mo ae GS.TS TRAN NGOC CHAN © NHIEM KHONG KHi . VA XU LY KHi THAI TAP 3 LY THUYET TINH TOAN VA CONG NGHE XU LY KHf DOC HAT if Pipi at NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC VA KY THUAT HA NOM - 20011007 - 10N YH LYNHL 1 YA 90H VOHN Nys LyX YHN IVH 00G JHX 41 NX GHON DNQO VA NYOL HNJL L3ANHL 47 © dvi IWHL JH A1 NX \ WA JH NOH INZIHN O NYHO ODN NYU SI'SLOL NOI DAU Tip theo céc tp 1 va 2 cia 66 séch "O nhiém khong khi va xit ly khi thai da ra mat ban doc trong thai gian vita qua, top 3 vdi chit de "Ly thuyét tink todn va cong nghe xit ly khi doc hai’ gdm nam chuong tiz chuong 12 dén chuong 16, chuing t0i 98 gidi thieu vdi ban doc nhiang noi dung chink sau day; Chuang 12 trink bay ede vdn d? tinh todn va s6 ligu thing ké ue lugng phat thai ede logi khi doe hai trong cong nghiép cuing nhu phuong phdp do dac ndng do mdt 86 chdit 6 nhiém phé bin trong khong khi. Ly thuyét v8 cde qué trinh xt ly khi déc hai bang hdp thu, hdp phu va thitu dot duoc gidi thitu d chuong 13, dac biet qué trinh hép thu dugc danh nhidu su chii 9 hon vi dé 1s phuong phép xi ly khi ddc hai duoc dp dung phd bién nhé? trong thie té sdn xudt, Cée chuong con igi cia tap séch trink bay cong nghé xit ly cdc logi khi déc hai thuong gdp trong cong nghitp nhu khi SO,, HS, NO,, Fy Cl, .. ma trong tam la zit ly hi SO, - mot logi khi déc hai udi luong phét thai lon nhdt trong nhidu ngdnh cong nghitp, nhdt la cong nghitp nang long va luytn kim. Ngoai ra céc chét khi Bey 6 nhiém miti cing duge d2 cop dén trong chuong cusi cia tp séch. Séch ding lam tai litu gidng day cao hoc chuyén ngunh "Ky thuat moi truang Rhi* cika Truong doi hoc Xay dung Ha Noi. Sach con c6 thé diung lam tai ligu tham khéo cho cén'b¢ gidng day, nghién citu sink, nghién citu vitn, RY thudt vien, RY sit, cén 66 ky thugt cla cde vien nghien eitu, vin thidt ké, trung thm khoa hoc va cong nghé, ede truong dai hoc vd cao dang, cde 80 khoa hoe cong nghe va moi trusng ¢6 quan tam dén link vc xt ly khi doc hai trong'khi thai cong nghiep. The gid xin chan thanh cdm on su quan tém theo doi vs mong nhén duge nhitu ¥ hin dong gop cia dong nghiep va ban doc. Ha NOi, ngay 26 théng 1 nam 2001 ‘Tic giaMUC LUC Lai ndi dau Chuong 12. Xée dinh lugng khi doc hai toa ra tit cdc qué trinh cong nghé khée nhau va phuong phép do ndng dd mot 66 logi khi doc hai phé bién 12.1, Céc chat doc hai thai ra tit qua trinh chay cia nhién ligu 12.2. Tinh toan lugng khi doc hei thai ra trong qué trinh dot chay nhién liu 12.2.1. Déi voi nhien ligu rdn va ling 12.2.2. DOi vol nhién ligu keh{ (Ichi d6t) 12.2.3. Lugng phét thai kh{ NO, trong qué trinh chay 12.3. Xéc dinh wong hoi, khi dc hai rd ri tit cdc thiét bi cong nghé 12.4. Mot 36 36 ligu phat thai cdc chat khi 6 nhiém chi y6u tit ede qué trink cong nghé khéc nhau 12.5. Do dac ndng do khi doc hai trong moi trugng khong khi va trong khi thai 12.6.1. Phan loai céc phuong phép do dac ndng do 6 nhiém 12.5.2. Mot 96 phuong phép do ndng 49 6 nhiém ap dung trong thyc ts - Do ndng do sunfu dioxit SO, + Do ndng dd cacbon oxit CO - Do ndng d9 nitd dioxit NO, + Do ndng 9 ozon 0, Chuong 13. Co sé ly thuyét cia céc qué trinh xit ly khi doc hai 13.1. Hép thy khf bang chat ling 13.1.1. Mot 96 van 8 co ban cia qué trinh trao d6i chét 13.1.2, Trao déi ch&t va ly thuyét hai I6p bién (hai lop mang) 13.1.3. Cée phuong trinh cia céc qué trinh hap thy 13.1.4. He 36 trao d6i chat téng (Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient) 13.1.5. Tinh todn thiét bj hap thy 13.1.6. Tinh todn 86 don vj trac déi va chitu cao mdt don vj trao d6i theo he 96 trao d6i chat t6ng cue bo ciia pha khi K, 13.1.7, Cac chat h&p thy c&n ding d& khit céc loai kh{ déc hai khéc nhau Trang 12 12 15 16 23 27 30 31 36 38 4 43 45 46 49 59 646 MYC LUC 13.2. Hap phy khi bang vat ligu ran 13.2.1, Md dau - Gidi thigu chung 13.2.2. Vat ligu hap phy 13.2.3. Thiét bi hap phu 13.2.4, Duong dac tinh - hay cdn goi la duang can bang ding nhiét cia vat ligu hap phy 13.2.5. Vang hap phu va song hap phu 13.2.6. Ly thuyét tinh toan qué trinh hap phy 13.27 7 ‘At ligu hp phu 13.3, Xi ly Iehf 6 nhiém bang qué trinh thiéu d6t hoae dét chay sau 13.3.1. Khai nigm chung v8 thigu d6t 13.3.2. Qué trinh thiéu dét bang ngon lita tryc tiép 13.8.3. Thigu dét cd budng dot 13.3.4. Thidu d6t es xuc tae Chuong 14. Cong nghé xit ly khi sunfu dioxit SO, 14.1. Hap thy khi SO, bing 14.2. Xit ly kh{ SO, bang dé voi (CaCO,) hoae voi nung (CaO) 14.3. Xit ly khi SO, bang amoniac 14.3.1. H@ thong xit ly SO, bang amoniac theo chu frinh 14.3.2, Xit ly SO, bang amoniac e6 chung 4p 14.3.3. Xit ly SO, bang amoniac va voi 14.4. Xit ly khi SO, bang magie oxit (MgO) 14.4.1. Phuong phép magie oxit "két tinh" theo chu trinh 14.4.2. Phuong phép magie oxit "khong két tinh” 14.4.3. Phuong phép magie oxit sii bot 14.4.4. Phuong phap magie oxit két hyp voi potas (kali cacbonat) 14.5, Xt ly SO, bang kém oxit (ZnO) 14.5.1. Phuong phép kém oxit don thu&n 14.5.2. Phuong phép kam oxit két hgp voi natri sunfit 14.6. Xit ly khi SO, bang céc cht hap thy hitu co 14.6.1. Qué trinh sunfidin 14.6.2. Qué trinh khit SO, bang dimety! - anilin - Qué trinh ASARCO 14.7. Xit ly kh{ SO, bang céc chat hp phy thé rén 14.7.1. Hap phy khi SO, bang than hoat tinh 14.7.2, Xit ly kh{ SO, bang than hoat tinh es tuéi nuée - Qué trinh LURGI 14.7.3. Xit ly kh{ SO, bang nhom oxit kim héa 66 68 69 1 13 18 80 82 84 87 92 94 99 101 102 103 104 105 106 108 109 109 110 wd a 113 115 115 17 118OLNHii: KHONG KH VA XU LY KHf THAI 7 14.74. Kit ly khi SO, bang mangan oxit (MnO) 119 14.7.5. Xit ly SO, bing voi va dolomit tron vao than nghitn 121 14.8. So sanh kinh té kj thuat cia mét 6 phuong phap xit ly khi SO, 124 Chuong 15. Cong nghé xit ly céc chat khi dihydro sunfua (HS), nit oxit (NO,) va mot 86 khi doc hai khéc 15.1. Cong nghé xit ly khi hydro sunfua H,S 127 : 15.1.1. Xi ly kh H,S bang natri cacbonat, amoni cacbonat hodc kali photphat 127 15.1.2. Xit ly khi H,S bang xdt (NaOH) 129 15.1.3. Xit ly khi HS bang amoniac 130 16.1.4. Xit ly khi H,S bang dung dich natri thioasenat Na, As,S,0, 130 15.1.5. Xit ly khf HS bang chat hp phy st oxit Fe,O, 131 15.1.6. Xit ly khf H,S bang than hoat tinh 133 15.2. Cong ngh@ xit ly khi nits oxit NO, 135 15.2.1. Hap thy kh{ NO, bang nuée 135 16.2.2. Hip thu kh{ NO, bang dung dich amoni cacbonat 137 15.2.3. Hap phu kh{ NO, bang silicagel, alumogel, than hoat tinh v.v... 138 15.2.4. Giam thiu o6 xic téc Ivgng nita oxit bang céc chft gay phan ting khit khée nhau 138 15.2.5. Gidm thiéu sy phat thai khi NO, bang céch ditu chinh qué trinh chay 139 15.3. Cong nghé xit ly kh{ flo va hgp chat cia flo 141 15.3.1. Disng nutéc d& hap thy kh{ florua 141 15.3.2. Khit khi flo va florua bang dung dich xit NaOH 142 15.3.3. Xit ly kh{ thai cla bé dign phan va kh{ thai tit cde ho thong hut cue bo trong cOng nghiép san xudt nhom 143 15.4. Cong nghé xit ly khi clo 144 15.4.1. Khit khi clo bang sita voi 144 15.4.2. Xit ly khi clo theo phutong phép axit 146 15.5, Cong nghé xi ly hoi thay ngan 147 155.1. Xit ly hoi thiy ngan bang manganat hodc pecmanganat kali 147 155.2. Xu ly hoi thay ngan bang chat hap phu piroluzit (phuong phap kho va udt - kh phéi hop) 148 Chuong 16. O nhiém mii va phuong phép xu ly 16.1. Khéi nigm chung v8 miti va cdc chat e mii 150 16.2. Ky thuat do mii 1518 MYC LUC 16.3. Biéu dién méi quan hé gitta cusng 46 mii va ndng 46 chat cd mii IGA, Ngudn phat thai céc chat cd mii va ndng do nhén biét (nguong nhan biét) cia mii 16.5, Céc phuong phép xi ly 6 nhiém mii 16.5.1. Chong 6 nhiém mii d6i voi moi trutng bén trong nha 16.5.2. Xit ly 6 nhiém mii bang qué trin hép thu 16.5.3. Xit ly 0 nhiém mii bang qué trinh hép phy 16.5.4. Xit ly 6 nhiém mii bang phwong phép thieu dot 16.5.5. Xu ly khi cd mii va chat d& bay hoi (VOC) bang qua trinh ngung ty 16.5.6. Khit mii bAng phuong phap pha loding - khuéch tan 16.5.7. "Nguy trang” mii Phy lye: Phy luc 1 Phy luc 2 ‘Ti ligu tham khao 152 154 159 159 159 160 161 162 163 164 166 173 175Chong 12 “XAC DINH LUQNG KHi 96C HAI TOA RA TU CAC QUA TRINH CONG NGHE KHAC NHAU VA PHUONG PHAP DO LUONG' CAC LOAI kHi DOC HAI THUONG GAP TRONG MOI TRUONG KHONG KHi ‘Trong moi linh vyc cia nBn sin xudt cong nghigp, trong giao thong van tai cng nhw trong sinh hoat hang ngly cia con ngudi, dau dau ta cing bét gap qué trink det chay nhién ligu trong cde ngubn of dink nhu 1d mhi@t dign, 10 hoi, 1d luyén kim logi, 1d nung Bach, 1 xi mang, 1d ché bién thyc phim, v.v... hode trong cdc ngudn di dong nhu oto, méy bay, tau thiy, v.v... Dé chfnh 1A nhiing ngudn phat thai vao khi quy6n cdc loai khi doe hai phé bién nhét. Ngoai ra, céc nha may héa chét, nha méy phan bén, thue tri ‘stu, cic loai Io thieu dét phe thai cing thai vio khi quyén nhibu loai khi, hoi ddc hai dtc trung cho méi loai cong ngh@ riéng biét, nhung'bao trim Ién tat c& van IA qué trinh d6t chéy nhién ligu. Chinh vi vay trong chuong nay ta 96 t4p trung su chi ¥ vao cdc loai khi doc hai do qué trinh dét chay nhién ligu thai ra, 12.1. CAC CHAT BOC HAI THAI RA TU QUA TRINH CHAY CUA NHIEN Ligu Mac di gin 99% céc sin phdm ciia qu trinh chay la vd hai nhwt khf nito, hoi nude, oxy va ch khi cacbonic (tam xem la khéng déc hai néu khong xét dén khia canh khi nha Kinh ma trong chuong 1 da d@ cap dén), qua trinh dét nhién ligu thai vao kh{ quyén nnhiing chit khi déc hai gay tac hai true tigp cho site khde con ngudi va sinh vat ndi chung nh kh{ $0,, NO,, CO va mdt 86 cc khi hydro cacbon. Tuy CO, ft doc hai tric tip, nhung lugng kh{ CO, thai ra tit qué trinh chay la rat ton va o6 tinh ban ving, {t bj phan hy bang céc qué trinh ty nhién, Uéc tinh ed khodng 2100 10? tén kh{ CO, trong bau khi quyén va khodng 140000 x 10? tin khi CO, hda tan trong nude bién, trong dé Iugng kh{ CO, do dot chay nhién ligu thai ra cho dén ngay nay chiém 180 x 10° tain - tiie khong 10% lugng CO, trén ton dja clu va hang nam con b6 sung vao 36 lugng ndi trén mot Iugng CO, do dét nhién ligu trén toan thé gidi thai ra la 8 x 10° tn [64] Qué trinh quang hop cia thyc vat hang nam titu thy khoing 54 x 10° tin CO,, nhung qué trinh ho hép va phan hy dong thc vat lai tré Ipi cho kh{ quyén cing ching Ay tn CO;. Hien tai ndng do kh{ CO, trong khi quyén khoang 300 ppm va t6c do tang cao hang nam khoang 1 ppm. Oxit lu huynh: ‘Trong nhién lieu rin va léng ludn luén cd chia Iu hujnh voi ham lugng khéc nhau, ©6 thé dat toi 6% trong lugng trong than da va 4,5% trong dau. Khi chdy, thanh phan10 XAC DINH LUQNG KHi DOC HAI TOA RA TU CAC QUA. iuu huynh trong nhién ligu phan ung voi oxy va tao thanh khi oxit lwu hujnh, trong dé khoang 99% 1a khi sunfu dioxit SO, va tir 0,5 + 24 la khi sunfu trioxit SO3, Khi d6t thién nhién thé cd chita dibydro sunfua H,S, nhung khi ché bién ngudi ta phai khir H,S dé bao vé moi trutng, do dé trong khéi thai cla qua trinh dét kh{ thien nhién khong c6 kh{ oxit Iuu huynh. Orit cia nito - thudng duge goi chung 1a NO, bao gdm NO; NO, ... lA nhiing chat 6 nhiém do qué trinh dét chéy nhién ligu phét thai vao bau kh{ quyén, trong dé & gin ngon lita khi NO chiém d&n 90 + 95% va phan con lai la NO;. Trong céc thiét bj cng nghiép va trong khi quvén NO téc dung vii oxy va tgo thanh NO, - mét loai kh{ cé mau nau va ay AC caguaee wee © . thai oxit cla nits cia qué trink chéy gdm ba nguén géc khéc nhau: a) NO, tite thi: nito va oxy cé phan ting rét nhanh dudi tac dung xc tée cla hop chat cia cacbon hinh thanh trong ngon lita; b) Duéi tée dung cia nhigt d cao cia ngon lita nito va oxy ty do trong khong khf két hgp véi nhau tao thanh NO, - goi 1 NO, do nhiét; ¢) Thanh phan nitg hitu co trong nhien ligu tac dung voi oxy va tao thanh NO, - goi la NO, do nhién ligu. Kh{ d6t thien nhién thudng khong chita thanh phan nito, do dé khi dét kh{ thién nhién trong khdi thai chi cd NO, do nhi¢t. Ngugc Iai, trong dau va than da cd chita nits v6i ty 1 mét céch tuong ting khodng 1 va = 2,8% nén trong sin phém chéy od cd NO, Sy x gor 10 -——— 2 3 & 200 2 lL | 1 | wo nhien 3 tige too wo tie tad A 1000 1200 1400 1600 Whigt 485°C Hinh 12.1. Lirgng phét thal NO, cia qué teinh chéy phy thuge vio nhigt 49 [57]© NHIEM KHONG KHI VA XU LY KHi THAI " do nhigt va NO, do nhién ligu. Thudng cd khong 10 + 50% nita trong nhién liéu bién thanh NO, trong qua trinh cl © binh 12.1 1a céc dudng biéu dién anh hudng cia nhi¢t dO d6i voi sy hinh thanh ba loai NO,: NO, tic thdi, NO, do nhién ligu va NO, do nhiét cia qua trinh chy Néu san phém chay ngudi dan mot cach tit tit thi ‘NO, hinh thanh do nhiét do cao céa ngon Ita sé phan hiy thanh N, va O,. Tuy nhién trong cdc 1d thyc t6, nhiét cia san phim chy thutng duge tin dung mot cach trigt dé trén cdc bY mat hap thu nhi6t (b3 ‘mat trao d6i nhiet, b8 mat moi chat, b8 mat vat nung ...) nén nhigt d9 cia né gidm xudng rat nhanh va do dé sy phan hly NO, thanh N, va O, bi ding lai, Két qua IA trong khi thai van cd mot Iugng nhat dinh cia NO,. Nhu vay sv hinh thanh NO, trong san phaém chay phu thude vao nhidu yéu t6: nhigt 49 ngon lita, ndng dd N2 va O, trong budng dét, thdi gian luu va t6e dé ngudi cla sAn phém chay. Phan tng hda hoc gita N, va O, dé tao thanh NO la phan ting thuan nghich: N, + 0,==2NO 2a) ‘Két qua nghién citu [47] cho biét 3 nhiet dd trén 2000°F (1968°C) cutng dé cha phan ‘ing thuan (12.1) vao khodng 10? va phan ing nghich manh hon nhibu so véi phin dng thuan, Hang 86 phan dng thuan 4 nhiét do 3200 va 4000°F mét cach tuong tng 1a 5.102 va 100 atm't.s'!, con hang s6 cia phan ting nghich cing 4 nhiét d9 adi trén tuong dng la 85 va 6.104 atml.s) Lam ngudi cham sin phim chéy (SPC) & nhiet 9 trén 3200°F sé tao di8u kién cho NO phan hiy thanh nito va oxy; nguge Jai, néu lam ngudi nhanh dén nhiét dd 3200°F se 6 dinh ndng do NO trong khoi thai. Nhu. vay vé phuong dién kiém soat 6 nhiém doi hdi cAn lam ngudi SPC vi téc 6 cham nhat co thé duge 6 pham vi nhiét dé cao. Cachon oxit va hydrocacbon: 1a cae loai khi do qué trinh chay kh6ng hoan toan san sinh ra. Nguyén nhan ciia sy chéy khong hon toan 1a khong dam bao ty 1é khong khi - ahién ligu hop ly, khong hda trOn t6t gia nhién ligu va khong Khi, thdi gian wu cia h6n hgp nhién ligu trong ngon lita khong di va do. ngudi nhanh cia san phdm chay trén cdc b& mat hap thu nhiét. Néu thiét bi lo, budng dé6t due thiét ké va van hanh tét lugng phét thai cac loai khi CO va hydrocacbon 38 thap, cd khi khong dang ké, vi du, ndng do CO chi cd khoang 100 ppm khi dét ga (khi d6t), 20 ppm khi dét d&u va 200 ppm khi d6t than. Con hydrocacbon khi khodng 20 ppm déi véi t&t cA céc logi nhién ligu. Nguge lai, Khi 10 duge thiét ké va van hanh khong ding qui cach, Ivgng phét thai céc loai khi néu trén of thé tang lén hang chuc, hang tram Ian. ‘Mot mau thudn thudng gap trong vide kiém sot phat thai 6 nhiém cia qua trinh dét ahién ligu la céc bign phap nham lam gidm Iugng khi CO va hydrocacbon nhu: 1) tang hg 86 thita khong khi; 2) tang cao nhiét do ngon lita va 3) kéo dai théi gian vu 6 nhiét 49 cao déu cd tac dung lam tang lugng phat thai khi NO, va nguge lai. ‘Tro va khoi: