > , tng t.
6
Bi tp t luyn:
mx 2 + x
1. Tm tham s thc m th ca hm s : y =
c cc i ti
x + 1
x 0;1 v c cc tiu x ngoi khong .
Theo bi ton, ta c 3 < x 2 < 0 3 < 3
( )
2. Tm tham s thc m th ca hm s : y =
x 0;1 v c cc tiu x ngoi on .
x2 + m x + 1
x +2
c cc i ti
3. Tm tham s thc m th ca hm s : y = m + 1 x 3 + mx 2 x c mt
cc tr ti x 1;1 .
V d 9 : Cho hm s y =
x2 + m x + 1
) , hy tm tham s m
hm s t
x +2
cc i , cc tiu ti cc im c honh x 1, x 2 tha mn h thc :
1
1
.
x 12 + x 22 = 6
+
x
x
1
2
83
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Gii :
) (

* Ta c y ' =
x 2 + 4x + m
x +2
, x 2
* hm s t cc i , cc tiu ti cc im c honh x 1, x 2 th phng
( )
trnh g x = x 2 + 4x + m = 0 c hai nghim phn bit khc 2 khi

= 4 m > 0
m < 4.
2
g 2 = 2 + 4. 2 + m 0
x + x 2 = 12
Theo nh l Vi-t , ta c : 1
.
x 1.x 2 = m
1
x + x2
2
1
x + x 2.x .x = 6 1
+
x 12 + x 22 = 6
1
2
1 2
x
x 1.x 2
1 x2
m = 2
24
2
8
m
+
12
=
0
16 2m =
m = 6
m = 2.
m
0
m
<
4
0 m < 4
0 m < 4
Bi tp tng t :
1
1
1. Tm m th ca hm s: y = x 3 3m 1 x 2 + 2 m 1 mx c cc
3
2
i, cc tiu ng thi honh cc i, cc tiu x 1, x 2 tha mn h thc :
( ) ( )
( )
x 1 = x 22 + 3 .
1 3
m
x mx 2 + m 2 1 x
c cc i,
3
3
cc tiu ng thi honh cc i, cc tiu x 1, x 2 tha mn h thc :
2. Tm m th ca hm s: y =
x 12 = x 1. x 2 5 + 12 .
( m 1)
th ca hm s: y = x + m + 1 +
; m 1 c cc i,
x 1
cc tiu ng thi honh cc i, cc tiu x 1, x 2 tha mn h thc :
3. Tm m
x 1 x 2 = mx 12 1 .
84
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
4. Tm m < 5, m th ca hm s:
y=
1 3
1
x m 1 x 2 + 3 m 2 x + c cc i, cc tiu ng thi honh
3
3
cc i, cc tiu x 1, x 2 tha mn h thc : 2 x 1 x 2 < 2 7 .

5. Tm m + th ca hm s:
(
: (y
y = 2x 3 3 2m + 1 x 2 + 6m m + 1 x + m + 1 c cc i A x 1, y1 , cc tiu
B x 2 , y2 tha mn h thc
)(
y2 6 5m > m 2 x 2 x 1 .
)(
V d 10 : Tm tham s m hm s y = x m x 2 3x m 1 c cc
i v cc tiu tha xC .xCT = 1 .
Gii:
* Ta c y ' = 3x 2 2 m + 3 x + 2m 1
y ' = 0 3x 2 2 m + 3 x + 2m 1 = 0 (1)
Hm s c hai im cc tr tha mn xC .xCT = 1 (1) c hai nghim x 1, x 2

' = m 2 + 7 > 0
m = 2
.
tha mn: x 1 .x 2 = 1
c
2m 1
m
=
1
P
=
=
=
1
a
3
Vy m = 2 hoc m = 1 l gi tr cn tm.
Bi tp tng t :
1. Tm tham s m hm s y = 3x 4 mx 2 2 c cc i A 0; 2 v cc
tiu B,C sao cho xC .x B <
m 2 + 4m 4
.
6
( )
2. Tm tham s m hm s y = x 4 4mx 2 + 1 c cc i A 0;1 v cc tiu
B,C sao cho xC .x B > 2 m 2 + 8m + 10 .
V d 11 : Tm tham s m hm s
1
1
y = mx 3 m 1 x 2 + 3 m 2 x +
c cc i , cc tiu ng thi
3
3
honh cc i cc tiu x 1, x 2 tha x 1 + 2x 2 = 1 .
Gii:
85
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
* Ta c y ' = mx 2 2 m 1 x + 3 m 2
Hm s c cc i , cc tiu khi y ' i du hai ln qua nghim x , tc l
phng trnh mx 2 2 m 1 x + 3 m 2 = 0 c hai nghim phn bit x 1, x 2

m 0
m 0
2m 2 + 4m + 1 > 0
' = m 1 3m m 2 > 0
m 0
2 6
2+ 6
<m <
2
2
Theo nh l Vi t v yu cu bi ton, ta c:
x = 3m 4
x
+
x
=
gt
2
1
1
2
1
m
2
m
2m
x 2 =
x 1 + x 2 =
m
m
3
m
3m 4 2 m 3 m 2
.
=
x
x
=
1 2
m
m
m m
2
m=
2
3m 8m + 4 = 0 m 0
3
m
=
2
( )
( )
So vi iu kin bi ton , vy m =
2
m = 2 l gi tr cn tm .
3
Bi tp tng t :
1. Tm tham s m hm s y = 3x 4 mx 2 2 c cc i A 0; 2 v cc
tiu B,C sao cho xC x B < 6 m 2 m .
( )
2. Tm tham s m hm s y = x 4 4mx 2 + 1 c cc i A 0;1 v cc tiu
B,C sao cho xC x B > 2 2m m 2 .
V d 12: Tm tham s m hm s y =
2x 2 + 3x + m 2
c im cc i
x +2
( )
( )
v cc tiu ti cc im c honh x 1, x 2 tha mn y x 2 y x 1 = 8

Gii :
2x + 3x + m 2
m
= 2x 1 +
x +2
x +2
2
y=
86
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
{ }
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn D = \ 2

* Vi x 2, m 0 , ta c
m
2(x + 2)2 m
g(x )
=
=
, g(x ) = 2(x + 2)2 m
2
2
2
(x + 2)
(x + 2)
(x + 2)
th hm s c cc i , cc tiu khi y ' = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit v y ' i
y' = 2
( )
du khi x qua cc nghim , khi phng trnh g x = 0 c hai nghim
2(x + 2)2 = m > 0

m >0
phn bit khc 2
2
2(2 + 2) m 0
Khi ta c
y x = 4x + 3
1
1
y x 2 y x 1 = (4x 2 + 3) (4x 1 + 3) = 4 x 2 x 1
y
x
x
=
+3
4
2
2
( )
( ) ( )
( )
y ( x ) y ( x ) = 8 4 x x = 8 (x
2
x 1 + x 2 = 4
M
8m
x 1x 2 =
2
()
+ x 2 )2 4x 1x 2 = 4 1
(2)
8m
T 1 v 2 suy ra (4)2 4
4 =0m =2
2
Bi tp tng t :
1
1. Tm tham s m hm s y = x 3 + m 2 x 2 2 c im cc i v cc
3
()
()
)
tiu ti cc im c honh x , x tha mn y ( x ) y ( x ) < 2 .
2. Tm tham s m hm s y = (m + 1) x 2 (m 1) x c 2 im cc tiu
khc O ( 0; 0 ) v honh x , x ca cc tiu tha mn y ( x ) + y ( x ) > 1 .
1
2x 2 3x + m
3. Tm tham s m hm s y =
c im cc i v cc tiu ti
x m
( )
( )
cc im c honh x1, x 2 tha mn y x 2 y x 1 > 8 .

4.
V d 13: Tm tt c cc gi tr ca tham s m th hm s
x 2 + m + 2 x + 3m + 2
1
2
2
y=
c gi tr cc tr , ng thi yCD
+ yCT
> .
x +1
2
Gii :
87
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
{ }
* Hm s cho xc nh trn D = \ 1 .
* Ta c : y ' =
x 2 + 2x 2m
( x + 1)
( )
( x + 1)
g x
( )
, x 1
g x = x 2 + 2x 2m
( )
Hm s c cc i , cc tiu khi phng trnh g x = 0, x 1 c hai
' > 0
1
2m + 1 > 0
nghim phn bit x 1, x 2 khc 1
m >
2
2m 1 0
g 1 0
( )
) (
)
l nghim ca phng trnh g ( x ) = 0, x 1
Gi A x 1; y1 = 2x 1 + m + 2 , B x 2 ; y2 = 2x 2 + m + 2 l cc im cc tr ca
th hm s th x 1, x 2
Theo nh l Vi- t x 1 + x 2 = 2, x 1 .x 2 = 2m
) + (2x + m + 2 )
) + 4 (m + 2)(x + x ) + 2 (m + 2)
) 2x x + 4 (m + 2 )(x + x ) + 2 (m + 2 )
2
2
Theo bi ton : y C
+ yCT
= y12 + y22 = 2x 1 + m + 2
y12 + y22 = 4 x 12 + x 22
y12 + y22 = 4 x 1 + x 2
1 2
y12 + y22 = 4 4 + 4m 8 m + 2 + 2 m + 2
= 2m 2 + 16m + 8
1
1
, f ' m = 4m + 16 > 0, m >
2
2
1
Do hm s f m ng bin trn khong m ; + v

2
1 1
1
f m > f = , m ; +
2 2
2
1
2
2
+ yCT
> , m ; +
Vy y C
2
2
( )
( )
Xt f m = 2m 2 + 16m + 8, m >
( )
( )
x2 + m + 1 x + m + 1
. Gi A, B l hai im
x +1
cc tr , nh m din tch tam gic OAB bng 2 . Vi gi tr m va tm
c , tnh khong cch t O n ng thng AB .
Gii :
{ }
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn D = \ 1 .
88
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
* Ta c y ' =
x 2 + 2x
( x + 1)
, x 1
i Vi m hm s cho c im cc i A 2; m 3 v im cc tiu
B 0; m + 1 .
i Ta c :

2
OA 2; m 3 OA = m 6m + 13,OB 0; m + 1 OB = m + 1 v

OAOB
.

OAOB
.
= 2.0 + m 3 m + 1 = m 3 m + 1 . cos AOB =
OAOB
.
2
2
OAOB
.
OAOB
.
= 1 cos2 AOB
=
sin AOB
OAOB
.
2
2
1
1
i Din tch dt( OAB ) = OAOB
. . sin AOB =
OAOB
.
OAOB
.
2
2
m = 3
dt( OAB ) = ... = m + 1 dt( OAB ) = 2 m + 1 = 2
m = 1
)(
) (
)(
i Gi d l khong cch t O n ng thng AB khi AB = 2 5 v

m +1
1
dt( OAB ) = d .AB d =
.
2
5
+ m = 3 d =
+ m =1d =
2 5
.
5
2 5
.
5
Bi tp t luyn:
1
1. nh m th ca hm s y = mx 3 + 3m 1 x 2 4x 2 c cc tr
3
A, B sao cho tam gic MAB din tch bng 1 , bit M 0;1 .
( )
2. nh m th ca hm s y = x 4 2m 2x 2 + 1 c cc tr A, B,C sao cho

tam gic ABC din tch bng 4 .
V d 15 : Tm tham s m hm s y = x 4 2m 2x 2 + 1 c 3 im cc tr
l 3 nh ca mt tam gic vung cn.
Gii:
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc .
* Ta c y ' = 4x 3 4m 2x = 4x (x 2 m 2 ) .
89
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Vi m 0 hm s c ba cc tr .Khi ta cc im cc tr ca th hm
s l: A(0;1), B(m;1 m 4 ), C (m;1 m 4 ) .
D thy AB = AC nn tam gic ABC vung cn AB 2 + AC 2 = BC 2
2(m 2 + m 8 ) = 4m 2 m = 1
Vy m = 1 l nhng gi tr cn tm.
Bi tp t luyn:
1
1. Tm tham s m hm s y = x 3 x 2 + m 1 x + m c 2 im cc tr
3
A, B sao cho ABO mt tam gic vung cn , vi O l gc ta .
1 4 1
x m 1 x 2 + m 2 c 3 im cc tr
4
2
l 3 nh ca mt tam gic vung.
V d 16: Tm m th ca hm s y = x 4 2mx 2 + 2m + m 4 c cc i ,
cc tiu ng thi cc im cc tr lp thnh tam gic u.
Gii :
2. Tm tham s m hm s y =
* Ta c y ' = 4x 3 4mx = 4x x 2 m
x = 0
y' = 0 2
x = m *
th hm s c cc i , cc tiu khi y ' = 0 c 3 nghim phn bit v y ' i
()
()
du khi x qua cc nghim , khi phng trnh * c hai nghim phn bit
khc 0 m > 0
x = 0 A 0; m 4 + 2m
B m ; m 4 m 2 + 2m
Khi : y ' = 0
x = m
C m ; m 4 m 2 + 2m
Hm s c 3 cc tr A, B,C lp thnh tam gic u
(
(
AB = AC
AB 2 = BC 2 m + m 4 = 4m
AB
=
BC
m m3 3 = 0 m = 3 3 m > 0
Vy m = 3 3 l gi tr cn tm .
Bi tp t luyn:
1 4 1
x m 1 x 2 + m m 2 c cc i ,
4
2
cc tiu ng thi cc im cc tr lp thnh tam gic u.
90
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
3 2 2
m x c cc i A , cc tiu B
2
ng thi cc im ABC cc tr lp thnh tam gic u, bit C 2; 3 .
2. Tm m th ca hm s y = x 3 +
V d 17: Tm a th ca hm s y = x 3 3x 2 + 2
(C ) c im cc i
( )
v im cc tiu ca th C v hai pha khc nhau ca ng trn (pha
( )
trong v pha ngoi): C a : x 2 + y 2 2ax 4ay + 5a 2 1 = 0 .

Gii :
* Ta c : y ' = 3x 2 6x
x = 0 y = 2
y' = 0
x = 2 y = 2
Cch 1:
( ) (
)
A ( 0;2 ) , B ( 2; 2 ) v hai pha ca hai ng trn (C ) khi
th hm s c hai im cc tr A 0;2 , B 2; 2 . Hai im

a
)(
PA/(C ) .PB /(C ) < 0 5a 8a + 3 5a + 4a + 7 < 0

a
a
5a 2 8a + 3 < 0
3
<a <1
5
Cch 2 :
(C ) : (x a ) + (y 2a )
2
Ta c : IB =
= 1 c tm I a;2a v bn knh R = 1
(a 2 ) + (2a + 2 )
2
= 5a 2 + 4a + 8
2
36
6
IB = 5 a + +
> 1 = R im B nm ngoi C a ,
5
5
5
do im A nm trong ng trn
2
3
C a IA < 1 a 2 + 2 2a < 1 5a 2 8a + 3 < 0 < a < 1
5
Bi tp t luyn:
3
1. Tm m th ca hm s y = x 3 + x 2 + 1 C c im cc i v
2
im cc tiu ca th C v mt pha khc nhau ca ng trn (pha
( )
( )
( )
trong hoc pha ngoi):
( )
(C ) : x
m
+ y 2 + mx + 2my + m 2 2 = 0 .
91
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
2. Tm m th ca hm s y = x 3 + mx 2 + 2m 1
(C ) c im cc i
m
( )
v im cc tiu ca th C m v hai pha khc nhau ca ng trn (pha
( )
trong v pha ngoi): C : x 2 + y 2 = 4 .

V d 18 : Tm m th ca hm s: y = x 4 2mx 2 + m 1 c ba cc tr.
ng thi cc im cc tr A, B, C ca th to thnh mt tam gic c
bn knh ng trn ngoi tip bng 1 .
Gii :
* Ta c : y ' = 4x 3 4mx = 4x x 2 m
x = 0
y' = 0 2
x = m
Vi m > 0 : y ' = 0 c ba nghim phn bit v y ' i du khi x i qua cc
nghim .
* Khi ba im cc tr ca th hm s l: A 0; m 1 ,
) (
B m ; m 2 + m 1 , C
m ; m 2 + m 1 .
AB = AC = m 4 + m , BC = 2 m v S ABC =
1
y yA . xC x B = m 2 m
2 B
m4 + m 2 m
AB.AC .BC
R=
=1
= 1 m 3 2m + 1 = 0
2
4S ABC
4m m
m = 1

5 1
m
=
Bi tp tng t :
1 4 1
x mx 2 + m + 1 c ba cc tr A, B, C
4
2
sao cho tam gic ni tip c trong ng trn c bn knh R = 1 .
Tm m th ca hm s: y =
V d 19: Tm m th ca hm s y = x 3 3x 2 + m 2x + m c cc i,
cc tiu v cc im cc i, cc tiu ca th hm s i xng nhau qua
1
5
ng thng : d : y = x .
2
2
Gii :
Cch 1 :
92
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
* Ta c y ' = 3x 2 6x + m 2 y ' = 0 3x 2 6x + m 2 = 0 (1) .
hm s c cc tr (1) c 2 nghim phn bit x1, x 2

' = 3(3 m 2 ) > 0 3 < m < 3 .
phng trnh ng thng d ' i qua cc im cc tr l :
2
1
y = ( m 2 2)x + m 2 + m cc im cc tr l :
3
3
2
1
2
1
A(x 1;( m 2 2)x 1 + m 2 + 3m ), B(x 2 ;( m 2 2)x 2 + m 2 + 3m ) .
3
3
3
3
Gi I l giao im ca hai ng thng d v d '
2m 2 + 6m + 15 11m 2 + 3m 30
I(
;
).
15 4m 2
15 4m 2
2 2
m 2 = 2 m = 0 khi
3
I l trung im ca AB A v B
A v B i xng qua d th trc ht d d '
I 1; 2 v A x 1; 2x 1 ; B x 2 ; 2x 2
i xng nhau qua d .

Cch 2 :
* Hm s cho xc nh trn v c o hm y ' = 3x 2 6x + m 2 .
Hm s c cc i , cc tiu khi phng trnh y ' = 0 c hai nghim
phn bit x 1, x 2 ' = 9 3m 2 > 0 3 < m < 3 .
Vi-t, ta c x 1 + x 2 = 2
) (
Gi A x1; y1 , B x 2 ; y2
m2
.
3
l cc im cc tr ca th hm s v I l
x 1.x 2 =
trung im ca on AB .
ng thng AB c h s gc
3
3
2
2
2
y 2 y1 x 2 x 1 3 x 2 x 1 + m x 2 x 1
kAB =
=
x 2 x1
x 2 x1
kAB = x 1 + x 2
x 1x 2 3 x 1 + x 2 + m 2
m2
2m 2 6
6 + m2 =
3
3
1
5
1
ng thng y = x c h s gc k =
2
2
2
Hai im A x1; y1 , B x 2 ; y2 i xng nhau qua ng thng
kAB = 4
( )
) ( )
( )
93
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
AB
khi v ch khi
I
i AB kAB .k = 1
1 2m 2 6
.
= 1 m = 0
2
3
i m = 0 y ' = 3x 2 6x
( )
( )
x = 0 y = 0 A 0; 0
1
y' = 0 1
I 1; 2
x 2 = 2 y2 = 4 B 2; 4
D thy I 1; 2
Vy m = 0 tho mn yu cu bi ton .
Bi tp tng t :
Tm m th ca hm s y = x 3 + m 4 x 2 4 m 1 x + 4m + 1 c cc
i, cc tiu v cc im cc i, cc tiu ca th hm s i xng nhau qua
ng thng : d : y = x .
V d 20: Tm m th ca hm s y =
x 2 + mx
c cc tr v khong
1x
cch gia hai im cc tr bng 10 .

