=DVWK GUIDELINES 306/1993 Application of Geotextiles in Hydraulic EngineeringDeutscher Verband fiir Wasserwirtschaft und Kulturbau e.V. (DVWK) (German Association for Water Resources and Land Improvement) Guidelines for Water Management No. 301 302 303 304 305 306 Manual for Water Level Gauging and Discharge Measurements (1990) Instructions for Soil Protection = Behaviour of the Soil with regard to Heavy Metals (1991) Measurements of Suspended Solids (1991) Determination of interception Loss in Forest Stands during Rain (1992) Evaluation and Interpretation of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (1992) Application of Geotextiles in Hydraulic Engineering (1993) The series will be continued. 16 7 18 Subsurface Drainage Instructions (2nd completely revised edition, 1987) Hydraulic Modelling, Editor Prof. Helmut Kobus (1980) Man and Technology in Irrigated Agriculture, Irrigation Symposium 1982 in Bensheim/BergstraBe (1983) ‘Traditional irrigation Schemes and Potential for their Improvement, Irrigation Symposium KongreB Wasser Berlin 1985 (1985) Iron Clogging in Soils and Pipes ~ Analysis and Treatment. Prof. Herbert Kuntze (1982) Water Sampling and Chemical Analysis for Groundwater Analysis — |. Collection of Samples for Hydrogeological Groundwater Assessment, II. Chemical Analysis of Groundwater, Recommendations on Scope and Required Accuracy (1985) Situation-specific Management in irrigation, Sth International Irrigation Symposium KongreB Wasser Berlin 1989 (1989) Sediment Transport in Open Channels ~ Calculation for the Engineering Practice ‘Translation from Heft 87 of the DVWK-Schriften (1990) Guide du Drainage Souterrain - French Translation from Bulletin No. 6 (1987) The series will be continued. Distribution by: Wirtschafts- und Verlagsgeselischaft Gas und Wasser mbH, Postfach 140151, D-53056 Bonn=2DVWK GUIDELINES FOR WATER MANAGEMENT 306/1993 Application of Geotextiles in Hydraulic Engineering Issued in cooperation with International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) © Published by Wirtschafts- und Verlagsgesellschaft Gas und Wasser mbH - BonnEditor German Association for Water Resources and Land Improvement (Deutscher Verband fur Wasserwirtschaft und Kulturbau e. V. - DVWK) GluckstraBe 2, D-53115 Bonn Federal Republic of Germany General advice for the application of “Guidelines for Water Management”: The *DVWK Guidelines for Water Management” are the expert results of honorary technical-scientific cooperation and are left within the discretion of anybody to apply them. The recommendations given in these Guidelines for water management set up a standard for perfect technical methods and are, consequently, an important basis of cognition for the professional way of acting in the normal case. The Guidelines, however, cannot cover all special cases in which far reaching or restrictive measures may be considered. The application of the “DVWK Guidelines for Water Management” does not discharge the user from having sole responsibility for his action. In so far every- body acts at his own risks. Ts volume ear ahora anlar a he wos “wending vo Gaeten sr Wesson" iat ancongnaly abit Garran (© Garman es 1962 by Var Pa Pavey. Hamburg an Bes ‘The Engleh eon’ exe by "Davee: Verba ir Wassorascha Una kateous et (OVW! ncosrsonwhnmaonl Comrise ‘ntrgaion na briege Co “ronson by NAUE FASERTECHNK Gmb 8 Co, KG LUnbecke ie Deviate biomes ~CP-Eharzautatee Appleton of oeotxtos in arouse engineering OK ‘Wong Gc covet Matera n Gestchncasndin Hyrade Empoonng suc cenperatan wh ‘ntevatora Commas an rgsion ana Gite (CD) {Ee Carman Ascooaton tr Wr Resco ard aed ‘govern. rare by Nave Fasescns Gb a2, KG, (Dibeea).~ Born vets urdVa-Ges Gas tn Ware 560 "Golo or water management 296) De Atsp ua T:Arwonainp ton Geotedtan Wasserman Ne Gaucher Vr Waser ond Kura ISBN 3-922671-41-1 — volume 306/193, This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those rights of transiation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only per- mitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its version of June 24, 1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. © English edition 1993 by Deutscher Verband fur Wasserwirtschaft und Kulturbau e.V. (OVWK), Gluckstrae 2, D-53115 Bonn, Printed in Germany by Druck- und Werbegeselischaft, Bonn. Satz: kippsatz GmbH, Bonn. Pub- lished by Wirtschatts- und Verlagsgeselischaft Gas und Wasser mbH, Josef-Wirmer-StraBe 3, D-53123 Bonn. Umschlaggestaltung: Atelier Buchholz/Hinsch/Hensinger, Hamburg ISSN: 0937-3209 InterCode: DAWMENForeword ‘The Working Group 144 (AK 14A) of the German National Sociely for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineer- ing (Deutsche Gesellschaft fir Erd- und Grundbau e. V. [DGEG]) was founded in 1972 under the title of “Synthetic Materials in Earthworks and Hydraulic Engineering’. By integrating the tasks of the Working Group within the scope of general hycraulic engineering and water resources, the German Association for Water Resources and Land Improvement (Deutscher Verband fdr Wasserwirtschaft und Kulturoau e. .. [DVWK]) also took over patron- age of the Working Group after 1980, namely, as the Working Group 6.14 (AA 6.14). In April 1986, the mombers presented the results of their work to the public as a recommendation for the “Applica- tion and Testing of Synthetic Materials in Earthworks and Hydraulic Engineering’. The document was published jointly by the DGEG and the DVWK as booklet 76 of the DVWK publication series. Subsequent to this, an extended objective was included in the task area of the AK 14A/AA 6.14, which is expres- sed in the modified title “Synth Materials in Geotechnics and Hydraulic Engineering”. The extended task area includes the preparation of two DVWK Guidelines, namely: — "Application of Geotextiles in Hydraulic Engineering’ and "Application of Geomembranes in Hydraulic Engineering and for Groundwater Protection’. ‘The objective of this work is to pass on information to practising engineers concerning the application, testing and dimensioning of synthetic materials in geotechnics and hydraulic engineering and to give advice on the basics of drawing up tenders and contracts for pertinent construction work. The working group now presents the DVWK Guideline “Application of Geotoxiles in Hydraulic Engineering’. Itis not intended to provide rigid specifications for individual solutions and particular methods, but is far more con- cerned with outlining ranges of application and providing general recommendations. ‘The draft of the Guideline was prepared within the Working Group 144/Working Group 6.14 by an advisory group, whose members are indicated by *) in the following list, under the leadership of Prof. Dr. techn. F. List. After apprai the draft document, the final version of the DVWK Guideline was ratified at a meeting of the AK 14A/AA 6.14 on 25 Sept. 1991. ‘As permanent members of the AK 14A/AA 6.14, the following persons were involved in the preparation of the Guideline: ABROMEIT, H.-U."| __Dip|.-Ing., BOR, Bundesanstalt fur Wasserbau (BAW), Karlsruhe BATEREAU, Chr.” Dr.-Ing. habil., Beratender Ingenieur, Dresden BIEDERMANN, 8. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Fachhochschule, Warzburg-Schweinfurt FRIESECKE, G. Dip|.-Ing., LBDir., Landesamt fir Wasser und Abfall - Nordrhein-Westfalen, Diisseldort HANDZIK, K.-H. Dipl.-Ing., BDir., Ministerium fur Umwelt und Gesundheit, Mainz HEERTEN, G.* Dr.-Ing., Naue-Fasertechnik GmbH & Co KG, Lubbecke HEYER, D. Dipl-Ing., Wiss. R., Priifamt fur Grundbau, Boden- und Felsmechanik, Technische Uni- versitat, Munchen KNIPSCHILD, FW. —_Dr.-Ing., Beratender Ingenieur, Seevetal KOHLHASE, S. Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil., Akad. OR, Franzius-Institut fOr Wasserbau und KUsteningenieurwe- sen der Universitat Hannover LAIER, H. Dipl.-Ing., Akad. Dir. Lehrstuhl fir Grundbau, Boden- und Felsmechanik, Technische Universitat, Munchen LIST, F* Prof. Dr. techn., LBDir., Bayerisches Landesamt fiir Wasserwirtschaft, Miinchen MARKERT, Th. Dipl.-Ing., Ingenieurgesellschaft Wasser- und Tiefoau mbH, Blankenburg/Harz MUHRING, W.* Dr--Ing., BDir., Wasser- und Schiffahrtsdirektion Mitte, Hannover ‘SAATHOFF, F." Dr.-Ing. Franzius-Institut fur Wasserbau und Kisteningenieurwesen der Universitat HannoverVv SCHLUTER, A. Dipl.-Ing., Dir., Hils-Troisdort AG, Troisdort ‘SCHMIDT, H.H. Prof. Dr.-Ing., Baugrundinstitut Smoltezyk und Partner, Stuttgart SCHRODER, H. Dr.-Ing., ORR, Bundesanstalt fr Materialforschung und -prifung (BAM), Berlin STEFFEN, H. Dr.-Ing., Dr.-Ing. Steffen Ingenieurgeselischatt mbH, Essen VOSTEEN, B. Dip|.-Ing., BDir., Baustotf- und Bodenpriffstelle des Hessischen Landesamts flr StraBen- bau, Wetzlar ZITSCHER, F-F. Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil Mdgt. a.D., Universitat Hannover, Ministerium flr Emahrung, Land- wirtschaft und Forsten (bis 1986), Kiel, (Obmann) The Guideline presented here was prepared in cooperation with the German National Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Erd- und Grundbau e. V. [DGEG)). The project was spon- sored by the German Lander Water Commission (Landerarbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser [LAWA]).. Special thanks are expressed to the members of the committee, as well as to all experts, public authorities and ‘governmental departments who reported on special features of individual construction projects in practice and held discussions with the committee. The authors are also grateful to all those who provided valuable advice dur- ing the draft stage of the document. Kiel, November 1993 Fritz-Ferdinand ZitscherContents Page 1 Basic Considerations 1 1.1. Introduction : 1 12 Areas of Application .... 1 13° Definitions 7 1 2 Dimensioning 2 2.1 General Remarks 2 22 Filtering ........-. 2 22.1 Preliminary Comments . 2 22.2 Dimensioning Formulae for Filter Function (Filter Rules) .. 3 22.3 Filter Thickness : : 5 2.2.4 Stabilization Layer... 6 23 Drainage . 6 24 Separation .. 6 3 ‘Areas of Application 7 3.1. General Remarks Z 32 Waterways Engineering . z 3.21 General Remarks ..... 7 3.22 — Standard Construction Methods for 9 3.2.3. impermeable Bank and Bed Linings ..... 9 3.2.4 Stabilization of Exposed Dam Embankments 9 3.3 Coastal Protection ... : : 9 3.3.1 General Remarks ... a 9 3.3.2 General Requirements ... 3.3.3. Dyke and Foreland Revetments 3.3.4 Dyke Core Encapsulations : 3.35 Standard Groynes/Land Reclamation Groynes 338 | Sand-Filed Bags and Tubes ae Siucural Elements . 3.3.7 Bed Protection ...... : teste 14 3.4 Retaining Dam Construction. ....-....-+- Bd.1 General Remarks .....c.cccccceeccseessseeeeeseeeeee 3.4.2 Bed and Relief Filters... 3.4.3 Filters on immersed Embankments 3.4.4 Wall Filters and Vertical Drains . 3.45 Trench Filters 3.4.6 Encapsulation Filters for Drainage Trenches 3.5 Small-Scale Hydraulic Engineering . 4 ‘Advice on Contract Awards and Deter. 4.1 General Remarks . 42 Selection, Testing, Quality Assurance . 42.1 General Comments on Selection . 4.2.2 Remiarks on Testing Procedures ..... 4.3 Advice on Contract Tenders. 44 Terms of Delivery 7 45 Invoicing and Warranty 5 Index of Reference Material 51 Standards . 52 Miscellaneous Guidelines and Recommendations .. 5.3 Articles and Books ........... seater tet Enclosure 1 Example of Filter Dimensioning ........:ccscsseesseres + 25 Enclosure 2 Example of the Dimensioning of Drainage Efficiency .... » 29VI List of Figures and Tables : Broad Classification of Geosynthetics . ‘Areas of Application and Parameters to be Consider : Diagram for Determining the Reduction Factor ng for the Permeability Coefficient (wovens and thin non-wovens with thicknesses up to approx. 