491

:
1.

2.

3.

1.
2. (Access Opening, Open Canal: OC)
3. (Determination of Tooth Length: LT)
4. (Mechanical Instrumentation: MI)
5. (Irrigation: IR) (Intracanal Medication: Med)
(Temporary Filling, Seal Dressing in Pulp Chamber: SDP)
6. (Culture: CU)
7. (Trying of Main Cone: TMC)
8. (Filling root canal: FRC)


1. -
2. 80%

1
3.
4.

Sterile Technique
5.

6.

7.
(
)

- (Initial film)
- (LT film)
- (TMC film)
- (FRC film)
8.

1.
50%

10%

10%

10%

5%
sealer
5%
2. OC
15%
3. (Attitude)
5%
-
-

-
-
-

Teeth Preparation for Laboratory practice

:
1.
2.
3. (Initial film)

1. 5
:
- Mandibular incisor 1
- Maxillary molar 1
- Mandibular molar 1
:
- Maxillary incisor 1
- Mandibular premolar 1
2. 3
- Maxillary central incisor 1
- Maxillary first premolar 1
- Maxillary first molar 1
3. block
4. Stone
5. Pink wax
6. x-ray

1.

 (< 20o) (
1-1)

1-1

green stone

2.


Maxillary incisor, Maxillary molar Mandibular molar palatal
lingual Maxillary premolar, Mandibular incisor Mandibular
premolar proximal ( 1-2)

1-2

- 4
1. (developing solution) 2. 3. (fixing
solution) 4.
-
( 1-3)

1-3

- ( )
( 20-40
)
-
30
- 1
(translucent)

0.5% sodium hypochlorite
10

- (Pulp chamber) (root canal)

- ( Maxillary incisor, Maxillary
molar, Mandibular premolar Mandibular molar
)

3.
3.1 pink wax 2 3 x 2 x 2.5 . ( 1-4)

1-4

3.2 stone
2

(buccal)
- Maxillary molar, Mandibular molar ( )
- Maxillary incisor, Mandibular premolar ( )
stone pink wax stone

3.3
( 1-5)

 1-5

4. (Dentoform)
mandibular incisor 3
( 1-6) PKT pink wax
wax

1-6

5.

(initial film) dentoform



-


-
-

Rubber Dam Application

1.
2.
3.

1. (Protection)

hand instrument

2. (Efficiency)
-
-
- mouth mirror
-
-
-
-
3. (Cross-infection risk)

AIDS, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis
4. (Legal considerations)


1. (Rubber dam sheet)
5 X 5 6 X 6

6X6

5X5

2. Rubber dam frame

Rubber dam frame

rubber dam frame rubber dam

3. Rubber dam clamp

Clamp for endodontic treatment

clamp

1. Clasp arms: 2 wing (1.1 1.2)

2. Bow: clasp arms

3. Jaw: clasp arms contour
4. Contact points: 4

5. Notch: wing

6. Perforation: 2 rubber dam forceps
4. Rubber dam punch
rubber dam 5-6
0.5 2.5 .

5. Rubber dam forcep

clamp clamp

10

6. Rubber dam napkin

rubber dam rubber dam

7. Tucking instrument
plastic instrument spoon excavator rubber dam wing clamp
invert dam gingival sulcus triple syringe invert dam

8. Dental floss
rubber dam contact

dam clamp

(Dental floss)

contact

11


Step 1: Punching the rubber dam and hold placement rubber dam
rubber dam

rubber dam
dam frame

dam

template

Step 2: Clamp selection Clamp

clamp 4 dental floss clamp
Step 3: Placement technique clamp remove plaque calculus
isolate

clamp rubber dam sheet frame
1. bow clamp
2. rubber dam forceps clamp
3. wing clamp
4.
clamps wings
5. rubber dam forceps clamp tucking instrument

6. buccal lingual (

)
7. mouth prop mouth gag (

)
8. napkin rubber dam sheet (

)
9. rubber dam frame
10. dental floss contact floss
floss contact buccal

11. triple syringe


Oral Seal
(

12

12.
1 clamp

isolate
rubber dam forceps clamps
frame

isolate
clamps vestibule
labial frame



1. Beer R., Baumann M. A., Kim S. Color Atlas of Dental Medicine: Endodontology.
Thieme, New York, 1999, p. 77-90.
2. Grossman L.I., Oliet S., and Del Rio C. E. Endodontic Practice. 11th Ed. Ch. 9 Lea &
Febiger, USA,1988, p.132-144.