Gii :
{}

* Ta c y ' =
x 2 + 2x + m
(1 x )2
y ' = 0 x 2 2x m = 0 (1) (x 1)
' = 1 + m > 0
th hm s c cc tr
m > 1 .
1 2 m 0
ng thng i qua cc im cc tr c phng trnh y = 2x m cc im
cc tr l: A(x 1; 2x 1 m ), B(x 2 ; 2x 2 m )
AB 2 = 5(x 1 x 2 )2 = 100 (x 1 + x 2 )2 4x 1x 2 20 = 0
4 + 4m 20 = 0 m = 4 .
Bi tp tng t :
gia hai im cc tr bng
mx 2 + x m + 1
c cc tr v khong cch
x 1
3.
94
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
2. Tm m th ca hm s y = x 3 mx 2 + x 5m + 1 c cc tr v khong
2.
cch gia hai im cc tr b hn
x 2 + 2mx + 2
c
x +1
im cc i, im cc tiu v khong cch t hai im n ng thng
: x + y + 2 = 0 bng nhau.
Gii :
( )
V d 21: Tm gi tr ca m th hm s y = f x =
{ }

* Ta c y ' =
x 2 + 2x + 2m 2
x +1
, x 1
( )
Hm s c cc i , cc tiu khi f ' x i du hai ln qua nghim x hay
( )
phng trnh g x = x 2 + 2x + 2m 2 = 0 c hai nghim phn bit khc 1
' > 0
3
3 2m > 0
m<
2
2m 3 0
g 1 0
Gi
( )
A (x ; y
1
) (
= 2x 1 + 2m , B x 2 ; y2 = 2x 2 + 2m l cc im cc tr ca th
( )
hm s th x 1, x 2 l nghim ca phng trnh g x = 0, x 1 . Theo nh l Vi

t x 1 + x 2 = 2, x 1 .x 2 = 2m
Theo yu cu bi ton d A, = d B,
x 1 + y1 + 2
x2
) = ( 3x
2
+ 2m + 2
) ( 3x + 2m + 2 ) = 0
) 3 (x + x ) + 4m + 4 = 0
3x 1 + 2m + 2
1
x 2 + y2 + 2
3x 1 + 2m + 2 = 3x 2 + 2m + 2 3x 1 + 2m + 2
(
(x
(x
So vi iu kin, vy m =
1
l gi tr cn tm .
2
x2
( )
3 x 1 + x 2 + 4m + 4 = 0
3 2 + 4m + 4 = 0 m =
1
2
Bi tp tng t :
x 2 + 2mx 3m + 1
c im cc i,
x 2
im cc tiu v khong cch t hai im n ng thng : 2x y = 0
bng nhau.
1. Tm gi tr ca m th hm s y =
95
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
2. Tm gi tr ca m th hm s y = x 3 3m + 1 x 2 2m + 3 c im
cc i, im cc tiu v khong cch t cc i n ng thng
(d ) : 2x 3y = 0 nh hn
11 .
x 2 + mx + 2
V d 22: Tm gi tr ca m th hm s y =
c im cc
x 1
( )
tiu nm trn Parabol P : y = x 2 + x 4

Gii :
{}
* Ta c y ' =
x 2 2x m 2
x 1
( )
, x 1 . t g x = x 2 2x m 2 .
( )
Hm s c cc i , cc tiu khi phng trnh g x = 0 c hai nghim
' = 1 m 2 > 0
m + 3 > 0
phn bit khc 1
m > 3
m 3
g 1 = m 3 0
x = 1 m + 3 y = m + 2 2 m + 3
1
Khi : y ' = 0 1
x 2 = 1 + m + 3 y2 = m + 2 + 2 m + 3
Bng xt du :
x
x1
1
x2
+
()
y'
Da vo bng xt du suy ra A 1 + m + 3; m + 2 + 2 m + 3 l
im cc tiu ca th hm s .
( )
A P m +2 +2 m + 3 = 1+ m + 3
+1+ m +3 4
m + 3 = 1 m = 2
So vi iu kin bi ton, ta c m = 2 l gi tr cn tm.
Bi tp tng t :
1
1
1. Tm gi tr ca m th hm s y = x 3 mx 2 + 2 m 2 x c im
3
2
5
cc tiu nm trn ng thng d : y = x .
6
()
96
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
2. Tm gi tr ca m th hm s y = x 3 3 m + 1 x 2 + 3m 2 c im
( )
cc tiu nm trn Parabol P : y = x 2 .

V d 23: Tm gi tr ca m th hm s
y = x 3 + 3 m + 1 x 2 3m 2 + 7m 1 x + m 2 1 c im cc tiu ti mt
im c honh nh hn 1.
Gii :
* Ta c y ' = 3x 2 + 6 m + 1 x 3m 2 + 7m 1 .
Hm s t cc tiu ti mt im c honh nh hn 1
y ' = 3x 2 + 6 m + 1 x 3m 2 + 7m 1 = 0 c hai nghim x 1, x 2 tho
mn iu kin :
x < 1 < x
2
1
x
<
x
1
1
2
()
()
1 3.y ' 1 < 0
' > 0
1
2
2 3.y ' 1 0
<1
()
()
()
)
(
()
3 3m 2 + m 4 < 0
4
< m < 1
9 m + 1 2 3 3m 2 + 7m 1 > 0
3

3m + 12 > 0
2
3 3m + m 4 0
3m 2 + m 4 0
m +1<1
m < 0

4
< m < 1
4
3
<m <1
m
<
4

3
m <1
4
4
m
m m 1
3
3
m
<
0
Bi tp tng t :
1. Tm gi tr ca m th hm s y = mx 3 3mx 2 + m + 1 x 4 c im
cc tiu ti mt im c honh m.
1
1
m 1 x 3 m 1 x 2 + 2m + 3
3
2
c im cc tiu ti mt im c honh ln hn 2 .
V d 24: Tm gi tr ca m th hm s
2. Tm gi tr ca m th hm s y =
97
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
y=
x 2 m + 1 x m 2 + 4m 2
x 1
i v cc tiu t gi tr nh nht.
. c cc tr ng thi tch cc gi tr cc
Gii :
{}
x 2 2x + m 2 3m + 3
* Ta c y ' =
( x 1)
( )
( x 1)
g x
,x 1
( )
g x = x 2 2x + m 2 3m + 3
( )
Hm s c cc i , cc tiu khi phng trnh g x = 0, x 1

c hai nghim phn bit x 1, x 2 khc 1 .
2
' > 0
m + 3m 2 > 0
2
1<m <2
g
1
0
m
3
m
2
0
()
Gi A ( x ; y ) , B ( x ; y ) l cc im cc tr ca th hm s th x , x
l nghim ca phng trnh g ( x ) = 0, x 1 .
1
x = 1 m 2 + 3m 2 y = 1 m + 2 m 2 + 3m 2
1
Khi y ' = 0 1
x = 1 + m 2 + 3m 2 y = 1 m 2 m 2 + 3m 2
2
2
)(
y1.y2 = 1 m + 2 m 2 + 3m 2 1 m 2 m 2 + 3m 2
y1.y2 = 1 m
4 m 2 + 3m 2
)
2
7
4
4
y1.y2 = 5m 14m + 9 = 5 m
5
5
5
4
7
min y1 .y2 = khi m =
5
5
7
So vi iu kin , vy m = l gi tr cn tm .
5
Bi tp tng t :
1. Tm gi tr ca m th hm s y = x 3 3x 2 + m 2 + 4m 2 c cc tr
ng thi tch cc gi tr cc i v cc tiu t gi tr nh nht.
3
2. Tm gi tr ca m th hm s y = x 3 + x 2 + m 2 m + 1 c cc tr
2
ng thi tch cc gi tr cc i v cc tiu t gi tr ln nht.
2
98
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
V d 25: Vi gi tr no ca m th th ca hm s
mx 2 + m 2 + 1 x + 4m 3 + m
y=
tng ng c mt im cc tr thuc gc
x +m
phn t th II v mt im cc tr thuc gc phn t th IV ca mt phng
( )
( )
ta .
Gii :
{ }
* Hm s cho xc nh trn D = \ m
* Ta c : y ' =
mx 2 + 2m 2x 3m 3
x +m
, x m
) ( )
(x < x ) l nghim ca phng trnh
Gi A x1; y1 , B x 2 ; y2 l cc im cc tr ca th hm s th
x 1, x 2
( )
g x = mx 2 + 2m 2x 3m 3 = 0, x m
( )
th ca hm s c mt im cc tr thuc gc phn t th II v
( )
mt im cc tr thuc gc phn t th IV ca mt phng ta khi
(1) m.g ( 0 ) < 0 3m < 0 m 0 (a )

(2 ) th ca hm s khng ct trc
Ox mx + (m + 1) x + 4m + m = 0 ( x m ) v nghim
4
m 0
m 0
2
3
15m 4 2m 2 + 1 < 0
= m + 1 4m 4m + m < 0
1
m 0
m <
5
2 1
b
1
m >
5
m >
5
()
( 3 ) m < 0 (c )
( ) (b ) (c ) suy ra m <
T a
l gi tr cn tm.
5
V d 25: Chng t rng ch c mt im A duy nht trn mt phng to sao
( )
cho n l im cc i ca th f x =
x2 m m + 1 x + m3 + 1
x m
ng vi
99
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
mt gi tr thch hp ca m v cng l im cc tiu ca th ng vi mt gi

tr thch hp khc. Tm to ca A .
Gii :
* Hm s cho xc nh trn D = \ m .
{ }
* Ta c y ' =
x 2 2mx + m 2 1
(x m )
,x m
( )
Tam thc g x = x 2 2mx + m 2 1 c = 1 > 0, m .

x = m 1
Do y ' = 0 1
x 2 = m + 1
y x = m 2 + m 2 M m 1; m 2 + m 2
1
y x = m 2 + m + 2 N m + 1; m 2 + m + 2
2
( )
(
( )
(
A ( x ; y ) .Gi s ng vi gi tr m = m
0
)
)
th A l im cc i v ng vi
gi tr m = m2 th A l im cc tiu ca th hm s
x 0 = m1 1
x 0 = m2 + 1
Ta c:
.
;
2
2
y 0 = m1 + m1 2 y 0 = m2 + m2 + 2
m1 1 = m2 + 1
Theo bi ton , ta c :
2
2
m1 + m1 2 = m2 + m2 + 2
m m2 = 2
m m2 = 2
1
1
m + m 2 = 1
m1 m2 m1 + m2 1 = 4
1
1
1
m1 =
x 0 =
2
2 A 1 ; 7 .
2 4
m = 3
y = 7
2
0
2
4
1 7
Vy A ; l im duy nht cn tm tho yu cu bi ton .
2 4
)(
Dng 4 : ng dng cc tr ca hm s trong bi ton i s .

V d : Tm tt c cc gi tr thc ca m phng trnh sau c mt s l
2
nghim thc: (3x 14x + 14) 4(3x 7)(x 1)(x 2)(x 4) = m .

Gii :
100
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
)(
)(
f (x ) = x 1 x 2 x 4 = x 3 7x 2 + 14x 8
g (x ) = 3x 2 14x + 14
4 3x 7 f (x )
g (x ) l a thc bc 4 vi h s ca x l 3 .
4
f '(x ) = 3x 2 14x + 14
)(
4
0
36
g '(x ) = 2 3x 2 14x + 14 6x 14 12 f (x ) 4 3x 7 f '(x ) = 12 f (x )

g '(x ) = 0 x = 1; x = 2; x = 4.
g(1) = 9; g(2) = 4; g(4) = 36.
Bng bin thin ca g (x ) .
x
g '(x )
+
g (x )
1
0
9
2
0
T bng bin thin cho thy phng trnh g (x ) = m c mt s l nghim

khi v ch khi: m = 4; m = 9; m = 36.
Bi 4 : GI TR LN NHT
GI TR NH NHT CA HM S.
4.1 TM TT L THUYT
1. nh ngha: Cho hm s xc nh trn D
S M gi l gi tr ln nht (GTLN) ca hm s y = f (x ) trn D
f (x ) M x D
nu
, ta k hiu M = max f (x ) .
x D
x 0 D : f (x 0 ) = M
Ch : Nu f (x ) M x D th ta cha th suy ra M = max f (x )
x D
S m gi l gi tr nh nht (GTNN) ca hm s y = f (x ) trn D

f (x ) m x D
nu
, ta k hiu m = min f (x ) .
x D
x 0 D : f (x 0 ) = m
Ch : Nu f (x ) m x D th ta cha th suy ra m = min f (x ) .
x D
2. Phng php tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s

101
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Phng php chung: tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y = f (x ) trn D ta

tnh y ' , tm cc im m ti o hm trit tiu hoc khng tn ti v lp bng
bin thin. T bng bin thin ta suy ra GTLN, GTNN.
Ch :
Nu hm s y = f (x ) lun tng hoc lun gim trn a; b

th max f (x ) = max{f (a ), f (b)}; min f (x ) = min{f (a ), f (b)} .
[a;b]
[a;b]
Nu hm s y = f (x ) lin tc trn a; b th lun c GTLN, GTNN trn

on v tm GTLN, GTNN ta lm nh sau
* Tnh y ' v tm cc im x1, x 2 , ..., x n m ti y ' trit tiu hoc hm s
khng c o hm.
* Tnh cc gi tr f (x1 ), f (x 2 ),..., f (x n ), f (a ), f (b) .Khi
{ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )}
min f ( x ) = min { f (a ) , f ( x ) , f ( x ) ...f ( x ) , f (b )}
( )
+ max f x = max f a , f x 1 , f x 2 ...f x i , f b

x a ;b
x a ;b
x a ;b
x a ;b
Nu hm s y = f (x ) l hm tun hon chu k T th tm GTLN, GTNN
ca n trn D ta ch cn tm GTLN, GTNN trn mt on thuc D c di

bng T .
* Cho hm s y = f (x ) xc nh trn D . Khi t n ph t = u(x ) , ta tm c
t E vi x D , ta c y = g (t ) th Max, Min ca hm f trn D chnh l
Max, Min ca hm g trn E .

* Khi bi ton yu cu tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht m khng ni trn tp
no th ta hiu l tm GTLN, GTNN trn tp xc nh ca hm s.
* Ngoi phng php kho st tm Max, Min ta cn dng phng php min
gi tr hay Bt ng thc tm Max, Min.
* Ta cn phn bit hai khi nim c bn :
+ Gi tr ln nht ca hm s y = f (x ) trn D vi cc i ca hm s .
+ Gi tr nh nht ca hm s y = f (x ) trn D vi cc tiu ca hm s .
Gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s y = f (x ) trn D mang tnh ton
cc , cn gi tr cc i v gi tr cc tiu ca hm s ch mang tnh a phng.
4.2 DNG TON THNG GP

tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s y = f (x ) trn D ta c th s
dng o hm v kt hp vi vic so snh gi tr cc i, cc tiu vi gi tr c
bit ( ta gi l cc gi tr ti hn ) . Gi tr ti hn ny thng l cc gi tr
102
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
ti cc u mt ca cc on hoc l gi tr ca hm s ti cc im m khng
tn ti o hm.
V d 1 : Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca cc hm s:
3x 1
1. y =
trn on 0;2 .
x 3
2. y = (x 6) x 2 + 4 trn on 0; 3 .
3. y = x 6 + 4 1 x 2
trn on 1;1 .
x 2 + 5x + 6 trn on [ 1; 6] .
Gii :
3x 1
1. y =
x 3
8
* Ta c y ' =
< 0, x 0;2
2
x 3
4. y =
* Bng bin thin

x
y'
y
1
3
5
T bng bin thin suy ra :

1
max f x = khi x = 0
0;2
3
( )
( )
min f x = 5 khi x = 2
0;2
2. y = (x 6) x 2 + 4
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn on 0; 3 .
2x 2 6x + 4
* Ta c : y ' =
, x 0; 3
x2 + 4
x = 1
y' = 0
x = 2
103
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
y(1) = 5 5
y(0) = 12
y(2) = 8 2
y(3) = 3 13
max y = 3 13
x 0;3
y = 12
xmin
0;3
Vy max y = 3 13 khi x = 3 , min y = 12 khi x = 0 .

x 0;3
x 0;3
3. y = x 6 + 4 1 x 2

t t = x 2 , x 1;1 t 0;1
()
( )
12 (1 t ) = 3 ( 3t + 8t 4 )
3
Hm s cho vit li f t = t 3 + 4 1 t , t 0;1
()
* Ta c f ' t = 3t 2
2
t = , f
f' t =0
3
t = 2
()
()
2 4
=
3 9
()
f 0 = 4, f 1 = 1
* Bng bin thin
t
2
3
0
()
f' t
()
f t
4
9
T bng bin thin suy ra :
( )
max f x = 4 khi x = 0
1;1
( )
min f x =
1;1
4
2
khi x =
9
3
4. y = x 2 + 5x + 6
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn on [ 1; 6] .
* Ta c y ' =
2x + 5
2 x 2 + 5x + 6
104
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
5
[ 1; 6]
2
5 7
y(1) = y ( 6 ) = 0, y = .
2 2
y' = 0 x =
Vy : min y = 0 khi x = 1, x = 6 v max y =

x 1;6
x 1;6
7
5
khi x = .
2
2
Tng t:
1. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca cc hm s:
a. f x = x 4 2x 2 + 3 trn on 3;2
( )
3x 2 + 10x + 20
b. f x =
x 2 + 2x + 3
2. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca cc hm s:
a. f (x ) = x 2 4x + 5 trn on [2; 3] .
( )
9
1
b. f ( x ) = x 6 3x 4 + x 2 + trn on [1; 1] .
4
4
x + 1 + 9x 2
,x > 0 .
V d 2 : Tm gi tr ln nht ca cc hm s: y =
8x 2 + 1
Gii :
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn khong 0; +
x + 9x 2 + 1
9x 2 + 1 x 2
y=
=
=
8x 2 + 1
(8x 2 + 1) 9x 2 + 1 x
1
9x + 1 x
2
( 0; + ) khi hm s
t gi tr nh nht trn khong ( 0; + ) .
Hm s t gi tr ln nht trn khong

f (x ) = 9x 2 + 1 x
( )
f' x =
9x
9x + 1
2
x > 0
1
f ' x = 0 9x 2 + 1 = 9x
x =
2
6 2
72x = 1
( )
2 2
1
1
3 2
1
khi x =
maxy =
=
khi x =
.
x >0
x >0
3
4
6 2
2 2
6 2
3
V d 3: Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca cc hm s:
( )
min f x =
1. y = x + 4 x 2 trn on 2;2 .
105
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
2. y =
x +1
x2 + 1
trn on x 1;2 .
Gii :
1. y = x + 4 x 2
x
* Ta c y ' = 1
4 x2 x
, x 2;2
4 x2
2
2
4 x x = 0
4 x = x
y' = 0
x 2;2
x 2;2
4 x2
0 < x < 2
0 < x < 2
x = 2
2
2 2
4
x
=
x
x
=
2
Bng bin thin

x
2
2
y'
y
2
2 2
T bng bin thin , ta c
( )
max f x = 2 2 khi x = 2
x 2;2
( )
min f x = 2 khi x = 2
x 2;2
x +1
trn on x 1;2 .
x2 + 1
x + 1
* Ta c y ' =
y' = 0 x =1
3
2
x +1
2. y =
* Bng bin thin .

x
1
y'
y
0
3 5
5
106
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
T bng bin thin , ta c

max y = 2 khi x = 1
min y = 0 khi x = 1
x 1;2
x 1;2
V d 4 : Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
y = x 3 3x 2 + 1 trn on 2;1 .
Gii :
( )
t g x = x 3x + 1, x 2;1
3
( )
g ' x = 3x 2 6x .
x = 0
g' x = 0
x = 2 2;1
g 2 = 19, g 0 = 1, g 1 = 1 , suy ra max g x = 1, min g x = 19 .
( )
( )
()
()
( )
2;1
( )
( )
2;1
( )
( )
x 2;1 g x 19;1 f x = g x 0;19 .
( )
() ()
( )
g 0 .g 1 < 0 x 1 0;1 sao cho g x 1 = 0.
( )
( )
Vy max f x = 19, min f x = 0.