Trong nhién ligu lun ludn chita mot Iugng tro véi ty 1¢ A,% trong lwgng. Khi chéy, lugng tro theo sin phdm chay thoat ra vA tao thanh dang 6 nhi&m bui Ngoai tro ra, nhitng hat nhién li¢u chua chay hét goi la md hong - dé cing la san phiém eta sy chéy khong hodn toan. Trong nhiéu trudng hgp trong thanh phan tro bui cdn gdm cA nhitng giot chat ling khong chy hodc nhiing giot nhién ligu léng chua chy hét. Sunfu12 XAG BINH LUONG KHi DOC Hal TOA RA TU CAC QUA. trloxtt $0, trong khdt thai cing o6 thé bin thanh nhing gict svong axit sunfurie nu 26 hign tugng dong suong trén bi mat thanh Ong, 6ng khoi nhét 1 Khi nhigt do khoi thai th&p (duéi 150°C). ‘Khdi trong thy duge chinh 1a do ed bui min duéi dang sol khi voi c® hat tit 0,3 + 0,5 um. Dac dim cba sol khi vi cd hat néu trén IA tén xa anh séng r&t nhanh, do dé dd mot Iugng sol khi khong lon v8 trong Iugng trong khol thal cing BAY cam gide bui mit wait. Nguge lal, n6u khdi thai chia nhitu bui nhug kich thude het Yon hon (100 «mm hhng han) thi khdi thai vin o6 thé trong sudt do byi Khong tén x8 nh sang va chuy8n don vAi van t6c 1én nén khong nbin thay. 12.2. TINH TOAN Luyive o-- Liku 12.2.1. D6i véi nhién ligu rfn va long RONG QUA TRINH BOT CHAY NHIEN ‘Thanh phn cia nhin ligu rén va ling gdm 6 cacbon (C,); hydro (H,), nits ,), oay (0,), uu huynh (S,), 49 tro (A,) va do im (W,), Cac thank ‘phan cia nhién liu duuge tiga alfa bang phn trim trong hgng va ky higu bing céc cha oft du cia ten thanh phn v6t chi s6 chan p - véi y nghia thanh phx thyc, Tam vite Nhu vay téng cia toan bé cdc thanh phn ding bing 100%: Cy + Hy + Np + Op + Sp + Ap + Wy = 100% (12.2) ‘Trong 96 céc thanh phin cia nbién lieu néu trén, chi ed cacbon, hydro va hvu huyah ta chay duge va tao ra nhigt nang cia nbién ligu theo céc phAn dng sau day: 1) D6i v6i cacbon Khi chéy hoan «. CHU, Onn 32 haya: 1 kg C + 44 tg 0, + =, ke CO, + 8100 kcallkg C (12.3) 12 ‘e Khi chéy khong hodn toan: c+ 50, + CO 16 28 hay Like C + 7 kg On > qh oo + 2440 kcal/kg C 24) 2) D6i voi kh{ hydro: 2H, + 0, + 2H,0 32 36 hay 1a kg Hy + ke 02 > We H,0 + 34200 keal/ke Hy (12.5) 3) Déi voi uw huynh: S$ + 0, + SO; 32 64 hay LkgS + > ke Bo kg SO, + 2600 kcal/kg S (12.6) 2© NHEM KHONG KHI VA XU LY KHI THAI a opm By T aN URNA WIL MAID 9 IRL ARKH - IN SYNE AD MO EOD wa O44 Nye Oy 4 20944 044 7S; DS 4] OS, | aA yRRID, LO (6 + a oten ogo gs Sogn Sum FR ‘p24 Fac am) Sogo Fugn Dus Far | ot Sa "A= erzo= 204] 2q| ans, enum net Somer Soon 2 my Sude1| 6 va ‘a 6co+ Snporvo= Na} ON4 | aN ss ‘as Suon 2 ne Fury |g wa Tom O74 | OH | anim co ‘2¢8 fuon apnu joy Suany |, aa ar eset = ©024 | 209,41 qngsyugnyp,w ‘dS fuon 29 ney Fur] | 9 aa et = 74 | OF4 | INSarENGD, (so0 + 100= 4) 420 00 BA 204 BH BA UROL UREN RUE ‘10 98 981198 Das Buon OD WA fuony | ¢ ua 5,oread0="0S4 | "OS 4) ansanneneo,a as Suan 70s ery Suen | > oa Sao="4| la] “INRaugnema OT + T= Dy Fog ee 98 tos 91 one wR NPY Foqyy Fudn] | ¢ Gx u= P « 459= 65.06 = 19) oa rmooo+ D="4| A] ANGIE. Core P77 AP) be ‘ean yb up ops aghenn i wy x Boyne, Suny |Z sa s- 40) ceeto- SH0970+ “oee00= °°] INE VURND,W Jip an yb xe wp gn Bi we FogKe Fader] | 1 foe sw apna 8095 ram bx] ta wo ‘yon up Soy reg Ey prem 091 = a 1990 = 1) MRRHD BiPY MAIP 9 (aS) AND URNA URS HUH aN BOND “1Z7 BHP14 XAG DINH LUONG KHI DOC HAI TOA RA TU CAC QUA... Xuat phat tir nhiing phan ting chéy néu trén, nbigt nang cia nhién ligu rén va ling 6 thé duge xdc dinh theo cong thie Mendeleev sau day: @, = 810, + 246 H, ~ 2610, ~ S,) ~ 6Wy KeallkgNL 12.7) Cang dya trén céc phan ting chdy, ta o6 thé xéc dinh duge Itong oxy can cho qué trinh chay, tit d6 tinh todn duge Ivong khong ki cin cung ep cling nhu Iugng sin phim chéy do kg nbign ligu thai ra, trong dé od cdc yéu t6 doc hai lam 0 nhiém mol trudng nh S03, NO,, CO, CO; va tro bul. © cde bang 12.1 vA 12.2 Ia cong thie tinh todn céc dai luong néu trén cha qué trinh dot nhién ligu rén va ling. Ditu dang chi y IA trong. bing 122 lane khi CO va CO; duge tinh todn trén cx sd he s6 chay khong hoin todn fy te ka sung + Kg Mhién liu cd C,/100 kg cacbon thi 7.107C, kg eacbon chéy theo phan ng (12.4) dé thai ra kh CO, phan cdn lai chay theo phan dng (12.3) va thal ra kh CO, Ngoai cach tinh néu trén, trong ky thuat nhiét ap dung cho ede loal 1d hel, 1b nung gui ta con o6 thé tinh todn theo phucng phép sau day: Gia thiét lvong t6n that nhigt ccho phép do chéy khOng hoan toan v8 co hoc va héa hoc 1A 9,%, TU dd ta o6 thé lap lun: cit 1 kg cacbon chay khong hodn toan thi mét mgt Iwgng mbiet IA A@ = 8100 - 2440 = 5660 keal/kgC va thai ra 22,4/12,01 = 1,865 m°CO, Vay dé mét ¢,% lvong nhigt do chay Khong hoan toan thi lugng khi CO thai ra sé la: coer seur 9, mchudn/kgNb (12.12") Lite dé lugng khi CO, trong san phim chay s¢ aur ~~ cong thiéc: Veo, = 1,853.107(C, — 1,767, 10Q, 4,), méchudn/kgNL 2.13) ‘Bang 12.2. Cong thite inh ton Hirgng kit thai va tt leyme_ eile chit 6 ahiém trong Kh ng vo urge nhién lign tie thy B, lag/h * 5 The ‘Dai ugg tinh ton Don vi | Ky higu (Cong the tinh cong w the | 1 | Largng khot (SPC) & dite kien mls L. ‘spc 813600 28 cen 2 | Larong khdt (SPC) & dieu kien mis | Lp =L, 213 + tyne 273 ne thye € tng °C | 3 | Lurong khf SO, ¥61 Ps, gs | Msop | Msoz =(PYs078Ps0¥36™ | 1220 2.926 kgimPchuin 4 | Luong khi CO véi pcg = 25 gs | Moo | Mco = (0% coBPco¥3600 | 221 | * | tne | 5 | Luong kni CO, v61 Peco, = Bs | Meog |Mcoz 20% cof coz¥3 | 222 1977 kgmPchulin 6 | tasomg to tut voi ne So tay | es | Magi | Mays = 1 24 98/9600 23 | theo Khoi: = 0,1 + OBS© NHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KH THAI 2.2) D6i voi nhién ligu khi (Ichi dét) Nhién ligu kh bao gdm cdc thanh phan: CO,, CO, Ny, Hy, H, hydrocacbon C,H, vdin Qp = IoCOP + Gy HB + IipgHyS? + AomiyC Hh +... keal/m?, trong dé: Ioor Tig! Ys ~- Bhiét tda ra tit cdc phan wn; ung trong khi dét, kcal/m? (xem bang 12.3); 0, va cae m + 2(m = 1; 2 3.) ma khi metan CH, la chi yéu. Nhigt nang cia nhién ligu khi duge xée dinh theo cong thte: (12.24) @ chy cia céc thanh phan tuong CoP, Hf,... thank phn lam viéc cia khi dét tinh theo phn tram thé tich, Bang 12.3. Phin dng chiy, nhitt wong téa ra trong qué trink chy va kh6i yng don vi & dle kiga chun cila cée thigh phiin khi trong khf aét Kadi k Chit kh Phin tr gam Phin tng chiy Not hone | “aon vee 4 ean y kgm’ Hydro H 296 | H, +050, =H,0 2576 0.0898 (Cacbon Oxit CO 2801 | CO +050, = co, 3016 125 ‘Metan CH, 604 | CH, +20, = C0, + 24,0 8555 om Bian C,H 3097 | GH, +350, =200, +34,0 | 15226 1356 Propan CyHy 4409 | Gi +50, =300, +410 | ais p97 Butan CyHyg 5812 | C\Hi +650, = 4CO, +5H,0 | 28338 2,703 Pentan CH, 7218 | CsHy +80, =5CO, +6H,0 | 34890 3457 Benen CHg 7Bll | Golly +750, =6C0, +3H,0 | 33528 3487 Byyka C,H, 2805 | GH, +30, =2C0, +2H,0 407 k222 Propylen C3H, 4208 | GH, +450, =300, +3H,0 | 20541 i Butylen C,H 361 | Cig +60, = 400, + 41,0 amu 2508 Pentyien CsHig 70.8 | CyHyy +750, = SCO, +5H,0 | 33660 3,29 Axeiylen CoH 2604 | GH, +250, +H,0 13385 yr Ditydro sunfua H,S 34p8 | HLS +150, =50, +H,0 5530 sz Sunfu diout SO, 6406 - - 2926 Ory 0, 3200 - 1429 Nito N 28016 = - bs Khong Kei 2896 - - 1293 Hot nue HO p16 - - 004 (Cactonie 00, aap - - 1977 Lugng khong khi ly thuyét c&n cho qué trinh chéy hodn toan 6 didu kign chudn; 0,0476(0,5 CO? + 0,5H + 1,5H,S? + Sim + n/4)C,HP — OB), mim? (12.25) Luong khong khi thyc té clin cho qua trinh chy hoan toan khi hé s6 thita khong khi laa: Vv, = aV,, m3/m? (12.26)16 XAC BINH LUONG KHi DOC HAI TOA RA TU CAC QUA. San phém ly thuyét (chay hodn toan) bao gdm céc loai khi CO,, H,0, SO, va No: Veeco) = Yoo, + Vix + Vs0q + Vy ™°/m°, (12.27) trong dé: Veo, = (COR + COP + SmCqHR)10%, mim? Vino = HY + HS? + H,OP + 35 CHP 10, m3/m? (12.28) Vso, = ‘H,S?.10, m°/m?> Vy, = NB.10? + 0,79V,, m*/m? Do e6 hé 36 thita khong khi a nén Iugng SPC thyc té khi chay hoan toan 86 1a: Vspecry = Vspcio) + @ ~ LVey m3/m? (12.29) ‘Trutng hop chay khOng hoan,toan voi ty 1g gia thiét cia kh{ CO trong SPC la Reo% theo thé tich, ede thanh phin cia sin ph4m chay s@ dugc xéc dinh theo céc cng thie sau day: = Reo¥ sec an3}m3 100 - 0,5R¢g Veo, = (COR + COP + ImC,,HP)107 — V; 3)en3 ‘cor 1 fm Vigo = AR + HyS? +35 CH + H,0°)102, mi/m? (12.80) Vsoq = HyS?.102, m?/m* Vyjy = NBL0? + 0,79 a V,, mim? Vo, = O2Ma — DV, + O,5¥co, m3/m3 He théng cdc cOng thttc (12.30) cho phép ta tinh toan duge lugng phat thai cdc kh{ gc hai: $0,, CO, CO... cing nh ndng do cia ching trong khdi thai khi d6t nhién ligu khf (khf dot). —" (422.3, 100g phit thai khi NO, trong qua trinh chéy ‘rong phan tinh todn sin phém chéy vita trinh bay trén day vin d® phét thai kh{ NO, khong duge xem xét toi vi cd thé gid thiet rang 8 nhiet do thip (du6i 200°C) Iugng khf'NO, hinh thanh do nhigt va do nhién ligu 1a khOng dang ké. Tuy nbién trén thye t6, trong nhitu trudng hop mac di: nhigt do chdy khong qué cao nhung vin phét hign thfy kh{ NO, trong khéi thai. Vi vay dé dy béo duge kha nang gay 0 nhiém moi trudng mot cach che ch4n, ta cé thé tham khdo ech tinh toan Iugng khi NO, phét sinh tit qué trinh d6t chéy nhién ligu: theo cing thie thuc nghigm gan ding cia Woolrich [47] 44 duge chuyén d6i sang he don vj thong dung sau day: 1) D6i voi mhién ligu rdn (than 4): Myo, = 3953. 10% Q'!8, kgh (12.31) 2) Dé6i véi nhién ligu léng (dau): Myo, = 1,728.10°B™®, kg/h (12.82) 3) Déi véi nhién ligu khi (kh{ d6t thién nhién):© NHIEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHi THAI 7 Myo, = 8,356.10 (Vo)!8, kgih (12.88) ‘Trong céc cong thite trén: ‘Myo, ~ !wang phat thai khi NO, tinh theo dan vi kg/h; Q- Ivgng nhigt do nhién ligu téa ra, keal/h; B- lugng nhién ligu tieu thu, kg/h; V- Iuu Iigng khf d6t tham gia vao qué trinh chy, m°/h; C- thanh phan cacbon trong kh{ d6t tinh theo phan tram kh6i lugng. An Iuu ¥ ring khi tinh todn sn phdm chay od ké dén sy phat thai khi NO, theo cde cong thie vita néu trén thi trong thanh phin khdi thai dugc xc dinh theo céc cing thc cho @ bang 12.1, cing nhu cong thitc (12.30) phai duge ké dén lugng NO,, dng thai lugng Nz va 0; tit do trong khdi thai phai dugc trit di phn nito va oxy da tham gia vao phan wing tao thank NO, ma NO, c6 thé duge xem nhu NO, dé tinh todn. Wi du 12.2.1. Tinh ton Ivgng kh{ doc hai va byi cing nhu ndng do phat thai ciia ching tai migng dng khoi 10 nung cia mét co s8 sin xudt. Cho bist: Nhién ligu: than cém 4 Quang Ninh, thanh phan than theo phan tram trong Itong ahi sau: C, = 64,8%; H, = 3,8%; Ny = 0,9%; 0, = 6,7% 5, = 0,8%; A, = 15,0% va W, = 8%, Litong nhien ligu titu thu: B = 800 kgh He 96 thita khong ki: =i H@ 86 chay khong hoan toan: 1 = 0,6% Hé 86 tro bui bay theo khdi: a= 0,5 Nhigt 40 khoi thai: feng = 200°C Hay d6i chiéu vai titu chudin TCVN v8 ndng do phat thai cho phép va dua ra két luan v8 téc dong moi trudng cia ca sé sin xudt néu trén. Gidi: 1) Nhigt nang cia nhién ligu theo cong thtic Mendeleev (12.7) @, = 81.64,8 + 246.3,8 — 26 (6,7 — 0,8) - 6.8 = 5982 kcal/kg 2) Céc dai Ivgng cia qué trinh chay dude tinh toan theo bang 12.4. Bang 12.4. Tae (ing 5 ‘Dal hurong tinh eae Phép tfnh Két qui 1 2 3 4 5 1 | Larong khong kkhi khd ty thuyét ps 6574 09333(6,7 — 08) chu kgNL18 XAC DINH LUONG KHi DOC HAI TOA RA TU CAC QUA. Tiép bangl2.4 [1 2 3 4 5 2 | Largng khong khi Bm I thuyét d = 17 = ec y =o) vo |v, =(1 +09016.1N6574 3 | Cuong khong khi tm thye vote | 1 ¥, = 1Aarss saa " 4 | Luong kt SO, trong SPC rat V0, =0683.10708 3 | tems ht CO trong SPC voi) = a 2, 72810 1006 B2) Veo = 1865.107.0006648 | 4 AchuadaykgNL 6 | Largng kh CO, trong SPC oe a taster - mney | eal an 7 [trong hoi nie SPC Boe + Sormg+ | ont i OU EGAS A erage 8 | Lirong khi Ny trong SPC : 7AT6 een Bis | Vy, =0810709 +0799454 | Aon SaegNT [9 [Lurong khi ©, trong khéng khi thi 0567 12.16 Voy = 021M - 96753 ds io |=) Lung kn NO, trong SPC (vem Myo, = 3853105 005882)" | 3015 mkym hy NO}: pyo, = 2,054 ke/mPettn) 5 Myo, 3015 5 135.103 b) Quy di N Vuo, =e eee, | me ) Quy A ram? chug NE NOx “Bpyo, oo20ss |" shulevegNL. ) THE tich ky Np tham ga vio phin | "21 9,175.10 ting cia NO, Vegog 95% yo, | Peg. 4) THe teh kf O, tham gla vio phan Voynon) = ¥Noy 1835.10°3 ting cia NO, smP chubieykgNL 11 | Largng SPC ting Ong & dieu kien Vp = Tong cde mye 0027 chuln (4-9) + 10b- 10c- Wd | chug 12 | Laru wrong khoi (SPC) & dieu kién 7800 273+200 tte € si 2 200°C) ay =eTeNO BE | spor mls = 33002926 B beara 80, v6t ps9, = 2826 | 99 Msoy = WP sasaut 9009 3553 ys 14 | Ti tagng ki CO V6 peg, = 125 3, igen 2 a) agg = Mase | ao gn© NHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHI THAI 9 Tidp bangl2.4 1 2 3] 4 3 15 | Thi hagng khi CO, voi peg, = 1977 yeaa 2 w| Meo, = PASAT L sa4se ys 16 | Tai ong kt NO, M50, SBE | mm n 17 [Taonga vaine Sa =95 | 225] ayy, = 05.158003600 16667 gt 18 | NOog 40 phat thil ete cht © aim trong kot a) Khi SO, Geog =M soy ty = 35533861 | 0920 yim? ) Kni CO Coo =M coll =20143861 | 0522 ym? ¢) Khi CO, Coo, =Mco/ly =524563861 | 3586 gm 4) Khi NO, CuO, = Myo/l-y = 0838/3861) 0217 ym ©) Bul Coy = M pyle = 6667/3861 | 4317 yim? D6i chiéu véi gi6i han t6i da cho phép cia byi va céc cht vO co trong khi thai cong nghigp theo TCVN 5939-1995 duge trich din ¢ bang 12.5, n6u co sd sin xudt cho 6 vi dy thuge log! A thi chi cd ndng do phét thai bui la vugt gidi han cho phép hon 7 In; cbn nu co #3 thugc logi B thi cA bui, kh{ SO, va CO du vugt gidi han cho phép, trong dé kkh{ CO vugt khong nhidu, cd thé xem 1a det you cu. Bang 12.5. Trich dln TCVN 5939-1995 v2 nag 49 phét thil cho phép clin mgt 55 yéu 16 Age hel a ‘GK61 han cho phép mim? d6i vét lon! cor sf sin xuslt on ‘A Gd trate ney 3 tan hanh TC) (tu ngly ban han TC) 1 | Kniso, 1500 500 A) ee is00 00 3 | Ra No, 2500 ‘00 4] Buti chaste va amng ‘00 ‘400 Kn CO, Khong quy din Kong guy dish Ph&n tinh todn tai lugng va ndng do phat thai céc logi khi doc hai tir qua trinh d6t chay nhién li¢y d& duge lap trinh theo ngon ngit Pascal - xem phy luc 1 Két qua tinh ton theo céc 36 litu ban dau cho d vi du 12.2.1 bang chuong trinh ndi trén duge in tri tip tit man hinh cla méy vi t{oh oS dang nhu sau:20 XAC BINH LUQNG KHi 8c HAI TOA RA TU CAC QUA. chuong trinh “SPC.PAS". TINH TOAN SAN PHAM CHAY (d/v NL RAN hoac LONG) Nhien Lieu gi (FO,DO,Antra,Cam3QN,Cam4QN,CamSQN...) ? Nh/lieu : Cam4on ‘Tinh toan doi voi’ ong khoi nao ? So: Iuong nhien lieu tiew thu B, kg/h 7 B= 800.0 He so chay Khong hoan toan Bta(=0.5-5 4): Eta = 0.60 He 30 thua khong khi anfa (= 1.1-1.5) Anfa = 1.40 He so mang tro bui theo khoi (= 0 -1): ‘a = 0.50 Maiet do khoi o mieng ong khoi, oc: tkhoi = 200.0 Thanh phan nhien Liew (Cam4QN) : Gpr64.8087 Hp= 3.808; Np= 0.908; Op= 6.708; Sp= 0.8087 Ap=15.00%; Wp= 8.008 KET QUA TINH TOAN Mniet tri ly thuyet cua nhien lieu: Qlt = 5982 keal/kgz Luong Khoi thai o nh/do t=200 oc: Lt = 3.897 m3/s; gamaSPC = 0.756 kg/n3. tai luong va nong do phat thai Tai lueng va nong do phat thai Tai luong va nong do phat thai ‘tai luong va nong do phat thai Tai luong va nong do phat thai mSO2= 3.553 g/s; cSO2= 911.7 mg/n3 mcO= 2.014 g/s; cCO= 516.9 mg/m3 mC02=524.362 g/s; cCO2= 134.6 g/m3 mNOx= 0.837 g/s; cNOxe 214.9 mg/m3 2 mBUI= 16.667 g/s; cBUI= 4277.0 mg/m3 Didu cdn Iu ¥ 1a két qua tinh todn theo chuong trinh trén méy vi tinh od khéc 3 phin 6 1é so voi két qua tinh ton bang tay ghi d bang-12.3. $6 di cd ey khide bigt do 1a vi kkhi tinh bang tay céc 86 18 phn nghin 48 duge qui tron, do dé cd sai 96 tich Hy ‘nhét inh, nguge lai khi tinh trén méy vi tinh thi sai s6 tich ly da duge loi tri We du 12.2.2, ‘Tinh toén Ivgng va ndng dO phat thai cdc cht 6 nhiém tir Ong khoi cha ld nung dét bang nhién ligu khi (kh{ 6c). ‘Thanh phn cla nbién ligu tinh bang phn tram theo thé tich: COR = 2,3% HS? = 0,4% CHR = 1,9% OR = 08% coP = 68% CHR = 22,5% HR = 57,5% NR = 78% Lugng tiéu thy nhién ligu : V = 1000 m3/h ‘He 86 thita khong khf: @ = 1,4 Mic d0 chéy khong hoan todn duge gid thiét bing ty 16 phan tram theo thé tich cia kkh{ CO trong sin phém chéy d didu kign chuffn (0°C, latm) la: Reo = 0,12%.