2.0 mm) ... 5 : Diagram for Determining the Reduction Factor ny for the Permeability Coefficient (mechanically bonded non-wovens with thicknesses above approx. 2.0 mm) .........e+0-++ 5 Drainage Systems (schematic) .. i” . : 6 Standard Construction Methods for Former Revetments and their Toe Configurations .. 8 : Stabilization of Exposed Dam Embankments 9 + Overview of the Application of Geotextiles in Coastal Protection (principle drawings) . veveeee 10 : Dyke and Foreland Revetments, Flexible Toe Stabilization .... 1" = Dyke Core Encapsulation (outer embankment covered with concrete paving stones, inner embankment covered with topsoil) ecbesbdeadectesten 12 : Example of Groyne Stabilization : : se 12 : Principle Drawing of a Multi-Layer Tubular Groyne .- 13 : Installation of the Bed Protection Layer at the Eider Tide Regulation Barrage ....... 14 Example of a Sinker Mat with Connected Fasoines ...... 14 Possible Applications of Geotextiles in Reservoir Dams ........ 14 : Revetment with Vegetation Growing through a Geotextile ..... 7 : Governing Grain-Size Distributi Simplified Flow Diagram for Filter Dimension - : Geometry of the Drainage System ete Table 2.1: Filter Dimensioning in Accordance with DVWK Table 2.2: Values of the Permissible Hydraulic Gradient i (normal to the contact surface) Table 2.3: Recommended Effective Opening Size and Thickness of a Stabilization Layer . Table 3.1: Possibie Applications of Geotextiles in Retaining Dam Construction .... Table 4. “ompilation of Recommended Testing Procedures . seeeee Saoos1. Basic Considerations 4.1 Introduction A geotextile is a water and air-permeable structure used in civil engineering, which is in contact with soil or other building materials (DIN 61301) Gectextiles (e.g. wovens, non-wovens, composite materials) and related products form the group of water-permeable geosynthetics (Fig. 1.1). Related products are not considered in the following. GEOSYNTHETICS SS a permeable impermeable I erat [eel = Fig. 1.1: Broad Classification of Geosynthetics (SAATHOFF, 1987a) In addition to synthetic raw materials, geotextiles may also be manufactured from natural, rottable fibres. Geotextiles are used for filtering, drainage, separation of soil layers, reinforcement, encapsulation and pro- tection. A geotextile may fulfil several functions simultaneously. 1.2. Areas of Application This Guideline concerns the use of geotextiies in hydraulic engineering and water resources appiica- tions, as e.g. in = Waterways engineering, Coastal protection, — Retaining dam construction and ~ Small-scale hydraulic engineering. Further details relating to the information given in this Guideline may be found in the DVWK publication, booklet 76, “Application and Testing of Synthetic Materials in Earthworks and Hydraulic Engineering’ (DVWK, 1989). For related applications, the reader is also referred to the “Recommendations of Working Group 11: Geotechnics of Waste Disposal Dumps and Inherited Waste Depots” (DGEG, 1990) and the “Guideline on the Application of Geotextiles in Earth- works Engineering” (FGSV, 1987). 1.3 Definitions Wovens are geosynthetics which are manufactured by forming sheds between threads belonging to two different thread systems crossing at ight angles, namely warp and weft (DIN 60000). Non-wovens are tiexible geosynthetics which are manufactured by bonding together fibre mats (DIN 60000 and 61210); these are comprised of layered, disarranged spun fibres or filaments. The bonding may be achieved either mechanically {needle-punching), by adhesion (glueing) or by cohesion (metting). Composite materials are multi-layered geotextiles comprised of different layers of differing structure which are bonded together over their entire sur- face. The individual components may be wovens, non-wovens or other specially constructed geo- synthetics, Composite materials are comprised of, e.g. a com- bination of non-wovens with different fibre thick- nesses which are suitably matched in terms of pore size, a combination of wovens and non- wovens, or different non-wovens with a stabiliza- tion layer (see Section 2. 2. 4). The individual lay- ers may be bonded together by needle-punching, welding, sewing or glueing (adhesive or cohesive), as well as by a combination of thése bonding methods. Special types include e.g. knitted and convoluting fibre layers. Details of the latter and further definitions are given in DVWK (1989)2 Dimensioning 24 General Remarks ‘As water-permeable geosynthetics geotextiles are suitable for filtering, drainage and separation of soils with different grain compositions. Because the fibres and the geotextile products possess a certain strength, geotextiles may resist and transfer forces. They are therefore suitable for performing the tasks of reinforcement and encapsulation, and may also serve as a protection layer, Dimensioning criteria for structural stability are pres- ently being prepared by the Working Group 14B of the German Association for Earthworks and Founda- tion Engineering (Deutsche Gesellschaft fir Erd- und Grundbau e. V. [DGEG)) in the “Recommendations for the Design and Dimensioning of Earthwork Structures with Geosynthetic Reinforcement”. Possible areas of application and different require- ments are shown by way of example in Fig, 2.1 @aecne | oh oe La|\ As 3 mon A) |e] 4 no intivence Bey gysnengnr ausanenens ‘— FILTER —> j*—— SEPARATION LAYER: REINFORCEMENT tnanoese” | O | O | 2 [2@ permenbiliy O/O|? |70 tensile strength 4 2 2 @ tonsile strain 3 2/;@/@ load fine 4|/2])2|)@ creep 4 4-2 3 @ inevensurces_|_2? | © | @ | 2 ereumenwannen, 29 | O | @ | 2 sonra | #2 | © | 2 | durability ®|O/|@O/@ Fig. 2.1: Areas of Application and Parameters to be Considered (WILMERS, 1984) 2.2 Filtering 2.2.1 Preliminary Comments For physical reasons, a filter must full! counterposed requirements, namely, the mechanical filer eftective- ness (soil retention capacity) and the hydraulic filter effectiveness (water drainage with low pressure loss, i.e. small hydraulic gradients), Under the requirement of guaranteeing long-term water permeability, it should be considered that the Permeability during service will be reduced due to blocking of the pores or to infiltration of soil particles (clogging). The soil retention capacity may be described, inter alia, by the effective opening size Ozoy {formerly referred to as Dy). The definition of Ogo,., the testing procedure (see Section 4.2) for its determination, and the fiter rules for the mechanical fiter effectiveness form a sequentially matched entity. The filter rules must not be used in combination with opening sizes or pore sizes determined by another method. Ifitis not possible to make a sufficiently accurate esti- mate of the acting hydraulic forces (hydrostatic/hydro- dynamic pressures) and flow velocities, a stringent dimensioning of the mechanical filter effectiveness is recommended, ¢.9. according to the filter rules for hydrodynamic loading or by application-oriented tests. . ‘According to TEINDL (1980), wovens and thermally bonded non-wovens are comparable to sieves with uniform or non-uniform openings. The affinity for granular filters is only attained through the filtration Iengtthickness of mechanically bonded non-wovens and composite materials. The thickness and pore structure of a geotextile should guarantee a depth fil tration analogous to a mineral grain filter and prevent the formation of a filter cake on the contact surface between the soll and the filer. The effective opening Siz Osow alone is therefore insufficient for determin- ing the filter stability. in addition to providing a filter function, geotextiles installed on embankments must also be designed to guarantee a stable boundary layer in order to prevent the downward migration of soil below the geotextile. When dimensioning the filter, the orientation of the contact surface relative to the flow direction must also be taken into consideration. With regard to the com- mencement of soil particle movement, it should be noted that tne magnitude of the parallel flow is approx. ten times more critical than the vertical flow loading (WITTMANN, 1980); in the case of turbulence’. loading, the situation is even more unfavourable (DE GRAAUW/VAN DER MEULEN/VAN DER DOES DE BYE, 1983).2.2.2 Dimensioning Formulae fot Filter Function (Filter Rules) On the basis of the normal standards applied in earth- works and foundation engineering for classifying and designating soil types (DIN 18196, DIN 4022, inter alia), a distinction is made between three grain-size regions in the following dimensioning formulae. Based on the effective opening size of the geotextile, filter rules which guarantee the mechanical fiter effectiveness may be stated for these grain-size regi ons. The following factors should be taken into considera- tion when dimensioning and selecting (see Section 4.2.1) a geotentile: = the grain-size distribution / grain-size spectrum of the soil to be fitered (see Table 2.1), ~ where necessary, the plasticity index for cohesive soils (see Table 2.1), ~ the acting hydraulic loads (hydrostatic/hydrody- namic, magnitude of the hydraulic gradient) (see Table 2.1), = the loading case (orientation of the contact sur- facesifiow direction), = the type and method of construction of the struc- ture, where necessary = the structure-telated safety requirements posed ‘on the filter and = the installation loads, In this context, hydrostatic filter loads are character- ized by slowly fluctuating pressure gradients, whe- reby a reversal of the groundwater flow direction may occur. The displacement of grains within the filter/soil boundary layer should no longer occur after a bed- ding-in phase and the possible formation of a secon- dary filter. In contrast to the latter, hydrodynamic filter loads are characterized by turbulent flow loading over the fil ter/soil boundary layer with rapidly fluctuating pres- ‘sure heads and flow directions. ‘The grain-size distribution curve for the soil in ques- tion must not intersect the specially marked areas in the grain-size distributions diagrams pertaining to each of the 3 grain-size regions. \ta grain-size spectrum is present, the mechanical fil ter effectiveness must be dimensioned in relation to the fine-grained boundary of the spectrum, whereas the hydraulic fiter effectiveness must be dimensioned in relation to the coarse-grained boundary of the spectrum. An example of filter dimensioning may be found in Enclosure 1 \ In the hatched zone of the grain-size region Ain Table 241, a comparably open filter dimensioning is gener- ally possible owing 10 the effective cohesion, whilst the hydraulic effectiveness of the filter takes on a less important role owing to the low permeability of such soils. The cohesion must nonetheless be granted in the long term under the operating conditions of the drainage facility; where necessary, concentrated water outflows in stratified layers or bands must be accounted for in hydraulic dimensioning. Additional tests (e.g. by the turbulence method, see Section 4.2, possibly for test durations > 300 min- utes) are recommended. With regard to the hydraulic efficiency of the filter, full advantage should be taken of the permissible upper limits of the opening size, provided the required mechanical filter effectiveness is ensured. The rea- son for this is that an open, thick structure (e.g. com- posite materials) is generally superior to a dense, thin structure with regard to the fiter stability, e. Osowasiected = 0.8 t0 1.0 + Oso x,pormissibie By this means, the colmation stabilty is also accoun- ted for (BATEREAU, 1988). For a number of soil types (Table 2.2), reference val- ues for the permissible hydraulic gradient ipemigs NAVE been determined from numerous experiments (DAVI- DENKOFF, 1970). If the values given in Table 2.2 are exceeded, a determination of the suffusion stability in the laboratory is necessary for soils in which ¢y > 8. Table 2.2: Values of the Permissible Hydraulic Gra- dient i (normal to the contact surface) (DAVIDENKOFF, 1970) Soil Type ipeiss dense clay 0.40 ooarse sand, gravel 0.25 silty olay 0.20 medium sand 0.15 fine sand 012 In order to improve the mechanical and hydraulic fier effectiveness, the use of composite materials is rec- ommended. The filter effectiveness of geotextiles may be improved by the pre-fitering action of coarser fibre structures (MUHRING/SAATHOFF, 1986; MUHRING, 1989 and ROLLIN, 1983). When assessing the hydraulic filter effectiveness and an almost head-loss-free drain-off, the permeability coefficient ky of the geotextile, under the normal‘Table 2.1: Filter Dimensioning in Accordance with DVWK (1989) ww goo