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Access Cavity Preparation

:
1.

2.
3.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Dentoform (initial film)

Acrylic block (initial film)
tapered round-end diamond bur, round diamond bur round steel bur
Endodontic explorer (DG. 16)

10 15

(pulp chamber)

32

2 3



1. (Outline form)

-
-





(initial outline form)

(reverse manner) ( 3-1)

3-1 reverse manner

2. (Convenience form)



(straight line access)



(roof of pulp chamber) ( 3-2)

33

 ( 3-3) (cone shaped

cavity)
( 3-4)

3-2

3-3

3-4

3.






1.

2.
3.
4.

34

1. Maxillary central incisor

( 3-5 a)
(incisal edge) (cervical)
( 3-5 b)

3-5 (a) (b)

1. (initial film)
2. (outline)
(lingual)
( 3-6) ( internal anatomy
outline)
3. round diamond tapered round end diamond
outline
(long axis) ( 3-7) 2 .
outline

3-6

3-7

4. ( 3-8)
(
)

35

3-8

5.

( 3-9) round steel bur

6.
explorer No.5 overhang
( 3-10)
7. tapered round-end diamond stone
lingual shoulder

( 3-11)

8. straight line access 15


( 312)




(
)
9.
endodontic explorer

( 4-13)
10.

36

3-9

3-10

3-11

3-12

2. Mandibular incisor

2 1 ( 3-13)

3-13

1.
3
2.

( internal anatomy outline)

3. round diamond tapered round-end diamond

bur outline
( 3-14) 2 .

outline
4. ( 3-15)
(
)

37

3-14

3-15

5.

( 3-16) round steel bur

explorer No.5 overhang

3-16

6. tapered round-end diamond stone

lingual shoulder

( 3-17)

7. endodontic explorer
2 lingual
shoulder

8. straight line access 10 15
(
15 10)


( 3-18)





( )

38

3-17

3-18

9. endodontic explorer


10.

3. Maxillary First Premolar

( 3-19)

3-19

1.
2.

3. round diamond bur tapered round end diamond
bur outline
( 3-20) 2-3 .
outline
( )
4.

39

3-20

4.

( 3-21) round steel bur

explorer No.5 overhang

5. endodontic explorer
2 ( 3-22)
(buccal root canal) (palatal
root canal)
6. straight line access 15





(
)

3-21

3-22

7. tapered round-end diamond bur

( 3-23)

8.

40

3-23

9. endodontic explorer


10.

4. Maxillary first molar

transverse ridge
( 3-24)

3-24

1. 3
2.

3. round diamond stone outline
outline

41

4.

( 3-25) explorer No.5
overhang
5. endodontic explorer ( 3-26)

endodontic
explorer

2
1
6.

3-25

3-26

7. straight line access file

8. tapered round-end diamond stone

( 3-27)


9. file 10

file

( 3-28)

42

3-27

3-28

5. Mandibular first molar

( 3-29)

3-29

1. 3

2.

3-30

3. round diamond tapered round-end diamond bur

outline
outline
( 3-30)


1.


4.

( 3-31) explorer No.5
overhang

43

3-31

5. endodontic explorer ( 3-32)

2

6.

3-32

7. straight line access file

8. tapered round-end diamond stone

( 3-33)

3-33

9.

A. (perforation) ( 3-34, 3-35)
: ,

:
,

:

44

3-34

3-35

(perforation)

((4-34,
3-36)4-35)
A.B.

:

:

C. (gouging) ( 3-37)
: , ,

:
, ,

:

D.
( 3-38, 3-39)
: overhang , lingual
shoulder ,
: overhang explorer #5,
endodontic explorer

: overhang lingual shoulder ,
endodontic explorer

45

3-36

3-37

3-38

3-39

E. (underextended preparation) ( 3-40, 3-41)

:
:

:

F.
(overextended
preparation) ( 3-42)
:
,
:




:

3-40

3-41

3-42

1. Cohen S, Burns RC. Pathways of the pulp. 8th ed., Missouri, Mosby, 2002.
2. Johnson WT. Color Atlas of Endodontics. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 2002.
3. Ingle JI, Bakland LK. Endodontics. 5thed., Hamilton, BC Decker Inc., 2002.
4.Walton RE, Torabinajad M. Principle and practice of Endodontics. 3rd ed., Pennsylvania, W.B.
Saunders, 2002.