© NHEM KHONG KHI VA XU LY KHI THA! Py Gidi: (12.24): @ ‘= (2576.57,5 + 8555.22,5 + 3016.6,8 + 14107.1,9 + 5530.0,4).107 = 3901,3 kcal/m? (12.25): V, = 0,0476(0,5.6,8 + 0,5.57,5 + 1,5.0,4 + 2.22,5 + 3.1,9 - 0,8) = = 3,934 m'/m3NL (12.26) + Vv, =a V, = 1,483,994 = 5,508 m3/m3NL Veo, = (2,3 + 6,8 + 22,5 + 2.1,9).107 = 0,354 m/m?NL (12.28): | Viggo = (57,5 + 0,4 +2.22,5 + 2.1,9)107 = 1,067 m°im°NL Vso, = 04.107 = 0,004 m?/m>NL Yn 7,8.107 + 0,793,984 = 3,186 m°/m3NL. (12.27) : Vepcioy = 0,354 + 1,067 + 0,004 + 3,186 = 4,611 m3/m3NL. (12.29): Vspcqr) = 4,611 + (1,4 — 1).3,934 = 6,185 m3/m9NL 0,12.6,185 Voo = ——————_ = 7,426.10 m3/m3NL 100 - 0,5.0,12 0,354 — 7,426.103 = 0,3466 m'/m°NL (Da tinh 6 trén) = 1,067 m3/m3NL (Da tinh 4 trén) = 0,004 m/m3NL 7,8.107 + 0,79.1,4.3,934 = 4,429 m3/m3NL Vo, = 0,21(1,4 ~ 193,934 + 0,5.7,426.107 = 0,334 m/m3NL ‘Téng cong: 6,188 m3/m3NL . Xée dinh 96 %C (cacbon) theo khi Iugng cia nhién ligu (tinh theo di’u kign chufn): G@ = YXPp, = 231,977 + 0,4.1,521 + 1,9.1,222 + 0,8.1,429 + 6,8.1,25 + + 22,5.0,717 + 57,5.0,0898 + 7,8.1,25 = 48,17 kg/100m3NL Thanh phn cacbon trong céc loi khi chay duge cla nhién ligu (C,H, CO, CH,) = 17,73 kg/100m°NL Vay: c= (12.30): 17,73 48,17 (12.33): | Myo, = 8,356.10-°(1000.36,8)!!8 = 2,04 kgh Quy lugng NO, ra m3/m3NL tinh theo NO, é didu kign chudin: Myox au Veno, — 1000.2,054 Lugng sin phéim chdy trong trudng hgp chéy khong hoan ton v6i Roo = 0,12% nhu da gid thiét va co ké dén sy hinh thanh cua oxit nito (cd thém 1 thé tich NO, thi mat 4i 1 thé tich O, va nita thé tich Nj): Vepc = 6,188 ~ 0,5.9,932.10 = 6,1875 m°/m2NL. Luu Iugng khdi @ didu kign thy 16 (ty x 100 = 36,8% yop = = 9,932.10 m3m3NL L 61875 2° ani 360022 XAG DINH LUONG KHI DOC HAI TOA RA TU CAC Qué. ‘Tai lang cée ch&t khi ddc hai (xdc dinh theo cdc cong thic cs dang 12.20 +. 12.22): 103,0,004.1000.2,926 Mo, = 3600 = 3,251 gs ae 10°.7,426.103 1000.1,25 Serene 3600 Meoy = 103,0,3466,1000.1,977 reosee 3600 Myo, a 0,567 gs * 3600 Nong d9 phat thai céc chat 6 nhiém: 3,251.10° = 1091,7 mg/m? Chuong trinh "SPC.PAS". TINH TOAN SAN PHAM CHAY (d/v N/LIEU KAI) ‘Tinh ‘toan doi voi ong khoi nao ? soil Luong nhien lieu tieu thu V, m3/h 7 'v = 1000.0 He so thua khong khi Anfa(=1.2-1.6): Anfa = 1.40 Nhiet do khoi o mieng ong khoi, o tkhoi = 200.0 T/le CO trong SPC do chay khong h/t,& (<18): Reo = 0.12 ‘Thanh phan cua khi dot (theo § the tich): ; 02 = canid = 0.00 #2 cSH12 = 0.00 N2 = c2H2 = 0.00 co = eH = 0.00 coz = C2H4 = 1.90 2s = C3H6 = 0.00 cHd = c4Ha = 0.00 c2H6 = CSHIO = 0.00 c3H8 = H20 = 0.00 KET QUA TINH TOAN Whiet tri ly thuyet cua nhien lieu: Qlt = 3901 kcal/m3; Luong khei thai o nh/do t=200 oc: Lt = 2.978 m3/s; gamaSPC = 0.707 kg/n3_ ‘Tai 1uong va nong do phat thai khi mS02= 3.251 g/si S02 1091.7 mg/m3 ‘tai luong va nong do phat thai khi mco = 2.578 g/s: cCO = 865.8 mg/m3 Tai luong va nong do phat thai khi Co2: mco2=190.327 g/si cCO2= 63.9 g/m3 Tai luong va nong do phat thai khi NOx: mNOx= 0.566 g/s/ cNOx= 190.1 mg/m3 Tai luong va nong do phat thai BUI =: mBUI= 0.000 g/s; cBUI= 0.0 ng/m3© NHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHi THAD 23 Ee 190,3.103 68,9.10° met? = ——— = 639.10 mj oon "2,978 0,567.10 5 Cyo, =—————_ = 190,4 my NOx "2,978 is Vay, d6i chigu voi TCVN 5989-1995 (bang 12.4) néu 1d nung thugc co 0 sin xust logi B thi ndng do phat thai céc chat khi SO, va CO dau vugt tiéu chuda cho phép trén hoge gin 2 Ian. Chuong trinh tinh togn (phan m&m vi tinh) cho phy Ive 1 ciing bao gdm cA phn tink ton déi véi nhién lieu khi. Trén day la doan in két qua tinh toan theo chuong trinh adi trén ung voi 86 li¢u da cho 8 vi dy 12.2.2. 12.3. XAC BINH LUONG HOI, KHi BOC HAI RO Ri TU CAC THIET B} CONG NGHE ‘Trong nhidu nganh cong nghiép nh&t 1a cong nghiép héa chat, cong nghiép ché bién dau mé luon ludn es céc he th6ng binh chia, thiét bj cd dung tich, dudng Ong ap Iie cao vv... Tit cée thigt bj néi trén ludn ludn og mot Ingng hoi khf cia chat chita bén trong thigt bj thodt ra ngoai qua khe hé, méi n6i lam 0 nhiém bau khong kh{ bén trong céc phan xutdng - néu céc thiét bj dat bén trong nha hose lam 6 nhiém bau khi quyén shu ahing ngudn phat thdi déc lap dang ngudn mat hodc ngudn dung - néu thist bj, binh chita, dutng Ong dat ngoai trdi. Dé kiém sot duge 6 nhiém do céc ngubn phét thal os dang néu trén gly ra, truée tien ta c&n xée dink Iugng hoi khi thost ra ngoai qua khe hd cia thiét bj cao ap. Ve mat an toan lao dong va bdo ve moi trutng, cdc thiét bi 4p Ive phai duge thit nghi¢m v8 do kin va cho phép cé mét do khong kin khit nhét dinh (cing tite 1a dO hd) duge tiéa chuffn héa tay thuge theo mifc do doc hai ho&c nguy hiém chéy né cia méi chit chia dung bén trong thiét bj. DO hé cia thiét bi, dudng dng v.v... duge xéc dinh theo cong thitce P,T, het (tp Rt) (12.34) trong dé: he - dha - bh}; Py Pp dp sudt tuygt d6i ban ddu va cudi cing cia thdi gian thir nghiém, Pa Ty, T, - nbigt do tuyet d6i ban dau va cubi ciing ca thai gian tht nghi¢m, K; + - thdi gian thi nghi¢m, h. Néu nhigt d9 va ép sult kh{ quy€n khong thay déi trong suét qua trinh thi: nghi¢m thi cong thifc (12.34) 96 tré thanh: 1 AP San (12.38) +P, trong dé: AP - do sut dp sudt trong thai gian thit nghigm, Pa; DO hd A duge tieu chusin héa cho timg loai thiét bj cong nghé khéc nhau. O bang 12.6 la c&c trj 86 tiéu chuén hda cia 49 hd A theo quy pham cia Lién XO (cd) CNIP -24 XAC DINH LUQNG KHi DOC HAI TOA RA TU CAC QUA. 1975 ve thiét bi cong nghé. Bang 12.6. B§ he cho phép cin thigt bj céng nghé Tat Tht by Mol cht bn trong | Thdt gan thir nghiém | He 36 he cho phép w thigt bi va dp sult du Ant 1 | Binh chita, méy néo pittong va fe thi6t bt ctng nghé Khe am viee dct ép suft ay oo Oghien mot © Chit doc hat © 24h vot dp sust | 0,107? am vige + ht chty nd . 02.0? 1) Thnk nghigm tat © Chit dae hal va | 4 ah vei os.n? chy nd Br. 2 | Durdmg ng din céc chit chdy, i 1 ge hal va Kkhf héa King + 8 frome phn ute 2p 8 AN VGH AP SUL | Yyrese Bim vite «Cle loa kit chay | 6 24h ver dp aust | 0,102 fam vite b) Gitta céc phan xuéng » Doc hal va chy | » 24h vit dp sust | 0,102" im vige + Che ogi khi chéy | » 24h v6t dp suft | 02.072" 3 | Cle tt bt airy but tm vite a) Thi&t 1 foe but co hoe Bu » Khéng dust thd | DO syt fp sulit 1b) Thiet bj Koc bing dién dé ‘Sp sult 2500 Pa KbOng qué 200 Pa/h toe md héng Bu « Khing dit th 6 | BO sut Sp sult ‘ip sult 2500 Pa khong qué 50 Pa/h ©) Tat ble bing dign lim Ki Oc hal hose | &p mut kidog dust | hk = 0,03 ‘ike v6t khi dc hal va chéy | chéy nb 5000 Pa, nhung Khi thiét bloc bul nd kkhdng qué 2.10 Pa | ot trén dug Sng By thi A < 02.40? 4) V6 cia tht bf Igc Bing | Bul Kotng dit th & | Largng kb 18 a gn dng loc bul they Ket fp salt im vic | kiting qué 7% hmong, Ikhf ein ioe Ghi chai: Ki durdg, kinh Gog D > 250 mm he 36 hi h ahd v6t he 86K = 250/D. Luong hoi, khi rd ri tix thist bj cOng nghé trong don vj thai gian cé thé duge xéc dinh theo cing thite: me Rr) (12.36) Néu nhan 7, = T, phuong trinh (12.36) 96 tré thanh:. OQ NHEM KHONG KHI VA XU LY KH THAI 25 APV G= (12.37) 7 +R, Rit tri 96 AP tit (12.35) va thay vao (12.37) ta thu duge: P G=h—y (12.38) RT ‘Trong cdc cong thite (12.36) + (12.38) ngoai cdc ky higu da biét cdn cd: G - lung hoi, khi rd rl tir thiét bi, kg/h; V - dung tich cia thiét bi, m3; R - hang 86 chat kh{ (cia loai khi chita trong thiét bi), J/kg.K. ‘Trong cong thic (12.38) P,/RT chinh 1a khdi lugng don vj p, kg/m} cia khi chia trong thiét bj tng véi 4p sudt va nhist do lam vigc, do do ta co thé vist cong thitc (12.38) duéi dang: G = hp,v, kgh (12.39) Cong thie (12.38) hodc (12.39) cho phép ta xdc dinh duge lugng kh{ rd ri néw thiét ‘bj duige thit do Kin bang chinh loai Kh{ lam vige cla n6. ‘Tuy nhién khi thi nghiém do kin ngudi ta thudng ding khong khi hodc nits, do dé kkhi thiét bj lam vige véi cc loai kh{ khéc thi cc céng thitc néu trén khong thé ap dung duge. Trong tring hop dé s6 ligu thit nghigm 49 kin es thé duge sit dung 46 tinh toan dign tich quy dién ca céc khe hd trong thiét bj, rbi ding dign tich khe hd da xéc dinh duge nhu mot thong 95 edu tao cia thiét bj dé tinh todn Ivgng kh{ rd rl khi thit bj 1am vide véi bat ky loai kh{ khéc. ‘Néu goi fla dign tich khe hd, tit nhi¢t dong hoc cia qué trinh chay cia kh{ qua khe, 16 nbd, ta 88 cd: P G = 38007 Vane = + (12.40) trong dé: f= dign tich khe hd, m?; Vmax ~ 8 96 06 tr} 96: Vay = 2,14 Oi voi kh{ 2 nguyen ti va yy, = 2,05 di vol kh{ 3 hoge 4 nguyén ti. ‘Te thye nghi¢m ngudi ta cting xéc djnh m6i quan he gitta P, va P2: P, = Pyexp(—ar); (12.41) trong dé : a - hé 86 phy thuge vio 49 kin cia thist bj. KE dén sy thay aéi dp sust ben trong thiét bi trong thot gian thir nghiém, lvong kai 1 rl trong 1 gid 86 duge xc dinh theo cong thie: Pts Sau khi tich phan ta thu duge: P, 1 G = 3600 fy, - zane) (12.42)26 XAG BINH LUONG KHI DOC Hal TOA RA TU CAC QUA. Tit (12.41) khi r = 1 ta cs: ete vaasin— (12.43) a 2 ‘Tit (12.35) khi r = 1 ta Iai ed: P, ‘ hel-—=1-e% (12.44) a Voi nhting tri s6 cia a va 1—e® vita tim duge, phuong trinh (12.42) 88 tré thanh: P, h = $600 f Yaar (12.45) VRT np Py Can bAng vé phai cha 2 phutong trinh (12.97) va (12.43) ta rat ta duge: » np = Vv (12.46) 1 3600 vgaVRT PB 1 Tu (12.44) ta ed: In 5 = In(7—;) = h Khi h co tri 86 bé, do dé cong thite (12.46) 2 88 duge don gi f= —— 247 3600 Pugs VR,T | ‘Trong cing thie (12.47) 48 phan biét logi khi ding thi nghiem 49 kin véi kh{ lam vige v8 sau cia thidt bj, ta thém cfc ky higu chan ‘“f" vio cic thong 86 Yue R vA T bn cée thing 86 cling tén cha moi chit lam vigc cia thist bj 98 duge ky higu 18 Ymexiw Rv va Ty. Nhu vay, thay tri 66 f tit (12.47) vao (12.40) ta thu duge: YmaxwVP Vom VRT VR Ty . Néu thit nghigm do kin bang khong kh{ 8 nhigt 40 20°C thi 7, = 293 K, R, = Rux = 287 JK, Yury = 214 (xem khong khi 1A khf 2 nguytn ti); @ng thai biéu dién Ry qua bang of van ning Ry, va phan tit gam M cha méi chit lam vite (Ry, = 8815 SMkm0l.K va Ry = Ryy/M), cong thite (12.48) 96 trd thank: - G = 1,767.105y,,,hVPVMIT (12.49) Néu don vi do dp suét kh6ng phai ld Pa ma 1a atm (1 atm = 1,014.105 Pa) dng thai dua them hé 96 dy trit 7 d& k6 dén oy gidm sit chit Iugng cia thist bj (7 = 1,5 + 2), ta 86 cd: G= kgh (12.48) G = 1,792 Wa,hVPVMIT (12.50) Wi dy 12.3.1 Mgt khu vie kho ngoai trdi oé nhiBu thing chia kh{ axetylen C,H, dung tich tng cong V = 100 m? dui &p sudt P = 3 atm (ép suf du) va nhigt do ¢ = 35°C. Hay xée© NHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHi THAI 27 dinh legng khi rd ri ra moi tring xung quanh trong don vj thdi gian. Gidi: DQ hd cho phép ca thing ap Ivc.chita axetylen theo bang 12.5 ta tra duge: h = 0,1.107 ht han hé 26 dy trit 7 = 1,5. Phan ti gam cia axetylen M = 26,04 Nhigt do tuygt d6i: T = 273 + 35 = 308K D6i voi khi 4 nguyén tit ta cd Ynyy = 2,05 ‘Thay céc tri a6 da biét vao cng thite (12.50) ta cd: @ = 1,792.1,5.2,05.0,1.107.100.8 ¥26,04/308 = 0,481 kg/h. 12.4. MOT SO SO LIGU PHAT THAI CAC CHAT KHi 0 NHIEM CHO YEU TY CAC QUA TRINH CONG NGHE KHAC NHAU C6 thé néi rang céc cht 6 nhiém thé khf chi yéu phat thai tir céc qué trinh cong nghé phé bign la SO, va NO,, Ve mat ly thuyét, Iugng phét thai céc logi kh{ néi trén 1A 6 thé tinh toan dugc nhdt 1a khi cdc qué trink cOng ngh¢ cd lign quan dén vige d6t chéy nhién ligu nhu da trinh bay 6 myc 12.2. Tuy nhién trong thyc t8, qué trinh phét thai céc ch&t 0 nhiém phy thudc vao rdt nhigu yéu t6 mA tinh todn ly thuyét khOng phai Iie nao cGng ké dén duge mot cach day di va chinh xéc. Vi vay bign phép t6t va hitu higu nhét vin la khao sat do dac thuc té rdi t6ng két mang tinh chat théng ké dé tra ctu. 6 céc bang 12.7 va 12.8 1a 36 ligu v@ phat thai kh{ SO, va NO, theo dang néu trén [61]. Bang 12.7. S6 ligu v8 phit thél kh{ SO, tir cée ngudn eS inh ToT i i lim cng ae Lang phi 0, 1 2 F 1 [Qué teinh d6t nhién teu + Than dé v6 $,% bru hujnh theo KnOl hong | 195, g/keNL (gf hit 5% hw hupnh cn lat + Dong co chay gasolin (x4ng) (logi gasolin tiéu tidy 66 eng thde BA Cyl) + Bing co diezen 2 | Xuding niu kim lool mau so ch. Pan Ki cée fot quan ki lop du & dang sun va ht ung ciky "ao ra Kh SO, theo efe phn img sau dy Ou$ +0, = 2Cu +80, 2P0S +30, = 2Pb0 +250, Pht tht ki SO, Ki oS Kikm sot mot ich vira pli ning d6 tén dén 8000 ppm trong tro) «bi dt thn shién 64 kg/m? + Dau voi Sy% ju bujoh theo khéi lugng. 1985, ky 1 1 kg/10° it (98 thiét trong gasolin 06 007% hw ‘huynh) 5 kg/0 lit (gid thi€t thanh phd tw huynh chim 03%)28 XAC BINH LUONG KHI DOC HAI TOA RA TU CAC Qué. Tiép bang 12.7. 2 ‘¢-N&u quing dng - so luyén ‘+ N&u quing chi - so tuyén «Nu chi trong 18 ding «Nau chi trong ® phan xa «Niu quing kém - sor hyén Nia mdy exit sunfurte Axi sunfurie duge sin xuft chi yu bling céch d6t chéy hu huynh don chit oS sy kitm sodt khong khi thir d® thu SO). Sau d6 oxy héa oé nic the ki SO, d® 6 $0} va cubi cdng hip thu Ki SO, bing mutée d® thu H,S0,, Lirong SO, ‘od fal sau Khi hip thy phy thude vo sy van hah cong doan hip thy va phét thd vao khi quya. NOng 0 phat thil SO, thay Bi trong khoung 2000 + 3500 ppm. Nia my gly DE sin xudlt bOe gly ngot ta nu von gS trong dung dich sunfat 48 fim tot thé g8. Dung dich due thy hi va si dung lal Bing cfc qué trinh 6 dang nhién tu. Cée yu 16 doe hal cho yéu cia AHA may gily 18 byi, mil hOl thi cla HS va sunfua hiu co, kh SO,. 