UoHoRY yIS/UOROeS, ABO (6261) anna 205 Ar@njeuoie 10 I pue gels uorsnyns jean J04 moi=sro>ee] t . 108 04140 i ww 9005 emt nce vomreen | oscuuro>p>wuzooe| $ smcgeare |" | ounuiptaoneuonppe i - 1 19@ "9 woIBes 22s: wes8 ai>%pya%p=% | th pg ° S08 10} Se Buuorsuewig pue wus 9o'9 > worded eID Seale Op > Hog TL ue POA sip 51> M0 . 39} aRUeUAPOIPAH (9 " oep > Mo Auigow urei8-216u1s you vou smund |, | ww egos e 4z%.u] — yimsyes.o; vonippe u- | sos p>wweroe Ls %p.2>*2%9 7 pues 21p. >" stop) =% aa" OAs a peor aneisoiphu (@ | pee wus g0'0> UoHDe.y MEAD L Se eee TT ww 60> PUP ep > Meg eee lene peo weuépoinsy (a | o> owe uswoDe, feo | L Lae op. 2> "980 renneuaye so >| | uo|s@4oo agers wiel-Bu0) wsi=srorsie | y 5 ‘UM SHOS 40 aiqisstusad — t = wus 90°05 °P atp> “80 %09 p> wwero2 | $ . 42%] Aygow we6.a6us YB i os fe \NN sop ‘uonppe Ul — SL> Mp / 2p = 99 a | 7 ep. 1 > MQ uw 90'0> vonzes weap 4 20} ane1SOspAH (2 ssouanioaye sau ssouanoeH9 40 unespy yo teoqueusout 0 Aumngous we16-0/6us8 uoy6as Bujuoysuowig Bujuoysuawig ‘UBIy UW [OS e 40y BHAI Bz|S-UIEI)stress 2 kPa’, multiplied with a reduction factor 7 must be greater than the permeability coefficient k of the soil to be filtered: noky2k For relatively thin geotextiles (wovens and thin non- wovens with a thickness d < 2.0 mm) with compar- able filter properties (TEINDL, 1980), the reduction factor tig can be expressed as a function of the per- meabilty coefficient ky and the grain diameter d,o of the soil to be filtered over a certain range of applica- tion (0.01 mm < dj < 0.5 mm) (Fig. 2.2). rgl-) 0° to wo] 1] ky (mis) we wos ‘ot 10 oF 0 ky = permeability coefficient of the geotextile with- out soil contact dy = grain diameter of the soil to be fittered for a sieve passage of 10% Fig. 2.2; Diagram for Determining the Reduction Factor ng for the Permeability Coefficient (wovens and thin non-wovens with thick- nesses up to approx. 2.0 mm) (HEERTEN, 1981) Based upon tests of mechanically bonded non- wovens after many years of in situ service, its known that the hydraulic filter effectiveness of these geotex- tiles (filter layer thickness: 30 * Oey < dS 0 * Oso) for silts and sands may be considered as being guar- anteed, provided the permeability coefficient ky of a brand new sample measured under a normal stress of 2 kPaiis about 50 times greater than the permeabil- ity coefficient k of the soil (n < 1/50 = 0.02): ky 250°k. ‘Over the range of very silty sands to sands, the reduction factor ny for a more precise determination of the hydraulic filter effectiveness of mechanically bonded non-wovens with d > 2 mm may be obtained from Fig. 2. 3. tel 109 o wt ~ 0 Ke wd Ome) ky =permeability of the geotextile without soil contact = proportion of pores thickness at 2 kPa 1» = effective opening size Fig. 2.3: Diagram for Determining the Reduction Factor ny for the Permeability Coefficient (mechanically bonded non-wovens with thicknesses above approx. 2.0 mm) in con- tact with silts and sands (HEERTEN, 1982) If this requirement is not satisfied by a combination soiligeotextile filter, additional verifications are neces- sary. 2.2.3 Filter Thickness As in the case of mineral fiter layers, the thickness (WITTMANN/HEERTEN, 1984) and possibly the pore-size distribution (MUHRING/SAATHOFF, 1986 and MUHRING, 1989) of geotextil filters also have a significant influence on the filter stability. With regard to their filter properties, geotextiles must be treated in a differentiated manner owing to possible differences in their structure; in this respect, the filtration length and the thickness of the geotextile play a decisive role. With increasing load, a larger overall thickness is required. For determining a reference value for the thickness d to be selected for a geotextie filter, the following expression is given here: 2 (25 to 50) * Osonsctecies * Wuhen dimensioning the titer, a deviation from this normal sress of 2 KPa is only permissible I iis feared thatthe grain latice necessary for dissipating he effective stresses, under reciprocal action withthe geotextie, does not form.In this expression, it is not allowed to include the pos- sible formation of a secondary filter in the soil, For loading cases in which the geotextile is subjected to hydrodynamic loads, geotextiles with filter thick- nesses of d= 6.0 mm for the grain-size region A and d= 4.5 mm for the grain-size regions B and C. have proved to be satisfactory. 2.2.4 Stabilization Layer In order to prevent soil migration along the boundary surface between the filter and the soil on embank- ments prone to erosion, two solutions are possible: — reduction of the effective hydraulic gradient by installing a mineral grain layer above the geotex- tile (grain size and layer thickness matched to the cover layer) and ~ stabilization of the boundary surface by installing a coarse-fibre siabilization layer below the filter layer. ‘Stabilization layers are used on soils with high single- grain mobility within the grain-size regions A and B (see criteria in Section 22.2) and for embankment slopes steeper than 1:4. Stabilization layers are com- bined with 6.0 or 4.5 mm thick filter layers to form a composite material. The opening size Oy and the thickness of the stabil- ization layer should correspond with the values given in Table 2. 3. 23 Drainage Drainage refers to the draining-of of water in the geo- textile layer. The drainage system consists of a drain- age core, which absorbs water at right angles to its horizontal plane and transports the water within the latter, combined with a filter layer (dimensioned according to Section 2.2.2) which prevents clogging of the drainage core. Composite materials and composite structures are especially suitable for this purpose. The principle of a drainage system is illustrated in Fig. 2.4. or o o papepaedaee Ok padi al op ala tate o4 oe herr Topher tr o er o iter layer Q, = drainage outflow S =drainage core Qz = drainage inflow Fig, 2.4: Drainage Systems (schematic) The governing parameter for dimensioning the drain- age action is the transmissivity, which is a product of the permeability coefficient ky, in the plane of the geo- textile and the thickness, each expressed as a func- tion of the normal stress (see Section 4.2): O= ky - 0. The drainage efficiency and the inclination of the drainage surfaces must be selected so as to ensure drainage on a free slope. With regard to the latter, possible subgrade deformations must be taken into consideration. The thickness of geotextile drainage layers is redu- ced under load. It is essential to take account of the behaviour of the “drainage mat” deployed under long- term loading. The associated drainage efficiency must also be determined (SAATHOFF, 1991) The dimensioning of vertical drains is based on the static earth pressure (coefficient ky = 0.5). The maximum tensile strength of materials used in drainage systems should be at least 5 kN/m for com- posite materials and 3 kN/m for non-wovens (DVWK, 1989). . 2.4 Separation : Geotextles are also used for separating two soil lay- ers with different grain compositions When employing geotextiles as separating layers, the main factors to be considered are the mechanical fil ter effectiveness and the mechanical loading on the geotextile. In this application, the distribution of local pressure loads is improved. In the case of weak load- bearing soils, geotextiles in combination with coarse {ill material help to ensure uniform loading of the sub- grade and hence improve the load-bearing capacity Table 2.3: Recommended Effective Opening Size and Thickness of a Stabilization Layer o Grain-size Region A Grain-size Region B Effective opening size Oso Thickness d (measured for the composite material at 2 kPa) 0.3 mm | eecocn .—Getextte titer "sob gcnan: erosion resistant ‘seating materia Rubble? tty posed wih D3 >| parrnaterat oem —Georexitethter \ salt rn, eran resetant sealing materia pair a 8 ar a) omogeneous,ersion, resistant seaing layer daiocn™ itertockhg concrete baocks ga2 awn? Geatertte ater D4 Sok oF on erasior- resistant seal materi =a nterndte ayer of gravel. corer ayer asreaired [or crushed stone da Sem EE creme te Sl ror resin resto sealeg materia + less or lin accordance ith he Tectia Spectators for stone “anstnton wethods ae employed ctrl used 2 des not apply when esphal ~ consideration of biological factors (e.g. root pene- tration) and landscaping, — water depth (where necessary, the attachment of revetment constructions for large water depths). The minimum requirements stipulated in the Techni- cal Specifications for Geotextile Filters (TLG, 1987 and MAG, 1987) are analogously applicable to con- struction measures in non-navigable waterways of the 1* order or to embankment sections in lakes, retention basins and dammed catchment basins sub: jected to current and wave forces, as well as to coa- Stal protection structures. In underwater installations, geotextles are generally made to measure on floating pontoons before being immersed. In such installations, care should be taken to ensure that the geotextile is laid without creases, The additional loads on the “retention wall” must also be taken in‘o consideration. Underwater installation is less problematic, e.g. if the geotextie is unrolled from reels directly onto the bed. The largest possible Standard Construction Methods tor Revetment Toes ‘Loe extension: on sols with iow erasontendery (de> 2mm) 2. Toe elongation: indy conetrctens i at's hen are ellen walt at hex irch Ecnocencavate tag? 2 ‘3. Sheet piling ot the toe: onal ramnabe sats 22 over ayer Ree ‘Sheet plingat the oe with end sine ig Gootot attend son Fig. 3.1: Standard Construction Methods for Former Revetments and their Toe Configurationslength of geotextile should be wound on the reels beforehand. In underwater installations, several boundary condi- tions relating specifically to this type of construction should be observed: ~ In the case of embankments that are profiled under water, erosion zones due to hydraulic effects may already be present before the filter layer is laid. Such erosion zones are most likely 10 ‘occur in the case of uniform, non-cohesive or layered, fine-grained soils in the water level fluctu- ation region. Scoured hollows must be filled and levelled with round material of sufficient thickness before the geotextie is installed. — After laying, the geotextile must be immediately weighed-down using suitable material. This calls for precisely matched timing between the various stages of construction. In the case of large water depths, it may be advanta- geous to employ attached revetment constructions with composite materials to provide boundary layer stabilization. 