Endodontics. 5th ed., 2002.

46

Determination of Tooth Length
,

1.
2.
3.

1.
2.
3. rubber stop
4. Conductive paste
5.
6.

(working length)

(tactile sense) (apical constriction)
(electronic apex locator)


(reference point) rubber
stop

47

 (Incisal edge)
rubber stop ( 4-1)

4-1 (A) (B)

(cusp)
rubber stop

( 4-2)

4-2 rubber stop

(Tooth length: TL)

(Working length: WL)

(apical constriction minor diameter)
cement-dentinal junction (CDJ)
0.5-1.0
( 4-3)

48

 4-3

2

4-1

Central incisor
Lateral incisor
Canine
First premolar
Second premolar
First molar
Second molar
Third molar

(.)


22.5
20.7
22.0
21.1
26.5
25.6
20.6
21.6
21.5
22.3
20.8
21.0
20.0
19.8
17.1
18.5

4-1
Pathways of the pulp 9th edition

1. (Electronic Apex Locator)

49

 6.5 K
4-4

4-4

(
)
(apical foramen
major diameter) file
lip clip



(impedance)
2

Root ZX
Root ZX
2 8 kHz 400 Hz
ratio method

Root ZX 4-5
Root ZX ( 4-6) 3-2-1
file APEX file
3
0.5 0.5 bar
file file

50

 APEX
(tooth length) apical
constriction

apical foramen ( 4-7)

4-5 Root ZX: (1) Root ZX (2) probe cord (3) contrary
electrode lip clip (4) file holder

4-6 Root ZX

2.
4-7

51

-



rubber stop

15

(bucco-lingual) 1

20
( 4-8) (LT film)

4-8 shift tube

(mesial shift)

52

 = x

0.5-1 .
(working length)
3 .

1. #11, 14 16 access
conductive paste
( 4-9 4-10)

4-9 #11, 14, 16

4-10 conductive paste

2. probe cord lip clip

file holder

lip clip lip clip

53

 ( 4-11)

4-11 lip clip lip clip

3. file holder lip clip

scale 4-6
4. K-file no. 15 25 mm
file holder K-file

file 0.5 bar rubber stop (

4-12)

4-12
file holder ( ) 0.5 bar ()

5. K-file rubber stop

0.5 . (working length)

54


1. ( 4-13)

4-13

2. file rubber stop

2 .
rubber stop
11
file

( 4-14)

4-14

3.

3 ( 4-15)

55

 4-15

( 4-16)

4-16

( 4-17)

4-17

56

 ( )
( 4-18)

4-18 ()

( 4-19)

4-19

( 4-20)

4-20

57

-
2 0 (shift tube)

4. file
file

4.1 file file

4.2 file file
file rubber stop file
4.3
3


1. Hargreaves, K.M. Cohen, S. (2012). Pathway of the pulp 10th ed. St. Louis, Missouri:
Elsevier.
2. Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. (2008). Ingles Endodontics 6th ed. Hamilton, Ontario:
BC Decker Inc.
3. Torabenejad, M. Walton, R. (2002). Endodontics principle and practice 4th ed. St. Louis,
Missouri: Elsevier.

58

Irrigation, Intracanal Medication, Temporary Filling

:
1.
2.
3.

1. 30 cc. 1
2. Syringe 5 cc. 1
3. 45
4. Forceps
5. Plastic instrument, amalgam plugger
6.
7. Petri dish (sterile paper point) cotton pellet
8. sodium hypochlorite
9. (cotton roll)
10.
11.
(Irrigation, IR)
(pulp
chamber) (root canal)
(necrotic pulp) (microorganisms)

59


(accessory canal)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)

0.5-5.25% sodium hypochlorite

(dental pulp) NaOCl

NaOCl (irritate)

gauge 27 28
( 5-1)

( 1-2 .
) recapitulation

5-1

60

Recapitulation file #8 #10

working length file

( 5-2)

5-2 Recapitulation

(Intracanal Medication)






(exudate) (root resorption)

2-3 .

(Calcium
hydroxide, Ca(OH)2)

Ca(OH)2
(thick suspension) lentulo spiral
file Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxyl ions (pH 12.5)
Ca(OH)2 7

amalgam carrier root canal plugger

61

 Ca(OH)2 antiseptic FMC (formocresol), cresophene,

CMCP (camphorated paramonochlorophenol) clove oil
1-2
(canal
orifice) (floor of pulp chamber)



(Temporary Filling, Seal Dressing in Pulp Chamber: SDP)


(contamination)


IRM
polymer-reinforced zinc oxide eugenol cement
Cavit
zinc oxide eugenol
Cavit 4-5 .
Cavit IRM
Double seal

1. sodium hypochlorite 10 . (
sodium hypochlorite )
2. syringe 3 . syringe
syringe ( guage
22 guage 27) 45
( 5-3)

5-3

3.