2;1
2;1
Tng t:
1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca cc hm s: f x = x 3 + 3x 2 72x + 90 trn on
( )
5;5 .
2. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s f ( x ) = x 3 3x + 2 trn
on 3; 2 .
V d 5:
1. Tm a gi tr ln nht ca hm s y = x 2 + 2x + a 4 trn on
2;1 t gi tr nh nht .
2. Tm gi tr p, q gi tr ln nht ca hm s y = x 2 + px + q trn on
1;1 l b nht .
Gii :
1.
107
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
y = x 2 + 2x + a 4 = x + 1 + a 5
( )
Ta c f (t ) = t + a 5 , t 0; 4
max y max f (t ) = max {f ( 0 ) , f {4}} = max { a 5 , a 1 }
a 5 a 1 a 3 max f (t ) = a 5 = 5 a
a 5 a 1 a 3 max f (t ) = a 1 = a 1
2
t t = x + 1 , x 2;1 t 0; 4
x 2;1
t 0;4
t 0;4
t 0;4
t 0;4
t 0;4
5 a 5 3 = 2, a 3
Mt khc
max f t 2, a
t 0;4
a 1 3 1 = 2, a 3
()
()
Vy gi tr nh nht ca max f t = 2 khi a = 3

t 0;4
( )
2. Xt hm s f x = x 2 + px + q
( )
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn on 1;1 y = f x
( )
()
Gi s max y = f ( )
()
f 1 = 1 p + q , f 0 = q, f 1 = 1 + p + q
f (1) + f (0) f (1) f (0) = 1 + p , f (1) + f (0) f (1) f (0) = 1 p
1
f (1) >
2 f >1
p > 0 1 + p > 1
2
f (0) > 1
1
f (1) >
2f >1
p < 0 1 p > 1
2
f (0) > 1
max y = max f ( ) ; f (1) ; f (1)

x 1;1
2
( )
( )
p
p = 0 f x = x 2 + q, f 0 = f = q, f 1 = f 1 = 1 + q
2
Gi tr ln nht ca y l mt trong hai gi tr q ; 1 + q
( )
q >
()
( )
()
1
1
1
1
1 + q > f (1) > f ( ) >
2
2
2
2
108
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
1
1
1
1
q > f (0) > f ( ) >
2
2
2
2
1
1 1
1
q = f x = x 2 max f (x ) = x = 0; x = 1
2
2 2
2
q <
( )
( )
cng l gi tr nh nht ca f .
Vy p = 0, q =
1
tho mn bi ton .
2
V d 6 : Tm cc gi tr a, b sao cho hm s y =
ax + b
c gi tr ln nht
x2 + 1
bng 4 v c gi tr nh nht bng 1 .

Gii :
Hm s c gi tr ln nht bng 4 khi v ch khi
ax + b
4, x
2
x2 + 1
4x ax + 4 b 0, x
2
ax + b
m x0
x 0 : 20
4x 0 ax 0 + 4 b = 0 : conghie
=4
x0 + 1
(
(
)
)
= a 2 16 4 b 0
a 2 + 16b 64 = 0 *
2
= a 16 4 b 0
Hm s c gi tr nh nht bng 1 khi v ch khi
ax + b
1, x
2
2
x + 1
x + ax + b + 1 0, x
2
ax 0 + b
x + ax 0 + b + 1 = 0 : conghie
m x0
x 0 : 2
= 1
0
x0 + 1
()
( )
(* *)
( )
T ( * ) v ( * * ) ta c h
a + 16b 64 = 0 ( * )
a = 16
a = 4 a = 4

b
=
3
b
=
3
a
4
b
4
=
0
*
*
(
)
b = 3
= a 2 4 b + 1 0
a 2 4b 4 = 0
2
= a 4 b + 1 0
2
a = 4 a = 4
Vy gi tr a, b cn tm l :
b = 3
b = 3
109
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
1. y = sin 4 x + cos2 x + 2

2. y = x sin 2x trn on ;
2
sin x + 1
3. y =
sin2 x + sin x + 1
sin 6 x cos x + cos6 x sin x
4. y =
sin x + cos x
Gii :
1. y = sin 4 x + cos2 x + 2
y = sin 4 x + cos2 x + 2 = sin 4 x sin2 x + 3
t t = sin2 x , 0 t 1
()
Xt hm s f t = t 2 t + 3 lin tc trn on 0;1
()
Ta c f ' t = 2t 1 , t 0;1
()
f' t =0t =
1
2
1 11
f 0 =f 1 =3 , f =
2 4
11
3
min y = min f t =
=2
t 0;1
4
4
()
()
()
()
max y = m a x f t = 3
t 0;1

2. y = x sin 2x trn on ;
2

* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn on on ;
2
( )
Ta c : f ' x = 1 2 cos 2x ,
( )
f' x =0x =
<x <
5
, ,
6 6 6
3
f = +
;f
6
2
6

3
=
2
6 6
110
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
5 5
3
f
+
;f = ;f =
=
6
2
2
6
2
Vy:
( )
max y =

x ;
2
5
3
5
+
khi x =
6
2
6
min y =

x ;
2
khi x =
sin x + 1
sin x + sin x + 1
3. y =
t t = sin x f ( t ) =
t +1
, t [ 1; 1]
t +t +1
2
t +1
lin tc trn on [ 1; 1]
t +t +1
t 2 2t
f / (t ) = 2
(t + t + 1)2
f / ( t ) = 0 t = 0 [ 1; 1]
f (t ) =
f (1) = 0, f ( 0 ) = 1, f ( 1 ) =
2
.
3
Vy:
min f ( x ) = min f ( t ) = 0 khi sin x = 1 x =
+ k 2 , k Z
2
max f ( x ) = max f ( t ) = 1 khi sin x = 0 x = k , k Z .
t 1;1
t 1;1
sin x cos x + cos6 x sin x

6
4. y =
sin x + cos x
V sin x + cos x sin2 x + cos2 x = 1, x
sin x 5 + cos x 5
sin
x
cos
x
sin x cos x + cos x sin x
Nn y =
=
sin x + cos x
sin x + cos x
6
y = sin x cos x 1 sin x cos x sin2 x cos2 x
2
1
1
1
sin 3 x sin 2x + sin 2x
8
4
2
t t = sin 2x ; 0 t 1
y=
111
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
1 3 1 2 1
t t + t lin tc trn on 0;1 .
8
4
2
3 2 1
1
2
Ta c : f '(t ) =
t t + , t 0;1 v f '(t ) = 0 t =
8
2
2
3
2 5
1
f (0) = 0; f =
; f (1) =
8
3 27
Xt hm s : f (t ) =
Vy : min y = min f (t ) = f (0) = 0 khi sin 2x = 0 x =

t 0;1
k
2
2 5
max y = maxf (t ) = f =
khi
t 0;1
3 27
2
1
1
1 k
sin 2x = cos 4x = x = arc cos +
3
9
4
9
2
Bi tp tng t:
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca cc hm s:
1. y = sin 3 x + cos3 x
2. y = 2 sin 3 x + 3 cos 2x 6 sin x
1
1. y =
sin x + cos x
2. y = 1 + sin x + 1 + cos x
Gii :
1. y =
1
sin x + cos x

Xt hm s g (x ) = sin x + cos x lin tc trn on 0;
2
cos x
Ta c : g '(x ) =
sin x
2 sin x
cos x cos x sin x sin x
2 cos x
2 sin x . cos x
cos x = sin x

g '(x ) = 0, x 0;
x =
4
2
x 0; 2
1
g (0) = 1; g( ) = 4 8; g( ) = 1 1 g(x ) 4 8
y 1
4
4
2
8
Vy min y =
1
4

, x 0;
2
, max y = 1
112
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
2. y = 1 + sin x + 1 + cos x
1 + sin x 0
Hm s cho xc nh khi
1 + cos x 0
()
y > 0 y 2 = sin x + cos x + 2 + 2 sin x + cos x + sin x cos x + 1 *
t2 1
t t = sin x + cos x = 2 sin x + , 2 t 2 sin x cos x =
4
2
()
()
Khi * vit li f t = t + 2 + 2
(
(
1
f t =
1+
1
f' t =
1 +
()
()
()
max f ( x ) =
)
2 )t + 2 +
1 2
t + 2t + 1 = t + 2 + 2 t + 1
2
2 t + 2 2, ne
u 2 t 1
2, ne
u1 t 2
2 < 0, ne
u 2 t < 1
2 > 0, ne
u1 <t 2
Hm s f t khng c o hm ti im t = 1
x
4+2 2
( )
min f x = 1
V d 9: g (x ) = f (sin2 x )f cos2 x trong hm f tha mn:

f (cot x ) = sin 2x + cos 2x x [0; ] . Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca
g (x ) .
Gii :
t t = cot x
sin 2x =
f (t ) =
g(x ) =
g(x ) =
2 ta n x
1 + t a n2 x
2 cot x
1 + cot2 x
2t
1 + t2
; cos 2x =
t2 1
t2 + 1
t 2 + 2t 1
t2 + 1
(sin 4 x + 2 sin2 x 1)(cos4 x + 2 cos2 x 1)
(sin 4 x + 1)(cos4 x + 1)
sin 4 x cos4 x + 8 sin2 x cos2 x 2
sin 4 x cos4 x 2 sin2 x cos2 x + 2

1
trong u = sin2 x cos2 x ; 0 u .
4
u 2 + 8u 2
u 2 2u + 2
= h(u ) .
113
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
h '(u ) = 2
5u 2 + 4u + 6
(u 2 2u + 2)2
>0
1
u 0; .
4
1
1 1
hm s h(u ) lun tng trn 0; nn max h(u ) = h =
1
4
4 25
u 0;
4
min h(t ) = h(0) = 1 .
1
u0;
4
1
; min g(x ) = 1
25
V d 10: Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca cc hm s trn : 1;2 , bit
f 0 = 1
2
2
f x .f ' x = 1 + 2x + 3x
Vy max g(x ) =
()
( ) ( )
Gii :
3
f (x )
f 2 x .f ' x = 1 + 2x + 3x 2
= x + x 2 + x 3 + c, c : hng s.
3
1
f 0 =1c =
3
( ) ( )
()
Do f (x ) = 3 3x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1
( )
Xt hm s : g x = 3x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1 lin tc trn on x 1;2 .
( )
Ta c g ' x = 9x 2 + 6x + 3
x = 1
g' x = 0
x = 1
( )
1 2
g 1 = 2, g 2 = 40, g = m a x g x = 40, min g x = 2
x 1;2
x 1;2
3 9
m a x f x = 3 40 khi x = 2
x 1;2
Vy
f x = 3 2 khi x = 1
xmin
1;2
V d: Cho x , y l cc s khng m tho mn x + y = 1 .Tm gi tr ln nht v
( )
()
( )
( )
( )
( )
114
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
nh nht ca biu thc P =
x
y
+
.
y +1 x +1
Gii :
x + y 2xy + x + y 2 2xy
x
y
x 2 + x + y2 + y
P =
+
=
=
=
y + 1 x + 1 xy + x + y + 1
xy + x + y + 1
2 + xy
2
x +y
1
(v x + y = 1 ). t t = xy 0 t
= .
4
2
1
2 2t
6
Xt hm s f t =
, t 0; . Ta c f ' t =
2+t
4
2+t
()
()
1
< 0, t 0;
4
Bng bin thin.

t
1
4
()
f' t
()
f t
2
3
1 2
Vy min f t = f = , max f t = f 0 = 1
1
4 3 0 t 1
0 t
()
()
()
2
1
khi x = y = v max P = 1 khi x = 0, y = 1 hoc x = 1, y = 0
3
2
V d 11 : Cho a, b l cc s dng tho mn ab + a + b = 3 . Tm GTLN ca
min P =
biu thc: P =
3a
3b
ab
+
+
a 2 b 2 (D b i hc- 2005 ) .
b +1 a +1 a +b
Gii :
T ab + a + b = 3 3 (a + b) = ab
Ta c: P =
3a(a + 1) + 3b(b + 1)
(b + 1)(1 + a )
(a + b)2
a +b 2.
4
ab
(a + b)2 + 2ab
a +b
(a + b )2 2ab + (a + b )
ab
+
(a + b )2 + 2ab
ab + a + b + 1
a +b
3
3 (a + b)
P = (a + b)2 + 3(a + b ) 6 +
(a + b)2 + 6 2(a + b)
4
a +b
P =3
115
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
P =
1
12
2
+ 2 .
(a + b) + (a + b) +
4
a +b
12
+ 2 vi t 2
t
3
t 2 max g(t ) = g(2) = .
t 2
2
t t = a + b 2 . Xt hm s g (t ) = t 2 + t +
Ta c: g '(t ) = 2t + 1
Vy max P =
12
t2
<0
3
t c khi a = b = 1 .
2
V d : Cho x , y, z l cc s thc dng tha mn x + y + z

nh nht ca biu thc P = x + y + z +
3
. Tm gi tr
2
1 1 1
+ + .
x y z
Gii :
1 1 1
1 1 1
9
Ta c : x + y + z + + 9 + +
.
x y z x +y +z
x y z
1 1 1
9
P =x +y +z + + + x +y +z +
x y z
x +y +z
3
9
3
t t = x + y + z 0 < t . Khi P t + , 0 < t
2
t
2
3
3
9
9
Xt f t = t + , t 0; . Ta c f ' t = 1 < 0, t 0;
t
t2
2
2
Bng bin thin.
t
3
0
2
f' t
()
()
()
()
f t
15
2
3 15
15
15
1
Vy min f t = f =
P
min P =
khi x = y = z =
3
2
2
2
2 2
0 <t
()
V d 12: Cho x , y, z l s thc tha mn x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2 .Tm gi tr ln

3
3
3
nht, nh nht ca biu thc P = x + y + z 3xyz .
116
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Gii :
T cc ng thc x + y + z + 2(xy + yz + zx ) = (x + y + z )2
2
x 3 + y 3 + z 3 3xyz = (x + y + z )(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx ) v iu kin ta
c: P = (x + y + z )(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx )
(x + y + z )2 2
= (x + y + z ) 2
t t = x + y + z 6 t 6
t2 2
t3
Ta c: P = t(2
) = + 3t = f (t )
2
2
Xt hm s f (t ) vi 6 t 6 .
Ta c: f '(t ) =
3 2
(t + 2) f '(t ) = 0 t = 2
2
max f (t ) = f ( 2) = 2 2;
min
6; 6
6; 6
f (t ) = f ( 2) = 2 2
Vy max P = 2 2 t c khi x = 2; y = z = 0
min P = 2 2 t c khi x = 2; y = z = 0 .
V d:
V d 13: Cho hai s x , y 0 thay i tha mn x + y xy = x 2 + y 2 xy

1
Tm GTLN ca biu thc : A =
x3
1
y3
( i hc Khi A 2006 ).
Gii:
Cch 1 :
t: u = x + y, v = xy x + y xy = x 2 + y 2 xy uv = u 2 3v
Vy A =
u + 3 v = u2 v =
x3
1
y3
u2
do u 3 .
u+3
x 3 + y3
(xy )
u 3 3uv
v3
u u 2 3v
v3
)=u
u + 3
=
v2 u
2
117
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
4u 2
4
u 1
1
0 ( y ta lu u 0 )
u+3
u+3
u+3
u+3
u+3
3
u 1 u < 3
> 0 . Xt hm f u =
f' u =
<0
u
u
u2
Lp bng bin thin, ta thy f (u ) f (1) = 4 A 16 .
V u 2 4v u 2
( )
ng thc xy ra x = y =
( )
1
. Vy GTLN ca A = 16 .
2
Cch 2 :
1
1
; b = . Khi gi thit ca bi ton tr thnh
x
y
t a =
a + b = a 2 + b 2 ab
1
(a + b)2 0 a + b 4
4
V A = a 3 + b 3 = (a + b)(a 2 + b 2 ab) = (a + b )2 16
ng thc xy ra a = b = 2 x = y =
1
.
2
Tng t :
V d 14 : Cho hai s thc x , y thay i v tha mn h thc x 2 + y 2 = 1 .
Tm GTLN, GTNN ca biu thc: P =
2(x 2 + 6xy )
1 + 2xy + 2y 2
(i hc Khi B 2008).
Gii:
Cch 1 :
Ta c: P =
2(x 2 + 6xy )
1 + 2xy + 2y 2
* Nu y = 0 P = 1 .
2(x 2 + 6xy )
x 2 + 2xy + 3y 2
Nu y 0 th t : x = ty P =
2(t 2y 2 + 6ty 2 )
t 2y 2 + 2ty 2 + 3y 2
2(t 2 + 6t )
t 2 + 2t + 3
()
= 2f t
Xt hm s f (t ) , ta c :
()
f' t =
4t 2 + 6t + 18
(t
+ 2t + 3
3
, f ' t = 0 t1 = 3, t2 = , lim f t = 1
2 t
()
()
Lp bng bin thin ta c: GTLN P = 3 v GTNN P = 6 .