625 gikg quing 330 kg quing 32 gkg kim lol vo 1d 75 g/kg kim loai vao 1 265 ake quing 10 + 35 g/kg axtt nguyen chit sin xuft dupe, 12 + 6,7 wkg bot gly khO Bang 12.8. Lirong phét thit kf NO, ti qué teinh dt nhien liga va cfc qué teinh cfg ngh? kihée The wy gua hode qué trinh cfg nghe Lrong phét thil rung binh (xem nh NO,) 2 3 ‘Dot nhién eo a) Then 46 + Trong sinh boat din dung va thong nghigp = Trong cong nghigp b) Dau = Din dung va thirong nghiép + Cong nghiép ©) Kbv dt thién nhién = Dan dung va thwong nghiép = Cbog nghitp 4) CH 4g/kgNL ‘Wg/kgNL_ 5AS + 32,7 ggalon NL 32,7 g/galon NL (1 galon Mj = 3,785 it) 168 yo 310 gi? 55 kg© NHIEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHI THAI Tiép bang 12.8. ta 2 2 | Cong nghitp di kat a) Sn xt da va ki dt 'b) NBA my kit dt ©) Dutmg dng din khi 1d) Lee dia €) Tuabin ki 3 | Che 1 o5t phe nai a) Bot hs 1b) Ld thiéw 60¢ inh etp ©) LB thitu ot rie than phos 4 | Cog nghigp nda ett 1) sin ut anit nitric ) Sin xudt act ape ) sin xt anit phtalic 6) Qué trinh thi itor = Sin xuat quy md ton = Sin xu ting mé nd 5 | Cing nghiép sin xudt ximing a) Ld nung theo cng nghé Kho 'b) Ld nung theo cOng nghé ust 1115 gin? 6240 gin? 406 gj? 64 ym? 29 ym? 55 g/kg PE thik 033 gikg phé this 1 pkg ph thai 285 kg HNO, thanh phim 6 g/kg thanh phim 65 ghkg tinh pin 0,1 + 7 gikg HNO, si dung 1+ 10 ykg HNO, sir dung 2.15 kin clinke 2,15 kgitin ctnke Ngoai cae logi khi d9c hai phé bién 1a dioxit sunfua va oxit nits mA hau hét cic aiganh cing nghiép du cd lién quan dén, nhitu losi khf dc hai khie rit da dang va’ phite tap duge phét thai vao bau kh{ quyén tir nhitu nganh cong nghigp khdée nhau ma chi y6u 1A nganh cong nghi¢p hda chat. Mot 86 céc chit doc hai dé duge ligt ke & bang 12.9 ‘Bang 12.9. Che cht Kf, byl de hel thit ra ti che nhd my héa chit ¥ Naa my (Che eit eat thd ra 1 2 3 1 | Ane nie NO, NO,, Ni 2 | Axi sunfure Phuong pip ntr NO, NO,, $04, 50,, H,804, FeO, (tu) ‘= Phuromg phip tip xdc thru hujn $y, $05, H,80,, Fe, (Dut) 3 | Aat cotydre HQ, a, 4 | Ant oxale NO, NO;, CHO, (ou30 XAG DINH LUONG KH[ DOC HAI TOA RA TU CAC QUA. Tiép bang 12.9. t 2 3 S| Ax sunfamic NH, NHGO,NH,)>, HSO, 6 | Photpho va axit photphoric P05) HyPO,, HF, Ca,F(PO,), (but) 7 | Axit axetic CH,CHO, CH,CO,H 8 | Phin bon t8ng hop NO, NO,, NH3, HF, H,S0,, P,Os, HNOs, bul phan ba 9 | Cactamit NH,, CO, (NH;),C0 (ou!) 10 | Supe photphat 11,80, HF, bul supe photphat 11 | Nabe amoniac NH, 12 | Camel ctorua HG, H,$0,, CaCh, (bu!) 1B | Co ting HQ, Oh, Hg 16 | Vot corua ,, Ca, out) 5] Noa polyciovnyt Hg, HC, NH, 16 | Dign phan NaCl Qi, NaOH 17_| Tetracioetyien HQ, Cl 18 | Axeton CH3CHO, (CH3),CO | Awnniae NH,cO 20 CH,OH, CO 21 oan) NO, *' 2p, $0,, HS, CO 22 | Than dicxit TiO. FW" 9 Inmenit (khoding chéi) 23. | Axeryien . 24 | Chit nie tée NO, NO,, bul chit x6c tée 25 | Sot nhiin t20 H,S, CS, 26 | BOt miu khodng chat Fe,0,, FeSO, 12.5. DO BAC NONG BO KHI BOC HAI TRONG MOI TRUONG KHONG KHI VA TRONG KHi THAL 12. Phan logi céc phviong phép do dac ndng dé.0 nhidm (52) Miic dd 6 nhiém khong khi clan duge dgnh gid bang ndng d6 céc chit khi déc hai va bui trong m6i trutmg khong khi bén trong cing nhu bén ngoai nha. Nhu moi ngudi du bigt, kh{ thai cOng nghigp cd chita nhibu y6u t6 doc hei khéc nhau va la ngudn gay 6 nhiém chi y6u d6i v6i méi trudng khong kh{ bang qué trinh khuéch tan trong kh{ quyén. Dé tinh todn khuéch tén ta cin phai biét khOng nhing tai lugng ch&t 6 nhiém ma cin cA ndng 49 chat 6 nhiém trong kh{ thai. Tém lai, ndng do chit 0 nhiém trong khéng kh{ ndi chtthg va trong khf thai ndi riéng 1A thong 66 quan trong d& dénh gid chat lugng mOi trudng va dong thi cing 1a céc chi s6 c&n do dac khao sat trong cong tac monitoring méi tritng khong kbi. Nong d9 céc chat 6 nhiém trong khong khi cd thé duge xéc dinh bang nhitu phuong phép khée nhau va cé th chia thanh ba nhém sau day:© NHIEM KHONG KHI VA XU LY KHi THAI 3 1) Phutong phép héa hoc: Dang ede phan ung héa hoc gitta chat 6 nhiém véi cdc tac nhan khée 48 xéc djnh lugng chat 0 nhiém trong mAu khi thu duge tai hién trugng. Phuong phép nay ddi hdi phai ly mdu khi 6 nhiém tai thyc dia rbi dem v8 phong thi nghiém dé phan tich. Trung hop chat 6 nhiém da dy dodn trudc, ed thé chufin bj cic loai hda chét phi hgp dé tin hank céc phan tng hda hoc nhu hép thy, hp phy ngay tai hién trugng va dita kBt qué thu duge cia phan ung v8 phong thi nghiém dé phan tich dinh lugng. Khoang céch thdi gian tit lic ly méu dén hic phan tich cang ngdn cAng t6t dé trénh sy tht thodt hofc nbh@ng phan tng phy co thé xay ra lam sai Iéch két qua phan tich. Phuong phép hoa hoc 1a phuong php phé bign va da duge dp dung tit rit s6m trong ky thugt méi trugng, Tuy nhién phuong phap nay ed mat han ché cia né IA khong cho phép ta doc duge ndng do 0 nhiém mot céch tryc tip va tite thai, dong thdi cing khong thudn tién trong vige theo dai din bign cia nbng do 6 nhiém mot céch lién tuc theo thdi gian 2) Phuong phap dung cu Dya vao sy bién déi cita céc thong 36 vat ly vA hda hoc - ma chil yu la céc thong 85 vat ly cla moi trugng khéng khi khi ndng do chét 6 nhiém thay déi ngudi ta ch6 tao ede Joai dung cy do thich hgp cho ting logi chat 6 nhiém hode nhom chat 6 nhiém. Tiéu bigu cho phuong phép nay la céc loai may pho ké, may do quang phd, may so mau, may s&c ky, may do do din niet. Phuong phép dung cu khée phuc duge nhuge diém cla phuong phép héa hoe. Ngoai ra phuong phap nay cin cho phép ché tao ra cdc loai dung cy do tu hi. 3) Phutong phép sinh hoe: Mie do’6 nhiém moi trung khong khi béi nhing chat déc hai khéc nhau du od téc dong dén co thé con ngudi va sinh vat néi chung. Bang cach phan tich chat dich cia dong, thyc vat ngudi ta cd thé xéc dinh duge loai chat 6 nhiém, nng d 6 nhiém va ngudn gay 0 nhiém. Phuong phép nay cd thé duge 4p dung rét hitu higu trong trudng hop sy cS méi trudng di ho&c dang xay ra trén m$t pham vi rOng lén. Tuy nhién, day la phuong phap mang tinh chét lam bang ching h6 tro chit khong thé luén ludn dua ra duge két lwan mot cach r6 rang dift khodt vé chat 6 nhiém cing nhu n’ng dd 6 nhiém bai vi cho dén nay vin con thiéu nhidu thong tin ve su phan bé cdc loai héa chat khée nhau troug cd thé sing binh thuang ciia dong thuc vat. ‘Trong méi phuong phap néu trén lai cdn co thé chia thanh nhigu phuong phép truc thuge khéc nhau. Cu thé nhu phuong phép héa hoc bao gm + Phuong phap trong lc - Phuong phap thé tich - Phuong phép so mau - Phuong phap do do duc - Phuong phép sfc ky khf. 12.5.2, Mgt 86 phuong phép do ndng do 0 nhiém 4p dung trong thyc té ‘Thong thudng ngudi ta quy dinh phuong phdp quy chiéu hoac cd thé goi la phuong32 XAC BINH LUQNG KHi DOC HAI TOA RA TU CAC QUA. phap chudn dé do ndng 40 cia ting chat 6 nhiém chi yéu trong khong khi. Bén canh phuong phép chudn ed thé c¢ rat nhi@u phuong phap khac duge goi lA phuong phép tuong Tuong nda két qua do duge tuang tit nhu két qué eta phuong phép chuiin. Cae phuong phap tutong dviong thudng la don gidn va it t6n kém hon so voi phucng phéP chutin. Theo Guy dinh cia Co quan Béo vo méi trudng Mj (USEPA) eée phuong php chun 46 do wang do mot 96 chat O nhi8m thé khi chi y6u duge néu tém tat sau day (87) 1) Sunfu dioxit (S0,) ‘Theo phuong php West - Gaeke: Mot thé tich khong kh{ xc inh duge hit va cho eens) 1 shite mat + Na,(HgCl,) 46 tgo thanh cdc hdp chat cha S0,. Sau hang loat cac phan ung trung gian, dung dich duge xit ly bang pararosanilin: HOC(C,H,NH;) 48 tao thanh axit inety!sunfonic nhugm pararosanilin (CH,S0,0H) ma nong 9 cia né duge xéc dink bang may so mau. 2) Cacbon oxit (CO) Nong 49 CO duge do bing hign tugn: hy ch Fw hong r° mtn’. O day thuat ngit "khong phan tén" (nondispersivey —~ tee xa htt ves 4m bai mot lang kin dé thu duge bss sémg 7 loc ae wat 3) Nito dioxit (NO,) NO, duge bin d6i thanh NO va cho tée dung voi ozon. Anh sdng phat ra tir phan tang phat quang héa hoc nay duge do va chuyén ddi thanh ndng d®- 4) Ozon (Oy) ‘Khong khi dugc héa tron véi etylen dé etylen tae dung voi ozon trong phan ting phat quang héa hoe. Anh sing phat ra duge do bing bd nhan quang ditn ‘DE o6 thé thyc hanh céc phutong phép do ndng dd ciia mot of chit 0 nhiém phd bign néu trén, duéi day #8 trinh bay chi ti€t c&e phusng php 46 dong thdi cong di thigu ‘them mot trong nhiing phuong phép tuong duong thay thé. Dioxit Sunfua SO, «Theo phucong phép West va Gacke (hodc con goi Ia phurong phdp pararosanilin) A> Chudn bj héa chat 1) Tie nhan: 0,1M Na,(HgCl,) (natri-thiy ngan tetraclorua): 27,2 g HgCl, (0,1 mol) vA 11,7 g NaCl (0,2 mol) hoa tan trong nuée va pha loang thanh 1000 ml (dung dich 1). 2) Pararosanilin trong HCI: 4 ml dung dich 1% pararosanilin trong nude dé yon sau 24 gid va 6 ml HCI dam dae duge hda tron va Ide manh cho dén khi mau nau bign mét. Sau dé dung dich duge pha losing véi nude thanh 100 ml (dung dich 2) 3) 02% formaldehyt: 5 ml dung dich 40% formaldehyt (CH,0) duce pha loang voi nuéc thanh 1000 ml (dung dich 3). B. Thao tée: 1) 10 mi dung dich 0,1M Na,HgCl, (dung dich 1) duge cho vao binh sue Ikh{ cB nbd. Khong khl chia SO, c&n do duge hiit qua binh voi thé tich 38,2 lit trong 10 + 30 phit© nei KHONG KH VA XU LY KH THAD 3 (@ng vot hie hvong khong khi trong khoing 1,27 + 9,82 ipa). Phan Ung xy ra trong qué trinh hip thu SO, cha dung dich lim vigc nbw saw: (HeCl,)* + 280, + 2H,0 + [HgiS0,),)? + 4H* + 4Cr (12.51) 2) Cho 1 ml dung dich 2 va 1 ml dung dich 3 vio 10 ml dung dich lam vigc. 8) Lay 10 mi dung dich 1 4é nguyén (khong sve khong khi) lam miu d6i ching, Miu nay cfing duige xit ly bang dung dich 2 vA 9 nhut d6i ¥6i dung dich lim vite vite néw trém. 4) Chd 20 dén 30 phat cho mau tign trifm vA bods toln én dmb. 5) Xée dinh do bap thy quang cia dung dich lam vite so sfmh voi dung dich 46; chitng 2 bude odng 0,56 um (0,56.10m) 6) Doc tri 96 ndng 49 SO, tron dudag cong titu chum duge Ip ra tit vite sit dung dung djch titu chugn cia natri bisunfit (NaHSO,) trong dung djch 1. N6a lugng khong kbi hit qua binh sye khf lA 38,2 Mt thi c@ méi microgem SO, tuong ‘tng v6l 0,01 ppm SO, trong khong khi thir nghifen. Néu of mAt cia sunfit, chit két ta binh thiah trong dung dich lam vic cis dope Ige agch bing fin loc hofc may ly tm. NO, voi ming 46 trén 2 ppm co thé lime mile. ‘Méu tha nghig¢m thu dugc tit hi¢n trutmg cin duge phan tich trong cing nghy khOhy OF thit tho&t SO, bing qué trink oxy hda hoge bay hei. Phen vi 4p dung cla phuomg phép: Do dye ndng do SO, trong khodng 0,002 + 5 ppm. ‘DG vOi khong khi xung quanh th! ndng 44 0,01 + 0,1 ppm la giét han déng quan tam. ‘© Theo phicong php hyére perexit [63] Day 18 phuong phép thus tty hde hoc 4p dung rét thuAn ti¢n d& do ndug & SO, trong khong kbi tei hi¢n truomg 3 céch xa phdng thi nghi¢m. Dung dich lam vigc sau khi & syc kh{ thi nghi¢m rit én dinh khong bién chét, do dé thdi gian tu hic thi nghifm 3 hign trudmg d6a lic phim tich trong ph'ng thi nghifm cd thé kéo dai. Phuong phép Khong abi hod thiet bj dAt tidn. ‘Ap Chun bj héa chét: 1) Dung dich h&p thy hydro peroait (13,0,): Pha loang 17 mi dung djch 3% hydro pereait trong nuvc 46 duge 1 lit. Trang hia dung djch bap thy bing dung dich NaOH Toang (0,002 M) 8 duge 4 pH = 4. 2) Dung dich natri hydroxit (NaOH) 0,002M. 3) Hn hep ch&t chi th) ma: Hoe tan 0,6 gam bromocrezon zanh va 0,4 gam metyl & trong 1 Mt rugu metylic (CH,OH). B. Thao te: 1) Nb6 3 giot cht chi thi mau hén bgp vao 75 ml dung dich hip thy dyng trong blah eye khf 03 Hon. 2) Chaka 6 dung dich Ip thy bing dung dich 0,002 M natnt hydroxit cho fm hi mau 66 bién mit vA xudt hign miu hujnk quang I m9. 9) Hat khong Eh! Khdo ait qua Binh ope Kl chin dung dich hip thy vi lie heyag 28 ph trong 30 phét. Ghi chép mhigt do va ap oust khi quy$n. 4) Chuan 49 dung dich h&p thy 48 duge syc khi noi trén bang dung dich 0,002 M34 XAC BINH LUNG KHi DOC HAI TOA RA TU CAC QUA. NaOH cho dn khi hign trd lai mau xanh 14 ma hujnh quang va ghi lei thé tich dung dich NaOH d& sit dung. 5) Tink todn két qua: ndng d9 SO, tinh theo ppm duge xéc dink theo céng thie: mlNaOH x 0,002(273 + #°C) x 41,1 80,(ppm) <= + (12.62) trong 46: V- th6 tich khOng khi hat qua binh suc khi tinh theo lt. © Phiong phap hdp thy hing ngoai (21;63] Cachon oxit 1a logi kh{ hp thy réft manh bic xa hong ngoal. Dac tinh nay cia CO duge ding lam co 83 dé ché tao ra mAy phan t{ch kh{ CO bAng qua trinh hap thy hong rngoal Khing phin tén (NDIR - Nondispersive infrared) ay phan tich gbm of che b0 phan, chinh sau day (hinh 12.2): ngudn phat bc x9. hOng ngoei 7, Gng chia kh{ doi ching 2, 6ng Vr thone khong dau ra 5 va bo phén ght mo tia chiéu 6. Trong Sng 61 chitng 2 cd chia mot cht khi hoan todn trong suét d6i véi tia ‘bug ngoe!. Khong khi clin thi nghiém duge dt lién tuc qua Ong 3, kh{ CO trong khéng khi thit nghi¢m 96 hép thy tia bbng ngogi phat ra tit ngudn 1, ket qua 1A ning lugng bitc x¢ hdng ngogi chiéu dén ngin . bin phii cia bo phin Tin pie phat hign 4 {t hon 90 voi ‘ngin bén trdi. hat eae cat genes kites Miah 12.2. Vly ptm teh CO bling ta Nog napa Khf can thi nghi¢m (v6i i nguta bee xa hag agent 2- ng khi 46 ching (khong cita. CO}, 3- Gog tp sa thfp) va 3 git tzu théng king kh thir nghlém; 4 bd phn phat hie; 5- bién dBi un (8 ra, 6- bd phn right md© NHIEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHi THAI 38 hai ngin tréi va phai cia né co lp mot mang méng bang kim logi cd tinh dan hi cao. Dén_luot cia minh, khi CO trong ngin tréi cia bo phan phét hién 4 lai hp thy mhidu bite xa hdng ngoai nen nbiet do cia khong khi bén ngéin tréi tang cao hon so vél khong kh{ bén ngin phai, do dé mang méng kim loai 68 bi day vong sang bén, phai, DO dich chuy6n cia mang méng ty I¢ véi ndng 49 CO trong khong khi va duge bién d6i thanh tin higu dign dau ra dé hign thi tri s6 ndng do CO trong khong khi thit nghiém. Bo phan agit mé tia chigu 6 os téc dung tao ra xung dp Iyc trén mang méng kim Togi theo cling pha v6i t6c d0 quay ciia nd, nh’ do sy bién déi thanh tin higu dign du ra 96 duge chinh x4c hon so voi khi d vong cla mang méng nim 4 vj tri c6 dinh néu khong cd 8 phén ngft’- md. : Nhuge dim cia phuong phép nay la nhiing chét thutng xuyén co mat trong khong kh{ nhu CO,, hydrocacbon, hoi nuée déu cd kha nang hdp thy tia hbng ngogi, do dé ching 86 gty nhigu. Tuy nhién @ digu kign binh thudng cia khi quyén vigc ké déa anh budng ea CO, va hydrocacbon khong thanh vin d@ phife tap, cdn hoi nuéc thl od thé gidi quyst bang céch khong khi truéc khi hut vao thiét bi c&n dugc xit ly (hut &m) dén do dm hat dink k6 cé trong 6ng d6i ching 2 lin trong bg phan phat hign 4. Phuong php hap phu hdng ngoai cin duge dp dung dé do ndng dd SO, NO, va HC tit cée ngudn of dinh cing nhu CO, NO, va HC tit cde ngudn di dong (xe o6). # Phuong phdp thé tich xéc dink CO sau khi oxy héa thank CO, bing diiot pentaoxit (1,0) 1) Nguyén ly: Diot pentaoxit & nhiet do thich hgp (110°C hoge cao hon) va thdi gian dit dai IA chét oxy héa t6t d6i voi CO dé tao thanh CO,. Phan tng xAy ra nhut sau: 1,0, + 5CO = 21+ 5CO, (12.68) Tot don chat tit phuong trinh (12.53) od thé duge chun dQ tryc tidp bang natri thiosunfat (Na,S,0,). Tay nhién dé tang cao 49 chinh xéc, ngudi ta cho iot don chat thu dugc tit phyiong trinh (12.53) oxy hda thanh iodat voi brom (Br), két qua thu ditge cho tée dung tiép voi hydro iodua (HI) dé thanh iot don chat nhidu g&p 6 lan so voi phan ng du tin (12.53). Qué trinh héa hgp xay ra theo céc phan tng sau: 21 + 10Br + 6H,O = 2HIO, + 10HBr 2HIO, + 10HI = 121 + 6H,0 (12.54) Nhu vay néu chudn 49 tryc tigp tit phutong trink (12.68) thi ed 1 phan ti CO tuong ‘dag voi 2/5 nguyén tit iot, trong hic chufn dO theo phuong trinh (12.64) thi 1 phan tt CO tuong ting voi 12/65 nguyén tit iot, tite 1A do nhay tang lén 6 Ian. N6u khong chufn 9 jot ma chufn 49 CO, hinh thanh tit phan dng (12.63) thi CO, 6 sin trong khong khi thir nghiem phai duc loai tri trube Khi cho tac dung véi 1,0. 