62

4.

5.
0.5 .
file

6.

7.

8. (sterile cotton pellet)
( 5-4)

5-4

9.

( ) ( )
4-5 .
Ca(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 glass slab
75% (cement spatula) Ca(OH)2
lentulo spiral
handpiece rubber stop
working length 2 .
handpiece lentulo spiral lentulo spiral
rubber stop reference point

Ca(OH)2 lentulo spiral
lentulo spiral

63

 Ca(OH)2 Ca(OH)2


4-5 .
10. ( 5-5) plastic instrument
Cavit amalgam plugger
double seal
Cavit amalgam plugger IRM
4-5 .

IRM

5-5

1. Cohen S, Burns RC. Pathways of the Pulp. 9thed., Missouri, Mosby, 2005.
2. Ingle JI, Bakland LK. Endodontics. 5thed., Hamilton, BC Decker Inc., 2002.
3. Walton RE, Torabinajad M. Principle and Practice of Endodontics. 3 rded., Pennsylvania, W.B.
Saunders, 2002.

64

Root Canal Preparation

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

1.

(Access opening)
2. (Initial film)
3. Forceps
4. Files rubber stop
5.
6.
7. (Irrigation set)
8. files
9. Gates-glidden drill no. 1, 2, 3, 4
10. Root canal spreader
11. Surgical blade
12.

65


1. (irritants)
(necrotic tissue) (infected dentin)

2.

( 6-1)

6-1

Filing
- (push-pull
action)

Peripheral filing Circumferential filing
filing

6-2 Peripheral filing

66


(original shape)

Anticurvature filing
filing

(furcation)

( 6-3)

6-3 safety zone danger zone

Reaming

1/4




Watch-winding
- (back-and-forth
action) 30-60
()
()

67




1.

2.
3.

4.
5.
6. Recapitulation



7. R.C. Prep
8. (precurve)
( 6-4)

6-4

3
(taper)
( 6-5)

68

 6-5

a:
b:
c:

1. 1/3 2/3
(Coronal flare)

1. (tactile sense) file

2.

3. debris pulp
tissue
4.


files / gates-glidden drills

file #10 #15 file circumferential filing
() anticurvature filing ( )

file # 20-25
file
file
gates-glidden drill #3 ( file 90)
(canal orifice)

gatesglidden drill 2 ( file 70) # 1( file 50)

( 6-6) (
)

69

 6-6 Gates-glidden drill

gates-glidden drill side-cutting

(brushing)
( anticurvature)

(coke bottle preparation)
K-file # 10 15


(long axis)





(Step-back technique)
(Crown-down technique)
Step-back technique
2. 2

(apical constriction) ( A, 6-7)
0.5-1.0 .

70

 6-7

(Initial Apical File; IAF) 3
6-1
6-1 MAF

MAF
maxillary centrals
#35-60
maxillary laterals
#25-40
maxillary canines
#30-50
maxillary premolars #25-40
maxillary molars
MB/DB
#25-40
palatal
#25-50
mandibular incisors #25-40
mandibular canines #30-50
mandibular premolars #30-50
mandibular molars
MB/ML
#25-40
distal
#25-50
MAF
MAF file K-file
Ni-Ti file
file working length

71

 #15 (IAF)

#20, #25
#30 (
# 25-40) #25 ( K-file) #30 (
Ni-Ti file) working length Master
Apical File (MAF)
3. Step-back technique
1 .
file 1
recapitulation file

MAF #35 #40 1 . recapitulation #15
working length

#45, #50, #55 #60 2, 3, 4, 5

. recapitulation #15 working length
( 6-8)
file
circumferential filing

file MAF
working length

6-8 Step-back concept

1. (continuous tapering)

2.
3. MAF

72

4.