Cch 2 :
118
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
P =
2(x 2 + 6xy )
1 + 2xy + 2y 2
P 3 =
2x 2 + 12xy
x 2 + 2xy + 3y 2
2x 2 + 12xy
x 2 + 2xy + 3y 2
3 =
(x 3y )2
x = 3y
P 3 . ng thc xy ra 2
2
x + y = 1
P +6=
2x 2 + 12xy
x + 2xy + 3y
2
+6=
x 2 + 2xy + 3y 2
2(2x + 3y )2
x + 2xy + 3y
2
3
x =
2.
1
y =
3
x = y
P 6 . ng thc xy ra
2
2
2
x + y = 1
3
x =
13 .
y = 2
13
Vy max P = 3; min P = 6 .
Tuy nhin cch lm ci kh l chng ta lm sao bit cch nh gi P 3 v
P +6 ?
Tng t :
Cho hai s thc x , y thay i v tha mn h thc x 2 + y 2 = 1 . Tm GTLN,
GTNN ca biu thc:
A=
2xy + y 2
B=
2x 2 + 2xy + 1
x 2 xy + y 2
2x 2 + xy + y 2 1
V d 15: Cho bn s nguyn a, b, c, d thay i tha: 1 a < b < c < d 50

a c
+ (D b i hc - 2002).
b d
Gii:
V 1 a < b < c < d 50 v a, b, c, d l cc s nguyn nn c b + 1
Tm GTNN ca biu thc P =
Suy ra :
a c 1 b +1
+ +
=f b .
b d b
50
()
( )
D thy 2 b 48 nn ta xt hm s : f x =
1 x +1
+
, x [2; 48]
x
50
119
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
( )
Ta c f ' x =
1
x2
1
f ' x = 0 x =5 2.
50
( )
( )
( )
Lp bng bin thin ta c min f x = f 5 2

[2;48]
Do 7 v 8 l hai s nguyn gn 5 2 nht v vy:

53 61 53
min f b = min f 7 ; f 8 = min
;
.
=
[2;48]
175 200 175
{ ( ) ( )}
()
53
.
175
V d 16: Cho a, b, c l 3 s thc dng v tha mn
Vy GTNN P =
a
b
c
3 3
+ 2
+ 2
.
2
2
2
2
b +c
a +c
a +b
Gii :
khng mt tnh tng qut , gi s 0 < a b c v tha mn h thc
1
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1. Do 0 < a b c
.
3
a
b
c
a
b
c
+ 2
+ 2
=
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
2
b +c
a +c
a +b
1a
1 b
1 c2
a2
b2
c2
=
+
+
a 1 a2
b 1 b2
c 1 c2
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1. Chng minh rng :
) (
) ( )
Xt hm s : f (x ) = x (1 x ) lin tc trn na khong 0;

2
Ta c : f '(x ) = 3x 2 + 1 > 0, x 0;
1
na khong 0;
.
3
V lim+ f (x ) = lim+ x 1 x 2 = 0, f
x 0
x 0
2
0 < x 1 x2
.
3 3
Hay
1
.
3
1
f x lin tc v ng bin trn
3
( )
1
2
2
0 < f (x )
=
3 3 3
3 3
hay
x 1x
2
3 3
1
x
3 3 2
x , x 0;
.
2
2
1x
3
120
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
a
3 3 2
a
2
2
1 a
b
3 3 2
a
b
c
3 3 2
Suy ra
b
+
+
a + b2 + c2 .
2
2
2
2
2
2
1a
1 b
1c
1 b
3 3 2
c
1 c 2 2 c
a
b
c
3 3
1
+ 2
+ 2
. Xy ra khi a = b = c =
.
2
2
2
2
b +c
a +c
a +b
3
Ch : khng mt tnh tng qut , gi s 0 < a b c v tha mn h thc
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1. Ta c th suy ra 0 < a b c < 1 .
Vy
( )
Khi xt hm s : f (x ) = x 1 x 2 lin tc trn khong 0;1 .
( )
f '(x ) = 3x 2 + 1, x 0;1 v f '(x ) = 0 x =
1
3
1
1
f '(x ) > 0, x 0;
f x lin tc v ng bin trn khong 0;
3
3
1
f '(x ) < 0, x
;1 f x lin tc v nghch bin trn khong
3
1
;1 .
3
1
2
2
V lim+ f (x ) = lim f (x ) = 0, f
0 < f (x )
. Phn cn li
=
x 0
x 1
3 3
3 3 3
tng t nh trn.
( )
( )
V d 17: Xt cc s thc khng m thay i
x , y, z tha iu kin:
x + y + z = 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln nht ca:

S =
1x
1y
1z
+
+
.
1+x
1+y
1+z
Gii :
Tm MinS :
Khng mt t nh tng qut gi s: 0 x y z 1 .
x + y + z = 1
x , y, z 0;1 .
Vi
x
,
y
,
z
121
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
1x
1x
(1 x )2
1x.
1+x
1+x
Du ng thc xy ra trong trng hp x = 0 hoc x = 1 .
)(
V 1 x 1 + x = 1 x 2 1 nn:
Khi S = 1 x + 1 y + 1 z 1 x + 1 y + 1 z hay S 2 .
1+x
1+y
ng thc xy ra khi
Vy: min S = 2 .
1+z
x = y = 0, z = 1 th S = 2 .
Tm MaxS:
Khng mt t nh tng qut gi s: 0 x y z 1 .
Lc : z
S =
1+
1
2 4
; x +y < .
3
3 5
1x
1y
1z
+
+
1+x
1+y
1+z
1 (x + y )
1z
z
1z
+
=1 +
+
1+x +y
1+z
2z
1+z
z
1z
+
. Bi ton tr thnh gi tr ln nht ca
2z
1+z
1
h z trn on ; 1 .
3
()
t h z =
()
h '(z ) = 0 z =
1
1
1
2
. Maxh(z )=Max h ; h(1); h =
.
2
3
2
3
1x
1y
1z
2
+
+
1+
.
1+x
1+y
1+z
3
1
2
ng thc xy ra khi x = 0, y = z = th S = 1 +
.
2
3
Do : S =
Vy: m axS = 1 +
2
3
V d 18: Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c tho mn: abc + a + c = b .

Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc: P =
2
2
3
2
+ 2
a +1 b +1 c +1
2
Gii :
122
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Ta c : a + c = b 1 ac > 0 . D thy ac 1 0 < a <

nn b =
P =
1
c
a +c
2
2(1 ac)2
3
P= 2
+ 2
2
2
1 ac
a + 1 (a + c ) + (1 ac )
c +1
2
2(a + c)2
3
+
2+ 2
2
2
2
a + 1 (a + 1)(c + 1)
c +1
( )
Xt f x =
( )
f x =
2
2(x + c )2
3
+
+ 2
2
2
2
2
x + 1 (x + 1)(c + 1) c + 1
2(x 2 + 2cx + 2c 2 + 1)
3
1
+ 2
2, 0 < x <
2
2
c
(x + 1)(c + 1)
c +1
f ' (x ) =
4c(x 2 + 2cx 1)
1
x
,
0
<
<
c
(x 2 + 1)2 (c 2 + 1)
1
Trn khong 0; : f ' x = 0 c nghim x 0 = c + c 2 + 1 v f ' x
c
( )
( )
( )
i du t dng sang m khi x qua x 0 , suy ra f x t cc i ti x = x 0

1
2
3
x 0; : f x
+ 2
2 =
c
c2 + 1 c c2 + 1 c + 1
( )
Xt
()
g c =
g ' (c ) =
2c
c2 + 1
2(1 8c 2 )
2c
c2 + 1
3
c +1
2
3
,c>0
c +1
2
(c 2 + 1)2 ( c 2 + 1 + 3c)
c > 0
1
g' (c) = 0
c =
2
2 2
1 8c = 0
1
2 24 10
c>0:g c g(
)= +
=
3 9
3
2 2
1
a =
2
10
. Du "=" xy ra khi b = 2
P
3
1
c =
2 2
()
123
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P l
10
.
3
V d 19 : Cho tam gic ABC khng t. Tm GTLN ca biu thc:

P = cos 2A + 2 2(cos B + cos C ) (i hc Khi A 2004 ) .
Gii:
Ta c A 90 cos 2A = 2 cos2 A 1 2 cos A 1 = 1 4 sin2
A
2
ng thc c cos2 A = cos A (1).

C
B C
C
cos B + cos C = 2 sin . cos
2 sin
2
2
2
B C
ng thc xy ra cos
= 1 (2).
2
A
2
0<t
. Ta c: P 4t 2 + 4 2t + 1 = f (t )
2
2
2
2
Xt hm s f (t ), t 0;
, c f '(t ) = 8t + 4 2 f '(t ) = 0 t =
2
2
2
= 3 P 3.
Lp bng bin thin ta c: f (t ) f
2
cos A = cos2 A
0
B C
A = 90
ng thc xy ra cos
.
=1
0
2
B = C = 45
2
A
sin 2 = 2
Vy max P = 3 .
t t = sin
V d 20: Cho tam gic ABC c A > B > C . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu

thc : M =
x sin A
x sin B
+
1.
x sin C
x sin C
Gii :
Biu thc xc nh khi D = ; sin C sin A; + .
M'=
x sin C sin A sin C 1 x sin C sin B sin C

.
+
.
> 0, x D M lin
x sin A x sin C 2 2 x sin B x sin C 2
tc v ng bin trn mi khong ; sinC , sin A; +
)
124
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Do min M = M ( sin A) =

sin A sin B
1
sin A sin C
V d 21: Cho mt tam gic u ABC cnh a . Ngi ta dng mt hnh ch

nht MNPQ c cnh MN nm trn cnh BC , hai nh P v Q theo th t
nm trn hai cnh AC v AB ca tam gic . Xc nh v tr im M sao cho
hnh ch nht c din tch ln nht v tm gi tr ln nht .
Gii :
a
NM = BC 2BM = a 2x
2
Trong tam gic vung BMQ c
t BM = x , 0 < x <
=
tan QBM
QM
=x 3
QM = BM . tan QBM
BM
( )
Din tch hnh ch nht MNPQ l S x = MN .QM = a 2x x 3
a
Bi ton quy v : Tm gi tr ln nht ca S x = a 2x x 3, x 0;
2
a
a
S ' x = 4 3x + a 3, x 0;
S' x =0x =
4
2
( ) (
( )
()
a
Bng bin thin ca S x trn khong 0;
2
a
a
0
x
4
2
S' x
+
0
( )
( )
a2 3
8
( )
S x
Vy din tch hnh ch nht ln nht l
a2 3
a
khi x =
8
4
Bi 3 :TIM CN HM S
3.1TM TT L THUYT
1. ng tim cn ng v ng tim cn ngang:
125
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
ng thng y = y 0 c gi l ng tim cn ngang ( gi tt l tim cn
( )
( )
( )
ngang) ca th hm s y = f x nu lim f x = y 0 hoc lim f x = y 0 .
x +
ng thng x = x 0 c gi l ng tim cn ng ( gi tt l tim cn
( )
( )
lim f ( x ) = hoc lim f ( x ) = .
ng) ca th hm s y = f x nu lim f x = + hoc

x x 0
( )
lim f x = + hoc
x x 0 +
x x 0
x x 0 +
2. ng tim cn xin:
ng thng y = ax + b a 0 c gi l ng tim cn xin ( gi tt l
( )
tim cn xin) ca th hm s y = f x nu
( )
( ) (
f (x )
Trong a = lim
( )
( ) (
lim f x = f x ax + b = 0 hoc lim f x = f x ax + b = 0

x
x +
x +
a = lim
( )
f x
( )
, b = lim f x ax hoc
x +
( )
, b = lim f x ax .
Ch : Nu a = 0 th tim cn xin tr thnh tim cn ng.
3.2 DNG TON THNG GP

V d 1 : Tm tim cn ca th hm s :
2x 1
1. y =
3. y =
x +2
2. y =
x2 x + 1
x 1
x2 + 1
x
4. y = 1 + 1 x 2
Gii :
2x 1
x +2
1. y =
{}
2x 1
* Ta c: lim y = lim
= lim
x
x x + 2
x
1
x = 2 v
2
1+
x
2
126
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
1
2x 1
x = 2 y = 2 l tim cn ngang ca th khi
lim y = lim
= lim
x +
x + x + 2
x +
2
1+
x
x v x + .
2x 1
lim y = lim
= v
x +2
x 2
x 2
2
( )
( )
lim y =
( )+
x 2
( )
x 2
2x 1
= + x = 2 l tim cn ng ca th khi
+ x +2
2
lim
( )
( )
v x 2 ;
y
2x 1
= lim
= 0 hm s f khng
x x
x x x + 2
lim
c tim cn xin khi x .

1
2
y
2x 1
x = 0 hm s y khng c tim cn
lim
= lim
= lim
x + x
x + x x + 2
x + x + 2
xin khi x + .
x2 x + 1
x 1
2. y =
{}
1
x 1
1
lim y = lim x +
= + v
x 1
x 1+
x 1+
1
lim y = lim x +
= x = 1 l tim cn ng ca th hm s
x 1
x 1
x 1
1
khi x 1+ v x 1 ;
lim y = lim x +
= + v
x +
x +
x 1
1
lim y = lim x +
= hm s khng c tim cn ngang
x
x
x 1
1
1
lim (y x ) = lim
= 0 v lim (y x ) = lim
=0
x +
x + x 1
x
x x 1
y = x l tim cn xin ca th hm s khi x + v x .
* Ta c: y = x +
3. y =
x2 + 1
x
127
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
{}
1
x 2 = lim 1 + 1 = 1, y = 1 l tim cn ngang
lim y = lim
x
x
x
x
x2
ca th hm s khi x .
x 1 +
1
x 2 = lim 1 + 1 = 1, y = 1 l tim cn ngang ca
lim y = lim
x +
x +
x +
x
x2
th hm s khi x + .
x 1+
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
= , lim+ y = lim+
= + x = 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
x
ng ca th hm s khi x 0 v x 0+
lim y = lim
y
x2 + 1
lim = lim
= lim
x x
x
x
x2
xin khi x
y
x +1
= lim
= lim
x + x
x +
x +
x2
khi x +
2
x 1 +
x2
x 1+
lim
x2
l tim cn
1
x 2 = 0 hm s y khng c tim cn
1
x 2 = 0 hm s y khng c tim cn xin
4. y = 1 + 1 x 2
1 x 1
2
y = 1 + 1 x y 1
2
x + y 1
=1
( )
Do th hm s l na ng trn tm I 0;1 , bn knh R = 1 .

Vy th hm s khng c tim cn.
Ch :
Cho hm phn thc f (x ) =
u(x )
.
v(x )
v(x ) = 0
a) S tim cn ng ca th hm s l s nghim ca h
.
u(x ) 0
b) th hm s c tim cn ngang deg u(x ) deg v(x ) , trong deg l
bc ca a thc.
128
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
c) th hm s c tim cn xin deg u(x ) = deg v(x ) + 1 .Khi tm

tim cn xin ta chia u(x ) cho v(x ) , ta c: y = ax + b +
u1 (x )
v(x )
, trong
deg u1 (x ) < deg v(x )

lim
u1 (x )
u1 (x )
= 0 y = ax + b l TCX ca th hm s.
v(x ) x v(x )
* Nu th hm s c tim cn ngang th khng c tim cn xin v ngc li.
Bi tp t luyn:
Tm tim cn ca th hm s :
3x 2
3. y = x + x 2 + 4x + 5
1. y =
3x + 4
x 2 + 5x + 1
2
2x + 3x 4
2. y =
2. y =
x +2
5x 2
x +
= lim
V d 2: Tm tim cn ca cc th hm s sau:
1. y = x 2 2x + 2
2. y = x + x 2 1
Gii :
1. y = x 2 2x + 2
y
x 2 2x + 2
2 2
= lim
= lim 1 +
=1
x + x
x +
x +
x
x x2
b = lim (y ax ) = lim x 2 2x + 2 x
x +
x +
2
2 +
2x + 2
x
= lim
= lim
= 1
x +
x
+
2
2
2
x 2x + 2 + x
1 +
+1
x x2
y = x 1 l tim cn xin ca th hm s khi x + .
* Ta c: a = lim
y
x 2 2x + 2
2 2
a = lim
= lim
= lim 1 +
= 1
x x
x
x
x
x x2
b = lim (y ax ) = lim x 2 2x + 2 + x
x
x
129
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
2x + 2
= lim
2
x
2
=1
2
1 +
1
x x2
y = x + 1 l tim cn xin ca th hm s khi x .
x
x 2 2x + 2 x
= lim
2 +
2. y = x + x 2 1
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn D = ; 1 1; + .
y
x + x2 1
1
=2
= lim
= lim 1 + 1
2
x + x
x +
x +
x
x
b = lim y ax = lim x 2 1 x = lim

=0
x +
x +
x + x 2 1 + x
y = 2x l tim cn xin ca th hm s khi x + .
a = lim
y
x + x2 1
1
=0
= lim
= lim 1 1
2
x x
x +
x +
x
x
b = lim y = lim x 2 1 + x = lim

=0
x
x
x x 2 1 x
y = 0 l tim cn ngang ca th hm s khi x .
a = lim
Nhn xt:
1) Xt hm s y = ax 2 + bx + c (a 0) .
* Nu a < 0 th hm s khng c tim cn.
* Nu a > 0 th hm s c tim cn xin y = a (x +
b
) khi x + v
2a
b
y = a x +
khi x .
2a
2) th hm s y = mx + n + p ax 2 + bx + c (a > 0) c tim cn l ng
thng : y = mx + n + p a | x +
b
|.
2a
Bi tp t luyn:
Tm tim cn ca th hm s :
1. y =
x 2
x
x +4
3. y = x x 2 + 2x + 3
130
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
V d 3: Ty theo gi tr ca tham s m . Hy tm tim cn ca th hm s

x 1
sau: y =
.
mx 3 1
Gii :
* m = 0 y = x + 1 th hm s khng c tim cn.
x 1
* m = 1 f (x ) =
lim f (x ) = lim f (x ) = 0 y = 0 l tim cn

x +
x
x3 1
ngang ca th hm s khi x + v x .
1
V lim f (x ) = lim = th hm s khng c tim cn ng
3
x 1+
x 1
m 0
1
hm s xc nh trn D = \
*
3 m
m 1
ng thng y = 0 l tim cn ngang ca th hm s.
ng thng x =
1
3
l ng tim cn ng ca th hm s.
Bi tp t luyn:
Ty theo gi tr ca tham s m . Hy tm tim cn ca th hm s sau:
( m 1) x
y=
+m +2
mx 4 + 4
1
c cc tr v khong cch t im
x
2
cc tiu ca hm s cho n ng tim cn xin ca n bng
.
17
Gii :
V d 4: Tm m hm s y = mx +
) (

* Ta c : y ' = m
,x 0 .
x2
hm s cho c cc tr th phng trnh y ' = 0 c hai nghim phn bit
khc 0 .
1
1
1
Vi m > 0 th y ' = 0 m
= 0 x1 =
< x2 =
v im cc
2
x
m
m
1
tiu ca hm s l A
;2 m .
m
131
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
1
1
= lim
= 0 nn d : y = mx l ng cn xin.
x x
x + x
()
V lim
Theo bi ton d
(A,(d ))
2 m
17
17
m2 + 1
m2 + 1
2
17
m = 4
.
17.m = 2 m + 1 4m 17m + 4 = 0
m = 1
4
Bi ton tng t :
2
mx 2 mx + m 1
c cc tr v khong cch t im
x 1
1
cc tiu ca hm s cho n ng tim cn xin ca n bng
.
2
Tm m hm s y =
mx 2 + m 2 + m + 2 x + m 2 + 3
. Tm m
x +1
khong cch t gc O n tim cn xin hoc ngang l nh nht .
Gii :
) (
* Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn ; 1 1; +

y=
mx 2 + m 2 + m + 2 x + m 2 + 3
x +1
= mx + m 2 + 2 +
1
, x 1
x +1
1
1
= lim
= 0 nn d : y = mx + m 2 + 2
x x + 1
x + x + 1
()
V lim
()
d : mx y + m 2 + 2 = 0 l ng cn xin hoc ngang ca hm s.
Ta c : d O; d =
m2 + 2
= m2 + 1 +
m2 + 1
m +1
2
Vy d O; d nh nht bng 2 khi
m2 + 1 =
m = 0.
m +1
2
Khi hm s c tim cn ngang l y = 2 .

Bi ton tng t :
Cho hm s y =
x 2 + m + 2 x + m 2 4m + 3
mx + 1
O n tim cn xin hoc ngang l nh nht .
. Tm m khong cch t gc
132
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
mx 2 + (3m 2 2)x 2
C m ,vi m .
x + 3m
( )
1. Tm m gc gia hai tim cn ca th (C m ) bng 450 .
2. Tm m th (C m ) c tim cn xin to ct hai trc ta ti A, B sao
V d 6: Cho hm s y =
cho tam gic AOB c din tch bng 4 .

Gii :
Ta c: y = mx 2 +
6m 2
x + 3m
1
.
3
Phng trnh hai ng tim cn l: 1 : x = 3m x + 3m = 0
th hm s c hai tim cn 6m 2 0 m
V 2 : y = mx 2 mx y 2 = 0 .

