MAT The Relationship between Limit Equilibrium Slope Stability Methods La Rélation des Méthodes de Limite d’Equilibre de Pente Stable D.G. FREDLUND J. KRAHN. D.E. PUFAHL Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Seskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S1¥OPSIS, Sone of the methods coumonly weed for analyzing slopes utilising the principles of Limit equilibriim are the Ordivery or felleniun aathod, the einplified Bishop sethed, the Corps of Begineers method, the Janbu simplified end the Tenbe generalized nathoda, the Spencer néthod, and’ the Morgensters-Price wethod. The siailarities and differences in these methods have been obscure, Largely because of: 1) the lack of uniformity in formilating the equations of equil- Ebrlum, 2) the ambiguity concerting Inter-alice forces and 3) the unknown Linitations inposed by non-eireular failure urfoces. ‘mysoretical studies have shove that a comon formilation of the equilibrimm equations cen he used for all of the methods The factor of safety equations have deen derived vith respect to moment equilibrium and with respect to force equilib~ Fin, tnd all methods uae either of both of chase equations. ‘ip (Iuery 1asbla, 1) hae been used to relete end compere the factors of safety computed for the varios meth relations bis, This epproach bes provided clear and concise a1 By the different methods for typical crossreections, pore-water Prt sermopucrrau During the past three decades, cuserous methods have been propoted for persorming che tvordimeasional Liatt equili- Eciun nethod of silces (iright, 1969). The matiods most, commonly used 5) The Ordinary method. Other nanes given to thie fethod are che Fellenius, Svedish Circle and Conventional mectod. Li) The simplified Bishop method, £1) The dpencer ethos. 9) The Janbe sfaplified and the Janbu generalized ethoda. ») Fonee equilibelom methods such as the Lowe and Karefinth method, the Corps of Engineers method, tnd the Taylor modified Swedish aetbod. vi) The Morgenstern-Price method. ‘the similarities and differences in these methods have boon obscure, largely because of the lack of uniformity En formating the factor of eatery equations, the anbi- pulty concerning intersiice forees and che unlnow Lini- Eatione iaposed by non-ciresiee fellure surfaces. Sone itteupts hve dest sade eo assess tho quantitative 4if- foronces in actore of safety obtsined from the various ‘methods (Bishop, 1953) Wright, 1968; Duncan and Wright, 980). Te gensval, the qumntizative ditrerences in £4e~ toes of eafety obtained by che varlous pethode, are aot subacenciel vith the exception of the Ordinary method Ghich can differ by nore than 60 percent fron the other (iethods (Whitman ead Bailey, 1967)» Some attenpts have ‘Boo been aade to show the relationship between the Yar~ {ous eethode fron & theorecteal standpoint CEight, 1969; reine a feta, 18774 tadert, 13775 Fopenen, 157 Jana, 1980). ‘the object of thts paper ie to present a general init ‘Squilibeiun method of slices formulation fe t¥o~ Glnensions snd to show Bow each of the methods Listed hove {es special case of the general foraulation. Gereatter, the general Linit equilibriue eethed of Jn addition, the use of an inter-elice force, functional w varieticn in factors of safety that are computed auicas is sinply referred £0 Ordinary method Deconee an exception which cannot be ce- Yaced to the general fermulacion since it does noe Lily Newtonian force principl Gfredline aod Keshn, 1977)” The paper also shows how She varlous wethoce of sifces ca be extended to nos insolarsiip surfaces, Example problems are used to econetrate the relactonehip between the factore of (ceneaAl, LT EQUILIRRIUM METHOD OF SLICES (GLE METHOD) ‘The elenents of statice that can be used to derive the actor of safety ate the summation of forces in two di- ectioar