5. (apical stop) ( 6-9)
MAF 1

6-9 apical stop

6. (coronal flare) root canal

spreader
root
canal spreader spreader
1-3 .
root canal spreader MAF 6-2
6-2 RC spreader

MAF
25-30
35-45
50
55-70

RC spreader
D11TS
D11T
D11T, D11
D11

(Trying of main cone)

(gutta percha)
( 8)
main cone master cone

73



(tug-back)

(radiolucent area)


1. ( 6-10)
1.1 file #15 working
length file filing action
1.2 gates-glidden drill #3

( )


1.3 gates-glidden drill #2 1-2 .

1.4 recapitulation file #15 working length
1.5 gates-glidden drill #1 1-2 .
recapitulation file #15
: gates-glidden drill
gates-glidden drill

6-10

74

2. ( 6-11)
2.1 file file rubber
stop working length file
working length Initial Apical File (IAF)
2.2 file Master Apical File (MAF)
IAF 3 6-1 MAF

2.3 file 3 rubber stop file working length
file
2.4 IAF peripheral filing

2.5 file 1 reaming ( )
watch-winding motion ( ) working length
recapitulation file #15
2.6 file
MAF
3.
3.1 file MAF rubber stop
working length
1 1 . ( 6-12)
file

6-11

6-12 file Step-back

75

3.2 file MAF 1

reaming watch-winding
recapitulation file #15
3.3 file

3.4 file MAF circumferential filing

WL 2 .

3.5
( )

/
1.
1.1
1.2 ( 6-13)

6-13

1.3 file #15

working length
1.4 file #15
watch-winding
file filing action ( anticurvature filing )

(long axis) working length
file
1.5 file #20 #25
gates-glidden drill

76

filing

recapitulation file #15 #20
#25
1.6 gates-glidden drill #3
( anticurvature
)
1.7 gates-glidden drill #2 #1
1-2 .
recapitulation file #15
2.
2.1
file
2.2 file working length
IAF
2.3 file (MAF) IAF
3 MAF 6-1
2.4 file 3 ( Ni-Ti file) rubber stop file
working length
2.5 IAF peripheral filing ( anticurvature filing )
working length
2.6 file ( Ni-Ti file)
watch-winding working length recapitulation file #15
MAF

3.

(Trying of main cone)
1. file MAF
working length
working length
recapitulation file file MAF

77

 MAF working length

working length

2.
3. standardized cone
( 9)
cotton pliers
( 6-14) rubber stop

6-14

6-15

4. working length
working length (tug-back)
( 6-15)

file MAF working length




1 . ( 6-16)
1 tug-back

MAF

78

 6-16

5.
working length
root canal spreader ( 6-2)
root canal spreader root
canal spreader 1-3 .
root canal spreader

6.
0.5-1 . (
)

7.

1. working length


1.1
recapitulation
file #10 #15
watch-winding
( 6-17)

6-17 Recapitulation

79

6-18 Ledge
Ledge

1.2 (ledge)


file #10 #15 45o
( 6-18)

1.3

1-2 H-files
barbed broach


file #8 #10
(by pass) working length


file

2.
2.1 (Zipping)
(apical foramen)
(teardrop) (elliptical)
( 6-19)

6-19 Zip

80


( 6-20)

6-20

2.2 (lateral perforation strip)
(mesial root)
(mesio-buccal root)

(furcation)
(anticurvature) ( 6-22)

6-22 Strip

81

3.
3.1 (overinstrumentation)

rubber stop


1-2
3.2 (overpreparation)

(mesio-distal) /
(bucco-lingual) .
H-file gates-glidden
drill

1. Cohen S, Burns RC. Pathways of the pulp. 8thed., Missouri, Mosby Inc, 2002.
2. Cohen S, Burns RC. Pathways of the pulp. 9thed., Missouri, Mosby Inc, 2005.
3. Ingle JI, Bakland LK. Endodontics. 5thed., Hamilton, BC Decker Inc., 2002.
4. Walton RE, Torabinajad M. Principle and Practice of Endodontic 3rd ed., Pennsylvania,
W.B.Saunders, 2002.

82

Root Canal Culture

1. Petri dish (sterile paper point)

2.
3. Cotton pliers
4.

1. 2-3
2.
3.
4. exudate

1.
(autoclave)

(sterile)

2.

83


2-3

3.

(anaerobic bacteria)
(facultative anaerobic bacteria)

Thioglycollate broth oxygen indicator

oxygen indicator

thioglycollate broth

1/4

1. 2 1
2. .
( 7-1)

1. rubber dam rubber dam

70% (

)
2.
round steel bur
spoon excavator


3. rubber dam

rubber dam

4. sterile barbed broach

84

CONTROL .............................
..................................
...................................
........................................