Vc t php tuyn ca 1 v 2 ln lt l : n1 = (1; 0), n2 = (m; 1)
1. Gc gia 1 v 2 bng 450 khi v ch khi

n1.n2
m
2
cos 450 = cos =
=
2m 2 = m 2 + 1 m = 1
2
2
n1 . n 2
m +1
m 0
2
2. Hm s c tim cn xin
1 . Khi : A(0; 2), B ; 0
m
m
3
1
1
2
Ta c: S ABC = OAOB
.
= 4 . | 2 | .
= 4 m = 2
m
2
2
Bi ton tng t :
( m 1) x
Cho hm s y =
+ (m + 1)x 2m + 3
(C m ) ,vi m .
1. Tm m gc gia hai tim cn ca th (C m ) bng 450 .
2. Tm m th (C m ) c tim cn xin to ct hai trc ta ti A, B sao
x 2m
cho tam gic AOB c din tch bng 4 .
133
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
x2 + x + 1
c th l C . Chng minh rng:
x 1
1. Tch khong cch t mt im bt k trn C n hai tim cn khng i
( )
V d 7: Cho hm s y =
( )
( )
2. Khng c tip tuyn no ca C i qua giao im ca hai tim cn.
Gii :
{}

1. Ta c: y = x + 2 +
3
hai tim cn ca th hm s l 1 : x 1 = 0
x 1
v 2 : x y + 2 = 0
3
Gi M (C ) M x 0 ; x 0 + 2 +
d1 = d M , 1 = x 0 1
x 0 1
x0 x0 2
d2 = d M , 2 =
d1.d2 = x 0 1
3
+2
x0 1
2
3
2 x0 1
3
2 x0 1
3 2
pcm.
2
2. Gi I = 1 2 I (1; 3)
Gi s l tip tuyn bt k ca th (C) phng trnh ca c dng
3
3
(x x ) + x + 2 +
: y = y '(x 0 )(x x 0 ) + y 0 = 1
0
0
x0 1
(x 0 1)2
3
3
(1 x ) + x + 2 +
I 1
=3
0
0
2
x0 1
(
x
1)
3
3
6
1 x0 +
+ x0 + 2 +
3 =0
= 0 ta thy phng trnh
x0 1
x0 1
x0 1
ny v nghim. Vy khng c tip tuyn no ca th (C) i qua I .
Bi 5 : PHP TNH TIN

V TM I XNG
5.1 TM TT L THUYT
134
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
1. im un ca th :
Gi s hm s f c o hm cp mt lin tc trn khong a;b cha im x 0 v
( )
) (
c o hm cp hai trn khong a; x 0 v x 0 ;b .Nu f '' i du khi x qua im
( ) ) l mt im un ca th ca hm s y = f (x ) .
Nu hm s f c o hm cp hai ti im x th I ( x ; f ( x ) ) l mt im un
ca th hm s th f '' ( x ) = 0
x 0 th I x 0 ; f x 0
2. Php tnh tin h ta :

x = X + x
o
Cng thc chuyn h ta trong php tnh tin theo vect OI l
,
y = Y + y 0
( )) .
I x 0; f x 0
5.2 DNG TON THNG GP

Dng 1 : Chuyn h ta trong php tnh tuyn theo vect OI .
V d 1: Tm tham s thc m im I thuc th

C : y = x 3 + 3mx 2 + m + 2 x + 1 nm trn trc honh , bit rng honh
( )
( )
ca im I nghim ng phng trnh f '' x = 0 .

Gii :
* Ta c : y ' = 3x 2 + 6mx + m + 2
y '' = 6x + 6m v y '' = 0 x = m .
D thy y '' i du khi x qua im x 0 = m . Suy ra
I m;2m 3 m 2 2m + 1 l im un ca th cho.
)(
V I Ox 2m 3 m 2 2m + 1 = 0 m 1 2m 2 + m 1 = 0
1
.
2
1
1
V d 2:Cho hm s f x = x 3 x 2 4x + 6
3
2
1. Gii phng trnh f ' sin x = 0
m = 1 hoc m = 1 hoc m =
2.
( )
( )
Gii phng trnh f '' ( cos x ) = 0
3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s cho ti im c honh
135
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
( )
l nghim ca phng trnh f '' x = 0 .

Gii :
1 17
.
2
C hai nghim x u nm ngoi on 1;1 . Do phng trnh
( )
( )
1. f ' x = x 2 x 4 f ' x = 0 x =
f ' sin x = 0 v nghim.
( )
( )
2. f '' x = 2x 1 f '' x = 0 x =
1
. Do phng trnh
2
x = + k 2 , k .
2
3
1 1 47
3. f '' x = 2x 1 f '' x = 0 x = , f =
,f
2 2 12
Phng trnh tip tuyn cn tm l :
17
1 47
17
145
y = x +
hay y = x +
4
2 12
4
24
f '' cos x = 0 cos x =
( )
( )
( )
1
17
' =
4
2
( )
V d 3 : Cho hm s f x = x 3 3x 2 + 1 c th l C
( )
1. Xc nh im I thuc th C ca hm s cho , bit rng honh
( )
ca im I nghim ng phng trnh f '' x = 0 .

2. Vit cng thc chuyn h ta trong php tnh tuyn theo vect OI v
vit phng trnh ng cong C i vi h IXY . T suy ra rng I l
( )
tm i xng ca ng cong (C ) .
( )
ta Oxy .Chng minh rng trn khong ( ;1) ng cong (C ) nm
pha di tip tuyn ti im I ca (C ) v trn khong (1; + ) ng cong
(C ) nm pha trn tip tuyn .
3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng cong C ti im I i vi h
Gii :
1. Ta c f ' x = 3x 2 6x , f '' x = 6x 6
( )
Honh im I
( )
( )
thuc (C ) l x = 1, f (1) = 1. Vy I (1; 1) (C ) .
f '' x = 0 x = 1 .

2. Cng thc chuyn h ta trong php tnh tuyn theo vect OI l
136
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
x = X + 1
y = Y 1
( )
Y 1 = ( X + 1) 3 ( X + 1)
Phng trnh ca C i vi h ta IXY l :

3
+ 1 Y = X 3 3X .
( )
V y l mt hm s l nn th C ca n nhn gc to I lm tm i
xng .
3. f ' x = 3x 2 6x f ' 1 = 3 . Phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng cong
( )
()
(C ) ti im I i vi h ta Oxy :
y = f ' (1)( x 1) + f (1) = 3 ( x 1) 1 y = g ( x ) = 3x + 2 .
Xt hm h ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) = ( x 3x + 1) ( 3x + 2 ) = ( x 1) trn
h ( x ) < 0, x < 1
D thy
. iu ny chng t trn khong ( ;1) ng cong
h
x
>
0,
x
>
1
(
)
(C ) nm pha di tip tuyn ti im I ca (C ) v trn khong (1; + )

ng cong (C ) nm pha trn tip tuyn .
3
V d 4 : Cho hm s y = x 3 m + 3 x 2 + 2 + 3m x 2m c th l
(C ) , m
m
l tham s thc. Gi I l im c honh l nghim ng
( )
phng trnh f '' x = 0 .Tm tham s m th ca hm s c cc tr v

im I nm trn trc Ox .
Gii:
Hm s cho xc nh v lin tc trn .
Ta c : y ' = 3x 2 2 m + 3 x + 2 + 3m v y '' = 6x 2 m + 3
th ca hm s c cc tr v im I nm trn trc Ox
m + 3 2 3 2 + 3m > 0
'
, > 0
2
y
m + 3 3
m + 3
y
=
0
(xu )
m + 3 .
+ 2 + 3m
3
3
) . m 3+ 3 2m = 0
m 2 3m + 3 > 0
3
3
m = 0m = 3m = .
2
2
2m 9m + 9 = 0
Dng 2 : Tm i xng ca th.
137
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
V d 1 :Cho hm s y = x 4 mx 3 + 4x + m + 2 . Tm tt c tham s thc

m hm s cho c 3 cc tr A, B,C
v trng tm G ca tam gic ABC trng vi tm i xng ca th hm s
4x
y=
.
4x m
Gii :
4x
m
th ca hm s y =
c tm i xng l I ( ; 1)
4x m
4
4
3
Hm s : y = x mx + 4x + m + 2 , lin tc trn R .
Ta c : y ' = 4x 3 3mx 2 + 4
Hm s cho c 3 cc tr khi v ch khi phng trnh y ' = 0 c 3 nghim
phn bit , ngha l phng trnh 4x 3 3mx 2 + 4 = 0 c 3 nghim phn bit.
Xt hm s g x = 4x 3 3mx 2 + 4 lin tc trn R v
( )
lim g(x ) = + , lim g(x ) =
x +
x = 0, g(0) = 4 > 0
3
Ta c : g (x ) = 12x 6mx g (x ) = 0
x = m , g(m ) = 16 m
2
2
4
2
( )
( )
g ' x i du 2 ln qua nghim , v g x = 0 c 3 nghim phn bit khi

m
> 0
m >232
2
3
16 m < 0
4
Gi s A(x 1; y1 ), B(x 2 ; y2 ),C (x 3 ; y 3 ) l ta 3 cc tr tha mn bi, khi
x m
3m 2x 2
5m
y = y ( ) + (
+ 3x +
+ 2)
4 16
16
4
3m 2x i2
5m
yi =
+ 3x i +
+ 2, yi ' = 0 (i = 1, 2, 3) .
16
4
x + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y2 + y 3
V G l trng tm tam gic ABC , nn G 1
;
3
3
x + x2 + x 3
m2 2
5m
G 1
;
(x 1 + x 22 + x 32 ) + (x 1 + x 2 + x 3 ) +
+ 2
3
16
4
138
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Do x 1, x 2 , x 3 l nghim ca phng trnh 4x 3 3mx 2 + 4 = 0 , theo nh l Vi

3m
x 1 + x 2 + x 3 =
et ta c
4
x 1x 2 + x 2x 3 + x 3x 1 = 0
x1 + x 2 + x 3 m
=
3
4
2
x 2 + x 2 + x 2 = (x + x + x )2 2(x x + x x + x x ) = 9m
2
3
1
2
3
1 2
2 3
3 1
1
16
4
m
9m
5m
Khi G ; 2 +
+ 2 v trng tm G ca tam gic ABC trng vi
4
16
4
4x
tm i xng ca th hm s y =
khi v ch khi
4x m
m
9m 4 5m
m
G ; 2 +
+ 2 I ( ; 1)
4
4
16
4
9m 4 5m
+
+ 2 = 1 (m 4)(9m 3 + 36m 2 + 144m + 64) = 0
2
4
16
m =4
Vy m = 4 tha mn bi .
Ch : Ngoi cch gii trn ta c th trnh by :
Hm s cho c 3 cc tr khi v ch khi phng trnh y ' = 0 c 3 nghim
phn bit , ngha l phng trnh 4x 3 3mx 2 + 4 = 0 c 3 nghim phn bit.

4x 3 + 4
Khi phng trnh
= 3m c 3 nghim phn bit khc 0 . Ni khc
x2
4x 3 + 4
hn ng thng y = 3m ct th ca hm s h x =
, ti 3 giao
x2
im . n y d dng.
( )
x2 x + 1
c th l C . Gi C ' l th
x 1
i xng vi C qua im A 3; 4 . Tm phng trnh th C ' .
( )
V d 2 : Cho hm s : y =
( )
( ) ( )
A ( 3; 4 ) .
( )
Gii :
) ( )
( )
( )
( )
Gi M x , y C v M ' x ', y ' C ' i xng qua th C qua im
139
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Ta c
y
+x'
=3
x = 6 x '
2
+y'
y = 4 y'
=4
2
( 6 x ' ) ( 6 x ' ) + 1 = x ' 11x '+ 31

:8 y' =
2
( )
Thay vo th C
Hay y ' = 8
6 x ' 1
5x'
x '2 11x '+ 31 9 + 3x ' x '2

=
.
5x'
5x'
x 2 + 3x + 9 x 2 3x 9
=
.
x + 5
x 5
( )
Vy phng trnh th C ' : y =
Bi tp:
Xt ng cong: C : y = mx 3 nx 2 mx + n .Tm cc cp s m; n sao cho
( )
( )
trong cc giao im ca C vi trc honh c hai giao im cch nhau
( )
1995 n v v khong cch t tm i xng ca C n trc honh l

2000 n v.
Bi 6: KHO ST S BIN THIN

V V TH HM S
6.1 TM TT L THUYT
( )
Hm s bc ba f x = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
(a 0 )
( )
(a 0 )
Dng iu th ca hm s f x = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
8
y
5
x
-8
-6
-4
-2
x
-6
-4
-2
4
-5
-2
-4
Mt s tnh cht thng gp ca hm s bc ba
140
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
1. th ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit
f (x ) =0 :c 2 nghiem phan biet x 1, x 2
f (x 1 ).f (x 2 ) < 0
2. Gi s a > 0 ta c :
a ) th ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit c honh >
f (x ) = 0 c 2 nghiem phan biet < x < x

1
2
f ( ) < 0
f (x ).f (x ) < 0
2
1
b ) th ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit c honh <
f (x ) = 0 c 2 nghiem phan biet x < x <
1
2
f ( ) > 0
f (x ).f (x ) < 0
2
1
Tng t cho trng hp a < 0 .
V d 1:Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s y = x 3 + 3x 2 + 1 .
Gii:
* Hm s cho xc nh trn
* Gii hn : lim y =
lim y = + hm s khng c tim cn.
x
x +
* o hm : y ' = 3x + 6x
2
( )
()
x = 2, f 2 = 5
y' = 0
x = 0, f 0 = 1
Hm s ng bin trn cc khong ; 2 v 0; + , nghch bin trn
khong 2; 0
)
( )
Hm s c im cc i ti x = 2, f 2 = 5 v c im cc tiu ti
()
x = 0, f 0 = 1
* Bng bin thin :

x
y'
0
y
+
5
+
1
( )
* f '' x = 6x + 6
141
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
( )
( )
( )
nn I ( 1; 3 ) l im un ca th .
f '' x = 0 x = 1, f 1 = 3 , f '' x i du mt ln qua nghim x = 1
* th :
th hm s i qua cc im
)(
)( )( )( )
nhn im I ( 1; 3 ) l im un ca
3;1 , 2;5 , 1; 3 , 0;1 , 1; 5 v
th .
-3
-2
-1
V d 2: Cho hm s y = x 3x + mx + 4 , trong m l tham s thc.

1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s cho, vi m = 0
2. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca tham s m hm s cho nghch bin trn
3
khong 0; + .
Gii :
1. Vi m = 0 , ta c hm s y = x 3x 2 + 4
* Gii hn : lim y =
lim y = + hm s khng c tim cn.
3
x +
* o hm : y ' = 3x 6x
2
( )
()
x = 2, y 2 = 0
y' = 0
x = 0, y 0 = 4
Hm s ng bin trn khong 2; 0 , nghch bin trn cc khong
( ;2 ) v ( 0; + )
()
Hm s c im cc i ti x = 0, y 0 = 4 v c im cc tiu ti
( )
x = 2, y 2 = 0
* Bng bin thin :

x
y'
0
+
y
0
4
142
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
0
* th :
Giao im ca th vi trc
( )
Oy A 0; 4
) ( )
Ox B 2; 0 ,C 1; 0
3 2
2. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca tham s m hm s cho nghch bin trn
khong 0; + .
Hm s cho nghch bin trn khong 0; + khi v ch khi
( )
y ' = 3x 2 6x + m 0, x > 0 m 3x 2 + 6x = f x
( )
( )
Ta c f ' ( x ) = 6x + 6 > 0, x > 0 v f ( 0 ) = 0 .
Hm s f x = 3x 2 + 6x lin tc trn 0; +
Bng bin thin
x
y'
+
+
T ta c : m 0 .
Bi tp t luyn
( )
1. a ) Kho st s bin thin v v th C ca hm s
( )
f x = x 3 +
3 2
x + 6x 3 .Chng minh rng phng trnh
2
3 2
x + 6x 3 = 0 c ba nghim phn bit , trong c mt nghim dng
2
1
nh hn .
2
x 3 +
143
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
( )
b ) Kho st s bin thin v v th C ca hm s
1 3
17
x 2x 2 +
.Chng minh rng phng trnh f x = 0 c 3 nghim
3
3
phn bit.
c) Kho st s bin thin v v th C ca hm s
( )
( )
f x =
( )
( )
( )
f x = x 3 + 3x 2 + 9x + 2 . Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th C ti
( )
im c honh x 0 , bit rng f '' x 0 = 6 . Gii bt phng trnh
f ' x 1 > 0
d ) Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s f (x ) = x 3 6x 2 + 9x .Tm tt
( )
( )
c cc ng thng i qua im M 4; 4 v ct th C ti 3 im phn bit.
( )
2. Tm h s a, b, c sao cho th ca hm s f x = x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c ct trc

tung ti im c tung
bng 2 v tip xc vi ng thng y = 1 ti im c honh l 1 . Kho
st s bin thin v v th ca hm s vi gi tr a, b, c va tm c
1
3. Tm cc h s m, n, p sao cho hm s f x = x 3 + mx 2 + nx + p t cc
3
1
i ti im x = 3 v th C tip xc vi ng thng d : y = 3x ti
3
giao im ca C vi trc tung .
( )
( )
()
( )
Hng dn :
1. a ) T bng bin thin ta thy phng trnh cho c ba nghim phn bit
f
x 1 < 1 < x 2 < 2 < x 3 v

f
( ) ()
( 0 ) = 3 < 0
1
1
f 0 .f < 0 x 0; .
1 1
= >0
2
2
2 4
()
b ) f 2 f 0 < 0 .Hm s f lin tc trn on 0;2 v theo nh l v gi tr
trung gian ca hm s lin tc , tn ti mt s thc 2; 0 sao cho
( )
( )
f = 0 . S l mt nghim ca phng trnh f x = 0 . Mt khc hm s
f ng bin trn khong 0; + nn phng trnh c nghim duy nht
( 2; 0 ) .
144
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
() ()
f 0 f 4 < 0 . Hm s f lin tc trn on 0; 4 v theo nh l v gi tr
( )
trung gian ca hm s lin tc , tn ti mt s thc 0; 4 sao cho
( )
( )
f = 0 . S l mt nghim ca phng trnh f x = 0 . Mt khc hm s
( )
( )
f ng bin trn khong 0; 4 nn phng trnh c nghim duy nht 0; 4 .
)
th ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit , do phng trnh f ( x ) = 0
Tng t phng trnh c nghim duy nht thuc khong 4; + .
c 3 nghim phn bit.
( )
()
()
f ' ( x 1) = 3 ( x 1) + 6 ( x 1) + 9 = 3x + 12x
f ' (x ) > 0 0 < x < 4
c) f '' x = 6x + 6 x 0 = 2, f 2 = 24 t : y = 9x + 6
2
2.
2 = c
a = 3
f 1 = 1 + a b + c = 1 b = 3
f ' 1 = 3 2a + b = 0
c = 2
3.