and the simation of mopeats about a chosen pein of rotation, These elenents of statics, along Uieh the failure criteria, ere insufficient £0 make the ‘Hope stability problen determinate. Either additional Slenonts of physice or am aaumption rogarding the dit Section or sageitude of sone of the forean in 7Te~ Guied to render the problem determinate. All nethods| ‘onuiderad in thin paper uso the latter procedore and fneke an aetunption concerning the intersiice Forces. ‘Tucoreticel studies have shoun that factor of eatoty eustions can be independently derived to satisty noment ufldoriun and force equilibrium of the slices concsined Shove aa artunec flip surface (frediund and Krai, 1977). In sddieion, an assuned functional relationship is weed fo epecify ihe Cirection of the iaterslice forces. Later Ta thle paper, the various 2imit equilibrium nechods of lice ore sieved ae special cases of the GLE formta~ lreular Slip Surface ‘Figure 1 shove the forces involved in the derivation of Sonsst anf force equilibrinm factor of safety equations for e clvcular slip surface.war coven of poraTon ig. 1 Forces Acting For The Method Of Slices (Cireular stip Surtace) me definition Ne Is as follows: Wm the total vertical force due to the muss of a lice of width "9" and height "b's P = the totst norm force on the bese of a slices §, = the shear force aobilised on the base af eech alee E = the horizontar interslice nomel forces. Xs the vertical incersiice shear forces. RS the radius or the moment ara asscefaved with the mobilised sheer force, §,. horizontal dlstence from the centroid of mich slice to the center of rotavion. a= the perpendicolar eistance fron the resultent fexterual water force to the center of rotation, bb = the width of a alice, A= the Fevulesne extemal water forces, {@ = the angle between the tangent to the center of the base of eact alice and the horixontal. and "RY subscripts on the '2!, °X' ‘a’ and ‘A? i right afdes, respective: force mobilized at the base of eras of the Mohe-Couteab fail= Syo fle! + (, - wees 611 m fective cohesion intercept ctive angle of Internal friction, ft © Length of ene failure surface at the base of ‘each alice, F = factor of safety, ‘A sonent equilibria equation for the GLE sethod is eribed for all slices by sumaisg moments about the center of rotation, Bie 258+ Aa = 0 121 ‘he interslice shear and nomel force aot appear directly in equation (2) ‘over the averali slope mst cancel. (oes, X and 8) do nce thelr aumation The mobilized shear force, $_, te written in terme of the hear strength criterion {1)9’and equation [2] can be solved for the factor of eaécty with respect co nowent ‘equllibetin, Fy 410 $= wtem $138 br ‘he force equilibrium equation for the GLE method is writ~ ten by suming forces {2 the horizontal dizection for the overall slopes B Sina~ i, corasaeo ro) ‘Once again tho iaterslice forcer must cancel, The ‘wobilized shear force is agein veltten in tema of the failure criterion [1], and equation [4] ean be solved for the force equilibrium’ factor of safety, Fy Ble" + ( ~ otdean $") cos a Fee seas os ‘Te normal force, P, for equations [3] and [5] can be evaluated by suming forces vertically on each slic pet Oe = where: wy scona ince ot ‘The factor of safety, F, in [6] can be either with re pect to noneat or force equilibriem depending pon the Factor of safety equation being solved, Any coe of @ ‘umber of possible assumptions can be made fo order fo Conpace the interslice shear forces. The various methods ff slices that are commonly used caa be categorized in 7 ferme of the sssunption chat is made regarding the incer~ slice shear forces, and wisther the computed factors of safety satiety nonent or force equilibrias, or both, ' cM Sing , ul ten 6! sina ‘ od 161 i Noo-Circular Slip Surface Pigure 2 shove the forces that aze used in the