........................................
..................................
...................................
........................................

7-1

5. Petri dish dish

cotton pliers 2-3
(working length) (
7-2) 5 exudate

-
-

7-2 dish

6. 1
2-3 exudate

7. cotton pliers 2-3
(contamination)
8.

( 7-3, 7-4)

85

 7-3

7-4

9. ( 7-5)

( 7-6)

7-5

7-6

10.
( 7-7)
(

)

11. (control tube)
sterilization technique

86

cotton pliers petri dish

12.
37 48

(positive culture)

(negative culture)

sterile technique

7-7

Grossman LI. Endodontic practice. 9thed., Philadephia, Lea & Febiger, 1978.

87

Root Canal Obturation

:
1.

2.
3.
4. root canal cement
5. lateral compaction

1.
2. non-standardized cone
3. Cotton pliers
3. Root canal spreader
4. Root canal plugger
5. Glass slab
6. Cement spatula
7.
8. Root canal cement
9. Glick No.1

(Root canal obturation Filling root canal; FRC)

(dentinal tubule)

88

 2
1.



100
(gutta percha)

chloroform
sealer
zinc oxide (75%),
(20%), (5%) 2 ( 8-1)
standardized cone ANSI
non-standardized cone extrafine (XF), fine-fine (FF), medium-fine (MF), fine (F), fine-medium (FM), medium (M), mediumlarge (ML), large (L) extra-large (XL)

8-1 non-standardized cone () standardized cone ()

2. Sealer

(accessory canal)

sealer

sealer


lateral compaction

89


sealer
canal irregularities
lateral compaction (main cone)

root canal spreader

(accessory cone) ( 8-2)

8-2 lateral compaction

lateral compaction
root canal spreader sealer
lateral compaction
root canal
spreader root canal spreader
file MAF ( 81)
8-1 RC spreader

MAF
25-30
35-45
50
55-70

RC spreader
D11TS
D11T
D11T, D11
D11

90

Root canal spreader

(taper) root
canal spreader root canal spreader
root canal spreader

lateral compaction standardized
cone file

(tug-back)


(accessory cone)
non-standardized cone root canal
spreader ( 8-2)
8-2 accessory cone RC spreader

RC spreader
D11TS
D11T
D11

accessory cone
FF, MF
MF
F, MF

sealer
1 sealer sealer
sealer

file sealer sealer

file lentulo spiral
lentulo spiral
sealer sealer
sealer

91

 (void)




1. glass slab (cement spatula)
75% glass slab sealer glass slab 1-2
( 8-3)

8-3 root canal sealer

2. rubber stop root canal spreader

3. accessory cone 5.25%
1
(

)
4. K-type file MAF 1 1 .
sealer

1. rubber dam rubber dam
75%
2. spoon round steel bur

3. sterile barbed broach
(paper point)
exudate
*** 1-3 ***
4.
file
file MAF
5.

92

6. sealer spatula
sealer 1 4-5 ( 8-4)

8-4 root canal sealer

7. K-file MAF sealer ( 8-5)

file
1 . file 2-3
file file sealer
2-3

8-5 file sealer

8. cotton pliers sealer apical 1/2 ( 8-6)

sealer

8-6 sealer

93

9. root canal spreader rubber stop working length

( 8-7) (
spreader ) root canal spreader
working length 1-3 .

8-7 RC spreader

10. rubber stop

root canal spreader 180 ( 8-7)
sealer spreader
sealer
rubber stop accessory
cone spreader
( 8-8) sealer accessory cone ( sealer
spreader sealer accessory cone cone )

accessory cone
spreader accessory cone
spreader accessory cone

8-8 RC spreader

94

11. lateral compaction rubber stop

spreader accessory cone
( 8-9) spreader
(clinical crown)

8-9 lateral compaction

12.

13. Glick no. 1

: spoon spreader
14. root canal plugger
15. cotton pellet alcohol


1. Cohen S, Burns RC. Pathways of the pulp. 8thed., Missouri, Mosby , 2002.
2. Cohen S, Burns RC. Pathways of the pulp. 9thed., Missouri, Mosby, 2005.
3. Ingle JI, Bakland LK. Endodontics. 5thed., Hamilton, BC Decker Inc., 2002.
4. Walton RE, Torabinajad M. Principle and Practice of Endodontic 3rded., Pennsylvania, W.B.
Saunders, 2002.
Pathways of the pulp, 2002.

95