1
d Oy = A 0;
1
3

p =
3
=
3
n
0
=
=
f
p
m = 1
f ' 0 = n = 3
f ' 3 = 6m 6 = 0
( )
( )
()
()
()
()
( )
Hm s trng phng f x = ax 4 + bx 2 + c
( )
(a 0 )
Dng iu th ca hm s f x = ax 4 + bx 2 + c
(a 0 )
145
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
x2
x1
x1 O
x2
Mt s tnh cht thng gp ca hm s trng phng
( )
1. th ca hm s f x = ax 4 + bx 2 + c (a 0) ct trc honh ti 4
im
phn
bit
lp
thnh
cp
cng
khi
phng
trnh:
aX 2 + bX + c = 0, X = x 2 0 c 2 nghim dng phn bit tha X1 = 9X 2 .
2. Phng trnh trng phng: ax 4 + bx 2 + c = 0
(1 )
()
t t = x 2 0 x = t , ta c phng trnh: at 2 + bt + c = 0 2 Mt
()
()
nghim dng ca 2 ng vi 2 nghim ca 1 .
()
()
Vy iu kin cn v phng trnh 1 c nghim l phng trnh 1 c t

nht mt nghim khng m.
> 0
1 c 4 nghim 2 c 2 nghim dng P > 0

S
>0
2
()
()
P = 0
1 c 3 nghim 2 c 1 nghim dng v 1 nghim bng 0 S

>0
2
P < 0
1 c 2 nghim 2 c 1 nghim dng = 0

S
> 0
2
()
()
()
()
146
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
P = 0
S < 0
t1 < 0 = t2
1 c 1 nghim 2 c nghim tha

2
= 0
t1 = t2 = 0
S
2 = 0
< 0
0
1 v nghim 2 v nghim hoc c 2 nghim m
P >0

S
2 < 0
0 < t1 < t2
1 c 4 nghim to thnh cp s cng
. Ta gii h pt:
t2 = 3 t1
t = 9t
1
2
S = t1 + t2
P = t t
1 2
()
()
()
()
()
3. Phng trnh bc 4 c tnh i xng: ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + bx + a = 0
(1 )
Nu a = 0 , ta c phng trnh: x (bx 2 + cx + b) = 0

Nu a 0 , ta c phng trnh tng ng:
1
1
a x2 + 2 + b x + + c = 0
x
x
1
, phng trnh c vit thnh:
x
a(t 2 2) + bt + c = 0, t 2 2
t t = x +
()
Ch :
1
, ta c:
x
* Mt nghim ln hn 2 ca phng trnh 2 tng ng vi 2 nghim dng
Khi kho st hm s t = x +
()
()
ca phng trnh 1 .
()
* Mt nghim nh hn 2 ca phng trnh 2 tng ng vi 2 nghim m ca
()
phng trnh 1 .
147
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
()
* Mt nghim t = 2 ca phng trnh 2 tng ng vi nghim x = 1 ca
()
phng trnh 1 .
()
* Mt nghim t = 2 ca phng trnh 2 tng ng vi nghim x = 1 ca
()
phng trnh 1 .
1
v nghim khi t < 2
x
4. Phng trnh bc 4 c tnh i xng: ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 bx + a = 0
* Phng trnh t = x +
(1 )
Nu a = 0 , ta c phng trnh: x (bx 2 + cx b) = 0

Nu a 0 , ta c phng trnh tng ng:
1
1
a x 2 + 2 + b x + c = 0
x
x
1
t t = x , phng trnh c vit thnh:
x
2
a(t + 2) + bt + c = 0, t 2
()
1
c 2 nghim tri du vi mi t
x
5. (x + a )(x + b )(x + c )(x + d ) = e , vi a + b = c + d .
Ch : Phng trnh t = x
t t = x 2 + (a + b )x .
6. (x + a )4 + (x + b )4 = c ,vi =
a b
a +b
.t t = x +
, t
2
2
V d 1:Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s y = x 4 2x 2 3 .

Gii:
* Gii hn : lim y = lim y = + hm s khng c tim cn.
x
( )
x +
* o hm : f ' x = 4x 3 4x = 4x x 2 1
()
( )
( )
x = 0, f 0 = 3
f ' x = 0 x = 1, f 1 = 4
x = 1, f 1 = 4
* Bng bin thin :

x
1
y'
0
+
( )
0
0
148
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Hm s ng bin trn cc khong 1; 0 v 1; + , nghch bin trn khong
( ; 1) v ( 0;1)
()
x = 1, f (1) = 4
( )
f '' ( x ) = 12x
x = 1, f 1 = 4
3
3
5
x 1 =
,f
= 3
3
9
3
f '' x = 0
, f '' x i du hai ln qua nghim
3
3
5
x =
= 3
,f
2
3
3
9
3
3
5
5
3
3
x = x1 =
v x = x 2 =
nn U 1
; 3 v U 2
; 3 l
3
3
3
9
9
3
hai im un ca th .
* th :
y
f(x)=x^4-2x^2-3
Giao im ca th vi
( )
( )
trc Oy A 0; 3
Giao im ca th vi
trc
) (
Ox B 3; 0 ,C
3; 0
x
-8
-6
-4
-2
th l hm s chn nn
nhn trc Oy lm trc
i xng
-5
4
2
2
4
V d 2: Chng minh rng phng trnh: x 2 m + 2 x + m + 3 = 0
lun c 4 nghim phn bit x 1, x 2 , x 3 , x 4 vi mi gi tr ca m .

Tm gi tr m sao cho x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 = 11 .
2
Gii:
x 2 m + 2 x + m + 3 = 0 (1 )
4
149
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
( ) (t 0 )
t : t = x 2 , ta c : t 2 2 m 2 + 2 t + m 4 + 3 = 0 2
()
Ta chng t 2 lun c hai nghim : 0 < t1 < t2 .
' = m2 + 2
) (m
2
+ 3 = 4m 2 + 1 > 0 vi mi m .
()
Vy 2 lun c hai nghim phn bit t1, t2 v t1 t2 = m 4 + 3 > 0
t1 + t 2 = 2 m 2 + 2 > 0
()
Do phng trnh 1 c 4 nghim : t1 , t1 , t2 , t2

x 12 + x 22 + x 32 + x 42 + x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4
( ) + ( t ) + ( t ) + ( t ) + ( t ) ( t ) ( t ) ( t ) = 2 (t + t ) + t t
x + x + x + x + x x x x = 4 (m + 2 ) + m + 3 = m + 4m + 11
= t1
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
x 12 + x 22 + x 32 + x 42 + x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 = 11 m 4 + 4m 2 + 11 = 11 m 4 + 4m 2 = 0 m = 0
Hm s hu t y =
( )
f x =
ax + b
cx + d
ax + b
cx + d
( c 0, ad bc 0 ) f ' (x ) =
( )
Dng iu th ca hm s f x =
ax + b
cx + d
ad bc
(cx + d )
( c 0, ad bc 0 )
a
c
V d: Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s y =
O
a
c
d
c
2x 1
x 1
Gii :
* Hm s cho xc nh D = \ 1
{}
150
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
* Gii hn :
lim y = lim+ y = + x = 1 l tim cn ng
x 1
x 1
lim y = lim y = 2 y = 2 l tim cn ngang.
x +
* o hm : y ' =
1
< 0, x 1 .
(x 1)2
th ca hm s nghch bin trn cc khong ;1 v 1; + .

* Bng bin thin :
x
y'
2
y
* th : Giao im ca th
vi trc Oy A 0;1
( )
1
Ox B ; 0
2
th ca hm s nhn
I 1;2 giao im hai ng
( )
tim cn lm tm i xng.
Hm s hu t
y =
ax 2 + bx + c
aa ' x 2 + 2ab ' x + bb ' ca '
y' =
2
a 'x + b '
a 'x + b '
Dng iu th ca hm s y =
ax 2 + bx + c
a 'x + b '
15
10
I
x
I
x
-10
-5
10
-5
151
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Dng iu hm s cha gi tr tuyt i

x2
x2
f x =
C
f x =
C1
x 1
x 1
( )
( )
( )
( )
6
6
y=x+1
y=x+1
3
2
y=-x-1
1
x
-4
-4
-3
-2
-1
-3
-2
-1
4
-1
x=1
-1
-2
x=1
-2
-3
-3
( )
f x =
x2
(C )
( )
f x =
x 1
x2
x 1
(C )
3
6
4
y=-x+1
y=x+1
4
y=x+1
y=-x+1
2
-4
-3
-2
-1
x=-1
x=1
-2
-4
-3
-2
-1
x=-1
( )
f x =
x2
x 1
( )
C4
( )
f x =
-2
x=1
x2
C5
x 1
( )
152
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
y
8
y=x+1
y=-x-1
y=-x-1
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
-2
x
-4
y=x+1
-3
-2
-1
x=1
-4
4
-6
x=-1
x=1
-8
-2
-10
V d 1: Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s y =
x 2 3x + 6
x 1
Gii :
{}
* Gii hn :
lim y = lim+ y = +
x 1
x 1
lim y =
lim y = + x = 1 l tim cn
x +
ng
4
4
lim y x 2 = lim
= 0, lim y x 2 = lim
= 0 l
x x 1
x + x 1
x +
y = x 2 tim cn xin.
* o hm : y ' =
x 2 2x 3
,x 1.
(x 1)2
( )
()
x = 1, f 1 = 5
y' = 0
x = 3, f 3 = 3
* Bng bin thin :
x
1
y'
+
0
3
0
+
+
+
Hm s ng bin trn cc khong ; 1 v 3; + , nghch bin trn
( )
khong 1;1 v 1; 3
153
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
( )
()
x = 3, f 3 = 3
* th : Dnh cho bn c
V d 2: Cho hm s y =
mx 2 + (2m 1)x 1
c th l C m , m l tham
x +2
( )
s .
1.Chng minh rng vi mi m > 0 hm s lun c cc i , cc tiu .
( )
2.Kho st s bin thin v v th C ca hm s vi m = 1 .
( )
3.Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi th C ca hm s bit tip tuyn i
( )
qua A 1; 0 .
Gii :
y = mx 1 +
1. y ' = m
{ }
1
. Hm s cho xc nh D = \ 2
x +2
1
x +2
( ) 1.
(x + 2)
m x +2
Vi m > 0 th phng trnh y ' = 0 c hai nghim phn bit khc 2 . Vy hm

s lun c cc i v cc tiu khi m > 0 .
1
2.Vi m = 1, y = x 1 +
x +2
{ }
lim y = v lim y = +
x +
lim y = v lim + y = + nn ng thng x = 2 l tim cn ng

x ( 2 )
( )
ca th hm s.
1
1
V lim y x 1 = lim
= 0 v lim y x 1 = lim
=0
x +
x + x + 2
x
x x + 2
nn ng y = x 1 l tim cn xin ca th hm s.
x 2
( x + 2 ) 1 , x 2
* y' =1
=
(x + 2 ) ( x + 2 )
x = 1, y ( 1) = 1
y ' = 0 (x + 2 ) 1 = 0
x = 3, y ( 3 ) = 5
2
154
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
* Bng bin thin

x
y'
+
3
0
5
1
0
+
+
1
th ca hm s ng bin trn cc khong : ; 3 , 1; + v nghch
)(
bin trn cc khong 3; 2 , 2; 1
)(
)
( )
th ca hm s t im cc i ti x = 3, y 3 = 5 v t im cc tiu
( )
ti x = 1, y 1 = 1 .
th: Hc sinh t v
3.Xt d i qua A 1; 0 v c h s gc k . Nn d : y = k x 1
( )
()
(
(d ) tip xc vi th (C ) ca hm s khi h sau c nghim:
()
1
= k (x 1)
x 1 +
x +2
5
5
k = .Vy tip tuyn l: d : y = (x 1)
1
9
9
=k
1
2
x +2
()
x2 + 3
1
x 1
1. Kho st v v th ca hm s 1
()
()
V d 3: Cho hm s y =
2. Tm trn ng thng y = 4 cc im m t k c ng 2 tip tuyn

n th hm s.
Gii :
1. Kho st v v th ca hm s y =
{}
x2 + 3
x 1
( 1)
Hm s cho xc nh D = \ 1
* y' =
x 2 2x 3
( x 1)
Hm s nghch bin trn cc khong
( )
()
( 1;1) , (1; 3 ) ng bin trn cc
x = 1, y 1 = 2
,x 1 y ' = 0
x = 3, y 3 = 6
khong ; 1 ,(3; +) .
155
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
( )
th ca hm s t im cc i ti 1; 2 v t im cc tiu ti 3; 6 .
* lim y = , lim+ y = + x = 1 l tim cn ng.
x 1
x 1
* lim y x + 1 = 0, lim y x + 1 = 0 y = x + 1 l tim cn xin.

x
x +
* Bng bin thin
x
y'
th
1
0
2
+
+
+
3
0
+
01
1 3
( )
th : Nhn I 1;2
lm tm i
xng.
2. Tm trn ng thng y = 4 cc im m t k c ng 2 tip tuyn
n th hm s.
( ) ()
Gi M a; 4 d : y = 4 l im cn tm .
( )
( )
Khi tip tuyn vi C k t M c phng trnh : : y = k x a + 4 .

x 2 + 3
= k x a + 4
x2 1
tip xc vi C x 2x 3
=k
2
x 1
( )
( )
()( ) (
( 1)
c nghim x 1
2
()
()
T 1 , 2 3 a x 2 + 2 a 7 x + 3a + 7 = 0 3
()
t M k c ng 2 tip tuyn n th hm s. Khi phng trnh 3 c

2 nghim phn bit x 1
3 a 0
a 3
a 3
2
= a 7 3a + 7 . 3 a > 0 a 2 4a + 7 > 0
a 1
3 a + 2 a 7 + 3a + 7 0
a 1
) (
( )
)(
()
Vy tp hp cc im cn tm l ng thng d : y = 4 b i cc im
(1; 4 ) , ( 3; 4 ) .
156
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Bi 7: GIAO IM CA HAI TH
Phng php :
Lp phng trinh honh giao im ca hai th C : y = f x v
( )
( )
(C ' ) : y = g (x ) l : f (x ) = g (x ) (*) .
()
()
Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh * , s nghim phng trnh * l
( )
( )
s giao im ca C v C ' .
x 3
c th l C . Tm tt c tham s thc
x 2
m ng thng d : y = mx + 1 ct th ca hm s ti 2 im phn
( )
()
bit.
Gii :
th l C ct d ti 2 im phn bit khi v ch khi phng trnh :
( )
()
x 3
= mx + 1 c 2 nghim phn bit khi phng trnh
x 2
g (x ) = mx 2 2mx + 1 = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit x 2 hay
m 0
m 0
m < 0
2
= m m > 0 m < 0 m > 1 m > 1
g(2) 0
4m 4m + 1 0
Bi tp tng t:
1. Tm tt c tham s thc m ng thng d : y = mx + 4 ct th ca
()
x2
hm s y =
ti 2 im phn bit.
x 1
2. Gi s d l ng thng i qua A 3;1 v c h s gc m . Tm tt c
()
()
tham s thc m ng thng d ct th ca hm s y = x 3 + 3x 2 + 1 ti

3 im phn bit.
2x 1
c th C . Gi dm l ng thng i
x +1
qua im A 2;2 v c h s gc m . Tm m ng thng dm ct
V d 2 :Cho hm s y =
( )
( )
( )
( )
th C
157
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Ti hai im phn bit?.

Ti hai im thuc hai nhnh ca th ?.
Gii :
(d ) : y = mx + 2 (m + 1)
(d ) (C ) : g (x ) = mx + 3mx + 2m + 3 = 0, x 1 (*)
(d ) (C ) ti hai im phn bit khi phng trnh ( * ) c hai nghim
m
m 0
m < 0
phn bit khc 1 . Khi ta c h : > 0
m > 12
g 1 0
( )
( ) ( )
()
dm C ti hai im thuc hai nhnh khi phng trnh * c hai
( )
nghim phn bit x 1 < 1 < x 2 mg 1 < 0 m < 0 .
( ) ( )
Cch khc : dm C ti hai im thuc hai nhnh khi phng trnh
(*) c hai nghim phn bit x < 1 < x . t x = t 1 khi phng trnh
(*) tr thnh tm m phng trnh mt + mt + 3 = 0 c hai nghim tri du.
V d 3 : Tm tham s m ng thng (d ) : y = m ( x + 1) 2 ct th
1
x +1
ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho hai im A, B
x 1
i xng nhau qua M 1; 0 .
( )
hm s C : y =
( )
( )
Gii :
( )
bit A, B sao cho hai im A, B i xng nhau qua M (1; 0 ) th im M thuc
ng thng (d ) , do 0 = m (1 + 1) 2 m = 1 .
m = 1 th (d ) (d ) : y = x 1 , phng trnh honh giao im (d ) v
x = 0 y = 1 A ( 0; 1)
(C ) l xx + 11 = x 1 x 3x = 0 x = 3 y = 2 B ( 3;2
)
iu kin cn: ng thng dm ct th hm s C ti hai im phn
3 1
V trung im AB l ; M nn A, B khng i xng qua M .
2 2
Do khng c gi tr no ca m tha mn yu cu bi ton.
( )
V d 4: Cho hm s y = x 3 3m 2x + 2m c th l C m . Tm m
158
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
(C m ) ct Ox
ti ng 2 im phn bit.
Gii:
* Ta c : y ' = 3x 2 3m 2
(C m ) ct Ox ti ng 2 im phn bit khi (C m ) c 2 cc tr ng thi

yC = 0 hoc yCT = 0 .
*
(C m ) c 2 cc tr y ' = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit 3x
2 nghim phn bit .Khi m 0 th y ' = 0 x = m .

Bng xt du y ' :
x
m
m
y'
+
0
3m 2 = 0 c
yC = y(m ) = 0 2m + 2m = 0 m = 0 (loi)
3
yCT = y(m ) = 0 2m 3 + 2m = 0 m = 0 m = 1
( )
Vy, m = 1 th C m ct Ox ti ng 2 im phn bit.
( )
V d 5: Tm m th C m : y = x 3 3mx 2 3x + 3m + 2 ct trc Ox
ti 3 im phn bit c honh l x 1, x 2, x 3 tha mn x 12 + x 22 + x 32 15 .
(C m ) ct trc Ox
Gii :
: x 3mx 3x + 3m + 2 = 0
3
x = 1
(x 1)[x 2 (3m 1)x 3m 2]=0 2
x (3m 1)x 3m 2 = 0 2
()
(C m ) ct trc Ox
ti 3 im phn bit c honh l x 1, x 2, x 3 vi x 3 = 1
()
th x 1, x 2 l nghim khc 1 ca phng trnh 2 .Theo nh l Vi-et ta c:

x 1 + x 2 = 3m 1
x x = 3m 2
1 2
> 0
9m 2 + 6m + 9 > 0
(2 )
Theo bi ton ta c : 12 (3m 1).1 3m 2 0 m 0

2
2
2
2
x 1 + x 2 + x 3 15
9m 9 0
m ; 1 1; + .
()
V d 6: Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m sao cho d : y = x + 4 ct th

159
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
(C m ) : y = x
( )
2 (vdt), bit K (1; 3 ) .
+ 2mx 2 + (m + 3)x + 4 ti ba im phn bit A 0; 4 , B,C
sao cho tam gic KBC c din tch bng 8

Gii :
( ) ()
Phng trnh honh im chung ca C m v d l:
x 3 + 2mx 2 + (m + 3)x + 4 = x + 4 (1) x (x 2 + 2mx + m + 2) = 0

x = 0
2
g(x ) = x + 2mx + m + 2 = 0
(2 )
(d ) ct (C m ) ti ba im phn bit A ( 0; 4 ) , B,C phng trnh (2 ) c 2

nghim phn bit khc 0 .
/
2
= m m 2 > 0
m 1 m 2
(*) .
m 2
g ( 0 ) = m + 2 0
13+ 4
Mt khc: d(K , d ) =
= 2
2
Do : SKBC = 8 2 1 BC .d(K,d) = 8 2 BC = 16 BC 2 = 256
2
2
(x B xC ) + (yB yC )2 = 256 vi x B , xC l hai nghim ca phng trnh (2).
(x B xC )2 + ((x B + 4) (xC + 4))2 = 256 2(x B xC )2 = 256
(x B + xC )2 4x B xC = 128 4m 2 4(m + 2) = 128
m 2 m 34 = 0 m = 1 137 (tha ( * ) ).
2
Vy m = 1 137 tha yu cu bi ton.