2) Dung cu: ~ Binh thu khf dung tich 1 - 2 lit dé hap thy Kkh{ thit nghiém. - Binh thy chudn véi chat léng lA dung dich 10% Na,SO, hodc dung dich NaCl (22 phan NaCl va 78 phn nuéc theo khéi lugng) - Ong chit U chita 1,0, chi8u dai 10 cm, cit xen ke 1 lép 1,0, day 1 cm duge dem bang mét lép bong thidy tinh. BOt 1,0; ed cd hat 40 + 120 wm cAn dugc nhbi tuong d6i chat. Ong chit U chita 1,0, duge dat trong lo dign trd dé d6t ndng d nhiét 46 120°C.36 XAC DINH LUONG KHi DOC HAI TOA RA TW_cAc QuA. Khong kh{ thit nghidm ed thé duge hit qua he théng dung cy thir tit boc chita mé&u khi thu duge tu hign trudng bing mot may hut khf. Khi cam xée dink CO, hinh thanh tis phn ting gita CO va 1,05, khong Kht thit raghitm cn duge hit qua lop canxi hydroxit Ca(OH), true Khi cho qua ong dung 1,05, 8) Thao téc: Khong kh{ thit nghiém duge hat qua 6ng dung diiot pentaoxit (1,0,) trong 1d dign 6 mbige d9 120°C voi van téc 1 ¥ 2 bot hile rBi di tip qua binh thu kt qua cha dung dich kali iodua KI 10%. . +. s)0k phanh Ht phan stn «Ay va trong Ong chit U chia 1,0, di duge dua sapg binh thu, nguos v= a ‘andng kh{ sach (Khong chita EO) hoae khf nits gi qua Sng chi U rrudng hop chutn 49 try ti8p, iot 48 duge hép thy trong dung dich KY duge chuyén sang 6ng nghigm chudn do voi mot ft nude va sau dg duge chun do bang dung dich natri thiowunfat 0,01M (0,01M Na,S,0,). Phan tng xdy ra nbu sau: 1, + 2Na,8,0, = 2Nal + Na,8,0, (12.55) 4) K& qua: 1 ml 0,01M Na,8,0, twang tng vei 0,56 ml CO 6 ditu kign chuén hoc 0,70 mg CO. ‘qTrudng hop chudn d9 gidn tip theo phan ing bé sung (12.54) thi binh thu két qua duge sic bing dung dich NaOH lodng va dé vao lo 200 ml, thém vao dé 10 ml axit axetic bang - brom 1i Ide manh. Tip theo ding axit formic (HCOOH) nhé tig got vo dung dich cho dn khi mau nau cia brom thita bién mit. Sau 3-4 phit cho vo dung dich 2m! raxit cunfuric (mot thé tich H,SO, + 1 thé tich nuéc) vA 300 mg KI thé rén. Dung dich @uge lke dBu va chun dO bang 0,01M Na,SO, cho dén kit miu vang nhet xudt hign. 1 ml 0,01M Na,8O, tong tng voi 0,117 mg CO trong khong khi thir nghigm, tide do nhay (4 chinh xAc) tang lén 6 Tin so voi chudn do tryc tgp. Nita dioxit (NO,) ‘e Phuong phap do ning 46 NO, bing hitn tong phds quang héa hoc (21; 51; 63] Dua vio hign tugng phat quang héa hoe ngubl ta ché to ra méy phan tich quang bhéa hoc d6 do ndng 49 NO, trong khong kh{ xung quanh. Khi NO tée dung v6i ozon Oy areca mot of phta tit NO} bj kich thich, ofc phn tt aly phét ra nang Wong be xa 8 bude séng 600 + 3000 nm va eve dai 2 budc ang 1200 nm, sau dé trd vO trang thé! binh thudng. Cac phan dng xdy ra nhu sau: NO + 0, + NO} + 07 NO + 0, + NO, + 0, (12.58) NO} + NO, + by Nang Itong bite x8 hy duge thu bing éng nban quang. Cudng 9 cha bite xa ty 18 voi 26 lugng ban dau cia NO trong khong khi thit nghiém. Khi trong khong kh{ dOng thoi cs mat ca NO lin NO, thi dau tién khong khi can duge th6i qua Ong thép khong gi 46t néng dén mhigt 40 1350°F (732°C) df NO, chuy6n thanh NO theo phan tng:0 NHIEM, KHONG KH VA XU LY KEI THAI 37 No, ——**__. no +0, (22.57) Qué trinh phan tich NO va NO, trong khong khi os thé thye hin theo hai bude voi 2 phn khong khi duoc phan ra tir cimg mgt mfu thi nghigm Bude 1: Cho khong khi thi nghiém di qua thép khtng gl d6t néng r0i di vio budng phan tng phit quang hoa hoc voi ozon (03). Ket qua thu duge ta lugng NO, tng bao gtm cd NO va NO,. ‘Bude 2: Cho phn khong kh khc di thing vao butag phan ing wi ozon khong qua Orig thép Khong el. Két qua thu duge phin doh Iugng NO. Lutgng NO, 96 dugc nic dinh bing hidu 36 két qua cla buée 1 va bute 2. ‘Tren hinh 12.3 1A so dd nguyen ly cia thiét bi phan tich NO, bing phan ding phat quang hda hoc. Dd nhay cia Phuong phép do nay rat cao, od thé phat hin duge ndng do NO, xuéng dén 0,001 ppm Fink 12.5. So a2 nguyen If cia thitt bj phi tick NO, bag phin img phét quang héa hee: 1 thbo8 At sac vio; 2-89 pa 20 Ki Oy: 3 king Kt thir neem dl vo; 4 BO phn ehuybe No, tn NO (Sg np king i tng 5 van 3 chu; 6 dag pin ng phat ung a hes 7 8 phn ‘dn quang; 8- my ht kh,38 XAC DINH LUONG KHi DOC HAI TOA RA TU CAC QUA. « Xéc dink ning 46 nito oxit bing phuwong phdp chudn 46 axit Nito oxit trong khi thai cong nghiép nhu khi thai tif céc nha méy sin xudt axit nitric thu’ng duge do theo pong phép chudn dQ axit. Khong khi thi nghigm duge hit vao binh chan khong cé thé tich lén, nuéc hoac dung dich H,0, losing duge cho vao binh va 4 yén trong nhi’u gid. Axit nitric s6 hinh thanh va duge chudn 40. Qué trinh do c6 thé duge rit ngin xudng con it phiit bing sy cAi tién. cau day: Khéng kh{ thit nghiém duge hit vao binh buret dung tich 500 ml va rét vao binh 20 ml, 1,5% H,0, trung hda cong vi 2 ml dung dich 1% chat tac nhan gay bot trung tinh (chat nekan, dodexin benzosunfat v.v...) ri ldc manh trong 6 phit, Sau dé chuéin 46 bang 7 ~'a14f NaOH khéng lai mau metyl dé. 1 ml 0,01M NaOH twong tng véi 0,46 mg NO, Ozon (0,) « Phucong phdp phan sing phdt quang héa hoc (63) Co sé cia phuong phép nay IA ozon tac dung véi etylen tao thanh nhiing phan tt bj kich thich va phat quang 6 bude séng trong thy duge. Tin higu quang ty Ié véi ndng do ozon trong khéng kh{ thit nghiém duge phong dai va cé thé duge hién thi bang s6 hoae bang kim chi trén mat dng hd. Phyong phap nay dugc ap dung dé monitoring lién tye ozon trong khong kh{ xung quanh. Pham vi ndng d9 do duge bang phuong phap nay 14 0,005 + 1 ppm O; (tic 9,8 + 1960 g/m?). DO chinh xac cd thé dat + 7%. May do duge thit va higu chink bing m$t ngudn san sinh ozon nhan tgo gdm mot 6ng thach anh, qua dé khong khi sach (khong chia ozon) duge huit vio va duge chiéu séng bang den thy ng@n thap 4p. Mifc chiéu sing duge ditu chinh bang Sng trugt bing nh6m Ip bao quanh dén chiéu. Nong 49 ozon trong khong khi thir duge xée dinh bing phuong php kali iodua (KI) dung dich 1%. Dudng cong hi¢u chinh duge chudin bj truée bang cach do nang sudt hép thy cia mot logt dung dich iot tiéu chudn long d6i chisu véi Ivgng ozon tuong duong da tinh toan. © Phuong phép kali iodua Co rat nhitu sy bién-hda khac nhau cia phuong phép iodua kidm déu dya trén tinh chat fp thy céc chit oxy héa,nhét 1 ozon trong khong khi cia dung djch kim kali iodua (KD. Dung dich hap thy duge oxy héa bang hydro peroxit (H,0,) dé loai tris anh huéng nhiéu cia SO,, ddng thoi duge ditu chinh do pH dén 3,8 dé tranh anh hudng cia NO,, Trong qué trinh axit hda, iot duge gidi phéng tit hypoiodit hinh thanh trong dung dich hap thy va lugng triiodua san sinh ra duge xéc dinh bing may do quang ph6. Phan ting xay ra nhu sau; 0, + SKI + H,0 = KI, + 2KOH + 0, (12.58) Phuorig:phap nay cho phép xéc dinh ndng dd ozon trong pham vi 0,01 + 10 ppm. ‘Thao téc: dig 30 ml dung dich hip thy (duge pha ché theo cong thite: 10g KI va 4 & NaOH hia tan trong nuéc eft cho duge 1 Ilt) cho vao binh suc khi va pha loaing voi nuéc thanh 75 ml.© NHEM KHONG KHEVA XU LY KHI THAI EE) Hit khong khi thit nghigm qua binh suc khi chia dung dich hap thu v6i luu lugng 5 Uph. Lay ra 15 ml dung dich da hap thu (uée 96 1/6) 46 vio ofc 06 mé, them vio 46 2 giot dung dich 1% H,0, vA dun sti dé dudi hét peroxit thiia. Lam ngugi rBi dé vio éng nghigm 5 chia do va ed nit mai dung tich 25 ml. Thém vao vita di 3M axit axetic dé det d pH = 3,8. Chinh thé tich cudi cing cho duge 25 ml. Sau 2 phat ké tit léc thém axit exotic doc nang sust hap thy & buée sdng 352 am. Sit dung avéc lam d6i ching, Dubng cong titu chufn cé thé duge Igp voi kali iodat va dung dich hip thy, Mot imicrogam jot tuong dng v6i 0,19 ug ozon. ‘Tren day la phuong phap do ndng 49 mot 6 chét 6 nhiém phé hign trong khong khi DOi véi nhibu chét 6 nhiém khéc cd thé tham khdo cic tai ligu (51;42;62;63...).Chuang 13 CO SO LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KHi DOC HAI 2 Cac bién phép ky thuat nh&m han ché su hinh thanh va phat thai ce chat 6 nhiém thé kkh{ tai ede ngudn thai o6 thé dugc phan chia thanh ba ep sau day: 1- Cai tign cdc qué trinh ca ban dé tao ra cong ngh” a hon’; 2- Su dung céc loai nhién ligu ser? ue chy; 8. Xt ly lam sach kif dai iruue & wy tee - 4 -swge cho cée vain dé néu trén phy thuge vao dac diém cia chat 6 nhidm, qué trinh phat sinh chét 6 nhiém va mic d9 xit ly. Vi du, khi xem xét qué trink dét chay nhién ligu ta co thé phan bigt ba logi 6 nisi&m: 1- San phém cia qué trinh chay khong hoan toan nhu céc hydrocachon, oxit cacbon, cdc bui than chua chéy hét. 2. Cée chat 6 nhiém trong sin phém chéy nhut SO,, NO, do thanh ph&n Ivu huynh va nito chia trong nhién liu gay ra. 3- Oxit nito tir phan ting 4 nbigt do cao cia N, va O;. Ci tién cée qua trinh cng nghé déng vai trd chi yéu trong vite loai trit phat thai chat 6 nhiém thude logi 1 va 3, vi du bang cach thyc hign céc qué trinh chy higu qua cao hon va thay déi m6i quan hé giita thdi gian - nhigt 46 cia hén hop chéy. Thay thé nhién ligu {t sach bang nbién ligu each hon 1a bi¢n phap chién luge 6 mot khi cAn giai quyét céc chit 6 nhiém loai 2. Xit ly lam sach khi thai v8 nguyén tac la gidi phép co bin bat bude véi cée chit 6 nhiém thuéc ca ba logi néu trén. Xit ly khf thai oS thé duge thye hi¢n b&ng ba phuong phép sau day: 1- Hip thu cfc chit khi doc hai bang chit Iéng (nutéc, dung dich). 2. Hp phy céc cht 6 nhiém trén bB mat vat ligu rén. 3- Bign d6i hda hoc ofc chat 6 nhiém bing qué trinh thiéu dét (d6t chéy sau) hoge xit ly bang chét xdc tée d6i v6i kh{ thai. Sau day ta ln lugt xem xét cdc phuong phép néu trén, trong dé od dae bigt chi y nhitu hon & phuong ph4p hp thy vi dé 1a phuong phép xit ly kh{ thai duge 4p dung rong rai nhat. 13.1, HAP THY KHi BANG CHAT LONG Hip thy kh{ bang chat léng 1a qué trinh hda tan chat kh{ trong cht Iéng khi ching tiép xtc véi nhau. Co cfu cia qué trinh nay cé thé chia thanh ba buée:ONHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHI THA a 1. Khuéch tan cée phan tit cht 6 nhiém thé khi trong kh6i khi thai dén b&n mat cba chat ling hap thu. 2. Tham nhap va hda tan ch&t kh{ vio b8 mat cia chat hap thy. 3. Khuéch tan chat khi da hda tan trén bB mat ngan cach vio stu trong long kh6i chat ling hap thy. Dé cé thé hiéu r6 céc bude néu trén cua qué trinh hap thy, truéc tién ta c&n tim hhigu nhimg van d@ mau ch6t cia ly thuyét trao d6i chit. 13.1.1, M@t 86 vain dé co ban cia qué trinh trao déi chat Hien tugng din nhi¢t trong chat khi la két qué cia sv chuyén dong bén loan cia cae phan tit Khi, lim cho ching bj x4o tron va dn tdi sy cin bang nang lugng giita céc phan tit, Nh e6 chuyén dong nay ma sy khéc biét cuc bd cia ndng do chat khi trong hin hgp 86 duge gidm dan ngay cd khi khong co sv can thiép cla ngoai Ive nhu quay, ldc. Ta xem xét mot hén hop gdm hai chat A va B trong binh dung & cling nhigt do va 4p suft (hinh 13.1). 86 lugng phan tit trong mot don vj thé tich la n, trong dé ny - 36 Iugng phan tit chat A va ng - 6 Iuong phan tit chat B, ta 88 c6 n = ny + ng. Dong hoc chat khi ching té ring ¢ — — cing nhiét do va 4p sudt 56 2 lugng phan tin & moi diém khée nhau cia binh Ia nhu hav, Gia thist ring 56 lugng phan tit n, va ng thay déi theo phuong Z, trong dé ny nhigu hon 6 phia duéi cia binb, cdn ng nhidu hon d phia trén cia binh. Lie dé ta 88 06 sy chuyén dong cia phan tit A tit du6i day binh di len trén va nguge lai, céc phan tit chat B tir bén trén chuyén dong xudng dudi, 86 lugng phan tit cht A tit du6i di lén qua mat cét 0-0 86 duge xéc dinh theo biu thie: z ‘Hink 13.1. Bibu dia qué teinh trao abt chit (kuch tén) cia hal chit A va B trong h&n hop. any a= Pas 3.1) Va 86 lugng phan ti chat B tir trén di xu6ng qua mat cét 0-0 s6 la:42 CO 86 LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH dng Paz (13.2) ‘Trong cdc biéu thitc trén: Dag: h@ 96 khuéch tan cia chat A trong hon hop A-B; Daa: h@ 86 khuéch tén cha chét B trong hén hop B-A; dn. dn, a a = Tin lugt 1a gradian mt dO phan tit cht A va B theo phuong Z. Tit che didu kign n =n, + ng van = const ta rit ra duge: dn, dng =- — (13.3) a a Dé dim bao ditu kitn n = const, 66 lugng phan tit ndi chung di qua mat phing O-O phai bang khong (NV, + Ng = 0). Do dé Dag = Daa - tite 1a he 86 khuéch tén cia chét A va chat B trong hén hgp A - B 1a bang nhau. Vi vay, vé sau ta bé chi s6 chan AB hoac _ BA cia hé 36 khuéch tén va chi viét ng&n gon la D. TL He 86 khuéch tn va chun 96 Schmidt cia moe s6 chit khf vA hot “Fr 25°C vay = Lat chit H@ 86 Khwéch tin | Chun 85 Schmidt Diemis | Sc =Mxxleyy? ‘Amoniac NH 0236 066 actor dixit CO, 0,164 094 Hydro H, 410 022 Oxy 0, 0206 075, Hoi mide HO 0256 60 Cacbon disanfua CS, 0,07 4s Dietyl ete (CH5),0 0093 166 Metanol CH,OH | 0,159 097 Bry! ancol C,H,OH 0,119 130 Propy! ancol 0,100 155 Buty! ancol CH,(CH,),OH 0990 72 Benzen Clg 0988 76 Clorobenzen CgH,Cl | 0073 22 Btyl benzen CyHyg om 201 Phuong trinh khuéch tdn cdn c6 thé duge bi8u dim qua gradian ndng 6. Néu nhan ca hai vé phutong trinh (13.1) cho phan tit gam M,, ta thu duge: ac, a > (13.4)© NHIEM KHONG KHI VA XU LY KHI THAI 43 trong dé: m, ~ dong kh6i lugng ch&t A di qua don vj dién tich trong don vj thdi giay kg/m?.s hode mol/m?.s; Cy - ndng do chat A, kg/m} hoac mol/m?; Z - khoang céch, m; D - hé 36 khuéch tan, m/s; Phuong trinh (13.4) duge goi 1A dinh luat Fick. © ac bing (13.1) va (19.2) Id he 66 khuéch tén va chudn sé Schmidt cia mot s6 chat trong khong kh{ va trong nude (41] ‘ang 13.2. He 5 khusch tin va chub +6 Schmidt ci mgt s6 chit ling trong nue & 20°C a HE sf kuch tin | Chin 6 schmidt D.0¥ em?/s Se =py/p,D ‘Amonize NH, 76 370 Cacton dict CO, 150 5m Hygro Hy 5 196 Oxy Oy 480 58 Dinko ax NO 1 665 Nito N, 164 6B oa, 76 370 ‘Axit dobyde HCL 264 381 Ditydromnfua H,S Mar 72 ‘Axil sunfurie H,S0, us 580 Axit ntre HNO, 260 390 ‘Axeiylen CH, 136 64s ‘Axil etic CH,COOH 088 140 Metanol CH,OH. 8 78s Etanol CH,OH 100 twos Giyerot on 1400 Ure 106 46 Giucouer 00 - 13.1.2, Trao d6i chit va ly thuyét hai lép bién (hai lép mang) DE trao d6i mot Ivong (kh6i Iugng) chat 6 nhidm ti: khi thai vio chét Ing bap thy, cin phai trao déi céc phan ti qua ving ranh gidi gol Ia lép bign (mang, phim). Cac phan {3 ai qua lop bien tis cd hai phia, mot o6 tu phia chlt ikhi, mot a6 ti phia chat ling. Cuong do trao déi thyc (net) phy thude vao céc yéu 16 téc dong nhw niet 49, 4p suat, nbng d0, 49 hda tan. Nong do phtn ti @ phia chat khi phy thuge vo cd hai hién tugng kKhuéch tan: khuéch tén r6i vA khuéch tn phan tit. Thong thug, Khuéch tén r6i od cae dung lam cho ndng 49 phan tit duge dtu dan trong khéi khi cn Khuéch tin phan tit oo \ée dng lam cho ede phan ti kh{ chuyén dong v8 phia Idp bién (mang, phim). phia chat Tong cing xdy ra hign tugng tuong ty nh trén, trong dé khuéch tén r6i duge inh44 CO sé LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH thanh dé gid cho ndng do duge déu dan trong toan bd khéi chét long, cbn khugch tan chat long (liquid diffusion) dich chuyén cc phan tt dén I6p bién hodc tit lép bién di vio pha khi. Néu céc phan ti cia kh{ di qua Iép bién va di vao ch&t Iéng od phén tng héa hoc véi chat long hode duge git lei bang céc cué trinh vat ly khéc lam cho ching khong thé quay tré lai khéi kh{ thi cudng do trao d6i thuc (hp thy thyc) cia kh{ vio chét ling 36 tang. Lap bién khiv Sot Se TSS Lip bién chat léng — = Khutth én phan te ~~ — Hink 13.2. MO hinh bal 16p bign ngtin céch gitn hal pha khf va ting, Dé tign cho vige phan tich ly gidi, ta xem ring lop bién ngln céch gida céc pha khi va long gdm cé hai lép: mot lép bién khi vA mot lép bién léng - ngudi ta goi dé 1a ly thuyét hai lép bien (hai l6p mang) va duge thé hign trén hinh 13.2. Cuong do trao di ch&t tir pha nay sang pha kia la ty Ie thufn theo dién tich tip xtic va thé nang trao d6i chit v6i mot hé 86 ty 1¢ & dude goi lA he 96 trao déi chat. Xét rieng ré timng lép bién, ta cs thé viet phuong trinh trao d6i chét nhu sau: D6i voi lép bien khi: Na = beac ~ Paid 13.5) Dé6i voi 16p bién chat long: Ng = by(Cai - Car) (13.6) trong do: Ng - cubng 49 trao d6i chét cia chét A qua don vj dign tich ‘cia lép bien, mot/m?h ote ke/m?h; Pao.