derivation fof the moment and force equilibriun factor of wafety equations in thp GLE method for a non-circular eiip sur face, The sifp surface that ie sho aterte and endo vith'a cireular portion, and has a central Linear portion. ‘The non-circular portion fs assumed to be the result of @ geological discontinuity vhich does aot atlow the slip, furface to penetrate deeper. Thie t3p0 of Boa circular eurtace is tormed a comasite rlip eurface (rediund, 1975), and it attempes to model’ typical ob served modes of fallure (Krahn et al, 1979). rom s ‘theoretical standpoiat there are two changes én the monent equilibrius equatfon. The mouent arm associated vith the obilized shear force beconen a variable Gietence, By and the norsat force, P, hes an offeet arm, f- fet nema, gayren Hig. 2 Yorees Acting For The Method OF Slices (Composite Slip Surface)‘me factor of safety equation for moment equilibrice m ‘The factor of safety equation for force equilibrium [5] ied the equation for the somal force [6] xeaain unchan~ ged. The center for monent equilibrium ia the center of ‘tation for the circular pereion of the slip surface, COMPARISON OF THE CLE FORMULATION AND COMPERLY USED Morwons OF SLICES Morgenstermerice Method ftbout the center of the bat Jone vere writtes for a slico of infinitesinel thickiess, Ged to solve for the factor of safety ted monent apuilibrion. The solution required an arbi~ ‘tary asnuaption regarding the direction of the result Sut of the interelice shear mé normal forces. Pigure 3 Shove typical functional forma Which can be written as are = 220) where: £2) = a function that describes the mamer in which Kye varies across the slope, and A = constant representing the percentage (ices, Portion of the function used when solving for the factor of safety. {lade CONSTANT t+ HALF-SINE f | Vol i—— -° z |] #00)-CLIPPED-SINE M6)» TRAPEZOID ol Ls LEFT R= RIGHT £00 © C x 1] fxd» SPECIFIED Lc x R Fig, 3 Typical Functions Variations Por The Direction Of the Intezelise Force Wleh Respect To The X Diraction ‘the moment and force factor of safety equations (. equations [3] and (3) for the GLE method cen be solved EXdependeatly for « given function, £(2), by sasuning fof nA (Gredlind, 1974). A dese-fit Tegrersion Line through che factors of aafety Sith the "A" valuee indSeates the factor of lying born monent and force equilibrium. The factor tatety setiotying both force end moaent equilibriu can AT ‘also be obtained by using a Newtor-Raphson nunecicel sel ‘Te assumption regarding the interelice forces ané the Slenente of statics used in che Morgenstern-Price form~ ation are the sane a¢ those used in the GLE formslation, However, there ia light difference in the way the nore Ai force in applied 0 the base of the slice CHigure 4). The Morgenstern-Price pethod uses integration serosa the lope, and thie resuice in a Liseer variation of the nor Si Force acvose the bare of the slice, At a result, che “ieane noesal force, 2, can have a alight offset froa the center of the slice. “The GLE formilation assunes chat the restitent sornal force acts through the center of the slice. rediund and Keaha (1977) weed a 12,2 = high, 21 slope to ately the difference in factor of safety and “A" be~ Goan the Morgenster-Price formilation and the GLE form Ulntion, The fier exanple considered 2 cfreular slip (furface peseing Ehrovgh a hoaogeceous soil with an ef fective angle of interne) friction of 20 dogrees and an Gftective cohesion intercept of 78.7 KPa. The example probien vas then modified to form 2 composite slip sur~ Face by Snteoducing @ hard layer ats depth of 1.52 m be~ low the toe of the slope. A thin, soft layer vith a ef fective angle of Internal friction of 10 degrees and sero ‘ffective tohesion vas located immediately above the bard Sayers, Ivo pore pressure coefflefente were used for each