3.2.2 Standard Construction Methods for Revet- ‘ments and their Toe Configurations Standard construction methods for former revetments and their toe configurations are shown in Fig. 3.1. When modernizing old revetments, it may be neces- sary to upgrade requirements (e.g. with regard to the impact resistance of a geotextile). Remains of the old rip-rap revetment must be removed or covered with a levelling layer. The revetment toe, which generally extends into the bed, must be configurated in such a way that scour action is unable to adversely affect the stability of the revetment. In this respect, the transition between the toe extension and the unprotected bed should be designed as flexibly as possible. Suitable, alternative toe configurations are shown, inter alia, in Fig. 3.1. 3.2.3 Impermeable Bank and Bed Linings The necessity of a filter layer below impermeable revetments should be carefully examined. In the case ‘of revetments consisting of rip-raps with impermeable grout (hard seals), the filter layer should be installed in order to avoid erosion in the region of possible crackings. This applies in particular to underwater installations. In contrast to the filter criteria which oth- erwise apply, this type of fiter layer should be dimen- sioned in relation to the silt grain fraction in order to promote self-healing of the seal in the region of crack- ings. Verification of the hydraulic fter effectiveness is not necessary. On embankments prone to erosion, the filter layer should be supplemented by a stabiliza- ‘ion layer (see Section 2.2.4). 3.2.4 Stabilization of Exposed Dam Embankments The /ocal stability of exposed dam embankments may be achieved by means of a sufficiently gentle embankment slope of a load filter (Fig. 3.2). i Fig. 3.2:Stabilization of Exposed Dam Embankments (DVWK, 1989) In this case, the filter is dimensioned in accordance , with the usual fiter rules applied in earthworks and | foundation engineering. if geotextiles are employed | as part of a load filler on the exposed embankment, they must be dimensioned with respect to the station- ary seepage forces occurring at this location in accor- dance with the filter rules (see Section 2.2.2) 3.3. Coastal Protection 3.3.1 General Remarks In the case of coastal protection structures, the fol- lowing loads in particular should be taken into consid- | eration: wave and current forces which, e.g. give rise to throughflow and abrasion loads on gectextiles, loads due to seepage flows as well as erosion and sedimentation effects. A broad outline of the application of geotextiles in coastal protection is provided by the following exam- ples (Fig. 3.3): — filter layers in dyke and dam revetments as well as bed protection, e.g. dyke floodgates and storm tide barrages, = separation and fitter layers at the foundation level of groynes and breakwaters, = structural elements in the form of sand-flled tubes | and bags, !Longitudinal and transverse ‘structures groynes—< scour protection and © fedstnnacton @ bags @ filter below openrevetment © geotextile asc Levelting Layer against erosion ‘@ filter below arevetment Fig, 3.3: Overview of the Application of Geotextiles in Coastal Protection (principle drawings) = flexible bed stabilization mattresses for offshore and coastal protection structures. In contrast to other applications, uncovering of the geotextile by wave actions cannot be ruled out in coa- stal protection applications. if geotextiles are sub- jected to intensive UV radiation or chemical and bio- logicat attack in the marine environment, it is espe- cially important to ensure proper structural design and long-term durability of the materials used (see Section 3.1) Owing to the importance of geotextiles with regard to the stability and service life of many coastal protec- tion structures, special care must be taken to ensure proper dimensioning. It should be borne in mind that possible repair. costs can greatly exceed the addi- tional cost of a thoroughly dimensioned geotextile. Comments: = prolonged tests on geotextiles do not indicate a eduction in their durability due to biological or ‘chemical effects in the salt water environment. ~ subsequent evidence of damage to geotextiles (e.g. damaged wovens in revetment construc- tions) could be clearly traced to mechanical loads during installation (during covering) or to external abrasion, impact or cutting forces (HEERTEN, 1981 and KNIESSILIST, 1962). 3.3.2 General Requirements For the fine and medium-grained sands (0.09 mm < dso $ 0.34 mm) present along the German coast, the following dimensioning formula for the blocking condi- tion (as a simplification of that given in Section 2.2.2) may be applied for superficially loaded and position- ally stable installed geotextiles (KRAMER, 1981): Oc0.%* d50On embankments with an inclination greater than 1:4, water retuming (return wash of a wave) through the voids of the rip-rap can penetrate through the pores ‘of a geotextile which is not firmly seated, thereby resulting in impermissible soil migration below the geotextile. In order to prevent this for geotextles with- out a stabilization layer, an intermediate layer of, €.g. coarse gravel or crushed stone is necessary to pro- duce a vibration-free layer with uniform loading over as much of the surface as possible. As an alternative for geotextiles which are directly covered with a class. Ilo class Ill rip-rap layer, the use of composite mate- rials with a stabilization layer is recommended. This method of construction is also standard practice in waterways engineering (see Section 3.2) Provided the dimensioning rules for Ogo are obser- ved, verification of the hydraulic effectiveness for mechanically bonded non-wovens is not necessary. Checking of the hydraulic filter effectiveness of wov- ‘ens and thin, thermally bonded non-wovens should not be dispensed with, however. The geotextile filter must possess sufficient mechani- cal strength, especially for resisting the forces impo- sed during the installation of rip-raps. In order to pre- vent loads on the filter due to tumbling of the revet- ment stones as a result of current, wave and ice for- cove Layer 075-1500 for recedngbeach geotedie fer ‘sand, fr Sand ow of pes at therevetnent toe 1 \eopespninet —* Sasa : Ne ces, a protection layer should be installed between | the filter and the revetment layer where necessary. Based upon past experience, the following minimum values for the mass per unit area m, of geotextiles used in coastal protection applications are recom- mended as guideline values for guarantesing suffi- cient robustness (HEERTEN/ZITSCHER, 1984): | = when covered with mineral grain filter layers (coarse gravel/crushed stone), or below slightly loaded revetments comprised of concrete blocks ma 2 500 g/m? — when covered with class II to III stones for hydrau- lic structures, with individual weights < 50 kg, or | below heavily loaded revetments comprised of | concrete blocks (0.9. dykes directly along a water- way) mg 750 g/m? — when covered with stones with individual weights > 50kg ; ma 2 1000 gin? = for stones with considerably larger individval weights, or below heavy, interlocking, wave-brea- king elements (e.g. tetrapods), it is generally ne- cessary 10 conduct field experiments or to apply the results obtained from comparable structures. interlocked concrete blocks A geste ter rbbieas LI si tas Toe extension fen iter Shstetctintayer row of plesat therevetment toe Fig. 3.4: Dyke and Foreland Revetments, Flexible Toe Stabilization (KRAMER, 1981; ZITSCHER /HEERTEN/ SAATHOFF, 1991; DVWK, 1989)3.3.3 Dyke and Foreland Revetments Examples of dyke and foreland revetments are ‘shown in Fig. 3.4. In conjunction with geotexiile filters, revetments with narrow joints (e.g. concrete block revetments) are far more resistant to wave impact loads than comparable revetments with a mineral grain filter layer. The geotextile must be connected to the adjacent structural elements at the top and bottom of the revet- ment in such a way that its filter function is not impai- red If geotextile strips are laid parallel to the banks, the connecting seams must be sewn together 50 as to ensure sufficient maximum tensile strength (12 kN/m) along the seam. In order to reduce the amount of sewing work on the construction site, it is recom- mended to sew the strips together beforehand over the entire width required, or at least over half the width. The strips may also be laid with a minimum overlap of 0.5 m, whereby the lower strip should over- lap the upper strip in order to avoid soil being washed ‘out in the downward direction of the embankment slope. It may be necessary to lay the strips individu- ally if, for technical reasons, the revetment is con- structed in a steplike manner from the bottom upwards. 3.3.4 Dyke Core Encapsulations If mar is not available for covering the sand core of a dyke which is not subjected to high loads, the use of a geotextile as an erosion-resistant encapsulation material for the sand core offers a technically suitable solution. Where possible, the outer embankment slope should be 1:6 or less. Slightly loaded dykes with a sand core encapsulated by a geotextile may be protected using concrete pav- ing stones or a topsoil cover layer (Fig. 3.5). cert stab cexreepnvegstnes, Sedat eral af isin — L pete tte Fig. 3.5: Dyke Core Encapsulation {outer embankment covered with concrete Paving stones, inner embankment covered with topsoil) (DVWK, 1989) i ; 12 {f a sufficiently robust geotextile (see Section 3.3.2) is installed as a filter, horizontally and vertically inter- locking concrete paving stones may be laid on the outer embankment without the need for an additional protection layer. If the slope of the outer embankment is very gentle and wave loading is slight, a geotextile may be instal- led as a cover layer for a sand-core dyke. A layer of topsoil with a minimum thickness of 20 cm should then be applied to provide a protection layer as well as a cultivation bed far vegetation, 3.3.5 Standard Groynes/Land Reclamation Groynes In regions below mean low water level, sinker mats made of geotexiiles with attached tubular fascines are mainly used to provide a foundation for groynes. The sinker mats are prepared on a provisional slip- way, drawn into the water, towed to the installation site and sunk by the covering with rip-raps. Geotex- tiles which are frequently employed are comprised of composite materials made of wovens, with ties for attaching the tubular fascines, and mechanically bon- ded non-wovens to provide the necessary fiter effec- tiveness. The required tensile strength of the wovens depends on the magnitude of the maximum antici- pated loads, ¢.g. when the sinker mat is pulled off the slipway. As a guide, wovens made of polypropylene ribbons with a tensile strength of 200 kN/m (750 g/m?) combined with mechanically bonded non-wovens with a minimum thickness of 4.5 mm (600 g/m?) are recommended. nzye i senda RGrretelte Fig. 3.6: Example of Groyne Stabilization (HEER- TEN/ZITSCHER, 1984) Fig. 3.6 shows a groyne cross-section in the water level fluctuation zone. The rip-rap core of the groyne is deposited on a geotextile witha weight per unitarea of approx. 