- ap sult riéng cia chét khf A trong khéi khi (8 céch xa lép bién), atm hose mmHg; Pay 4p sudt riéng cia chat khi A thugc pha khi trong lép bién khi trén b8 mat chit léng, atm ho§e mmHg; Gq, ~ ndng db chat A thuge pha léng trong Iép bitn chat ling, kg/m? hose g/l; Caz - dng dQ chét A trong kh6i chat léng (céch xa lép bién léng), kg/m? hoge© NHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KH THAI wh ‘hg ~ h@ 86 trao d6i ch&t thudc pha khf cia lép bien khi tinh theo chénh Ich ép sudt riéng, mol/m?.h.atm, mol/m?.h.mmHg hoae kg/m?.h.atm, kg/m?.h.mmHg. ‘ky - hé 96 tra d6i chat cia lép bién chat long tfnh theo chénh Ich ndng 4d, mol/m?.h-kg/m? hose kg/m?.h.kg/m? - m/h. 18.1.3. Cée phuong trinh cia qué trinh hap thy Hp thy Kh{ la thu mot ch&t kh{ hoc hoi bang chit léng nh’ eéc qué trinh vat ly va ‘héa hoc - hp thy vat ly va hép thy hda hoc. Trong qué trinh hép thy, chat bi hap thy duge hda tan trong pha Iéng - chat hap thy. ‘DE hip thy duge chét 0 nhiém, cdc phan tit chit 6 nhiém c&n duge khuéch tan dén be mit Iop bién ngan céch, di qua cd hai lép bien khi va léng va cui cing tham nhap vio kh6i chat ling. Didu dé cd nghia la cudng do trao déi thyc cia phan tit qua méi lép bién la nhu nhau, do dé ta od thé vist ding thitc gop ti (13.5) va (13.6) lam met: Ny = gag ~ Pad = Ay(Cai — Cay) 13.7) Phuong trinh (13.7) cdn eé thé duge biéu dién qua chénh Igch cla ty sudt mol cia cht khi cn hp thy trong pha kh{ cing nhu trong pha long: Ny =hyWag ~ Yad = Ayltqi — tay) (13.8) 45 trong dé: Yagr Yai ~ Wan lugt 1a ty suft mol cia chat A trong kh6i kh{ va trong lép bién kf 6 sét bB mat ngin cach; aL Taj - in lugt la ty sudt mol cia chat kh{ A trong kh6i cht lng va trong l6p bién chit long sét bB mat ngan céch; X ey hy - Din Iugt 1a he 86 trao d6i ch&t cita lép bin léng va lép bién khi tinh theo Igch t} sugt mol, mol/m2.h. ‘Ve thugt ngi "ty sudt mol" ta cd thé dinh nghia nhu sau: dé la ty 96 git khi A trén t6ng 6 mol cia cd chit A va chat B trong hén hgp khi A-B. D6i voi pha ling: 6 Ia ty 86 gitta 86 mol chét khi A trén téng 96 mol cia dung méi va chét hda tan (chat kat A). Song song véi ty sudt mol, v8 sau ta cdn gap thuat ngit "ty sé mol’, Dé la ty 86 cha 6 mol chit A trén #6 mol chat B (pha khi) hodc ty 96 cia 95 mol cht A trén s6 mol cia dung méi (pha léng). Bai vi ndng 49 C, ép suft p, dp oust toan phn P va ty sudt mol cd lién quan chat ché v6i nhau (p; = y;P), do 46 c5 thé chiing t8 duge ring: he = pub, vA hy = Pho, 13.9) trong 4: Py ~ kh6i lugng don vj cia pha léng; P - 6p suét toan phn cia pha khi, ‘Trong qué trinh hép thy bang chét léng, chit 6 nhiém hda tan A cin duge khuéch tén ra khdi pha khi va tham nhap.vao pha ling, ching thudng duge gid thiét ring hai pha kh{ va léng trong hai 16p bién luon luon & trang thai can bang trén tt cA cde diém cia b8 mat tigp mic vA khong co mét tré Iyc ndo dng ké xay ra déi véi qué trinh khuéch46 tan gitta hai lop bién eda bB mat tiép xic, Két qua 1a cfc dai Iugng C,; vA pai trong (18.1) hode xq; va ya, trong (13.8) luén luén nm trong ‘mé6i quan hé can bang nh thé hign bang dudng biéu dién 3 hinh 13.3a. Didu dé od nghia 1a ting ctp céc dai lugng Ca; VA Pai hode 24; VA qi trong (13.7) va (13.8) ct biét dai Iugng nay thi x4c dinh duge dai luong kia. Trong lic dé cée dai lugng Yag ttong kh6i kh{ va xa, trong kh6i chat Iéng khong’d trang théi'ctn bing vi ring néu 8 trang thai cn bang thi qué trinh Meth tan 38 Khong xay ra .. ws tugng vita néu ra trén day cu thé duge miéu ta bang biéu ® hinh 13.3b. Nong 40 chét A trong pha khi gidm rét nhanh tit Yac d6n ya; 8 tai diém sét be mat ngan cach. Trén b8 mat ngan cach yj va x,, 8 trang thi can bang. Trong pha ling ndng dQ chét A thé hign qua ty sudt mol x, cing gidm nhanh ‘chéng ti tri 96 xq; trén mat ngén céch dén tr} 06 xa, trong long kh6i chit long. O SO LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH sede chét A sual mel frong pha Khis Ya ty Tj sud? mol cha chat A trong a) pha ldng, x4 (trong |ting khai. ‘khi) ‘Ai Sq, (trong lang khét Yai ra 009 Ne Ong) Pha khiv | Phe léng » Khodng eich E Hink 13.3. MO th blag bébu 43 trong jhél cin bing trong hat I6p bien. 19.1.4. Hé $6 trao d6i ch&t t6ng (Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient) Khi cudng do trao d6i chit tuong d6i thap, sifc cdn chi y6u d6i voi qué trinh 1a nim ngay trong cde pha khi hoe léng chit khOng phai @ b® mat ngin céch, do dé a6 thuan tign cho vige ly gidi va tinh toin ngudi ta cd thé biéu dién phuong trinh trao d6i chit dudi dang: hoge Na = Ko@aa - Pa) = Ku(CK = Cavs . (13.10) Na = Kao — 98) = GR ~ Fav (13.11)© NHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHi THAI az trong dé: Kg, Ky - h@ 36 trao déi chat téng cuc bo cia pha khi ting véi chénh Iéch 4p sudt va chénh Igch ty suat mol; K,, K, - h@ 96 trao d6i chat t8ng cye bo cia pha léng ting véi chénh léch ndng 4% va chénh léch ty suit mol; Cée dai Iuong p3 va yh cing nhut Ch va 2% ed ¥ nghla riéng mang tinh chat quy woe hon 1a thuc té, Cy thé la: PA 4p suft riéng cin bang cia chat A trong pha Kh{ kthi tiép xc véi kh6i pha ing o6 ning 49 Cy; 4 - tY suit mol can bang cia chat A trong pha kh{ Kkhi tip xic vdi kh6i pha Wing 6 ty sudt mol chat A 1A x4); Ch, af - cing duge didn gidi mot cfch tuong ty nhu trén, cy thé mot eéch tuong ing d6 la: ndng do va ty sudt mol can b&ng cia chit A trong pha léng khi tip xile v6i khOi kh{ od ty sudt mol cia chét A 1a yc. Che tri 96 cn bing x4, Yay COng nhu xt, yf 0 thé duge bigu didn tren bigu dd iy inh 13.4. Diém B bigu didn Ne 3 /, trang thai cla kh6i pha ling va pha kh{ tham gia vao qué trinh trao d6i chat. Con diém YG ‘M bdiéu didn trang théi can Bang (cq, ya) tren bY mat 7 ‘nngan cdch hai pha. oe ‘0 ‘Tit phuong trinh (13.8) ta cd thé rat ra duge: > Yao Iw 549) ort Zau-ta | y Didu dé chitng td doan thdng BM néi li8n hai diém Gav Yao) va Gay Yai) 5 40 6c (bd 86 géc) bang ~ ky/hy. ‘D6l voi qué trinh trao d6i cht theo he 86 trao déi ch&t t6ng thi céc doan thing BC = 2h ~ tL VABD = yqq— 4 - 1A dong lye ca qué trinh thé hign 6 cdc thanh phan nm trong d&u ngotc cia vé phi va tréi phuong trinh (13.11). Céc thanh phn trong dau ngode cia phuong trinh (13.10) cdng e6 thé duge ly gidi mot cach tuong ty bang phuong php d® thi khi sit dung biéu dB p — C thay cho biéu dd y ~ = (hinh 13.5) C&n nhéc lei ring cic dai lugng p% vA Ci cing nhv yf va x4 1a qui uéc, khong tn tai 6 bat ky diém nao cia hé th6ng hai pha tham gia vao qué trinh trao déi chat thyc ‘6. Tuy vay, ching la nhing thong s6 vat ly cé quan hé chat ché trong méi tru’ng hgp cy thé v6i ndng do trong céc pha théng qua trang théi can bang cia hé thong hai pha. Hink 13.4. Mo td bling bitu 4 qué trinh trao dU chit vét khéi nigen he 36 trao abt chit ting eye bp.as CO SO LY THuYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH % < B® fe = 32 = R5§ sa Io Ss ‘2 Gh (iting ag chat a “ heey pheling) Hink 4.0. ~ 4} p - C qué trink trao até chit pike pha kb( vi pha Ning thes Thai ~ $6 nS tao Gi chift ttng eye bh ‘Dé6& chiéu voi phuong trinh (13.7) theo hinn ...., ag bye cha qué trinh teno €6i (driving forces) Pag — Pai V8 Ca, — Car duge bidu didm bai che dogm thing BN va MN va hé 06 géc cia doan BM 68 la: m= PACT Pa 43.13) Cai - Cay Lr ‘Trong truvag hop quan hé cin bang tudn theo djnh lust Henry, dutng cin bing 96 la dwimg thing duge thé hig bling biéu thitc: PA, = HC, (13.14) trong dd: HH - bang 06 Henry; C, - ming 6} ch&t A trong pha King; Pi, - dp cult ritng cis chét A troag lép bita cia phe hkl cha bing voi phe King. ‘Kon bei, C,, va ph Ih tpn Mh che idm nhen trén d0dng cin bing (hiah 13.5). ‘Tis v6 the whSt cle phutumg trim (18.10) of bi dim phuang trinh (13.7) hit hop vot jah lott Henry tei che difm M va D’ (dmb 13.5): . Pay PR = AlCy — Cay), ta rit me dye: 1 1,4 (13.15) re Gaye: == + i oe Ko fo ~ Cong twoag ty nhw viy, tit v6 thi hai cia phuong trinh (13.10) of k6 dim phuong triak (29.7) ket bop voi dia lugt Henry tal che dim C’ vA M (himh 13.5):Prati WRONG KH VA XU LY Kf THAD o . T CR Cai = Pac ~ Pais ta 96 cd: — + (13.16) Cée cong thitc (13.15) va (13.16) Ia biéu higm r&t ro née cin ly theglt hal Kp tiem hhoge cin goi la ly thuyst hai ec cin cia qué trink trao di chit tromg bp thémg hed. ge. 86 dio ngwoc cia hf 96 trao déi cht c6 thé duge xem 1A mite chm che qué tuinds. toms. 46i cht. VA nhw vay, sic cin tng UK va U/K, Ia bing tag ode che ci teak Mp bine duge bigu didn mot céch tuong tng bing céc a6 hang bém pli cia che ding tile ($2.15) va (13.16). Dg hide tan cia chét 6 nhiém cha khi duce de trung bing bg of Hi. Tie (13.45) wa. (13.16) ta o6 thé rit ra nh xét la: khi hp thy ch&t khi dé bide tan thi mle che clemtg: bign hf 6 thé bé qua va sc cin ciia Iép bién ling ding vai trd quan toomg. Newinc bel, Ki hp thy chét Kf o6 9 hoa tan thi thi adc cin cia lap bide ki of ¥ maha ug dinh d6i voi cudng 49 cata qué trinh. Cée hf 26 thugc cc lop biém ho VA hy, phy thuge vio bia clhéé che chet Inbe. tam dung moi, img thot plu thugc vao ditu kim tia hanh qué trink: 0). oil cha chapte dong, niwtng khdeg phy thujc vio ming 49 cila chét khi cin hip thy trong pha khl edag nu trong pha Wong. Nguc lai, theo céc biéu thitc (13.15) va (13.16) thi Kg vA Ki, Ini phy thufe vdeo ndng dd, ngosi tric trudng hep dudng cin bing la dung thiag, tte H = const. Mot céch chat ché, céc bé sf sitc cin hotc trao déi tng xke dink theo chic cng thnke (13.15) va (13.16) chi ap duag duge mét céch chinh xdc khi dudng cin bang 1A dung thang. 13.L5. Tink tedn thiét bj h&p thy ‘Thiét bi hikp thy od chic nang tao ra bY mit tip xilc cing Kin cing tét gide hai: pha kkhl va ling. Cs rit nhidu dang kigu khéc nheu cia thist bj hip thu, nhung cd thé phim chia thinh bin logi chiah sau dty: 1- Budag phun, thép phun: trong dé chft léng duge phun think gigt nhé troug thé Hich ring cin thiét bj vA cho dng khi di qua. 2 Thidt bj syc khl: kh duge phn tin dui dang che bong bing di qua lop chét lang. Qua trinh phin tan bhi od thf thysc hign bing céich cho kbi di qua tim x6p, tn dive 16 hofe bling céch khufy co hoc. 3. Thist bj hap thy kiéu sti bet: kh di qua tm duc 15 bén trén of chita lép nue méng. : 4- Thist bj hp thy of lop dm bing vat liga ring. Chit king duge tudi tren Kip jen Ting va chiy rung duéi tao ra bB mat uét cia lop dém d6 ding khi ti6p xtc khi di qua. Ly thuyét tinh todn thist bj hap thy thong thudng duge tiga hamh 46i vii logi the tw, tite thigt bj o¢ lép dem réng va chuy6n dong nguge chidu cia dong Kkhi vA chit ling. Chile Ving (cht hip thy) chay tir trén xudng dudi vi dong khi duoc théi tit duéi lén tréa. Sé ® tinh todn cia thist bj logi nay - goi la thép hip thu - duge thé hién 8 hinh 13.6.50. CO 86 LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY. KH Khi cn lam sach (gidu chat 6 nhiém) duge dua vao thép tit duéi lén trén con Chai léng veo ch&t ling hip thu duge tudi Ae va chay tit trén xu6ng dud, gipg Cée 86 ligu ban dau: all | 1- Kh gitu chat 6 nhidm = 7% oro] di vio:thép vol luu lugng G,, av, wmol/m?.h chia chat A véi ty WY) ae Mee * 2. Ty sudt mol eta chat A trong: kh{ sau khi xi ly thodt ra ngoai clin dat Ia y>. 82 Ty sudt mol cha chat A 6° trong chat léng hap thy 6 du vao x). 4- Quan he gida y* va x* trea dudng cong cfin bing. Nhiém vy tinh todn 1a xé¢ djnh chidu cao Zz cia thép va fuu lugng chat lénz hép thy L, c&n tuéi vao thap 46 Gat dugc yéu chu d8 ra v6i mohg’ min sao cho L, nhd Hinh 13.6. So a tinh toin thép hp thy. nhit od thé dugc. ‘Ta th6ng nhét quan ni¢m ring pha khi cing ohu pha léng du gm hai thanh phan: kf tro + khi A va chat léng tro (dung moi) + Kkh{ A (ch&t hda tan). G va L la liu lugng ‘t6ng bao gdm ca phn khi tro hoje chat Iéng tro cong v6i chat A. Nhu vay'@ va L thay 446i theo ting vi tri trén chidu cao cia thép vi cd sy di chuy6n cia kf A tix pha kh{ sang pha long, trong lic dé ph&n tro IA hang 96. Ta ky higu phn tro mot edch tuong tng 1A Ga L. ‘Tign day cing xin néu ra méi quan hé gida ty sudt mol (x, y) voi ty 86 mol (X, Y) rit thudny gip trong thay toan éde qué teink hap thy. Néu goi SM, vA My lA 86 luong mol eda chat A va chét B (phn tro) trong méi pha, ta #8 cd: SM, SM, x hotc y = ———“_; X hote Y = —* in + SMy SMy x Y ie va X= 1+X 1+Y l-x l-y ‘Trén hinh 13.7 céc di6m B(x, y,) vA C(x, y2) IA céc diém bigu dién trang théi cia ‘hg théng kh{ - chét Iéng mot céch tvong wng d céc mat cAt 1-1 va 2-2 cha thép; diém Q Ia di6im dic tring cho hé thdng tal mgt ¥j tri bat ky nao dé cia thép, cbf diém M 1a dac 3.7 z=16 peal HONG KH VA XU LY KH THA! a trung cho thanh phan céc pha trén b8 mat ngan cach (lop bién). Dong lve cia qué trinh trao déi chat ty 1é theo doan thang QM (tuong ty nhu doan BM trén hinh 13.4 va 13.5). Diém Q ludn ludn nim ve phia trén dung can bang. Khi diém Q ti& gan digm M thi dong Ive cia qua trinh tién dén triét tieu, Khi'Q va’ Metrimg nlilur tal-mt ‘trl nao 46 cia thép thi qua trinh trao d6i chat chim dut bai vi ty vi"tel dé trd di hai pha ede hg thong 4 trang thai can bang. Dé xéc dinh tri 86 min cia L' ta cin thanh lap phuong trinh cAn bang vat chat d6i voi chit A trong thép hap thu. ‘Trén toan bd thap ta cd: . co eh Lyx + Gy, = Lyk, + Oy, 7 aatey trong 46: (Gy, L,) va (Gy L,) la luu Iuong hode cuting dd ddng mol cis’ phatkhi YA pha Teng 6 day. va dinh cia thap. eae Na ‘Tai toa do Z bat ky cila thép Iu Iugng ea céc pha IA @'va L. Lie dé phuohg'trin can bang gia Iugng mol chat A di vao va di ra khéi phn trén cha thap v6i tog & la: Ly + Gy = Le + Gy, Di vao Dita ‘Sau khi chuyén déi céc sé hang cia (13:19) ta thu duge: © L 1 . y= —x +— (Gy, Lx.) (13,20) ot tg (Onm be ‘Tren be true y - x phuong trinh (13.20) Ia mot ding cong (a dung thing néu.G Th 2. hang 86 trén todn bp chitu cao cia thép) thé hign méi quan 9 cla thanh phan khi A trong céc dong kh{ va ding chat long. Dudng biéu dién Ay duge goi la dudng thao tac hose dutng lam vige (operating line). Trang thai cla cdc pha d déy va din cia thép Gy) vA ( y,) chink la : siém dau ya cudi cla dudng fam vite (8, ©). DE fs duge dudng lam % vigc, ta cin biét G va'L tai améi digsp trén chidu cao cia thép, Trong