ale" the couputed. factors of rafety end "\" values are frencated in Teble 1. The Borgenstern-Price nethod was Eolved using the University of Alberta computer progras: Glesnn of al, 1971) and the GLE formulation was solved fing the SLOPE computer program (Frediund, 1974). MORGENSTERN PRICE FORMULATION © A cones, un 1 EQUILIBRIUM FORMULATION Py rig. Potnt of Appliostion of Norm Force Yor MorgenstersPrice Formulation end General Formation at"a7 Table T. Comparison of Factors of Safety end "R" Yaing the Morgenstera-Price Method and the GLE Mettod Shape of Side Force Morgenatera-Frice Gut Fatlure Fonction Nethoe Mothoe Surface vey Pai Glreutar 0.0 constant 2.085 0.257 2,076 0.254 Circular 0.0 Balt Sine 21085 01314 2.078 9.318 Clrevtar 0.25 coustane 1.772 01351 1.769 0.244. Girevlar 0.25 Wale Sine 11770 0143h 1.766 Composite 0,0 constant 1,394 0.182 1,378 Composite 0.0 Half Sine 11386 0.218 1.390 Gouposite 0:25 constant” 1.137 0.336 Cosposits 0.25 aif Sine 1.117 O:46t 4 The tolerance is 0.001 The average differance in the factors of safety obtay ‘rom the Horgenstera-Price method and the CLE method was negligibie Clee. Leas than 0,01). The average difference ie the "1" values vas ip the order of 0.1 with the Morgesstern-Price formulation belag higher. The ditfer~ ence in "" valu is attributed to the procedure used fo handle the nornal force at the base of the slice. The results indicate thet there {4 ¢ mall difference in the computations due to the manaer in which this force ts handed The Spencer Mathod he Spencer method assunes & constant relationship > tween the migaitude of the intersiice shear and normal Forces (Spencer, 1967). x/e = can 6 131 sere: 6 * angle of the remuitant interslice force frea the horizontal. Beuation (9] ie the sane as equation [6] if che inter alice force function, (2), fa equal to 15 thea "Yip equal to tan 6. Spencer (1967) summed forces perpendicu- lar to the {nterstice forces to derive the soreal force ‘equation. Aovever, the same equation can be derives By umming forces ia a yertical and horizontal disection ‘equation (6): Spencer (1967) derived two factor of safety equations; ‘ose atistying force equilibrium, These equsei esuentially the sane ae those proposed in the GLE form ‘lation when the incersiice force function, f(s), te aa- ‘ouned to be ¢ constant Tho exanple problens were selected to demonstrate the re- Anttonship between the Spencer ecthed snd the GL forms~ lation (Figore 3). Beanple No, 1 considers a cirevlar slip surface wile example No. 2 is forced into s composite node by a bed- rock layer. The examples are siailsr to those described Previously in this paper (Fredlund and Krahn, 1979) vith ‘he exception that 3.05 = tension crack aave with wo water is assumed end the pore pressure coefficient ie o. The results for exemple No. 1 (Figure 6) show that the Spencer metho€ and ehe GLE formilation give the saue verelte, Likevise, the vesulte for example Ro, 2 (Pig: ure 7) show agreeacnt between the Spencer matiiod eid the GLE formulation. The interelice foree directions ot Figures 6 and 7 are presented in tetas of tan 9 (1. 2D. 42 (366,274) ELEVATION (mm) c= 28.75 uo Tyeo2. (366,274) Poise Main? a Vig. 9 xanple Problems With Cfrovlar And Conposite itp Surfaces ais] eee 8 B's FACTOR OF SAFETY “+ SPENCER METHOD ‘GENERAL LIMIT EQUILIBRIUM #00) CONSTANT B35 8 ANBU'S SIMPLIFIED WITHOUT CORRECTION FACTOR) Or 02 03 04 08 08 x ° Fig. 6 Comparison of Factors Of Sefety For Bxemple No. 1 (Circular slip Surtace)isl 4 vad | us & § uo] By smeuneo 5 | “ier § tod J ‘ianau's SIMPLIFIED ‘WITHOUT CORRECTION FACTOR) “+ SPENCER (GENERAL LIMIT EQUILIBRIUM #02) CONSTANT oor 62 03 04 05 06 a Fig. 7 Gompariaon Of Factors Of Safety For Bxanple No. 2 Conpoaite Slip Sutface) Simplified Bishop Metbod ‘tae simpli¢ied Bishop mothod neglects the interslice shear