1100 g/m?. With a lateral overiap of 0.5 m, the flanks of the groyne are protected by a flexible scour protection mat (composite material comprised of a filter layer, sedimentation layer and ‘supporting fabric) which is fixed in position with point load elements. The body of the groyne is bonded together at the surface with erosion-resistant grout In the case of land reclamation groynes constructed by the fascine method, sedimentation mats, €.9. com- prised of a non-wovervcoconut matting combination may be used to protect the toe of the groyne. The non-woven layer serves as a filter layer, whilst the coconut matting is designed to promote stabilization of the groyne toe by sedimentation processes. Land reclamation groynes may also be constructed from the in-situ mudfiat material itself. The muctlat material core of the groyne is profiled in the form of an earth-fil dam, encapsulated with a geotextil filter, and provided with a cover layer of natural stone or vertically and horizontally interlocking concrete blocks. Care should be taken to ensure that a water- tight connection is provided between the geotextile and the sheet piling at the toe of the groyne. The width of the geotextile sheet must be sufficient to cover the entire width of the core. When selecting the geotextile, impact and abrasion loads exerted by the cover layer should be taken into consideration. 3.3.6 Sand-Filled Bags and Tubes as Structural Elements The deployment of sand-filled bags and tubes in coa- stal protection applications permits the use of locally sand fii (see detail below) encapsulation ‘base matting voids are filled with sand approx. 40m, 13 available sand for producing structural elements or entire structures. / The normal size of sandbags for the temporary repair of damaged dykes is 40 x 70 om, with a volumetric capacity of about 1 m°. The 40 x 70 cm “hand sack" is often made of ribbon fabric and should have twé sewn-on ties for attach- ment purposes. ‘Sandbags made of wovens and non-wovens with vol-; umetric capacities of approx. 20 m? have already been tested (HEERTEN/KOHLHASE/SAATHOFF JACKSONICANT, 1988) Sandbags made of mechanically bonded non-wovens exhibit higher friction coefficients between adjacent bags and are more flexible than sandbags made of wovens. For this reason, mechanically bonded non- wovens are more adaptable to installation conditions Sand¢flled tubes may be employed i ‘as groynes and parallel structures.on eroding bea ches, for stabilizing flushed-sand beach replenishment, for the quick repair of dyke ruptures, for enclosing areas of flushed-sand beach replen- ishment and as land reclamation groynes. By stacking a number of sand-fled tubes on top of each other, itis also possible to create larger struc- tures such as, e.g. groynes (Fig. 3.7).. The tubes are filed hydraulically. The flushed mate- rial should be distributed in such a way that, even for Fig. 3.7: Principle Drawing of a Multi-Layer Tubular Groyne (HEERTEN/KOHLHASE/SAATHOFFIJACKSON/ CANT, 1988)a large reclamation dredger, a partial flow is still pre- sent in the tubes to favour deposition and filling condi- tions. After filling a prepared tube, a further section may be sewn on. In this way, a tubular structure may be extended according to requirements. Until now, tubes of up to approx. 1.5 m in diameter and 150 m in length have been mainly employed. In the “Ley- bucht/East Fresia’ coastal protection scheme, for ‘example, a total length of 13 km of tubes was laid. If the tubes are filled using small-scale equipment with low volumetric flows, the insertion of an inner tube made of plastic sheeting is recommended in order to reduce water losses. If large volumetric flows are available, e.g. in the bypass line of a large recia- mation dredger, the tubes may be directly flushed and filled. When dimensioning a tube or bag, the filter criterion Os0m < dso must be adhered to. 3.3.7 Bed Protection Bed protection is necessary to withstand the loads exerted by the inflow and outflow of water through dyke floodgates or storm tide barrages, as well as in dyke closures, Fig. 3.8: Installation of the Bed Protection Layer at the Eider Tide Regulation Barrage (ZIT- SCHER/HEERTEN/SAATHOFF, 1991) By way of example, Fig. 3.8 shows the dry installation of a bed protection layer at the Eider tide regulation barrage. For a geotextile which has been filter dimensioned, is also necessary to take account of the installation loads (supplemented by in-situ tests where neces- sary). For underwater installations, it is convenient to tow a superficially stable, prefabricated sinker mat to the installation site or to unroll the geotextile mat from a 14 ship of a pontoon. When constructing the bed protec- tion layer, itis important to ensure that the filter action is fully retained along the overlaps. Fascines are atta- ched to the geotextile of the sinker mat in a crisscross manner (Fig. 3.9). Fig. 3.9: Example of a Sinker Mat with Connected Fascines HOFF, 1991) (ZITSCHER/HEERTENISAAT- 3.4 Retaining Dam Construction 3.4.1. General Remarks The possible applications of geotextiles in reservoirs and retaining dam construction, including information on installation sites, the functions of the installed geo- textiles, the types of loading and the possible conse- quences of failure, are summarized in Fig. 3.10 and Table 3.1. BT Pose Fig. 3.10: Possible Applications of Geotextles in Reservoir Dams15 Table 3.1: Possible Applications of Geotextiles in Retaining Dam Construction (DVWK, 1989) vertical drains 4 (consolidation) relief filter @£®... location designation according to the table Position in the Function of |_| Type of Throughtlow | Consequences Repair! Cross-Section the Geotextiles | andior Loading of Failure Replacement a) Exposed Protection Occasional surface Not dangerous possible embankment (surface) | of steep runoff embankments ») Exposed Fitration Ja the region of Wet areas dangerous, | possible ‘embankment seepage water slight sipping possible (covered filter) outflows and for } continuous throughtiow ¢) immersed Filtration Current ang wave Damage to revetmenis, | possible embankment. loading, water level reduction of structural erosion protection fluctuations (throughtlow | stability due to build-up with covered fiter during water level ‘of pore water pressures reduction) when water level falls rapidly; mostly ‘not dangerous | 4) In the supporting Roliet by Temporary and possibly | Dangerous; damage ‘not possible core, exposed or fitration and | continuous throughtiow | resulting from loss immersed ace; on | drainage in the dam core of structural stability the dam foundation due to gravity and due to build-up surface also for reliving of pore water pressures the subgrade when the drainage function fails, slipping possible 2) On the immersed | Separation and | Slight or temporary Mostly not critical, not possible face separation also tration | throughflow, only important ‘of zones or layers for faling water _| separating function folowing long-duration inthe dam core and levels during construction scour action also on the dam foundation surtacesPosition in the Function of —_| Type of Throughtlow | Consequences Repair! Cross-Section the Geotextiles | andior Loading of Failure Replacement 1) On the exposed Separation, Sporadical throughtiow | Possibiy critical i not possible tace- separation —_| titration ‘orpermanentioading —_| a fiter is installed of zones or layers in associated with very closed to the dam core and the dam or subgrade _| the exposed revetment, also on the dam ‘logging of drainage foundation surfaces facilities 9) Inthe dam core Long-term erosion| Continuous throughflow | Elevated pressure rot possible behind the sealing | protection, fitra- | resulting from ‘gradient in the core element, with tion and drainage, | seepage water due to clogging. areal partitioning control facility for Structural stability determining pres- threatened if fiter falls sure conditions Failure of the inthe dam core ‘control function. h) Relief wells on Fitration Different throughtiow | Possibly critical, not possible the exposed dam toe rates resulting from alteration of the pressure seepage water; fall-off in the subgrade, dependent on supporting body on the retained water level | the exposed revetment may become buoyant Geotextiles are employed in retaining and reservoir dams as, — bed and relief filters, = embankment filters, = wall filters, ~ trench filters, = vertical drains and as horizontal drains. ‘Owing to the high demands placed on the filter stabil- ity, preference is given to the use of mechanically ‘bonded non-wovens and composite materials com- prised of non-woven layers with graded pore sizes (LIST, 1964), In order to guarantee filter stability, the following con- ditions must be satisfied even in the deformed state: = mechanical filter effectiveness (see Section 2.2), — hydraulic filter effectiveness (see Section 2.2) and ~~ enable self-healing of the sealing core (in the case of crackings) For each individual case, it may be necessary to con- duct application-oriented tests (also in the deformed state). In retaining dam construction, only geotextiles with d 2 45 mm and a mass per unit area of at least 500 gim? should be empioyed for the function “fitra- tion”. If a geotextile is intended to fulfill the function “separ- ation" between two soil layers of different grain com- position, specific requirements concerning the strength and deformation properties must be defined for the geotextile according to the anticipated mechanical loads ‘Owing to their load-distributing action, geotextiles can prevent or reduce cracking formation and differential settlement. As a cover layer installed on the dam foundation surface, they are able to reduce the shear loads on the dam subgrade and indirectly accelerate the consolidation process. In this way, a geotextile separation layer may indirectly raise the load-bearing capacity. fa geotextile is also employed to drain off seepage, banked-up or stratum water or for relieving the sub- grade, composite materials are generally used with a Coarse non-woven or coarse convoluting fibre drain- age layer sandwiched between two non-woven filter layers. 3.4.2 Bed and Relief Filters A bed filter is a filter installed on a fine-grained dam foundation surface and serves to drain off pore water from the subgrade. Bed filters may be installed either on the immersed side or the exposed side of a dam. A bed filter on the immersed side acts to accelerate consolidation pro-cesses, whereas a bed filter on the exposed side ser- ves as a relief filter. In order to guarantee the effectiveness of a reliet filter 01 the exposed side, an additional drainage system may be necessary. In order to improve structural stability, the bed filter may be reinforced. In addition to geogrids, geotextiles may also be employed for this purpose. 3.4.3 Filters on immersed Embankments ‘An embankment filter serves to guarantee the struc- tural stability of an embankment with throughflow. Depending on the anticipated loading, this may be protected by a cover layer. 3.4.4 Wall Filters and Vertical Drains ‘A wall filter serves to relieve the water pressure behind a sealing wall. The efficiency of a wall fiter should be guaranteed by selecting a suitable com- posite material. By incorporating the wall filter into the control pas- sage and installing suitable measuring equipment, it may also serve as a means of monitoring seepage water conditions. 3.4.5 Trench Filters Atrench filter may be installed for the relief and drain- age of pressurized groundwater. Trench filters may also be used to reduce tne groundwater level. An ‘example is shown, inter alia, in Fig. 3.10. The encapsulating non-woven iayer obviates the need for graded filter material. It also prevents the displacement of grains due to high water inflow. The packing of coarse crushed stone provides an addi- tional flow cross-section when the drainage pipe is ful. 3.4.6 Encapsulation Filters for Drainage Trenches A drainage trench with an encapsulation filter may be installed on the exposed side of an embankment as a spring water chamber. AS a precautionary measure, ‘encapsulation filters may also be installed as a sup- plementary overflow for a sealing trough in the event that the installed overflow pipes are overburdened due to damage. The encapsulation fiter should be filled with gravel with a steep grain-size distribution curve. 