trudng hyp hap y thy, chl oS chat A duge trao 465i ita ch Dh HB Bs ysis G wr odiiimds Jav gabd i . T-y? 4 (eos 1 BH tah iv avd EADS. wp aq 3 2 fk ada 1 Sox ve (gata UpLLeNe gash! nb gt nts i rad hin x pub Ui aédq yaort A Yds abo gadis aa dais wap, AREY ote i trong dé, nhu trén da ndi, G’ ‘gttab ivy Be va L'a hang 86. SUE V9 ~ (Spe = QO Hee (13.21) ta cing cd thé Hink 13.7. ‘Duong 4996 cin bing vA durong lm vige eda thap lap 1S oc rang: ee AL oat!62 CO 86 LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH oe” L - wks ay tla Do dé ding thitc (19.19) 06 tré thank: zal z of 22 1-3 iz) aii I Néu ty sudt mol ca chét A trong méi pha tuong d6i bé thi G = G’ vAL = L’. Lae 46 dutdng lam vite BC of IA dutmg thing véi 49 déc L/G’. Bay gid ta xem xét hal dung lam vigc trén hinh 13.7 dng voi tridng hyp L/G thay 461 doc theo-chitu cao cia thap. TY a6 L/G cing lén thi duting lam vige cng déc dang va dgag lye cia qué trink cing Ién. Ung vii G cho tritdc, néu L cing nbd thi 49 déc cia Gatmg lam vige cing nbé, tite dutmg lam vigc cing od xu hudng nim nghiéng thoal thoal. ‘Tratg hop nly néa diém C (x,, y,) 4h duge Sn djnh tritéc (theo you chu xi ly) thi diém iu - tae diém B cts dutmg lam vigc 06 tién gin vé phia dudng can bang, tic x, tang vA L gldm, kéo theo IA dong lye cia qué trinh gidm vA do 46 di hal thép phi cd kich thude Yon mét dim bdo duge you chu khit kh{ 4 cho. Gidi hen cyc dal cla x, va cyc tiéu cia LoS thé det duge khi diém B tin edt dé dutng cin bing - diém B’ (binh 13.7). Tei dé (dim B') céc pha trong thiét bj hap thy 98 cin bing va qué trinh hap thy 06 khong thé xay ra cho dii thép of kich thuéc vd cing lén. ‘Ta cd thé xéc djnh gidi han cyc ti6u cia L/G’ bang cdch thay y = y, vA x = xf vao phuong trinh (18.22), trong dé xf la hoanh 49 cia diém B’ nim trén dudng cin bang tng vol tung 46 y, (hinh 13.7). Nhu trén d& néi, got hen eve tigu (L/G")j, ting vol diém B’ 1A diém ma tal dé dong Iyo cd qu trinh trigt tidu va qué trinh trao déi chit khong thé xay ra. Do 46 tr] #6 L/G’ thye t6 phat I6n hon gidt han (L/G)qjq- N6u L/G" \én hon nhung sft vol (LIG% aj thi ich thuée cla thép vin rit én. Con néu L7G" lén hon cng nhi®u #0 vol (L/G) aj, thi khoang céch gitta dutmg lam vigc vA dutng cin bang cing I6n, dong We céa qué trinh cang Ién, kich thudc cia thap cing ohd, nhting lic dé Iu Iugng cia pha léng cAng Ién, kéo theo chi phi cing nhitu dign nang cho bom ciip chat Iéng hp thy. Day 1a viin d& 20 sénh inh t6 cla céc phuong én gita kinh phi dau tu ban dau cho thiét bj vA kin phi ven hanh. Thong thuting trj 86 LQ’ hop ly duge nhn bang 1,3 + 1,7 In gidi-han eye H8u LIE pig- Gia thiét L’ cho trtéc, véin d@ dat ra la cln x4c dinh chitu cao cia thép Z;? D6 giAi quyét bai toan nay ta cn thanh lap phuong trinh cn bang vat chatypho phan tit thép 6 dO cao vO ching bé dZ (hinh 13.6). Goi a 1a dign tich b8 mat tip xc gitta hai pha quy v8 cho 1 don vj thé tfeh (1 m3) eta thép (diing hon 1a ca I¢p d§m bing vat ligu réng), néu xét tt phe khi trén ca od cia bidu thie (13.8), phuong trink cfn bing cia chft A trong phn tit duge zem xét ca thép 868 cd dang: i Gy zy = Basaz) ~ Mya ~ ¥))dZ j hay la: ae (3.23) ey - 5 ) (13.22)O NeiEM KeONG KHI VA XU LY KHI THAI 53 trong dé: Yi > ty sudt mol chat A tai diém ndm-trén duimg cin bhag, twang te mit y,, trong phuong trinh (13.8), nhung 6 day d& don gide hie te bé chi 06 chit Av ta luon luén ngim hiéu chét A lA chét cAn hp thy tromg pha kh; J: ty sudt mol chét A trong long pha khi tai toa 49 xem xét, tuong ty nhet Yao ‘trong phuong trinh (13.8) - va 4 day cing véi ly do don gidn héa, céc ky hieu AG khong cAn dua vao nita. Ap dung céc dang thite (13.21) ta ed: (Gy) = east, = a(75) (13.24) (i-y? ‘Thay gid tri d(Gy) tit (13.24) vao (13.23) va lay tich phan: ar Ne yy faz = [= —>_ (18.25) > he (-yy-y Dé xéc dinh chitu cao Z; cia thép hip thy ta cin tink tick phim phiong, tried (13.25). Phuong phép tich phan phy thudc vao'hink dang che duime cong chn bing, 5 thay d6i cia G va céc tri 86 cia Aya, ha. Tut (13.8) taida rit ra duge bidu thite (13.12), 4p dung cho trutmg hop cy thé & day, bigu thite (13.12) 96 06 dang: yr% ha x he Nhu vay, 8 méi diém phuong trinh (19.12") thé hign mgt dudng thang voi hé 6 géc (do déc) 1A —h,o/kya di qua céc diém (x,y) vA (x,y). NOu bit ty 36 hyalkya ta cd thé xéc dinh duge x, va y, tuong tng v6i x,y trén dudng lam vige. Nhu vay phuong trinh (13.25) ed thé tich phan duge bang phuong phép of hode @ thi. ‘Mac dit dai lugng G/hya thay déi doc theo chitu cao cia thép hap thy, nhung thay 46i tdong dot ft xung quanh m¢t trj 96 trung bink G/kya ndo dé: G va kya dtu gitm din tit du6i lén trén theo chidu cao cia thép, su thay déi dé c6 thé bi trit cho nhau va do dé dai lugng G/kya thay d6i trong pham vi hep. Didu dé cho phép ta viét phuong trinh (13.25) duéi dang don gidn hon: 43.12") a % ar (yall T=ne= ane Phuong trinh (13.26) thu duge tit vige xem xét didu kign cin bang vat chét cia pha khi (phuong trinh 13.22). Mot cach tuong ty, ta cé thé lap can bang vat ch&t cia pha long trong phn ti dZ cia thép, lic dé ta 68 thu duge biéu thitc tuong tng voi (13.26) nt sau: Typ a nal a=ae=H (13.27) N@u xudt phat tir phuong trinh (13.7) dé thist lap sy cAn bang vat chat tuong ty nh54 CO sd LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH d4 tigm hanh trén day két hop véi cdc biéu thie (13.17) va (13.21) véi leu ¥ lay = p/P, trong dé p- 4p sudt riéng, P- p sudt todn phAn va x ~ Cipyy, trong dé C- ndng do tinh theo don vj kg/m? hodc g/l; py, - khdi Itong don vj cia pha long, kg/m? hoac gi, ta sé thu duge: (13.28) va L de Rem) O=3e-5 aac (13.29) ‘Tren day Ia cée cong thie tinh chi8u cao cia thép hp thy lien quan dén céc hé 36 trao déi chat cua hai lép bién riéng ré tng véi cdc dong lye kh4c nhau cia qué trint hy hg Va hy, Ta cling od thé lap luan mot cach tuong tu dé rut ra cée obng thc xéc dink Zr, phiy thuge vao cde hé 86 t1a0 d6i chat téng cyc bO cia céc pha: Ky, Ky, Kg va Ky. ‘Lan lugt xudt phat tir phuong trinh (13.11) vA (13.10) véi sy tro gitp cla cac biéu thie od lin quan nbu vita mdi trinh bay trén day d6i véi (13.28) va (13,29), ta 98 rit ra duge céc cOng thiic sau day: at G ay 13.30) ell a=no= ‘ ae a) G=ne (13.31) n dy (13.32) a=ae= L 13.33) “ ar Cee ase ‘rong tinh todn thiét ké thap hp thy dé duge tign Igi ngudi ta xem chiBu cao Zy cha thap 1a tich 96 cia hai tha 86 Ny va Hy: Zy = Nyy, (13.34) trong dé: Nr dai lugng tich phan oé giéi han ti y, + y, hode 2 + 2, trong ede phuong trinh (13.26) + (13.33) va goi ds Ia "s6 don vj trao 46 Hey dai lugng nim ngoai dau tich phan ota cée phuong trink néi trém, duge goi la "chiGu cao cia mét dan vi trao di" tiie chibu cao cla thép quy v8 cho 1 don vi trao d6i, Lity céc c6ng thife (13.26) va (13.30) lam vi du, ta s& 06; a) 86 don vi trao déi: 1 oy 18.35) No I=ne=H * 538)© NHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHE THAI . % dy “ “6 LT (1a . trong do: Ny Noy - 86 don vj trao d6i trén co 38 cla pha Khi v6i hé 86 tra di cia lop . bién ky va he 6 trao d6i tng cue bo Ky ») Chitu cao cia mgt don vi trao déi: c Hy = (xa) 43.37) a . Hoy (ze) (13,38) Cin Iau ¥ 1a, * Ny va H, Hoy nhuing tich eta céc dai lugng thude hai cap tuong lng: Ny voi H, va Noy voi Hy phai bing nhau va bang chitu cao Z; cia thap (ding hon 1a chitu cao lép dem ben trong thép). Ol vol cde bidu thie khée cia Zp ta cing os thé rut fa cdc cong thie tuong tng ctia Ny va Hy. Uu diém cia phuong phép néu trén la & ché dai luong Hy - chitu cao cua mot don vi trao déi viet tat la HTU (Height of a Transfer Unit) hu nh khong thay d6i d6i véi ‘Tinh todn qué trinh hap thy kh{ SO, bang nuéc. Ding thap hap thu voi lop dem bang vat ligu ring dé khit khf SO, tit khong kh bing née, Cho bist: ~ Khi di vao thép voi ty suat mol cia 80, lay, = 0,1 ~ Kil di ra kkhdi thap cin duge gidm tj sudt mol cia khI SO, xu6ng con y, = 0,005, ~ Iatu Itong khong Khf (khong ké thanh phiin SO,) di qua thap G’ = 500 kg/m2h ~ Luu luong nue tuéi lay bang 1,3 lan hu Iugng min. ~ Thép lam vige 3 nhigt do 30°C va &p sudt 1 atm, Xée dinb chidu cao lop vat ligu dem cia thap. Céc 96 ligu cAn thiét cho tinh todn: DOi voi thép cé lop dem bang logi khau 1 in (x 25mm) lam vige 8 nhigt do 30°C, theo 96 ligu ky thuat cia thap (MeCabe va Smith, 1956) duge biet: Aya = 0,202 [0.82 va Aya = 0,0303F 925 0.7, trong dé: « DvaG- lu tuong eda nude va hi tinh theo kg/m?.h;56 CO S6 LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH ha va hya - theo don vj kgmol/m?.h.t} sust mol S6 ligu ve dusng cong c&n bang cia SO, trong khong khi va trong nuéc duge cho 6 bang 13.3. Bang 13.3. Céc thong s6 trén duréng cin bling cia SO, trong khbng kh va trong mirée [Phos we ow Tw |] & | me | 87 | 0 | 220 | 0 | Go, # SOyMGH,O | one | os | ow | ous | 020 | o30 | oso ‘070 | 190 Gidi: 1) Tit 86 ligu cAn bang cho trén day, ta cd thé tinh t} 56 mol trong pha khi va pha long tai cdc diém trén dudng cn bang theo cdng thi: P02 crea " va xt = 760 C*/64 + 100/18 Ta Tan lugt tinh y* va 2* theo tling cap s6 lieu p fo, va Co, cho 8 bang 13.3 ta s& ve duge dudng cong can bang (hinh 13.8). 2) Xéc dinh 86 lugng kg.mol cia kh{ SO, trong khong kh{ 4 dau vao va dau ra cia thap: . G" = 500 kg/m?.h #°S6 kgmol SO, trong pha Kkh{ di vao thép Nsoac1) G29 —__0,1.500/29 . Neon = = Oh son) =) 1- 01 Quy ra thanh khéi lugng: Gsop1) = 1,916 x 64 = 122,6 kg/m?.h * S6 kg.mol SO, trong pha khi di ra khdi thap: y2G'29 —__0,005.500/29 goa) =F = 0.0886 @-y) (1 = 0,005) Quy ra thanh kh6i lugng: = 2 Gsop¢q) = 0/0868 x 64 = 5,5 keg'm™h Luu Iwgng pha khf vio va ra khéi thép: G, = 500 + 122,6 = 622,6 kg/m™h G,, = 500 + 5,5 = 505,5 kg/m? h « Litgng kh{ SO, chuy6n tit pha kh{ sang pha léng: AGgoy = 122,6 - 5,5 = 1171 gim?.h Quy ra thanh kg.mol SO, = 117,1/64 = 1,83 3) Xée dinh uu lugng t6i thiéu céa pha léng: Ap dung cOng thifc (13.22) véi cfc 96 ligu da bist: Cho y = y, = 0,1, tra ra duge x = xf = 0,0027.© NHEM KHONG KH VA xU LY KH THAD 57 2 = 0,005; x, = 0. ‘Thay cdc tri s6 da bigt vio (13.22): 0027 0027 ) = 500 (Fo008 - 9692,5 kg/m’h T= 1,8 Login = 1,3.19592,5 = 25470 ke/mth tite = 1415 kg.mol H,O/m?h. 4) Xée dink duong lam viée cia qué trinh hép thu: Toa d0 diém dau va digm cui cia dung lam vide: + Didm eubi: y, = 0,006; x, = 0 - Ta xée dinh duge diém C trén bibu d® (hinh 13.8); - Diém dau: y, = 0,1; qn a 4 03 qos] ao |_| oo! 0 4 & a 6 20 af a8 0% ‘Mak 13.8, Durdng cin blag vis ding lam vie eda qué telah hip thy SO, trong khong kht bing murée (Vi dy 13.1.6).58 CO sO LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KHi 0 + AG. /64 1,83 T+ AG /64 1425 + 1,88 Ti dé ta xée dink duge diém B cia dudng lam vige (hink 13.8). ‘Thong thudng dubng lam vide trong hé truc ty le mol X, ¥ od dang dudng thang di qua hai diém dau va cu6i dé xc dink duge trén day, do dé ta thu duge: ¥ = 81,5 X + 0,005025, Chuyén sang he truc z, ta 98 e6: 0,0013 + 0,005025 ‘Tren he truc x, y duong lam vige vé theo phuong trinh vita tim duge trén day 1a dutng cong voi do cong rét bé (hinh 13.8) 5- Xéc dinh Iuu lugng pha léng vao va ra khoi thép: Dau vao L, = L’ = 25470 kg/mh Dau ra Ly = L’ + AGyo, = 25470 + 117,1 = 25587,1 kg/m?h Luu lugng pha lng it thay déi theo chibu cao cia thép, do dé ta os thé Idy tri 35 trung binh L cia pha léng dé tinh ton: Z = 25528,6 kg/m?h. 6- Xéc dinh cae hé 36 ha, kya: kg-mol ha = 0,202.25528,6°%2 = 830 ————__— m3.h. ty sudt mol kg-mol ‘yay = 0,0803.25528,67S. 622,697 = 34,6 —————— mh. ty sudt mol 1 ‘yay = 0,0303,25528,69%5.505,5°7 = 29,9 Ta c6 thé ding trj 56 trung binh kya = 32,25. Ap dung cing thie (13.12') ta ed: yy ha - 830 x-% he 82,25 Nhu vay, tai m6i diém (x,y) trén dutng lam vige ta o6 thé xéc dinh x,y; bang cach v6 qua diém (x, y) dutmg thing véi d9 déc (he 86 géc) -25,7, diém cAt nhau gia dung nay véi dudng cin bang cho ta céc tri ad x, y, titong ting nhu thé hign trén hinh 13.8 va duge ghi vao bang tinh (bang 13.4, cbt 3), 7- Tinh 86 don vj trao d6i N, - Tich phan phuong trinh (13.35) bang phuong phép 06 hoac d thj. Tinh todn duge tién hanh theo bang 13.4. Vay: yon mth. ty sudt mol — 25,7 ay S yet » yy0005 N, = 9,04© NHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHO THAT 59 & Xéc dinh chidu cao cia mot don vi trao adi Hy, theo cong thite (13.37) Luu Ivgng dong mol cia pha khi di vio va di ra khéi thap: 500 Gy = + 1916 500 ‘7 2 Sey = SS + 0,0866 = 17,38 ke molm? h ao . 19,16 kg.mol/m?.h 19,16 + 17,33 = = 18,25 kg. mol/m?h Chi8u cao cia mot don vi trao déi: G ia) 9 Chitu cao 2, cia thép hip thy: 2; = Hy Ny = 0,566.9,04 = 5,12 m = 0,566 m/don vj trao déi 2ése 13-4 ing Unk ch phin phone tein (13.35) 2 xée dah s6 don i trao ati N, A= yf 1% [Owl heyy Ara dy pos | as9s [oom [oma | opoase x57 | = = 091 | 099 | coos 0,005, 000495, 20202 2688 opos 34 092 | 098 | ops 0.0075 | 0.00735 Bens 69 onl 69 993 | 097 | 09205} o,o095 00092 08,7 R24 opt 422 one | 096 | ona | oon opus 86,96 978 ont 0,98 oes [ass fop% | oo | opas 75,9 su | opt 081 ons [oss | 004 | ons | opis 6567 m9 | opt ot m7 | 093 | ons25| oor | ons 6250 46 | om 06s 098 | 092 | np605| opis oprs S587 592 opi 059 099 |} 091 | o969 | op21 opm 52,36 541 0p1 0,54 00 | 090 | 00775] oozas 0.0203 49,29 508 op1 Osi cong 904 13.16. Tinh todn 96 dan vj trao déi va chidu cao cia mot don vj trao d6i theo hé 86 trao déi chit téng cyc bd cia pha khi K, ‘Trong vi du 19.1 trén day ta da 4p dung céc cong thie (13.35) va (13.37) dé xéc dinh 95 don vj trao déi va chitu cao cia mot don Wi trao di theo he 86 trao d6i cia lop bien Eh Ay,60 ©O 86 LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH (13.36). Nhin chung, cdc phuong trinh tich phan dang (18.35) hode (18.36) du cé thé gidi duge bang phuong phép 86 hoc theo cach da thyc hién 6 vi du 13.1. Tuy nhién néu 4p dyng cong thite (13.36) ta cd thé bién déi dé qué trinh tink todn duge don gidn va thuan tign hon, Cu thé 1a néu xem (1-y) va (I-y") ~ 1 do y vay’ thudng la khé bé, ta nhan tit s6 cho [(1-y) + (1-y*)] va miu 96 cho 2, phuong trinh (13.36)s8 khong thay déi dang ké va trd thanh: Ny =k = er cence 1 Ny = In 2 1+y, ¥,0+n%-¥) Mot Jn nita ta nhan sy gin bang gita (1 + Y*) va (1 + Y) nén phuong trinh (13.40) 1 1+y, Fay Ny => In + Y 2 1+¥, ¥¥-¥ 43.41) Can Iuu ¥ ring hai Tn dua vao sv gAn ding trong qué trinh bién déi phuong trinh (18.36), Tan thd nhét 1a lam gidm va lin thi hai 1a lam tang, do dé od sy bi trit cho nhau va két qua cuéi cing tinh duge theo (13.41) e6 dd sai lech khé nhé (dui6i 5%) 80 vol cong thite géc. 6 hang tich phan trong vs phai cia cong thiic (13.41) ky higu lA N’,, od thé tinh ton duge bing phucng phép d® thi nhw sau: ‘Tren he truc ty 96 mol X, ¥ ta v8 céc dutng lam vigc va dutng cin bhng cia he thong hai pha kh{ - ling. Dung lam viéc trong hé truc X Y la dung thing cdn dudng cén bang c6 thé la dutng thAng ho&c dutng cong (hinh 13.9). ‘Tiép theo ta vé duémg phy trg MNP... di qua diém gitta cia céc khodng cdch theo chidu ditng gifta dudng lam viée va dung can bang. Néu giéi hen cia tich phan la tit ¥, dein Y, thi tit diém A trén dung lam vige dng v6i Y, ta v6 dogn thing nim ngang AB ma M la diém gita. Tw B ké dubng thing ding ta duge dim C trén dung lam vite. Bang oéch tuong ty ta v8 duge cc tam giée CDE ma N-la diém gita cla CD, EFG ma P la diém gita cia EF v.v... Céc diém B, D, F... o6 thé rim bén tréi hofe bén phai dudng cong can bang. Méi mot tam giéc vé duge mot cach tron ven'la mot'den vj trao déi. O hinh 13.9 ta duge hai tam gic tron ven ABC va CDE. Tain giée EFG vugt ra ngoai diém K la diém trén dutng lam vige ting v6i gi6i ban trén ¥, eta tich phan nén duge tinh nhit phn 1é thap ph&n céa don vj trao déi. Phin 18 dé bang t} 86 cia cfc doan thing HK va UV, trong dé UV la khodng céch theo chidu ding gida dudng lam vige va dudng cAn bing v8 qua diém gita T cla dogn EH: a = HK/UV. Nhu vay 6 don vj trao déi trong trading hgp nay sé 1a: N'y = 2+ a don vi trao déi.