forces (Bishop, 1955)» Tee noreal flores equation nthe cane ae equation (6] with the incerelice shear Eocoes set to sero. The factor of safety equation ie derived by taking moments above the ceacer of rotation. In other words, the ainplifled Bishop uethod corresponds fo the moment equilibrium factor of safety equation’ (3) when "W"" ta equal to noro oz the Spencer novent equilit- ‘lun equation ‘when € {a equal to sero (See Figure 6 snd je The einplitied Bishop nethod beace the sane rale~ GHonship to the CLE formation (or the Spencer equat~ nna) regardless of shetner che lip surface te circular or composite. In general, tbe difference between the inplitied Bishop factor of safety ani the factor of Safety aatlafying both forse and moment oquilibrium, ds Ereasce ee a particular slip surface has. an increasing planar portion. 1s Sinpligiod Method In the derivation of the Janbu simplified method the Eneeralice shear forces are aseuned £9 be sero’ (Jsnbu et a1, 1956), ‘Too normal force equation is the game a Squation [6] with the interslice shear forces sot £0 zera, ‘The Factor of safety ig computed fom the borizoncal Force equilibrive equation (Lee-» equation {5]). Then Sn enpirical correction factor is miltiptled by the com puted factor of safety in an etteapt to account for the Cifect of the faterslfce shear forces. The expirical Correction factor ia related to the shear strength prop~ Setise and the ahape of che alip surface, Moment eQuilt rlun ia not satisfied. The uncorrected factors of ty correspond to the force equilibrium factor of safety, 31, wher’ "h" aquale aero, For examples Ho, 1 and Ho, 2, the’ uncosrected factors of safety for the Zasku simpli Eled aethod are 1.609 sad 1.005, respectively, (See Pig~ Sree @-sne 7). fhe empirical correction factor generatly Ay increases the factor of safety by up to spproxinately 10 percents JIenby Generalized Mecbod ‘The Jenbu generalized sethod ineluder the effect of inter alice forces by taking an aamaption regarding the point watch the intersiice forees act. (iver, the Line of Thrusts Jenbo, 1954; Jambo et al, 1956),” The noraal force ‘equation {a derived from the sumtion of vertical forces savation [6)- ‘the factor of safety equation ie derived from the hortzom {al force equilibrium equation (equation (5]). Tn order fo ooive for the factor of safety, ene intersiice shear forces are conputed rom the sumition of the moments ‘bout the center of che bese of each elice. Hg 7 By tan a — (By) Eyl (101 uy = angle between the Line of thrust on the right "ile of avalice and the Forisontal = Vertical distance fron the base of the alice to Ue Tine of ehrust on the right side of the slice. ‘Tee horizontal interslice forces required for equetion TiO], are abesined by suming forces in the horizontal airection on each stice. By ~ yo Sy cee > Paina m ‘once the Janbu generalized factor of sefety equation, [5], fas been solved, it ie possible to plot the computed in~ ferslice ghear end aorusl forces and determine @ corres ponding sige force fonction, Ie vas pot possible to cb- [ain a alge force finceion for examples Now 1 and No. 2 ince convergence difficalty was encountered because of fhe geomtry that wae arbitrarily chosen im chese to xenple No. 2 (Figure 8) ie used eo demonstrate the rela Clonthip begyeen the Jaabe generalized sathod and the CLE formation. The factor of sefety by the Janbu generel~ fined nethod &k 1.19. Serer Pig. 8 Bxsople Ho, 2 To Dmmonstrate The Janby General~ aed Hathod ‘the ratio of the computed interelice shear ond aor~ saat foree was plovted versus the distance along the slip Surface (Figure 9). The rosolting plot vas asec ae a ae force fonction, £(2), ia the GLE equations with the Shi’ vetue tet to Tr) The factor of safety froa the GS Gores) equation, [3], yelded che sane Factor of safety 413wT as that obtained by