17 3.5 Small-Scale Hydraulic Engineering In small-scale hydraulic engineering, geotextiles may be employed as , = filters for stabilizing the embankments and beds of | watercourses, basins, ponds and lakes, = protection layers in combination with plastic sheets for groundwater protection, e.g. for sealing rainwater retention basins, fire extinguishing ponds or liquid manure basins, as well as = erosion protection layers for embankments on which vegetation is to be planted. In such applications, the fiter loads are primarily | hydrostatic (see Section 2.2). If hydrodynamic loading ' is anticipated, the requirements outlined in Section 3.2 must be observed. Although ecologically-compatible methods of con- struction in watercourses basically demand the use of natural building materials, the use of plastics may be advisable or even unavoidable for technical reasons, depending on the boundary conditions in any particu- lar case. In such circumstances, the demands placed ‘on geotextiles and their installation must be very carefully matched to the boundary conditions pertain- ing to the waters concerned, with due consideration of ecological aspects. In relation to watercourses, the reader is referred to (DVWK, 1984). Gootextiles must be capable of being penetrated by the stems and roots of woody plants, water plants and grasses in order to offer the best environmental | conditions possible for the flora and fauna along and within the water (Fig 3.11). In order to guarantee the unhindered growth of roots, preference should be given to geotextiles with a resilient fibre structure. Larger opening sizes Oy, than those determined from the filter rules (see Section 2.2) may be neces- sary. Root growth can effectively enhance the fiter function of a geotextile. Fig. 3.11: Revetment with Vegetation Growing through a GeotextileIn the immersed region of an excavated profile, the jong-term durabilty of the installed product must gen- erally be matched to the service life of the structure as sufficient soil stabilization is only seldom achieved due to root growth below the water surface. In ecologically-compatible water constructions, rot table geotextiles made of natural fibres (e.9. coconut, jute, flax) may also play an important vale. Before for- tification due to plant growth is sufficiently active, itis often necessary -particularly in the case of disturbed soil- to install an embankment stabilization layer, which, depending on the type of structure, no longer hinders growth after about 5 years and permits the desired natural development of the banks. 4 Advice on Contract Awards and Delivery 4.1 General Remarks The performance description according to §9 VOBYA generally includes: a title page, description of con- ‘struction work, bill of quantities, documents for bidder entries, miscellaneous documents (plans, sample drawings, grain-size distribution curves, professional assessment ot foundation soil, etc.). Additional tech- nical provisions of the contract should always be made elements of the contract. The minimum require- ments applicable to the construction works as well as the applicable testing procedures* must be stated in the description of the construction work or in the bill of quantities. The minimum requirements should be based on the loads exerted on the geotextile in the installed state and during subsequent service. 4.2 Selection, Testing, Quality Assurance 4.2.1 General Comments on Selection For the applications mentioned in Section 3, a whole range of different products are available. The selec- tion of a suitable product always demands a formula- tion of the requirements specific to the application {see Fig. 2.1). A number of general points in this res- pect are outlined in the following Preference should always be given to wovens if high tensile strength is required. Under static loading, they are also suitable as filters for use on soils with a non- 18 Uniform grain-size distribution because a stable sec- ondary filter is able to develop in the soil in such cases. This boundary condition does not usually apply in the case of hydredynamically loaded filters. Preference should always be given to non-wovens it high extensibiity is required. In contrast to wovens, the strength of non-wovens is independent af direc- tion owing to the arbitrary orientation of the fibres, al- though a certain degree of anisotropy may be present in the case of some manufacturing methods. Due to the arbitrary orientation of the fibres, local damage to non-wovens does not result in failure of an entire sheet, as in the case of wovens. To a limited degree, particularly for a non-woven which is only mechani- cally bonded, the fibres can withstand the forces occurring around a rupture point as they are able to adapt well to an uneven base layer by virtue of their high extensibility. Mechanically bonded non-wovens are more extensible than those with adhesive or cohesive bonding. Non-wovens are mainly employed as separation and fiter layers. In the case of composite materials, the advantageous properties of individual geotextiles may be combined, i.e. they may be suitably applied if an improvement of ‘oné or more properties is achieved or when the prop- erties of different products are required. By purpo- sively grading the fibre structure, high performance filter and drainage layers may be created which are often more effective than conventional granular fitters. Composite materials are primarily employed to per- form the following tasks: — reduction of the extensibility of non-wovens with a simultaneous increase in tensile strength through ‘a combination with wovens or knited fabrics. = creation of multi-layered nori-woven filters with graded pore volumes between layers to improve the filter effectiveness for soils with a high silt frac- tion exposed to high turbulent flow loading (MUHRING, 1989). ~ prevention of downward soil migration on embank- ments and improvement of shear behaviour through additional layers in the form of coarse convoluting fibre or monofilament fabrics as well as coarse fibre non-wovens. — improvement of drainage characteristics 4.2.2 Remarks on Testing Procedures Standard tests refer to tests which adhere to certain norms. ~The applicable testing procedures for waterways engineering are given in the ZTV-W (1980),19 Standard tests may be subdivided into tests of the fol- lowing properties: general physical parameters (mass per unit area, thickness) filter characteristics (effective opening size, water permeability, fiter effectiveness) and mechanical parameters (maximum tensile strength and elongation at max- imum tensile strength, static puncture strength and deformation, behaviour under dynamic loads, abrasion resistance, shear and pull-out behaviour, behaviour under long-term loading, weather and ‘temperature resistance). Furthermore, a distinction must be made between suitability tests, internal and external monitoring, and control tests. Suitability tests are tests for certifying the general suitability of geotextlles for the proposed applica- tion according to the requirements of the construc- tion contract. The bidder must provide the client , with a certification of the suitability of the proposed | geotextile prior to awarding the contract. Certitica- Table 4.1: Compilation of Recommended Testing Procedures Suitable for: ! Property Tested Test Suitability | Internal/External | Control Specifications} Test Monitoring Test Mass per unit area DIN 53854" x Thickness. DIN 53855* x Etfective opening size FI x x Turbulence method BAWIF\ &) &) Throughflow method BAW/FI Permeability perpendicular to the plane 5 of the geotextile FI x x x Permeability in the plane of the geotextile “Ft &) 3) Maximum tensile strength and elongation DIN 53857* () 2 (2) Static puncture strength and deformation (CBR) DIN 54307 ” @ @ | Impact resistance BAW x Abrasion resistance BAW/FI &) ‘Shear behaviour Fl ) Weather resistance BAM 6) ‘Temperature resistance BAWFI (x) i BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin. BAW Waterway Engineering and Research institute, Karlsruhe. BAWIFI ‘Test according to BAW, but permeability test according to Fl. Fl Franzius-Institut for Hydraulic Research and Coastal Engineering, University of Hannover. ‘Test in compliance with. re) selectable, depends on structural task. @ selectable, but at least one testtion of the properties specified in the request for tenders must be submitted in: the form of test reports (standard tests, system investigations) prepared by a testing institute recognized by the client Internal monitoring tests are tests performed by the contractor or someone commissioned by him (or the manufacturer) in order to determine whether the quality of the geotextile corresponds with the requirements specified in the contract. External monitoring tests are tests performed by a recognized, independent, official testing institute within the framework of an external monitoring ‘contract, in order to check whether the quality of the geotextile complies with the quality specified in the contract (DIN 18200). Control tests are tests performed by the client in order to determine whether the quality of the geotextile corresponds with the contractual requirements. The results of these tests form the basis for the acceptance and invoicing of the material. ‘Owing to the diversity of the tests, itis recommended ‘hat the scope of each test should be specified in the construction contract. Table 4.1 lists the recommendations for the relevant sultability tests, internal and external monitoring tests as well as control tests. The testing equipment indi ‘cated is available in a number of institutions. The rec- ommended tests are unable to cover every applica- tion case, however, and should therefore be viewed as a guideline only. Detailed information on the individual testing proce- ‘dures is given by SAATHOFF (1989 and 1991). In the event that the testing procedures have been further developed, the new regulations should be checked in each case. Effective opening size The effective opening size is a parameter for assess- ing the mechanical fiter effectiveness of a geotextile. Oso i8 a measure of the pore size of a geotextile and serves as an input value for filter dimensioning (see Section 2.2.2). Turbulence method The turbulent flow over the cell containing the sam- ple, and the pressure fluctuations thereby induced, correspond to the loads on a geotexiile filter as may ‘occur on an embankment revetment due to the pas- ‘sage of a ship. The turbulence method is a test which simulates the critical loading case for a flow parallel to the plane of the geotextile. Parallelism between the “load vector" and the plane of the geotextile is gener- ally more critical than a throughflow normal to the plane of the filter. 