2
ax + b
x 1
1. Tm a, b th hm s ct trc tung ti A 0; 1 v tip tuyn ca
V d 7 :Cho hm s y =
( )
th ti A c h s gc bng 3 . Kho st s bin thin v v th C ca

hm s vi a, b va tm c .
()
2. Cho ng thng d c h s gc m v i qua im B 2;2 . Tm m
()
( )
d ct C ti hai im phn bit M 1, M 2 . Cc ng thng i qua
M 1, M 2 song song vi cc trc to to thnh hnh ch nht . Tnh cc cnh

160
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
ca hnh ch nht theo m , khi no hnh ch nht ny tr thnh hnh

vung.
Gii :
ax + b
A 0; 1 y =
x 1
2x + 1
a = 2
1.
y =
a 1
b =1
x 1
= 3
y ' =
2
x 1
(d ) i qua im B ( 2;2 ) c phng trnh y = m (x + 2 ) + 2

(d ) ct (C ) ti hai im phn bit M , M khi phng trnh
2.
2x + 1
c hai nghim khc 1 , hay phng trnh
x 1
mx 2 + mx 2m 3 = 0 c hai nghim phn bit khc 1 , tc l
m 0
m 0
m<
4
2
*
= m + 4m 2m + 3 > 0 m <
3
3
m12 + m1 2m 3 0
m
>
0
m > 0
m x +2 +2 =
()
Gi s M 1 x 1; y1 , M 2 x 2 ; y2 , hai cnh hnh ch nht M 1PM 2Q c di l
9m 2 + 12m
, M 1Q = y2 y1 = 9m 2 + 12m
m
M 1P = x 2 x 1 =
Hnh ch nht M 1PM 2Q tr thnh hnh vung khi v ch khi
9m 2 + 12m
= 9m 2 + 12m m = 1 m = 1 do *
m
( ( ))
M 1P = M 1Q
Bi tp tng t :
1. Cho hm s f x = 2x 3 + 3x 2 + 1 c th C v parabol
( )
(P ) : g (x ) = 2x
( )
+1
a ) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s. Ty theo gi tr ca m , gii
v bin lun phng trnh 2x 3 + 3x 2 m = 0

b ) Chng t rng trong s tip tuyn ca th C th thip tuyn ti im
( )
un I c h s gc nh nht . Vit phng trnh tip tuyn . Chng t I l
( )
tm i xng ca th C .
161
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
( )
( )
c) Gi A, B l giao im ca th C v parabol P . Vit phng trnh tip
( )
( )
Xc nh trn khong (C ) nm pha trn hoc pha di ( P ) .
tuyn ca C v parabol P ti cc giao im ca chng .

d)
Hng dn :
1 3
3
3
c) A ; , B 0;1 . Tip tuyn C ti A, B l y = x + , y = 1 .Tip
2
4
2 2
1
tuyn P ti A, B l y = 2x + , y = 1 .
2
d ) Xt h x = f x g x = 2x 3 + x 2 . Lp bng xt du :
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
h x < 0, x ; C nm pha di
2
1
P . h x > 0, x ; 0 , 0; + C nm pha trn P .
2
( )
( )
( ) ( )
) ( )
( )
( )
2. Cho hm s f x = x 3 3x + 1
a ) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s . Vit phng trnh tip
tuyn ca th ti im un I ca n . Chng minh rng trong s tip tuyn
ca th th tip tuyn ti I c h s gc nh nht .
( )
b ) Gi dm l ng thng i qua im I c h s gc m . Tm cc gi tr m
( )
sao cho ng thng dm ct th cho ti ba im phn bit.

Hng dn :
a ) y = 3x + 1
b)
( )
m > 3
3. Cho hm s f x = x 4 m + 1 x 2 + m
a ) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s vi m = 2 . Vit phng
trnh tip tuyn ti im un ca th .
b ) Tm cc gi tr ca m sao cho th ca hm s ct trc honh ti bn im
, to thnh ba on thng c di bng nhau .
Hng dn :
)(
b ) x 4 m + 1 x 2 + m = 0 x 2 1 x 2 m = 0 . th ca hm s ct
trc honh ti 4 im phn bit , to thnh ba on thng c di bng nhau

khi 0 < m 1 .
( )
m > 1, m 1 = 1 1 m = 9
1
9
Ngoi cch gii trn cc bn c th dng cp s cng ( lp 11) gii .
0 < m < 1,1 m = m m m =
162
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
4.
a ) Vi gi tr no ca m , ng thng y = m ct ng cong
y = x 4 2x 2 3 ti 4 im phn bit?.
( )
b ) Chng minh rng vi mi gi tr ca m , ng thng dm : y = x m ct
ng cong y =
x 2 + 2x
ti hai im phn bit.
x 1
c) Tm k ng thng y = kx + 1 ct th hm s y =
x 2 + 4x + 3
ti 2
x +2
im phn bit A, B . Tm qu tch trung im I ca AB .

x 2 2x + 2
,C .
5. Cho hm s y =
x 1
a)
( )
Kho st v v th hm s (C ) .
b ) Tm m phng trnh sau c 2 nghim phn bit : x 2 2x = m x 1 2 .
()
( )
c) Tm m ng thng d : y = x + m ct th C ti 2 im A, B
i xng vi nhau qua ng thng y = x + 3 .
( )
d ) Chng minh rng qua im E 1; 0 ta khng th k c mt tip tuyn
no n th hm s.
x +2
c th G
2x + 1
a ) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s.
( )
( )
6. Cho hm s f x =
( )
b ) Chng minh rng ng thng dm : y = mx + m 1 lun i qua im c
( )
nh ca ng cong G khi m thay i .
( )
c) Tm cc gi tr ca m sao cho ng thng cho ct ng cong G ti
( )
hai im thuc cng mt nhnh ca G .

Hng dn:
)
M ( 1; 1) (G ) .
( )
b ) M 1; 1 l im c nh m dm i qua khi m bin thin v
(d ) (G ) : m (x + 1) 1 = 2xx ++21 , x 21
c)
)(
x + 1 2mx + m 3 = 0, x
1
2
163
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
1
x = 1 <
=
2
+m 3 = 0
k
x
mx
( )
1
Hai nhnh ca G nm v hai bn ca tim cn ng x = . ng thng
2
dm G ti hai im thuc cng mt nhnh ca th khi phng trnh
( )
( ) ( )
1
k x = 2mx + m 3 = 0 c nghim x < v x 1 , khi ta c
2
m 0
m 0
3 < m < 0
3m
1
3
<
<0
3 m < 0
x =
m < 3
2m
2
2m
k 1 0
m 3 0
( )
( )
Bi 8 :S TIP XC CA HAI NG CONG

Bi ton 1 :
Hai ng cong C : y = f x v C ' : y = g x tip xc nhau khi v ch khi
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f x = g x
h phng trnh sau:
f ' x = g ' x
( )
c nghim.
()
V d 1 : Tm tham s thc m ng thng d : y = m x 3 tip xc

1
vi th C : y = x 3 + 3x .
3
( )
Gii :
1 3
x + 3x = m x 3
d tip xc vi C khi h sau : 3
* c nghim.
x 2 + 3 = m
x = 3
x = 3 m = 6
2x 3 9x 2 + 27 = 0
2
2x 3x 9 = 0
*
2
x = 3 m = 3
m
=
x
+
3
m = x 2 + 3
2
4
V d 2 : Tm trn trc honh nhng im m t c th k n th ca

x2
hm s : y =
hai tip tuyn to vi nhau 1 gc 450 .
x 1
Gii :
()
( )
)()
()
164
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Gi M Ox M x 0 ; 0 , ng thng i qua M c h s gc l k , phng
()
trnh c dng : d : y = k x x 0 .
x2
= k x x0
x 2 1
d l tip tuyn ca th khi h sau c nghim : x 2x
=k
2
x 1
()
x2
x 2 2x
=
x x 0 x x 0 + 1 x 2x 0 = 0
2
x 1
x 1
x = 0
2x 0
x =
, x 0 1
x
+
1
0
x =0k =
x =
2x 0
x0 + 1
x 2 2x
( x 1)
k =
= 0.
4x 0
(x
+1
x2
Tip tuyn qua M to vi th ca hm s : y =
hai tip tuyn to
x 1
vi nhau 1 gc 450 khi v ch khi
k k2
4x 0
= 1 x0 = 3 2 2 .
tan 450 = 1
2
1 + k1k2
x0 + 1
)(
Vy M 3 2 2; 0 , 3 + 2 2; 0
V d 3 :Tm tt c cc im trn trc honh nhng im M m qua v

c ng 3 tip tuyn n th (C ) : y = x 3 + 3x 2 m trong c 2 tip
tuyn vung gc vi nhau .
Gii :
Gi M a; 0 Ox , ng thng (t ) i qua M v c h s gc
( )
k (t ) : y = k ( x a ) .
x 3 + 3x 2 = k (x a )
(1)
(t ) tip xc vi (C ) khi h sau c nghim : 2

(2)
3x + 6x = k
T (1) , (2) suy ra : x 3 + 3x 2 = 3x 2 + 6x (x a ) 2x 3 + 3(a 1)x 2 6ax = 0
165
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
x = 0
x 2x 2 3(a 1)x 6a = 0 2
2x 3(a 1)x 6a = 0 (3)
x = 0 k = 0 1 tip tuyn.
Qua M k c 3 tip tuyn n n th (C ) m trong c 2 tip tuyn
vung gc vi nhau .
Khi (3) c 2 nghim phn bit x 1, x 2 0 v k1k2 = 1
a 0
a 0
> 0
9 a 1 + 48a > 0
2
2
2
3x 1 + 6x 1 3x 2 + 6x 2 = 1
9 x 1x 2 + 18x 1x 2 x 1 + x 2 + 36x 1x 2 = 1
1
a < 3 a > va a 0
3
2
81a 81a a 1 108a + 1 = 0
3(a -1)
v x 1x 2 = - 3a ; x 1 + x 2 =
1
va a 0
1
a < 3 a >
a =
3
27
27a + 1 = 0
1
Vy M , 0 Ox tha bi ton .
27
Bi ton 2 :
(
(
)
)
( )
( )
( ) ) c
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca th C : y = f x ti im M x 0 ; f x 0
( )(
( )
dng : y = f ' x 0 x x 0 + f x 0 .
x 4
vi tip tuyn (t ) ,
x 1
bit rng tip tuyn (t ) to vi ng thng (d ) : y = 2x + 2010 1 gc 450 .
Gii :
V d 1 :Tm ta tip im ca th (C ) : y =
{}
D = \ 1
Ta c : y ' =
x 1
,x 1
166
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
( ) ) l ta tip im cn tm
Gi M x 0 ; f x 0
k =
(x
,x0 1 .
V (t ) v (d ) to nhau 1 gc 450 khi t a n 450 =
* k =
1
3
3
x0 1
* k =3
th h s gc tip tuyn (t ) l
(x
1
k +2
k =
1 2k
3
k
=
1
iu ny khng xy ra .
3
( )
( )
x = 0 y = 4 M 0; 4
0
= 3 x 02 2x 0 = 0 0
x 0 = 2 y 0 = 2 M 2; 2
2x + 3
, c th (C ) . Tm tt c cc tham s
x 2
m ng thng (t ) : y = 2x + m ct (C ) ti hai im phn bit m hai tip
tuyn ti song song vi nhau.
Gii :
ng thng (t ) : y = 2x + m ct (C ) ti hai im phn bit m hai tip tuyn ti
song song vi nhau khi v ch khi phng trnh
( )
nghim phn bit x 1, x 2 tha mn iu kin y ' x 1
( )
2x + 3
= 2x + m c hai
x 2
= y ' x 2 . Khi phng
( )
trnh g x = 2x 2 + m 6 x 2m 3 = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit x 1, x 2 khc 2

v tha mn iu kin
(x
(x
x1 + x 2 = 4
2
= m 6 + 8 2m + 3 > 0
g 2 = 2.22 + m 6 .2 2m 3 0 m = 2 .
m 6
=4
2
2x
V d 3: Cho hm s y =
c th l (C ) . Tm trn th (C ) nhng
x +1
im M , sao cho tip tuyn ti M ct hai trc ta Ox ,Oy ti hai im
(
()
phn bit A, B sao cho din tch tam gic AOB c din tch bng
1
.
4
Gii :
167
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
) ( )
Gi M x 0 ; y 0 C y 0 =
2x 0
x0 + 1
y '0 =
(x
+1
Phng trnh tip tuyn (t ) ca (C ) ti M l : y 0 =
x0 + 1
2x 02
x+
x0 + 1
Tip tuyn (t ) ct hai trc ta Ox ,Oy ti hai im phn bit A x 02 ; 0 ,
2x 02
B 0;
x0 + 1
sao cho din tch tam gic AOB c din tch bng 1 khi
2
4
2x 0
1
1
1
.OAOB
.
= OAOB
.
= x 02 .
2
4
2
x0 + 1
1
4x 02 x 0 + 1
2
=0
1
2x 02 + x 0 + 1 = 0
x 0 = M ; 2
2
2
2
.
2x 0 x 0 1 = 0
x 0 = 1 M 1;1
Vy c hai im tha mn yu cu bi ton M ; 2 , M 1;1 .

2
( )
( )
()
V d 4 : Chng minh rng nu cc tip tuyn (d ), t ca th (C ) :

y = x 3 6x 2 + 9x song song vi nhau th hai tip im A, B i xng nhau
qua M (2;2) .
Gii :
) (
( )
)
tip im ca (d ), (t ) v th (C ) . (d ) v (t ) song song vi nhau khi
y ' ( x ) = y ' ( x ) 3x 12x + 9 = 3x 12x + 9 x + x = 4 .
x = 2 t y ( x ) = t 3t + 2
Vi x + x = 4 th tn ti t > 0 :
x = 2 + t y ( x ) = t + 3t + 2
( )
Gi A x 1, y x 1 = x 13 6x 12 + 9x 1 , B x 2 , y x 2 = x 23 6x 22 + 9x 2 l ta
2
1
2
2
x + x2
=2
x 0 = 1
2
D thy trung im on AB c ta
.
y x1 + y x 2
=2
y 0 =
2
Do hai tip im A, B i xng nhau qua M (2;2) .
( ) ( )
168
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
2x 2
.Tm 0; sao cho im

x 1
2
M (1 + sin ; 9 ) nm trn th (C ) . Chng minh rng, tip tuyn ca
(C ) ti im M ct hai tim cn ca (C ) ti hai im A, B i xng nhau qua
im M .
Gii :
V M (1 + sin ; 9 ) nm trn th (C ) nn:
sin = 1
2
2 (1 + sin )
2
2
= 9 2 sin 5 sin + 2 = 0
sin = 2
1 + sin 1
3
V 0; nn sin = = M ;9
2
2
6
2
3
3
Tip tuyn ca th (C) ti im M l: y = y ' x + 9
2
2
hay (d ) : y = 6x + 18 .
Tip tuyn (d ) ct tim cn ng x = 1 ti: A (1;12 )
Tip tuyn (d ) ct tim cn xin tai im B c ta l nghim
y = 6x + 18
( x ; y ) h phng trnh:
y = 2x + 2
xA
D thy:
y
A
x = 2
B ( 2; 6 )
y =6
+ xB
3
= = xM
2
2
+ yB
= 9 = yM
2
Suy ra, A, B i xng nhau qua im M (pcm).
2x 3
ti M ct cc ng
x 2
tim cn ti hai im phn bit A, B . Tm ta im M sao cho ng
trn ngoi tip tam gic IAB c din tch nh nht , vi I l giao im hai
tim cn .
Gii :
2x 3
1
Gi M x 0 ; y 0 C y 0 = 0
, y '0 =
2
x0 2
x 2
()
V d 6: Gi d l tip tuyn ca th (C ) : y =
) ( )
169
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
()
Phng trnh tip tuyn d ca (C ) ti M : y =
(x
(x x 0 ) +
2x 0 3
x0 2
2x 0 2
, B 2x 0 2;2 .
2
(d ) ct hai ng tim cn ti hai im phn bit A 2; x

( )
D thy M l trung im AB v I 2;2 l giao im hai ng tim cn.

Tam gic IAB vung ti I nn ng trn ngoi tip tam gic IAB c din tch
2
2x 0 3

1
2
2
S = IM = (x 0 2) +
2 = (x 0 2)2 +
2
2
x 2

(
x
2)
0

0
x 0 = 1 y 0 = 1
1
Du ng thc xy ra khi (x 0 2)2 =
(x 0 2)2
x 0 = 3 y 0 = 3
( ) ( )
Vy M 1;1 M 3; 3 tha mn bi ton.
Bi ton 3 :
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca th C : y = f x i qua im M x 1; y1
( )
Cch 1 :
( )
()
Phng trnh ng thng d i qua im M c h s gc l k c dng :
y = k x x 1 + y1 .
( ) (
( )
f x = k x x 1 + y1
d tip xc vi th C khi h sau
c nghim.
f
'
x
=
k
Cch 2 :
()
( )
( )
()
Gi N x 0 ; y 0 l ta tip im ca th C v tip tuyn d qua im
()
M , nn d cng c dng y = y '0 x x 0 + y 0 .
(d ) i qua im M nn c phng trnh : y = y ' (x x ) + y (*)

T phng trnh ( * ) ta tm c ta im N ( x ; y ) , t y ta tm c
phng trnh ng thng (d ) .
x4
5
3x 2 +
V d 2: Cho hm s : y =
c th l (C ) . Gi s
2
2
M (C ) c honh a . Vi gi tr no ca a th tip tuyn ca (C ) ti M

ct (C ) ti 2 im phn bit khc M .
Gii :
170
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
a4
V M (C ) nn M a ; yM =
3a 2 +
2
Tip tuyn ti M c h s gc yM' = 2a 3

Tip tuyn ti M c dng :
2
6a
a4
5
3a 2 +
M
2
2
Tip tuyn d ca (C ) ti M ct (C ) ti 2 im phn bit khc M khi
()
y = yx' (x x M ) + yM d : y = (2a 3 6a )(x a ) +
()
phng trnh sau c 3 nghim phn bit :

x4
5
a4
5
3x 2 + = (2a 3 6a )(x a ) +
3a 2 + hay phng trnh
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
(x a ) (x + 2ax + 3a 6) = 0 c 3 nghim phn bit , ngha l phng trnh
( )
g x = x 2 + 2ax + 3a 3 6 = 0 c hai nghim phn bit v khc a .
g' (x ) = a 2 (3a 2 6) > 0

a 2 3 < 0
a < 3
2
2
g(a ) = 6a 6 0
a 1
a 1
a < 3
Vy gi tr a cn tm
a 1
Bi tp tng t :
1. Tm m tip tuyn i qua im M 2; m + 2 ca th hm s
y = x 3 3x + m phi i qua gc ta O .
Bi 8 :S TIP XC CA HAI NG CONG

