2

22

27

38

50

55

58

59

-1-

.

.
.

.
.
.

.
. ) (
) (

.
.

.

.

) (.

-2-

.
.
.

.
.
.

-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6

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8-4

.
. :

.

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) ( .
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.

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.

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-7-

.

.


.

-8-

21-9

.

.
.

.
.

-:

Gross National Product GNP

.1

. :

.

-9-

. .
.

.
.

.2

Gross Domestic Product: GDP

:

.
.
.
.
.

.3

Net National Product NNP

.Depreciation D

. :

- 10 -

.4

National IncomeNI

:

.
) Wages (W ) Rent (R Interest I
. Profit(P)
NI=W + R + I + P


.

.
.

.


.

. .

. :

- 11 -

= -
= - -

.5

:Personal Income PI

.
.

.
.
.

. .

. .

.
.

Transfer Payments :

=
NI TP

= PI

- 12 -

.

.

-1 :

-2

Disposable Income(DI)




.6
:

. .
Consumption C Saving S
. :
= +
DI = C + S

( 1 )

/ .

/ .

- 13 -

-:
.
.
:

.
.



:
.1 .
.ConsumptionC

....

.2 .
.

.3 GovernmentC

....

- 14 -

.4 . Net Exports Xn

.Imports M
.Exports X
.

) (X n:

n=XM

. :
=
= + + + .

) GNP = C + I + G + (X M

- 15 -

:
:W . .
.R .
. I .
P .

. :
= + + +
NI = W + R + I + P

.

.
.

- 16 -

:



.

.

.
-:

.
) (50 /
)(70 /.
) (100 /.
:



:
) (50/.

:
. )( 20= 50 70
/.

: ) (30 = 70 100 / .

)(100 = 30 + 20 + 50/

. .

- 17 -

50/

50/

70/

100/

20/

30/
100/

. .
.
.

- 18 -

.1 .

.2 .

.3 .

/1

. .


. .

.
.

! .

.
.
.
.

- 19 -

.
.

.
. :

**
.

/2

. -:
. .

.
.

- 20 -

. .1
. .2
. .3

-: . /1

. .

. /2
( 2 )

C= 500 I=200 G=150 X= 50 M=75

GNP

- 21 -

26-22

-:


) (1936 1929

.

) (

.
.

))
) (( ) (1803
((
.

-:

.

.

- 22 -

.


.
:

.
.
. .

)(
.

.

) (ASP
) (
) (N .

)A S P = F (N

- 23 -

:

.
.

) (ADP ) (ADF

. :
)ADP = F (N

: ) (ADP
) (ASP


.
.

.

.

.

- 24 -

.

. ) (2
.

ASF
E

D2

AD

ASP - ADP
D1

S
S1

N2

N1

)(2
: ) (E
. .

.1 .
.
.

.2

- 25 -

.3
.

.4 ).(E
.

) (N

.5 ) (N

) (N1 ) (D1 ) (S1

.

) ( N2 ) (D2

) (S2

) (N .

)( .

- 26 -

37-27

: Consumption
) (C

.
.

.

) (Y
.
)

(.

.

- 27 -

) (3 .
C

C2

C1

Y
Y2

Y1

) (3
) (Y1) (Y2
) (C1 ) .(C2
.
.

:
.1
.2
.3

- 28 -

.

.
:




.
.
.

. .
:
C = A + BY
) (C . ) (Y .
) (Y
) (A
.
.
) (B
.
) (4 : .
)(Y1 ) (Y2 ) (C1 ).(C2
. ).(A

- 29 -

C
C = A + BY
C2
C2
A
Y
Y2

Y1

)(4

) (C) (S
.
.
.
)
(.

- 30 -

S=YC
) (C
)S = Y (A + BY
S = A + ( 1 B) Y
) (S ) (Y .

) (A
. ) (1- B
. ) (5 .
S
)S = - A +(1-B

-A

) (5

- 31 -

) Average Propensity To Consume (APC
) (C) (Y ). (C/Y
.
)Average Propensity To Save (APS

) (S ) (Y ) .(S/Y
.
:

.
:
. . .
Y = C+S
) (Y :

Y/Y = C/Y + S/Y

1 = APC + APS

: .



.
.

- 32 -

:
C = A+BY
) (Y
C/Y = A/Y +B
) (A ) (Y
.
.

) Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC
.
(
)
(
)

) Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS

(
)

.


Y=C+S
= +

- 33 -

. :

1=MPC +MPS

MPC +MPS = 1 :

.
.
). (A
. :
C = A + BY

APC = C/Y = A/Y +B


=

A/Y + B >MPC

- 34 -

.
.
.
.