20 Based upon past experience, the limiting values defi- ned in this testing procedure for the mechanical filter effectiveness under alternating hydrodynamic throughflow have proved to be applicable in practice. Permeability coefficients The water permeability coefficients k, (normal to the geotextile plane) and kj (in the geotextile plane) describe the load-dependent, hydraulic characteris- tics of a geotextile. The load-dependent kyik}, value may be determined as a function of the normal stress or, preferentially, as ‘a function of the thickness. The ky test with radial throughflow is unsuitable for different products in and normal to the production direction; only geotextiles with a homogeneous struc- ture should be tested radially. Otherwise, axial tests must be carried out. ‘Maximum tensile strength and elongation at maxi- mum tensile strength The maximum tensile strengths and elongations at maximum tensile strength determined according to DIN 53 857 permit a comparison to be made between the strength and extensibility properties of different products. These values are generally unsuitable for the purposive dimensioning of geotextiles, however, as the physical laws governing the load-bearing behaviour of the composite system geotextile/soil are Not accounted for in this testing procedure. ‘Static puncture strength and deformation (CBR) ‘The static puncture strength test simulates the typical loading on a geotextile employed as a separating layer between coarse fill material and a soft sub- grade. Depending on the type of fill material and the subgrade, minimum values of the static puncture strength are specified in road construction applica- tions (roaé construction on a subgrade with a low load-bearing capacity) and geotextiies are classified according to a loading category (FGSV,1987) The static puncture strength test may also be applied for assessing the flexibility of geotextiles (the adap- tion of geotextiles to an uneven subgrade with as little stress as possible) (SAATHOFF, 1991). Impact resistance An examination of the impact resistance according BAW is mainly required when fill materia! is deposited with fractions greater than 20 mm (round material) or 11 mm (broken material). High extensibility increases the robusiness against impact loads for the same mass per unit area. Abrasion resistance The abrasion resistance test enables an assessment to be made of the strength of geotextiles in relation to abrasive loads (e.g. revetments exposed to waveaction or turbulent flows, bed protection measures Using cover layers comprised of loose rip-rap or pla- ced stone, as well as in railway constructions). ‘Shear behaviour Suticiently high shear coefficients between the geo- textile and the soil or other contact surfaces are ot decisive importance for the stability of a structure. Environmental compatibility The environmental compatibility and durability of geo- textiles made of polyacryl, polyamide, polyester, poly- ethylene and polypropylene fibres are prespecified according to RPG (1984) and are therefore not techecked. In the case of other synthetic fibre raw materials (and possibly for furnishing components), the environmental compatibilty/durability must be certified by tests conducted by an officially recog- nized testing institute 4.3 Advice on Contract Tenders The requirements pertaining to geotextiles must be defined in relation to a specific project and the tests necessary to certify the requirements must finally be included in the contract documents. The intended use, installation, scope of tests, terms of delivery and invoicing procedures pertaining to the materials must be described in detail for the proposed application. The structural layout of the construction must be sta- ted in the description of the construction work. Where necessary, connections to structures must be indi- cated in the form of drawings. Special local features Such as, @.g. possible high water influences, access to the construction site in connection with the installa- tion of the geotextile, etc. must also be documented. The following standard text’ is recommended in the bill of quantities: "... m? of geotextile filter to be laid on a prepared subgrade. Earthworks will be invoiced separately.” The following additional information should be given: = intended purpose, e.g. for embankment stabiliza- tion, bed protection, groyne construction, drainage facilities, — embankment inclination, inclination of the installa- tion surface, — installation conditions, e.g. in a dry excavation, in a region of fluctuating water levels, depth under water, 21 = where relevant, type of geotextle, e.g. non-woven, woven, composite material, — demands placed on the geotextile and = soil parameters. In the Additional Technical Contract Provisions, all questions are deait with concerning the installation of materials and the monitoring of the construction work included in the performance description, such as €.9. — storage of materials, ~ installation conditions, e.g. minimum thickness of | cover layer necessary for vehicles to be safely dri- ven over the installed material, — protection against UV radiation on the construction site, — configuration of seams produced on site, overlaps. and = scope of quality control ‘On completion of the construction work, the contrac- tor must submit inventory documents to the client indicating the final layout of the construction and the building materials used. 4.4 Terms of Delivery The terms of delivery must regulate ail questions relating to the supply of materials, such as e.g. the’ necessary certifications of the suitability of the geo- textile offered, delivery controls, etc. With regard to the latter, the reader is referred to the TLG (1987) and the FGSV (1987) ‘A detailed description of the geotextile must accom- pany the offer. Depending on the application in ques- tion, the following information should be included in: this product description: = manufacturer and product identitication, — type of geotextile (e.g. non-woven, woven, com- posite material), — information concerning the product to be used: = fibre raw materials and their constituent pro- portions (in %), = fibre melting — type of fibre, — type of binder, melting point range, = type of bonding and possibly type of furni- shing in the case of non-wovens, ranges, * fu the area esconiity ofthe Wateways and Sipping Administration he Standard Peformance Caauque fo Hycraul Engneeing (STLK), Operations Section 210 “Embankment Stabization and Ged Protection”, should be referred to as far asi possi— type of bonding and possibly type of furni- shing in the case of wovens, — type of connection between individual layers in the case of composite materials. — Physical parameters which are generally required: — mass per unit area (g/m?), — thickness (mm), — effective opening size (mm), ~ water permeability coefficients perpendicular to the plane of the geotextile (m/s), — maximum tensile strength (KN/m), — elongation at maximum tensile strength (%5), ~ static puncture strength (N) and = deformation (2%) and — weather resistance (residual strength in %). = Physical parameters which may be required, depending on the application: = water permeability coeffi the geotextile (m's), — shear coefficients geotextile/soil and — shear coefficients geotextile/geotextile. Each delivery must be accompanied by a delivery note. In addition to specific information conceming the delivery such as, e.g. delivered quantities and roll dimensions, the following information must also be included: Manufacturer: Type designation: The delivery notes form an integral part of the invoice. Each roll bears at least one printed label stating the following ‘Type designation: Mass per unit area: Roll number: Type of geotextile: Geotextile raw material: Type of bonding in the case of non-wovens and ‘composite materials: ‘Type of bonding in the case of wovens: Raw material used for the furnishing: All materials delivered for installation must be uni- quely and unmistakably identified, The identification must be printed repeatedly on the geotextile for each geotextile roll. ients in the plane of 22 Example: UNIVERSA 800° ‘The identification should be clearly legible, waterproof and repeated at least every 1.5 m. Geotextiles which are not unmistakably identifiable or marked must not be released for installation. 4.5 Invoicing and Warranty The invoicing subunit must always be defined in the bill of quantities. Special features are specified in the Additional Technical Contract Provisions or must be ‘specified in the description of construction work. The warranty is specified in compliance with the \VOB/B. In each individual case, the warranty must be defined according to the intended purpose. In compli- ance with the pertinent regulations, it must normally correspond to the warranty pertaining to the asso- ciated main task area of the construction measures. * ficitious product name.5 Index of Reference Material 5.1 Standards DIN 4022: Baugrund und Wasser: Benennen und Beschrelben von Boden und Fels. Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin, September 1987 DIN 18 196: Erd- und Grundbau: Boderklassifikation fir bautechnische Zwecke. Beuth Verlag ‘GmbH Berlin, Oktober 1988 DIN 18200: Uberwachung (Gitetiberwachung) von Baustotfen, Bauteilen und Bauarten. Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin, Dezember 1986 DIN 60000: Textilien: Grundbegritte. Beuth Verlag ‘GmbH Berlin, Januar 1969 DIN 61210: Viiese, vertestigte Viese (Filze, Viies- stofte, Watten) urd Viiesverbundstoffe aut Basis textiler Fasern: Technologische Einteilung. Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin, Januar 1982 DIN 61301: Geotextilien: Begriffe und anzuwen- dende Prifungen. Entwurt 1989 5.2. Miscellaneous Guidelines and Recommendations DGEG, 1990:,Emptehlungen des Arbeitskreises 411: Geotechnik der Deponien und Alt- lasten*, Deutsche Gesellschaft fir Erd- und Grundbau e.V., Ernst & ‘Sohn Verlag, Berlin DVWK, 1984: Okologische Aspekte bei Ausbau und Unterhaltung von FlieBgewas- sern*. DVWK-Merkblatter zur Was- serwirtschaft Heft 204, Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg/Berlin DVWK, 1989: Anwendung und Pritung von Kunst- stoften im Erdbau und Wasserbau". DVWi-Schriften Heft 76, Verlag Paul Parey, Hamiburg/Berlin, 2. Autiage 1987: ,Merkblatt fur die Anwendung von Geotextilien im Erdbau", Forschungs- gesellschaft fir StraBen- und Ver- kehrswesen, Kéln MAG, — 1987: ,Merkblatt Anwendung von geotex- tilen Filtern an WasserstraBen*. Bun- desanstalt fir Wasserbau, Karlsruhe RPG, 1984: ,Richilinien fdr die Prifung von geo- textilen Filtern. im Verkehrswasser- bau." Bundesanstalt fiir Wasserbau, Karisrune TLG, 1987: ,Technische _Lieferbedingungen tur geotextile Fitter’. Bundesministerium fOr Verkehr, Bonn FGSV, ZTVEW, 1990: ,Zusatzliche Technische Vertragsbe- dingungen — Wasserbau - fur Béschungs- und Sohlensicherungen, Leistungsbereich 210°. Bundesmini- sterium ffir Verkehr, Bonn 5.3 Articles and Books BATEREAU, C.: Beitrag zur gewiinschten Kolmation an Geotextiien. 1. KongreB Kunststotie in der Geotechnik KGEO -Hamburg 1988-, Deutsche! Gesellschatt fir Erd- und Grundbau e. V. (Hrsg.), Essen, 1988 De GRAAUW, A; van der MEULEN, T u. van der DOES de BYE, M.: Design for Granular Fitters. Waterloopkundig Laboratorium,. Delft Hydraulics, Laboratory, Publication No. 287, 1983 DAVIDENKOFF, R.: Unterlaufigkeit von Stauwerken. Werner-Verlag, Diisseldorf, 1970 HEERTEN, G. : Geotextilien im Wasserbau — Prifung, Anwendung, Bewahrung -. Mitteilungen des, FRANZIUS-INSTITUTS fiir Wasserbau und’ Kasteningeniourwesen der Universitat Hannover, Heft 52, 1981 HEERTEN, G.: Dimensioning the Filter Properties of Geotextiles Considering Long-Term Conditions. Proc. of the 2nd International Conterence on) Geotextiles, Las Vegas 1982 HEERTEN, G. u. ZITSCHER, F.-F.: 25 Jahre Gootex- tilien im Kiistenschutz, ein Erfahrungsbericht. 