the Janbe generalized method. ta ‘Other vords, the eumation of forces on each slice ean be ‘vieved as a'means of obtaining a particular type of side Force functloa, In thie way, moment equilibrium ie ter olieitly satiated. Semange im) Big. 9 Side Force Function Tor Example No. 3 Using The Jonba Generalized Method Foree tquilibrivm Mathode = Lowe and Karatiaeh Method ‘he Love and Karafiach method computes the factor of safe: | sy fron a force equilfbriun equation. The direction o i the resultant of each iacereiien force ia asauned to be | equal to the average of the eurtace and elip surface Slopes. The eoaputed side force functions for exanplee | No, 1 and z (Figure 5) are show in Figures 10 and Ti, j respectively, These side force fuiceions were then sed inthe CLE formulation vith" set to ty XANPLE WO ca 2 j ELEVATION (m) see ae aoe DISTANCE (mp to DisrANce cm) Fig. 10 Side Force Function Using Lave and Karatiath Mathod (Example HO. ) a4 ExAMPLE nO.2 ow bs 80 ea ae DISTANCE (em 7) Distance (mi Fig. 11 Side Force Funetion Uaing Love Jind Karafiath Method: Example Se. 2) Teble 2 shove the force and moment equilibrium factors of anfety from the GLE oquations when using the Love and Haraflath sesumption regarding the interslice force dir- sections Table IL. rectors of Safety Using the Love an¢ Karafiath Interslice Force Assumption Brample oe GLE Nethog Noe Fe 7 ‘The force equilinrim factor of safety, [5], corresponds to the Love and Karatiath factor of safety. These Fae tors of anfety can be compared vith those obtained by (other methods (See Figure 6 and 7). The Lowe and Kare Fiath acoumption regarding the intaralise forces can Be interpreted as a special tide force function applied to ‘the GLE formulation. = Corns of ingineers Method ‘The Corps of Engineers wavhod (1970) computes the factor of safety fron the force equilibrium equation 5]. The direction of the resulvant interalice force in azzuned to equal to the average surface slope. hie appears to be Interpreted as either equal to the average siope be= tween the extrene extrance and extt of the failure sor face, (Case 1) or the changing slope of the ground sir face’ (Case 2). “A side force function is computed for ese Tand 2, (Pigure 12).2a Ev 5" EXAMPLE NOz — TTT TEAM NOL LE o «we 3 4 48 DISTANGe (mi) 10 9, 05 __(cA8€ 2) TERED DISTANCE tm) Fig. 12. Side Force Fumetion Using the Corps Of Engineers Method Gixanpie No. 1 and 2) ‘me side force functlons, £(3), are the eme in both ex ples Nor 1 and 2, Table 3 sumarizes the factors of Gefety obtained veiog the GLE oquations along with the Corps of Engineers interelice force assumptions. The "A" velue fa eet equal €0 1. ‘able TIT, Factors of Safety Using the Corps of Bngineces Interelice Foree Assumptions Bresple case Go Marhod, ‘te. me ee 1 1 1.893 2 25000 2 1 102 2 15100 ‘The force equilibrivm factors of safety (CLE method) cor Tesponé to the Corpa of Bagiseers factor of safety. Since Ene fonction, f(as de a constant, ie can be set to | and SAS Gon be used ae'before. The factors of safety for the Cone} aenumtion can be seen to correspond to a. "\" Valve of 0,364 in Figure 6 and 7. Again, the Corps of Engineers assumption regarding the direction of the re- Sultent ingerslice forces can be intorpreted as a specia? Side force function applied to the GL! formulation. cof Bagineers factors of eatery (a vell as the eiath factors of safety) Lie along « force equilibrium factor of safety Tine. The magnitude of the factor of aafety way either be higher or lover than the Eector of safety satisfying both force and aonent equilib Hum, $€ should be noted hae the force equilibrium actor of anfety fe nore highly influenced by the side : force assvaption then the wonent equilibrium factor of eatery: nT smeany ‘The factor of safety equations for £11 mathode of slices Concidered can be