.
)
(.

: .
1
.
.

.
.


.

- 35 -

.
.

.

. .
) (100 ) (0.6
) (60 . )100

( - ) (0.8
) (80.
) (20.
:
.2

.
.


.

- 36 -

.
.

.


.
.

.3
.

.
.


.

.
.

- 37 -

49-38

Investment
.
.
. )
(.
)
( ...(.

.

.
.




. .


).(K

- 38 -

.1 .
.2 .

.
.

.
.
.


.


.

:



.
.

- 39 -

.


.

.

.

.
.
.
.
.
.
-
- .
.
:
= + .
= +.

- 40 -

.
.

.

.

.
.

.

.
.

.
.

- 41 -

.
:
.




.1
.

.2 .
) (N

) .(R

) (R ) (P

. ) (M
.
.
.

:Marginal Efficiency Of Capital

.
.
) (MEC
).(R
). (MEC>R
.

- 42 -

) K(MEC=R
.
).(MEC<R
.
.

.



.
) (1000 .
) (1500
) (400
).(1100
) (1000

) (100 .

) .(%10= 10/1000 .

) (
.

- 43 -

) (%10

.
) (%10
.

.


.


....
) (P :
)

( + +

(+

(+

(=

(R) .

) ( i .
) (P) . (i
) (i .
) (i ).(P

- 44 -

) (P ).(M

).(MEC
) (i

) (P ).(M
: :



. ).(M
.

.
.


:
.
.
:
.

.
.

- 45 -

)
( .
.


) (6
.
MECr

MEC1 7%
r=MEC0
MEC2 3%
MEC
K2

K0

K1

)(6
) (%5
) . (K0
. ) (K1
) . (%7

- 46 -

) .(% 5

. %5
) (K1) (K0.
) (K0 )(K2
) (%3 ) (%5
.


) (K0.
.
.

.
.
: Marginal Efficiency Of Investment

) (%5) (%3
).(K2

.

.

- 47 -

. )(

. :
.1 .
.2 .

. ).(MEI

)
( )

(.

N1
%7
MEC
MEI

)(7

- 48 -

) ( 7 ) ( %7
) (1000 .
) (%5
) (1050
) (50 .

) (25 .
) (%5 ) (1025
) (1050 .
) (%3
) (1100
) (1040 .

- 49 -

54-50

.
) (C )(I

) (G ) . (X M

(Y)


) Y= C + I + G +( X M
) ( .


:
Y=C+I

).(S

)(C

Y=C+S

- 50 -

:
C+I=C+S
) (C + I
) .(C +S . ) ( 8.

C+I
B

450

45
A

) (8
) ( AB

.

- 51 -

.1 -.
.2 -.

:
Y = C + I

.1

.
. .

.
C = A + BY

.2

) ( 9-:
C

C= A+BY

A
Y
)(9

- 52 -

) (I

) . (I0 :
.3

I = I0

) (10-:

I0

Y
)(10

) (2) (3 ) .(I

.
:
Y0 =C+I0

- 53 -

) (11
.
.:

C+I
B
E
C+I
C
I0
A
450

Y
Y0

)(11

) (
) ( Y0
. ) (E
.

) -(

- 54 -

.
.

. :

.

.

.

- 55 -

) (C ) (I ) (G

) . (X M

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

- 56 -

. .
.

.
.

/ -.
/ -.

- 57 -

: 1 -:

.

.Depreciation D
/ :
=
) ( + .
2 :
)GNP=C+ I+ G+(X-M
500+200+150+(50-75 )=825


3

/ / /
4
.
/
.
/ .
5
) +( :
/ Y0 =C+I0
/

- 58 -

-1 ):(Microeconomics

-2 ) :(Macroeconomics

-3 ): (Wealth

: Gross National Product(GNP

: Gross Domestic Product: GDP

.
-6 : Net National Product NNP

.Depreciation D
-7 :National IncomeNI
.
-8 :Personal Income PI

- 59 -

-9 ) :.Disposable Income(DI

-10 ): (price Index

-11 ): (Transfer payments

-12 ): (Consumption

.
-13 ): (Consumption function

.
-14 ) (Saving function
.
-15 ): Average Propensity To Consume (APC

) (C) (Y ). (C/Y
.
-16 ): Average Propensity To Save (APS
) (S ) (Y ) .(S/Y
.
-17 ) :Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC
.

- 60 -

(
)

(
Y
)

-18 ) : Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC

(
)




.

(
Y
)

-19 ) (Investment

).(K
-20 ) : (Gross Investment
.

- 61 -