1 Nationales Symposium Geotextilien im Erd- und Grundbau, Forschungsgeselischatt fir StraBen- und Verkehrswesen (Hrsg.), Kéin 1984 HEERTEN, G.; KOHLHASE, S.; SAATHOFF, F; JACKSON, L.A. a. CANT, S.A.: Geotextiles in Coast Protection, 21st Intemational Conference on Coastal Engineering Torremolinos, Abstracts Book 1988 KNIESS, H.G. u. LIST, H.J.: Langzeitbestandigkeit geotextiler Filter, Untersuchung von geotextilen Filtern aus Uferdeckwerken der Bundeswasser- siraBen. Bericht der BUNDESANSTALT FUR. WASSERBAU, Karlsruhe 1982, unveréffenticht KRAMER, J. (Hrsg.): Empfehlungen fir die Aus: fahrung von Kustenschutzwerken (EAK 1981). Die Kiste, Heft 36, 1981 LIST, F: Technische Gesichtspunkte fur die An- wendung von Geotextilien im Staudammbau. 1, Nationales Symposium Geotextilien im Erd- und Grundbau, Forschungsgeselischaft fir ‘StraBen- und Verkehrswesen (Hrsg.), Kdin 1984MUHRING, W.: Uber die Anwendung porenmabi abgestutter Viiesstoffe beim Ausbau von kinstli- chen Wasserstrafen. Mitteilungen des FRAN- ZIUS-INSTITUTS fiir Wasserbau und Kiistenin- genieurwesen der Universitat Hannover, Heft 69, 1989 MUHRING, W. u. SAATHOFF, F.: Priifung der Filter- eigenschatten von Verbundstoffen. Il Interna tionaler Geotextil-Kongre8, Osterreichischer Ingenieur- und Architektenverein (Hrsg.), Wien 1986 ROLLIN, A. Les mécanismes de colmatage des géo- textiles non-tissés: Analyse de Structures col- matées. Geotex. Schweizer Verband der Geotex- tilfachleute, Heft 3, 1983 SAATHOFF, F.: Marktformen und Grundsatzliches zur Wirkungsweise von Geotexiilien. Mitellungen des FRANZIUS-INSTITUTS flr Wasserbau und Kisteningenieurwesen der Universitat Hannover, Heft 64, 1987a SAATHOFF, F.: Untersuchungen zum Langzeit-Filter- verhalten von Geotextilien. Mitteilungen des FRANZIUS-INSTITUTS fur Wasserbau und Kisteningenieurwesen der Universitat Hannover, Heft 65, 19875 SAATHOFF, F:: Prifungen an Geotextilien. Mittei- lungsblatt 66 der BUNDESANSTALT FUR WAS- ‘SERBAU, 1989 SAATHOFF, F.: Geokunstsiotie_in Dichtungssyste- men. Mitteilungen des FRANZIUS-INSTITUTS fir Wasserbau und Kisteningenieurwesen der Uni- versitat Hannover, Heft 72, 1991 TEINDL, H.: Filterkriterien von Geotextilien. BUN- DESMINISTERIUM FUR BAUTEN UND TECH- NIK, StraBenforschung, Hett 153, Wien 1980, WILMERS, W.: Anforderungen an Geotextiien aus der Sicht des StraBenbaues. 23. Internationale Chemiefasertagung ,Geotextilien in der Geotech- nik ~ Herstellung, Prifung und Einsatz —", Oster- reichisches Chemiefaser-Institut (Hrsg.), Dornbirn 1984 WITTMANN, L.: Filtations- und Transportpha- nomene in potésen Medien. Verdtfentlichungen INSTITUT FUR BODENMECHANIK UND FELS- MECHANIK der Universitat Fridericiana, Heft 86, Karlsruhe 1980 WITTMANN, L. u. HEERTEN, G.: Vergleichende Betrachtung zum Filterverhalten mineralischer und texiler Filter. 1. Nationales Symposium Geo- textilien im Erd- und Grundbau, Forschungsge- sellschaft fUr StraBen- und Verkehrswesen (Hrsg.), KdIn 1984 ZITSCHER, F-F.; HEERTEN, G. u. SAATHOFF, F. Verfahren mit Geotextilien und Dichtungsbahnen. Grundbau-Taschenbuch, 4. Autlage, Tell 2, Veriag Emst & Sohn, Berlin 1991 2425 ENCLOSURE 1 Example of Filter Dimensioning Soil o be filtered: Loess clay (k = 1 - 10° mvs}, hydrostatic loading on the proposed filter dio = 0.002 mm, dsp = 0.021 mm, dgq = 0.032 mm, dag = 0.12 mm (Fig. A1) 4, (%) 100 40 20 0,002 0.008 0.020.088 2 6 2 a0 Mesh size (mm) Fig. A1; Governing Grain-Size Distribution According to Table 2.1, it is deduced that the governing grain-size distribution curve selected heré must be allo- cated to the grain-size region A. Fig. A2 shows a simplified flow diagram for dimensioning a geotextile fier. Given that the grain-size region A applies and on the basis of the selected hydrostatic loading on the filter, dimensioning of the filter rests on the decision as to whether or not the soil in question has a high single-grain mobi Examination according to the criteria for soils with high single-grain mobility (see Table 2.1): 4st criterion Cy,ess cay = 16> 15 criterion not satisfied 2nd criterion 0.002 mm k k PERMEABILITY OF | REDUCTION THE SOIL ky PERMEABILITY OF FACTOR THE GEOTEXTILE ‘SUITABLE PRODUCT Fig. A2: Simplified Flow Diagram for Filter Dimensioning (SAATHOFF, 1987b)27 According to its clay:silt ratio, the “loess clay” is a filtering soil with high single-grain mobility. If a plasticity index lp < 0.15 is confirmed by laboratory tests, however, this indicates that the “loess clay“ in question does not repre- sent a soil with high single-grain mobility. As the decision could only be reached by way of a guide owing to the unknown plasticity index, the following two | cases should be examined in more detail The filter rules for grain-size region A under hydrostatic loading are: Assuming that the soil has high single-grain mobility soy < 10° de = 0.21 mm Ocoy < dap = 0.12 mm governing condition: Oso ypemissow = 0-12 mm cow Selected = 0.8 t0 1.0 - Osoygamissiia Qi ysoected = 0.10 10 0.12 mm Additional consideration for |p > 0.15: Ita plasticity index |p > 0.15 is confirmed by laboratory tests, this indicates that the “loess clay” in question does not represent a soil with high single-grain mobili. The following fiter rules apply, provided the soll fully retains its cohesive properties: t sou < 10° Gag = 0.21 mm permissible for soils with long-term, stable cohesion: Qsow <2 * do =0.24mm 5 governing condition: Osorpermissise = 0.21 mm Qs0,n,s0locted = 0-8 10 1.0 * Oso,wpermissibie 7 Oso.weelectes = 0.17 t0 0.21 mm ‘Comment: For the case in question, the plasticity index should definitely be determined in the labora- tory in order to select the appropriate open filter dimensioning, under consideration of the hydraulic efficiency. In order to proceed with this example, it is assumed that a plasticity index Ip < 0.15 was determined in the labora- toy The “Joess clay" in question thus represents a soil with high single-grain mobility, and the following therefore applies: Osomseeces = 9.10 t0 0.12 mm The preferential choice of a suitable product (see Fig. A2) yields: Product: UNIVERSA 800° with the following characteristics: effective opening size: Oso = 0.10 mm thickness rd = 6.0mm raw fibre density 4 = 1,38 gicm* proportion of pores n= 0.90 ky for = 2 kPa tky2 = 36-10% ms ‘Comment: Independent of the anticipated normal stress exerted on the geotextile in practice, filter dimen- sioning is based upon the thickness and the ky Value for a normal stress of 2 kPa. *fittious product name.28 Minimum thickness Reference value d > (25 to 50) - Osowssectes 50-0.1 mm =5.0 mm governing condition: dq = 50 mm desing = 6 MM > dnp = 5.0mm satisfied The governing determination diagram is Fig. 2.3: Porosity: nd = Oso = 0.9 6° 0.1 = 0.54 mm? = 5.4- 107 m? Input value: ky? /1n d+ Ogow (3.6 10°) 5.4107 =2.4- 10! 1/s® Fig. 2.7 yields ny = 6» 10? = 0.06 Confirmation of an almost head-loss-free drain-off: 9 “ky > k: 0.06-3.6°10%=2.2:10>110%ms ~~ satisfied UNIVERSA 800 is a suitable product, provided structurally-related requirements (e.g. minimum mass per unit area, impact resistance, etc.) are also met (see Fig. A2). If itis intended to install the geotextile considered in the example on an embarkment, the remarks noted in Sec- tion 2.2.4 should be observed. In accordance with Table 2.3, the product UNIVERSA 800 must also be accompa- nied by a § to 15 mm thick stabilization layer with an effective opening size of 0.3 to 1.5 mm.ENCLOSURE 2 Example of the Dimensioning of Drainage Efficiency A drainage facility, as depicted in Fig. A3, was designed using sand with a permeability coetficient k = 104 mvs. The normal stress to be considered above the drain is 20 kPa. Sufficient transmissivity is achieved by installing a sand layer with a thickness dg 2 0.3 m, buududaderiiea Fig. A3: Geometry of the Drainage System Transmissivity of the sand layer: 85 =k “ds 5 = 104: 0.3 =3- 10% mis. In dimensioning the drain, account was taken of the fact that an effective hydraulic gradient of i= ahs (U2) must be capable of draining off the anticipated quantity of drainage water (see Fig. A3) without the drain becoming banked up (hma = 0.3 m). In considering an alternative geotextile drainage layer (composite material), the following requirements must therefore be met: ‘Transmissivity of the geotextile drainage layer: @ = ky." d (see Section 2.3) Srequires 3° 10-5 mé/s and Limitation imposed on the hydraulic gradient: Himax.gootentie $B For the composite material UNIVERSA-DRAN 20° (coarse convoluting fibre layer as a drainage core, combined with mechanically bonded non-wovens as filter layers), the following test data are available from tests to deter- mine the water permeability in the plane of the geotextile (see Section 4.2): Transmissivity at 20 kPa: @ = 9- 10% m/s Thickness at 20 kPa: d=1.50cm * ftious product name.30 9+ 10% ms > 3-108 m/s. satisfied The transmissivity of the geotextile composite material is hence greater than the transmissivity of the sand layer. A possible limitation imposed by the necessary hydraulic gradient on the thickness of the drainage layer must be checked for the geotextile drainage layer: Faxgeonense Sd The following condition holds for a discharge Q, in the drain: Qn geotextie = As,zand erin Geotextile drain: Qpgcotertio = Qgeorxtle ” lgeotextte ‘Sand drain; Qa,sana ean = Bsandarain * Isandarain igctento = Scand dan *igand ein with the maximum hydraulic gradient imax = Nmax / (L/2) in each case, banking-up in the geotextile drain is determined from: Gooctextic “ Amax.gocrextic / (L/2) = Scand drain * Mmaxsand arain / (L/2) Nimar geoterite = Bean drain “ Nmaxsand drain ! gcotertie where Hmmaxgeotentie = 3‘ 10°-0.3/ (910%) =1- 10% m= 0.1 om ‘Consequently, the maximum banking-up to be expected in the geotextile drain Rmacgeorexie IS significantly less than the thickness of the geotextile drain: Hmacgeoiowe d= 0.1 om < 1.5.¢m satisfied As an alternative drainage layer, the geotextile composite material UNIVERSA-DRAN 20 thus meets the require- ments specified in the foregoing. The filter layers must be matched to the surrounding soil and the filter properties must be dimensioned according to Section 2.2, or as illustrated by the "Example of Filter Dimensioning" given in Enclosure 1The purposive use of synthetic materials in the form of geotextiles in hydraulic engineering design and construction not only demands a basic knowledge of earthworks and hydraulic engineering, soil mechanics and hydrodynamics, but also presupposes that the user is fully acquainted with the material and product-related properties of the synthetic materials employed. The application of geotextiles in hydraulic engineering has developed rapidly in recent years and many new innovations have been introduced. For this reason, the present Guideline not only serves as a supplement to the recommendations on the “Application and Testing of Synthetic Materials in Earthworks and Hydraulic Engineering" (DVWK publications series, booklet 76) first published in 1986, but also provides the user with up-to-date information on the theory and practical application of geotextiles. The Guideline gives recommendations for the dimensioning of geotextiles according to the required function, e.g. for the drainage, filtering, separation, protection, reinforcement and encapsulation of soils. For a wide range of applications in waterways engineering, coastal protection, retaining dam construction and small-scale hydraulic engineering, the Guideline offers assistance in the selection of suitable products and provides examples of well-proven methods of solution. With regard to contract tenders, a number of important aspects such as terms of delivery, invoicing procedures and warranty conditions are discussed on the basis of practical experience. The Guide- line thereby serves as valuable source of information on the use of geotextiles in hydraulic engi- neering for decision-makers at the national and regional level as well as for engineering associa- tions, consultants and construction companies. ISBN 3-922671-41-1