writeen in tho sane form if che wonent Gnd/or force equillocium are explicity satisfied, This Gpplice for both circular and composite (non-circular) tip surfaces. the normal force at che base of each lige can be solved using the sane equation for a1] meth~ ‘das with the eaception of the Ordinary method. ‘The type Side foree function eesuned or computed, results io Seciation in the normal force at the base of a slice, This leo accounte for the difference in factors of safety Setveen vations methods when fozco or moment equilibrium dre considered independestly. The malytical anpects of ‘Slope stability analyels can be viewed in terms of one factor of on. eatietying oversit moment equi~ iseiu end another sattafying overalt force equilibrits For various “E/E” values, Each of the methods of wlices constieved bocones # apecial case of the proposed GLE form ‘ilation. vist oF mEraRaNces Bishop, A. H. (1955), “he Use of the SLip irele in the Stability Anaiyaie of Slopes", Geotechaigue, 5, pp. 7-17. Duncan, J. M. and Wright, 5. 6. (1980), "the Acgueacy of Beuliliriun Methods of Slope Stability’ Ansiyeie", Proceed: age of the Zaternstional Syeposium oa Landelides, Hew Dein, Vole ty pps 267-258. Prediund, Ds G. (1974), "Slope Stabiticy Analysis", Uses! Manual CO-s, Dapt, of Civil Engineering, Usiversity of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Caneda. FeedLund, D. . (1975),,"A Comprehensive and Flexible Slope Stibliity Progren™, Presented at the Roads and Transportation Anrociation of Canada Meeting, Calgary, alberta, canada, Bredlund, D. G. and Krahn, J. (1977), "Comparison of Slope Stablisty Nethode of fnalyeis, Canauian Gectechni~ eal Journal, Vol. 14, pps 429-439. Jenbu, N. (1980), "Critical Svaluation of the Approaches to Stablisty Analysis of Landelides and Other Mase Hove ‘procisinternat ional Syaposiua on Landalides, New Deth, ol. 25 ppr 109-128, ant, (1954), "Application of Composite Slip Surfaces for Stability Analysis", Proceedings of the Buropesn Con ference on Stability of Barth Slopes, Stockholm, Vol. 3, pps aoee8 Jeobu, Nj Bjertusy Le end Kjaornali, B. (1956), "seabit~ Htetebercgaing for’ fyiLinger skjaecinger og aatirligs tkrastagce", Norwegian Geotechnical Publication. 80. 15, Oslo, Noreey Kram, Jes dotnsen, R. Fa: Frediand, D. G. and Clifton, Av (i979), "A Highway Cut Failure in Cretaceous Sedi— ‘bouts at Heyncet, Saskatchewan", Cenadian Geotecinical ournel, Vol. 16, Noe &, pp. 703715, Krahn, Jos Price, Ve fs and Morgenstern, Ne R. (1971) "Slope Stabllity Computer Frogran for Morgenstern-Price Method of Auelyeis" Uace's Manual Mo. 14, University of Aiberte, Edmonton, Alberta, hy 1. (4960), "Seabitity of Earth Dans Upon Drawdown", Proceedings First Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics snd Foundation, Mexico City, WoL. 2, pe 537-352. a6m7 Morgenstern, ¥. Ry and Price, J. E. (1965), "The Analysis (of the Stability of Geatrel S1ip Surfaces", Geotechaique, 15, pp. 70-93. Neder, 7. (1977), "Eeanination o€ the 'SLOPE" conputer Progead", W.Se. Thesis, University of Saskatchovsn, Sash ‘toon, Cana Popescu, M. (1979), MAnalien Compazetiva a Wetodelor de Cele ai Slabiiieaeie Talomuriior™, Hidrocehafea, 23, 6, Pps 76-73. Spencer, 8. (1967), "A Method of Analysis of che Stabilicy ‘of Enbasinonts Agcuning Farallel Intersiice Forces", G20" feehalgquey 175 pps 11-26. U.S. Aewy Gorge of Eagizecra (1970), "mginearing and Deeiga, Stabilley of Earth and ockFill Dans", Depare~ suenc of the Army, Corpe of Engineers, Pnginoer Mamual, MI110-2-1902, April. lemma, RVs and Batley, WA. (1967), "se of Computers or Blope Stability Anatyeie", AS0R Joutnal of the Soil Nechoniee and Foustation Division, $3(884). wright, $. (1969), "A Study of Slope Stability and the Undrafted Shear Strength of Clay Shales", h.D. Thes! University of Celltorale, Berkeley, Celforala 416