Bi ton 1 :
Hai ng cong C : y = f x v C ' : y = g x tip xc nhau khi v ch khi
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f x = g x
h phng trnh sau:
f ' x = g ' x
( )
c nghim.
()
V d 1 : Tm tham s thc m ng thng d : y = m x 3 tip xc
1
vi th C : y = x 3 + 3x .
3
( )
Gii :
171
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
1 3
x + 3x = m x 3
d tip xc vi C khi h sau : 3
* c nghim.
2
x + 3 = m
x = 3
x = 3 m = 6
3
2
2x 9x + 27 = 0
2
2x 3x 9 = 0
*
2
x = 3 m = 3
m = x + 3
m = x 2 + 3
2
4
V d 2 : Tm trn trc honh nhng im m t c th k n th ca

x2
hm s : y =
hai tip tuyn to vi nhau 1 gc 450 .
x 1
()
( )
)()
()
Gii :
Gi M Ox M x 0 ; 0 , ng thng i qua M c h s gc l k , phng
()
trnh c dng : d : y = k x x 0 .
x2
= k x x0
x 2 1
d l tip tuyn ca th khi h sau c nghim : x 2x
=k
2
x 1
()
x2
x 2 2x
=
x x 0 x x 0 + 1 x 2x 0 = 0
2
x 1
x 1
x = 0
2x 0
x =
, x 0 1
x0 + 1
x =0k =
x =
2x 0
x0 + 1
x 2 2x
x 1
k =
= 0.
4x 0
(x
+1
Tip tuyn qua M to vi th ca hm s : y =
x2
hai tip tuyn to
x 1
vi nhau 1 gc 450 khi v ch khi

k k2
4x 0
tan 450 = 1
= 1 x0 = 3 2 2 .
2
1 + k1k2
x0 + 1
172
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
)(
Vy M 3 2 2; 0 , 3 + 2 2; 0
V d 3 :Tm tt c cc im trn trc honh nhng im M m qua v

c ng 3 tip tuyn n th (C ) : y = x 3 + 3x 2 m trong c 2 tip
tuyn vung gc vi nhau .
( )
k (t ) : y = k ( x a ) .
Gii :
Gi M a; 0 Ox , ng thng (t ) i qua M v c h s gc
x 3 + 3x 2 = k (x a )
(1)
(t ) tip xc vi (C ) khi h sau c nghim : 2

(2)
3x + 6x = k
T (1) , (2) suy ra : x 3 + 3x 2 = 3x 2 + 6x (x a ) 2x 3 + 3(a 1)x 2 6ax = 0
x = 0
x 2x 2 3(a 1)x 6a = 0 2
2x 3(a 1)x 6a = 0 (3)
x = 0 k = 0 1 tip tuyn.
Qua M k c 3 tip tuyn n n th (C ) m trong c 2 tip tuyn
vung gc vi nhau .
Khi (3) c 2 nghim phn bit x 1, x 2 0 v k1k2 = 1
a 0
> 0
2
2
3x 1 + 6x 1 3x 2 + 6x 2 = 1
a 0
9 a 1 + 48a > 0
2
9 x 1x 2 + 18x 1x 2 x 1 + x 2 + 36x 1x 2 = 1
(
(
)
)
1
a < 3 a > va a 0
3
2
81a 81a a 1 108a + 1 = 0
3(a -1)
v x 1x 2 = - 3a ; x 1 + x 2 =
1
va a 0
1
a < 3 a >
a =
3
27
27a + 1 = 0
1
Vy M , 0 Ox tha bi ton .
27
173
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Bi ton 2 :
( )
( )
( ) ) c
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca th C : y = f x ti im M x 0 ; f x 0
( )(
( )
dng : y = f ' x 0 x x 0 + f x 0 .
x 4
vi tip tuyn (t ) ,
x 1
bit rng tip tuyn (t ) to vi ng thng (d ) : y = 2x + 2010 1 gc 450 .
V d 1 :Tm ta tip im ca th (C ) : y =
Gii :
{}
D = \ 1
Ta c : y ' =
,x 1
(x 1)
Gi M ( x ; f ( x ) ) l ta tip im cn tm
k =
x0 1
th h s gc tip tuyn (t ) l
,x0 1 .
1
k +2
k =
V (t ) v (d ) to nhau 1 gc 45 khi t a n 45 =
1 2k
=
k
3
1
3
1
* k =
= iu ny khng xy ra .
2
3
3
x 1
0
* k =3
(x
( )
( )
x = 0 y = 4 M 0; 4
0
= 3 x 02 2x 0 = 0 0
x
=
2
y
= 2 M 2; 2
0
0
2x + 3
, c th (C ) . Tm tt c cc tham s
x 2
m ng thng (t ) : y = 2x + m ct (C ) ti hai im phn bit m hai tip
tuyn ti song song vi nhau.
Gii :
ng thng (t ) : y = 2x + m ct (C ) ti hai im phn bit m hai tip tuyn ti
song song vi nhau khi v ch khi phng trnh
2x + 3
= 2x + m c hai
x 2
174
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
( )
( )
nghim phn bit x 1, x 2 tha mn iu kin y ' x 1 = y ' x 2 . Khi phng
( )
trnh g x = 2x 2 + m 6 x 2m 3 = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit x 1, x 2 khc 2

v tha mn iu kin
(x
(x
x1 + x 2 = 4
2
= m 6 + 8 2m + 3 > 0
g 2 = 2.22 + m 6 .2 2m 3 0 m = 2 .
m 6
=4
2
2x
V d 3: Cho hm s y =
c th l (C ) . Tm trn th (C ) nhng
x +1
im M , sao cho tip tuyn ti M ct hai trc ta Ox ,Oy ti hai im
(
()
1
.
4
phn bit A, B sao cho din tch tam gic AOB c din tch bng
Gii :
) ( )
Gi M x 0 ; y 0 C y 0 =
2x 0
x0 + 1
y '0 =
(x
+1
Phng trnh tip tuyn (t ) ca (C ) ti M l : y 0 =
(x
+1
2x 02
x+
(x
+1
Tip tuyn (t ) ct hai trc ta Ox ,Oy ti hai im phn bit A x 02 ; 0 ,
2x 02
B 0;
x0 + 1
sao cho din tch tam gic AOB c din tch bng 1 khi
2
4
2x 0
1
1
1
.OAOB
.
= OAOB
.
= x 02 .
2
4
2
x0 + 1
1
4x 02 x 0 + 1
2
=0
1
2x 02 + x 0 + 1 = 0
x 0 = M ; 2
2
2
2
.
2x 0 x 0 1 = 0
x 0 = 1 M 1;1
Vy c hai im tha mn yu cu bi ton M ; 2 , M 1;1 .

2
( )
( )
175
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
()
V d 4 : Chng minh rng nu cc tip tuyn (d ), t ca th (C ) :

y = x 3 6x 2 + 9x song song vi nhau th hai tip im A, B i xng nhau
qua M (2;2) .
Gii :
) (
( )
)
tip im ca (d ), (t ) v th (C ) . (d ) v (t ) song song vi nhau khi
y ' ( x ) = y ' ( x ) 3x 12x + 9 = 3x 12x + 9 x + x = 4 .
x = 2 t y ( x ) = t 3t + 2
Vi x + x = 4 th tn ti t > 0 :
x = 2 + t y ( x ) = t + 3t + 2
( )
Gi A x 1, y x 1 = x 13 6x 12 + 9x 1 , B x 2 , y x 2 = x 23 6x 22 + 9x 2 l ta
2
1
2
2
x + x2
=2
x 0 = 1
2
.
D thy trung im on AB c ta
y
x
y
x
+
1
2
=2
y 0 =
2
Do hai tip im A, B i xng nhau qua M (2;2) .
( ) ( )
2x 2
.Tm 0; sao cho im

x 1
2
M (1 + sin ; 9 ) nm trn th (C ) . Chng minh rng, tip tuyn ca
(C ) ti im M ct hai tim cn ca (C ) ti hai im A, B i xng nhau qua
im M .
Gii :
V M (1 + sin ; 9 ) nm trn th (C ) nn:
sin = 1
2
2 (1 + sin )
2
2
= 9 2 sin 5 sin + 2 = 0
sin = 2
1 + sin 1
3
V 0; nn sin = = M ;9
2
2
6
2
3
3
Tip tuyn ca th (C) ti im M l: y = y ' x + 9
2
2
hay (d ) : y = 6x + 18 .
Tip tuyn (d ) ct tim cn ng x = 1 ti: A (1;12 )
Tip tuyn (d ) ct tim cn xin tai im B c ta l nghim
176
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
y = 6x + 18
x = 2
B ( 2; 6 )
y =6
( x ; y ) h phng trnh:
y = 2x + 2
xA
D thy:
y
A
+ xB
3
= = xM
2
2
+ yB
= 9 = yM
2
Suy ra, A, B i xng nhau qua im M (pcm).
2x 3
ti M ct cc ng
x 2
tim cn ti hai im phn bit A, B . Tm ta im M sao cho ng
trn ngoi tip tam gic IAB c din tch nh nht , vi I l giao im hai
tim cn .
Gii :
()
V d 6: Gi d l tip tuyn ca th (C ) : y =
) ( )
Gi M x 0 ; y 0 C y 0 =
2x 0 3
x0 2
, y '0 =
()
(x
Phng trnh tip tuyn d ca (C ) ti M : y =
(x
(x x 0 ) +
2
2x 0 3
x0 2
2x 0 2
, B 2x 0 2;2 .
2
(d ) ct hai ng tim cn ti hai im phn bit A 2; x

( )
D thy M l trung im AB v I 2;2 l giao im hai ng tim cn.

Tam gic IAB vung ti I nn ng trn ngoi tip tam gic IAB c din tch
2
2x 0 3

1
2
2
S = IM = (x 0 2) +
2 = (x 0 2)2 +
2
x 2

(x 0 2)2
x 0 = 1 y 0 = 1
1
Du ng thc xy ra khi (x 0 2)2 =
(x 0 2)2
x 0 = 3 y 0 = 3
( ) ( )
Vy M 1;1 M 3; 3 tha mn bi ton.
Bi ton 3 :
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca th C : y = f x i qua im M x 1; y1
( )
( )
Cch 1 :
177
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
()
Phng trnh ng thng d i qua im M c h s gc l k c dng :
y = k x x 1 + y1 .
f x = k x x ) + y
(d ) tip xc vi th (C ) khi h sau f (' (x)) = k(
1
Cch 2 :
( )
c nghim.
()
Gi N x 0 ; y 0 l ta tip im ca th C v tip tuyn d qua im
()
M , nn d cng c dng y = y '0 x x 0 + y 0 .
(d ) i qua im M nn c phng trnh : y = y ' (x x ) + y (*)

T phng trnh ( * ) ta tm c ta im N ( x ; y ) , t y ta tm c
phng trnh ng thng (d ) .
x4
5
3x 2 +
V d 2: Cho hm s : y =
c th l (C ) . Gi s
2
2
M (C ) c honh a . Vi gi tr no ca a th tip tuyn ca (C ) ti M
ct (C ) ti 2 im phn bit khc M .
Gii :
a4
5
V M (C ) nn M a ; yM =
3a 2 +
2
2
Tip tuyn ti M c h s gc yM' = 2a 3 6a

Tip tuyn ti M c dng :
a4
5
3a 2 +
M
2
2
Tip tuyn d ca (C ) ti M ct (C ) ti 2 im phn bit khc M khi
()
y = yx' (x x M ) + yM d : y = (2a 3 6a )(x a ) +
()
phng trnh sau c 3 nghim phn bit :

x4
5
a4
5
3x 2 + = (2a 3 6a )(x a ) +
3a 2 + hay phng trnh
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
(x a ) (x + 2ax + 3a 6) = 0 c 3 nghim phn bit , ngha l phng trnh
( )
g x = x 2 + 2ax + 3a 3 6 = 0 c hai nghim phn bit v khc a .
' = a 2 (3a 2 6) > 0

a 2 3 < 0
a < 3
g (x )
g(a ) = 6a 2 6 0
a 1
a 1
178
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
a < 3
Vy gi tr a cn tm
a 1
Bi tp tng t :
1. Tm m tip tuyn i qua im M 2; m + 2 ca th hm s
y = x 3 3x + m phi i qua gc ta O .
BI TP T LUYN
1.
( )
a ) Tm a, b bit rng th ca hm s f x =
( )
5
ax 2 bx
i qua im A 1;
x 1
2
v tip tuyn ti O 0; 0 c h s gc bng 3 . Kho st s bin thin v v

th ng vi gi tr a, b va tm c.
( )
b ) Tm a, b bit rng th ca hm s f x = 2x 2 + ax + b tip xc vi
hypebol a ) Tm a, b bit rng th ca hm s y =
1
1
ti im M ;2
x
2
2.
a ) Vit phng trnh ca ng thng i qua im A 1; 2 v tip xc vi
parabol y = x 2 2x
5
x 2, y = x 2 + x 2 tip xc nhau
4
ti M , vit phng trnh tip tuyn chung ca hai ng cong .
c) Chng minh rg cc th ca ba hm s
b ) Chng minh hai ng cong y = x 3 +
( )
( )
( )
f x = x 2 + 3x + 6, g x = x 3 x 2 + 4, h x = x 2 + 7x + 8 tip xc nhau ti
im A 1;2 .
d ) Chng minh rng cc th ca ai hm s
x2 3
3x
+ x, g x =
tip xc nhau . Xc nh tip im v vit
2 2
x +2
phng trnh tip tuyn chung ca hai ng cong ti im .
( )
f x =
( )
( )
( )
e ) Chng minh rng cc th ca ai hm s f x = x 3 x , g x = x 2 1 tip
xc nhau . Xc nh tip im v vit phng trnh tip tuyn chung ca hai

ng cong ti im .
179
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
( )
3. Cho h ng cong C m : y = x 3 3x 2 + mx + 4 m ( m l tham s).
()
( )
( )
ng thng d : y = 3 x ct mt ng cong bt k C ca h C m ti 3
im phn bit A, B,C (theo th t), tip tuyn ti A v tip tuyn ti B ca
(C ) ln lt ct ng cong ti im th hai l M
v N . Tm m t gic
AMBN l hnh thoi.
(C ) : y = x + 4x 3 .Tm m v n ng thng
(d ) : y = mx + n ct ng cong (C ) ti 4 im phn bit A, B,C , D ( theo th
4
4. Cho ng cong
1
BC .
2
t ) sao cho AB = CD =
Hng dn :
1.
a 1 2 1
5
= a = 2
a)
2
1 1
b = 3
f ' 0 = 3
9
b ) a = 6, b =
2
2. a ) d : y = m x 1 2 m = 2 y = 2x 4 , m = 2
( ) ( )
()
()
(y = 2x )
1 5
9
b ) M ; , y = 2x
4
2 4
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
A ( 1;2 ) cc th ca ba hm s c tip tuyn chung , ni khc hn l cc
th ca ba hm s tip xc nhau ti im A ( 1;2 ) .
c) f 1 = g 1 = h 1 = 2, f ' 1 = g ' 1 = h ' 1 = 5 , chng t ti
( )
d ) O 0; 0 , y =
3
x
2
Cm n cc bn c ti liu v gp ti liu hon chnh . Ti liu di

500 trang, trn y l phn rt gn v l nhng dng ton ph hp hc sinh
mi min. Ti liu min ph hon ton , khng c mc ch thng mi.
Th t gp gi v Email: phukhanh@moet.edu.vn cm n.
180
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
181

Ứng dụng của đạo hàm để khảo sát và vẽ đồ thị hàm số - Nguyễn Phú Khánh

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ứng dụng của đạo hàm để khảo sát và vẽ đồ thị hàm số - Nguyễn Phú Khánh

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt

Ti Liu n thi T Ti i hc theo cu trc BGD.

Nu hm s f ng bin trn khong I th f ' x 0 vi mi x I ;

nghch bin trn khong I ;

(a;b ) th hm s f ng bin trn a;b .

Nu hm s f lin tc trn a;b v c o hm f ' x < 0 trn khong

nghch bin trn a;b .

* Nu hm s f ng bin trn khong a;b th n ng bin trn on

Ti Liu n thi T Ti i hc theo cu trc BGD.

* Nu hm s f nghch bin trn khong a;b th n nghch bin trn on

* Nu hm s f khng i trn khong a;b th khng i trn on a;b .

1.2 DNG TON THNG GP

Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s y = f x ta thc hin cc bc sau:

Tnh o hm y ' = f ' x .

Tm cc gi tr ca x thuc D f ' x = 0 hoc f ' x khng xc nh

Da vo bng xt du v iu kin suy ra khong n iu ca hm s.

* Bng bin thin:

Ti Liu n thi T Ti i hc theo cu trc BGD.

Vy hm s ng bin trn mi khong ;1 v 1; + .

Vy, hm s ng bin trn cc khong 5; 2 v 2;1 , nghch bin trn cc

Ti Liu n thi T Ti i hc theo cu trc BGD.

Vy, hm s ng bin trn khong 4;2 , nghch bin trn cc khong

Ti Liu n thi T Ti i hc theo cu trc BGD.

Vy,hm s ng bin trn khong (2; +) v nghch bin trn khong

V d 3 : Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s sau:

* Hm s cho xc nh trn mi na khong ; 0 2; + .

+ Trn khong ; 0 : y ' < 0 hm s nghch bin trn khong ; 0 ,

Ti Liu n thi T Ti i hc theo cu trc BGD.

Vy , hm s nghch bin trn khong ; 0 v ng bin trn khong 2; +

Suy ra, trn mi khong ; 0 v 0; 3 : y ' = 0 x = 2

Hm s ng bin trn khong (0;2) , nghch bin trn cc khong (; 0) v

Trn khong 1;1 : y ' = 0 x =

Ti Liu n thi T Ti i hc theo cu trc BGD.

Bng bin thin :

Hm s ng bin trn khong (; 1) , nghch bin trn khong (1; +) .

V d 4 :Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s sau: y =| x 2 2x 3 |

+ Trn khong 1; 3 : y ' = 0 x = 1 ;

Bng bin thin:

Ti Liu n thi T Ti i hc theo cu trc BGD.

* Ta c: y ' = 2 cos x 1 2 sin x , x 0; .

Ti Liu n thi T Ti i hc theo cu trc BGD.

4. y = 3 sin x + 3 cos x + trn on 0; .

V d 6: Chng minh rng hm s y = sin2 x + cos x ng bin trn on

* Ta c: y ' = sin x 2 cos x 1 , x 0;

V x 0; sin x > 0 nn trn 0; : y ' = 0 cos x =

4. Chng minh rng hm s y = cos 3x +

Ti Liu n thi T Ti i hc theo cu trc BGD.

Dng 2 : Ty theo tham s m kho st tnh n iu ca hm s .

bin trn mi na khong ; 0 v 0; + . Do hm s ng bin trn .

ng bin trn mi na khong ;1 v 1; + . Do hm s ng bin

Da vo bng xt du, suy ra hm s ng bin trn cc khong ;m v

(m ; + ) , gim trn khong (m; m ) .

Nu 0 < m < 1 th m > m 2

Da vo bng xt du, suy ra hm s ng bin trn cc khong ;m 2 v

(m; + ) , gim trn khong (m ; m ) .

Ti Liu n thi T Ti i hc theo cu trc BGD.

Nu hm s f x n iu tng trn th f ' x 0, x .

V d 1 : Tm m cc hm s sau lun nghch bin trn mi khong xc

Ti Liu n thi T Ti i hc theo cu trc BGD.

V d 2 : Tm m cc hm s sau lun nghch bin trn .

Ti Liu n thi T Ti i hc theo cu trc BGD.

* Ta c y ' = (m + 2)x 2 2(m + 2)x + m 8 .

+ m 2 tam thc y ' = (m + 2)x 2 2(m + 2)x + m 8 c ' = 10(m + 2)

+ m > 2 th y ' = 0 c hai nghim x 1, x 2 x 1 < x 2 . Hm s ng bin trn