© NEM KHONG KH OVA XU LY KH THA a SS mod chit A téa. 1 mot chit dung mo x ‘Mab 15.3. Tich phia blag bidu 0 40 nse éjah ¥6 don +] trao db. DE hifu duge ¥ aghla todn boo ota phuong php Hoh phan bing thi via trinh bay Hee ay, ta bay xom x6t mgt don vj trao ddl thé hifa bing tam gidc ABC ung vél giél bee, ek ph thr ¥, ia Y. a chia dogn Y;¥ thinh abit phn tt dy, dy, Ay, Ay Geom BM A20) Ung vat mbt pha 2 4, tao cde Khodng cdch ¥~¥" tung tng la Zh denn62 CO SO LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH 4, ry Zz, 7 2 im j}& 4 y-y 2, | > N % i Khi bd qua do cong tuong d6i bé cia dudng can bang trong tig doan AX hep, ta cd thé thay thé céc mAu 85 Z;, Zy.. Z, bing mot mAu s8 chung l Zyy = RS, trong dé RS 1a khoang céch theo chi8u ding gita dung lam vigc va duidng can bang vé qua diém gitta M cla doan AB. Con tng s6 A, + A) +... + A, = BC ma BC = RS do M [a diém gita cia cd RS va canh AB trong tam gid ABC. Cusi ciing ta co: Y ay BC = — = 1 dng véi tam Io ling v6i tam gide ABC D6i voi cde tam gide nguyén ven khéc nhu CDE ta cling ly giai vA thu duge két qua tuong ty. Tit dé ta eiing o6 thé giai thich dugc phan Ié thap phan a = HK/UV thu duge tit tam gidc 1 EHK nhu da trinh bay trén day. Vi du 13.2 Dang s6 ligu ban du da cho 8 vi du 13.1, hay xée dinh s6 don vj trao déi N,, theo cong thie (13.41). Gidi: ‘Ta bat dau tit vige chuyén déi cdc dudng lam viéc va dudng can bang tit hé truc ty sudt mol x, y (hinh 13.8) sang h@ truc ty 36 mol X, ¥ voi sy tro giipcla cdc biéu thie (13.17) - hinh 13.10. Céc giéi han tich phan trong hé truc X, ¥: 0,1 =—S =o 1-08 0,005 = 0,005026. 1-y2 Cée gidi han tich phan nay titong tng voi cdc diém A va K trén dudng lam viée (hinh 13.10). 2 ‘Tigp theo ta vs dutmg phy trg di qua diém giita cia cdc khoing-each theo chidu ding gidta dutng lam vige va dudng cAn bing, ta thu duge dudng cong MNQP... trén biéu 4d. Tit A ta dung céc tam giéc ABC, CDE, EFG va GIJ theo nguyén tée Ua biet. Vi diém ‘ake ten Ste i asap av araeeae° Se s ae ont pot Be dig EL gh gg epbpattn gut 8 A 1. dalton Miedsuebdaradeeeliadabncouds ato 9d ano! aldga Y opub wttd ¥ me iby rett pelee arcane 7 ab Gar adxiarex wad Ab ,YAhL SUD GA nah igh gh Sige srr ; : paw girbtd YL -X dodo p ob b. ws oat ag Bar eee = 3,902 + 0,0502 = 3,9522 Sy Sa at wie wtO:NeABM KHONG KH VA XU LY a Hay FEE AP 70% O20 Soe Wp 2 1 So ge wer gay, ‘ore uy x oF 9 % zs 0% 9 90 ¥o zo + cate + + ¢, — gp ine Fosee : 7 bug wes bang = oO 2 7 4 a] , 2“ 64 iy Boang E = ote oT + a 2814 wey bupng Za »” a - =F=ES LEG 4900 oro sus o=% 4a}: nM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHI THAI “TEL AP 9 Of OP.-AU TERA RP OF | MOP 98 WHOL WELL OI'ET HHT x 0F of vs a oF 90 90 vo zo o + + - 000 @ ¥ o %& if ‘5205000 — be a eee poe q S— 16100 bupq veo bun by byd buerg 7 lA 2g wey buppg | 4900 [ oo sO" & g 4 tPF oP oR© NHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHf THAI 65 Hip phu la qua trin phan ly khi dya trén ai luc cia mot s6 chat rén d6i véi mot 86 ogi khi cd mat trong hén khi noi chung va trong khi thai noi riéng, trong qué trinh dé ‘6c phan ti chét kh{ 6-nhiém-trong kh{ thai-bi gid Iai tren be mat cla vat ligu rin. Vat ligu rdn sit dung trong qué trinh nay duge goi IA chat hp phy (adsorbent), cdn chat khi bj gid Iai trong chat h4p phy duge goi la chat bi h4p phy (adsorbate). Qué trinh hap phy duge si dung rong rai dé khit dm trong khOng hf hodc trong méi trugng khi noi chung, Kkhit khi déc hai va mii trong khi thai, thu hdi céc loi hoi, kh{ eo gid tri In trong khOng khi hodc khi thai. Dac bigt qua trinh hp phy duge 4p dung rat phit hgp cho nhiing trudng hop sau dt 1 Chat khi 6 nhiém khong chéy duge hose khd dét chay; 2- Ch&t khi cn khit la e6 gid tri va c&n thu hdi; 3- Chat kh{ 6 nhiém co ndng 49 thép trong kb{ thai ma cdc qué trinh khit khi khée khong thé 4p dung duge Qué trinh hap phu duge phan chia thanh hap phy vat ly (physical adsorption) vA hip phy héa hoc (chemisorption). ‘Trong hap phu vat ly cdc phan tit kh{ bj hut vao b3 mat cla chit h4p phy nhd 06 lye lien két giita cde phan ti (lye Vander Waals). Hap phy la qua trinh cd téa nhiét. Luong nhigt tda ra phu thuge vao cudng dé cila Iyc lién két phan tit va tuong duong voi entanpy (nhigt) ngung ty cia hoi, khi. Luong nhigt dé nim trong khoang tit 2 + 20 kd/g.mol. ‘Uu diém cia qué trinh h&p phy vat ly 1 qué trinh thugn nghich. Bang céch ha thép 4p sudt riéng céa chat khi cin h&p phy trong hén hgp kh{ hodc thay déi nhiét do, khi da bj hap phy nhanh chéng duce nha ra ma ban chit hda hoc cia nd khong h8 bj thay di ‘Trong trudng hop nay sy thay déi nhigt do duge dp dung mot cach phé bién nbit. ‘Tinh chat thuan nghch cia qué trinh hp phy vat ly 6 y nghia dac bigt quan trong khi cn thu hbi chét bj hép phy cd gid tri hodc khi clin hoin nguyén chét h&p phy da bao hda dé tai sit dung. Luong khi bj hp phy bing qué trinh hép'phy vat ly giam rét nhanh khi nhigt 49 tang vA cd tri s6 rét bé khi nhi¢t 9 cao hon nhiét do tdi han cia chat bj hap phy. Ligng kh{ bi hap phy ty Ié thuan theo dign t{ch b8 mat cla vat ligu hap phy. ‘MOt uu diém nita cia hép phy vat ly la t6c do hp phy dién ra rét nhanh, ‘Hap phy héa hoe la két qua cia cdc phan tng héa hoc gitta chat bj hp phy va vat ligu hip phy. Trong trudng hop nay Ivc lign két manh hon nhibu so voi lye lign két trong Ap phy vat ly. Do dé lugng nhigt téa ra lén hon nhidu so v6i lugng nhi¢t duge gidi phéng trong hp phy vat ly. Lugng nhi¢t nay thutng nim trong khoang 20 + 400 kJ/g.mol. Do lwgng mbiét hp phy hda hoc 16n, nang Iugng cln cho phan tng gia céc phan tit cia chat bj hp phy voi phan tit cla chét hp phy 1a {t hon déng ké so véi nang Iugng can cho phan tng cla cdc ch&t dy ngay trong pha khi. Chi phi {t nang lugng cho phan dng Ia cd 88 dé gidi thich higu qué cla chét ric téc bang b8 mat chat rén trong viée thic dy nhanh mot 95 qué trinh hda hoc trong cong nghigp héa chit. ‘MOt dac diém khéc bi¢t quan trong nita cla hap phy hda hoc so véi hap phy vat ly a tinh chat khong thugn nghich cia qué trinh. Khi cn giai thodt kh{ d& bj hap phy trong qué trinh hép phu héa hoc thi ban ch4t hda hoc cia kh{ bj thay déi. Do dé néu66 CO SO LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH ‘mu6n thu hi khi ed gié tri hoac hoan nguyén chat hap phy dé tai sit dung thi c&n chon vat ligu h&p phy nao cd tinh chat hdp phy vat ly 1a cha yéu. ‘Néw téc 49 cia qué trint hap phy hda hoc phy thuge vao nhigt do, ngudi ta gol 1a qué trinh hp phy héa hoc kich hoat (activated chemisorption, titc o¢ thé kich hoat duge). Con néu qua trinh hp phy xay ra rét nhanh va khong phu thudc vao nhiét 40, ngudi ta goi do la qué trinh hap phy hda hoc khong kich hoat (nonactivated chemisorption). 13.2.2. Vat ligu hp phy Vat ligu hap phy - thutng 18 céc loai vat ligu dang hat tte 6 + 10 mm xu6ng dén cd 200 wm cd dQ r6ng Ién duge hinh thanh do nhiing mach mao quan li ti n&m ben trong khéi vat ligu. Dutng kink cia mao quan chi lén hon mét 96 {t lan dutng kinh phan tit cia ch&t cAn hap phy thi vat ligu hap phu méi cd téc dung t6t. Do chia nhitu mao quan, nén be mat tigp xtc cla vat ligu rat 1én. Vi dy than hoat tinh od b8 mat higu qua lén d&n 105 + 106 m/kg. Ngoai bé mat tiSp xuc ra, vat ligu h&p phy cn co mét 36 tinh chét héa hoc cn thiét tay thuge vao thanh phan héa hoc cia ching. Vi du than hoat tinh o 4i lye manh d6i v6i hydrocacbon, trong hic silicagel es tinh chat hut nuée rét manh. Than hogt tinh va silicagel du c kha nang phyc hbi - tiie hon nguyén. ‘Vat ligu hép phy c&n dép ting céc you c&u sau day: 1 Co kha nang hép phu cao - tife hut duge mot Iugng én khi c&n khit tir pha khi; 2- Pham vi téc dung rong - khit duge nhieu loai khf khéc nhau; 8- C6 do ben co hoc chn thist; 4- Co kha nang hoan nguyén dé dang; 5- Gia thanh ré. Vat ligu hap phu c¢ thé duge chia thanh ba nhom chink: 1- Vat ligu khong od eve: Trén b8 mat cia ching xAy ra chit yéu 1a hign tugng hip phy vat ly. 2- Vat ligu 06 eye: Trén b8 mat cla ching xdy ra qué trinh hp phy héa hoc nhung, khong lm thay déi ofu tric phan tit chat kh{ cing nhu cfu tric b8 mat eda vat ligu hap phy. 3- Vat ligu ma trén b8 mat cla ching xy ra qué trinh hp phy hda hoc va qué trinh 46 lam thay di cu tric cba phfn tit khi, ‘Vét ligu phé bién nhdt thudc nhém 1 1a than hoat tinh - vat ligu hoan ton cfu tao bo mgt dang nguyén tit trung tinh cd_céc dign tich phan bé dBu trén bB mat. Kich thuéc IS réng (dutng kinh mao quan) dng vai trd quan trong lam cho vat ligu hip phy co kha nang hap phu duge chat ndy hoc chit khdc tiic od tinh ch&t Iva chon. Vi dy néu dudng kinh mao quin 1a 0,003 1m thi vat ligu cd thé h&p.phy cfc chat nhut H,0, NH. Néu dutng kin tang lén dén 0,004 ym, cdc loai phan tit lon hon nhu CO, SO, H,S, C,H, C,H, va C,H,OH d@u od thé bj hip phy. Khi dung kinh mao quén 0,005 wm vét ligu cin hp phy duge parafin va cd céc hydrocacbon mach ving. Voi dac diém ve dudng kinh mao quan, than hoat tinh co thé hip phy céc chat sau - Hoi axit, rugu, benzol, toluol etylaxetat voi mic do hp phy bang 50% trong lugng© NHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KH THAI er ban thin. + Axeton, acrolein, Cl, H,S v6i mite 10 + 25%. = C05; etylen: mite do tha: Dé loc sach khi thai tir cdc hé thong thong gid, a Lién XO (cl) ed sin xudt cée logi than hoat tinh nhan higu AG, KAY, CKT v.v... v6i ede thong a6 ky thuat cho d bing 13.5. Bang 13.5. $6 lige bf thutt cia mgt s6 logl than hogt tinh do Litn Xb (c6) sén xubt [11} KOI krong dom vi dd | ‘ThE ich fp phy ola Lent XKich thurs at, mm ‘6g tg? ang AG2 10-35 600 03 AG3 13-27 450 03 AGS 10-15 450 03 AP3 9-55 550 033 ArT. 19-60 550 - 600 033 KAY 10-50 400 033 cAY 10-Sp 450 036 cKT 1-35 380 - 500, 045 - 0,59 Ts 1-35 420 - 450 046 Hign nay trong cong nghiép ngudi ta thudng ding vat ligu hap phy méi gpi 18 than Igc phan tit MSC (Molecul Sieve Carbon) cd tinh nang rt t6t. Sau day la thong 96 ky thugt eda than MSC do Nhat Ban san xudt (bang 13.6) Bang 13.6. Thtog s6 kf thugt cia than MSC do Nhge Bin sin xu (Ce foal MSC “Todng 56 Msca | MSCSA | MSCB | MSCC ich thuce 1S rng, m 41010 | sw | 610 710710 Kbdt brgng dom vi dd d6ng, ke/m? 640 $20 510 500 ‘hd hugmg don vi thye, kg/m? 1800 1800 1800 1300 “Tab tich 1 rBng ting odng, om3/g 034 056 059 061 Bang 13.7. Che 26 liu kj thudt cia eéc chit hip phy thing dyng Khéi Inong don vacuity | ead aig,” | Bote las ng | Tc Bog |B mB og, ge m bog cooe, emg | + .mtig Tin bw 380 — 60 | ys ao) 0 | as os | 500 ~ 1500 ‘scape! ‘o00 | G0 200) 107° = 04 200 — 600 Atumogel 90307? 039 vs68 CO SO LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH Ngoai ra, dé hap phu cdc chat 6 dang hoi nhu hoi rugu, hoi nuéc (lam khd), ngudi ta sit dung céc loai vat ligu hip phu phé bién nhu than hoat tinh, silicagel (SiO,) va alumogel (Al,03) véi céc 6 ligu ky thuat cho 4 bang 13.7, 13.2.8. Thiét bj hp phy ‘Trong thiét bi h&p phy, vat ligu hap phu duc dé thanh lép dém cé b8 day nhét dink va cho ding khi c&n xit ly di qua. ‘Thong #6 quan trong cia lép dém bing vat ligu hp phy la sttc cn khi dong cia né phai ndm trong pham vi thich hgp dé tdn thét ap sudt cla dong kh{ di qua thiét bi khong qué lén, dng thai dam bao thdl gian tiép xc c&n thiét giita khi va vat ligu hép phy. ‘Thong thu’ng van téc khi trén toan tiét dién ngang cia thiét bj nim trong khoang 0,1 + 0,5 mis va thdi gian luu ca dong khi trong I6p vat ligu hap phy khodng 1 + 6 s, You chu dé ra khi thiét ké hoae chon thiét bj hap phy 1a: 1- Dam bao thai gian chu kj lam vige (hap phu) thich hgp. 2. C6 xit ly so bd déi vdi khi thai dé loai bé cdc chat khong thé hap phy dug. 3. Xt ly lAm gidm bét ndng 49 ban dau cua chét cln khit trong kh{ thai dé bdo ve lop vat ligu h&p phy khdi bj qua tai. 4. Phan phéi ding khi di qua lép vat liu hap phy mot cach déu dan, 5- Dam bao kha nang thay thé méi hoac hon nguyén vat liu hp phy sau khi dat trang théi bao hda. Noi chung, khi thiét ké hé th6ng hép phu, ta os thé chon phuong an hoat dong ting Thai khi ra khi quyéa e f i to ie tot ' ae oe [) Wie thei i : Binh ling Hinh 13.11. So 83 Ue théng hép phy gBm hol thiét bj hip phy abl song.© NHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHI THAI 69 dot hoge lién tuc, cd hon nguyén hodc khéng hoan nguyén (tic thay thé mdi). ‘Tren hinh 13.11 gi6i thigu so dd he thong hap phu lam vige lién tue gm hai thidt bj hAp phy Juan phién nhau, cdi nay lam viée 6 chu ky h4p phy thi edi kia lam viéc theo chu ky hoan nguyen. 13.2.4. Dudng dc tinh hay cdn goi la dudng can bing dang nhiét cua vat ligu hap phy D6 phyc vy cho vite tinh todn thiét ké hé thing hip phy, mdt thong s6 quan trong cua vat ligu h4p phu can xéc dink bang thyc nghiém, dé lA kha nang hap phy cla vat Vigu d6i voi ch&t c&n hap phy (kg/kg) ting voi nhigt dO va Ap sudt riéng khéc nhau cha chat can hap phy trong kh{ thai. Cac thong 6 nay dude thiét lap thanh dutng biéu dién soi la dudng dae tinh hose dudng can bing ding nhiét cia vat ligu hap phy. Tren hinh 13.12 la céc dudng cin bang ding nhiét cia than hoat tinh d6i véi cée chét kh{ axeton va benzen © nhiet do nhat dinh khi 4p sudt ritng cia 300 chét bi hap phy trong kh{ thai tang cao thi kha [Axeton| 160% | [Axeten tone nang hdp phy cia vat liu tang, trong dé néu 6 nhigt do thap thi kha nang hap phy tang nhanh, nguge lai, 6 nhigt 40 cao thi do tang cia kha nang hip phy rét chém, thm chi khong dang ké, theo do tang cia 4p suat ring. Do dé, didu ludn ludn mong muén la tién o hanh qué trink ° Pn neee ames h&p phu 6 nhitt G77 chet by hap phu/ gam than 4) cang thiip cang t6t. Ngoai ra, kha nang hap phy tang khi koi Hénk 13.12. During cin bing ding nhift cin than host tfah 461 v61 axeton vi lugng phan ti bbenzen (51} g Beren 3 LK 3 Ap gudh riéng clin bing cuir chal by ‘Kap phy trong pha khi’, mm Hg Jot70 CO sé LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KHL cha chat bi hép phy tang trong céc didu kign khéc nhu nhau. Lify céc dutng cin bing & 100°C d6i véi axeton va benzen trén hinh 13.12 dé so sénh thi 4 cing nhigt do va ap sudt riéng, kha nang hp phu cia than hoat tinh d6i véi benzen Ién hon dang k6 s0 véi axeton vi phan tit gam ciia benzen lén hon phan tit gam cia axeton (tuong tng lA 78 va 58). Dudng dac tinh cla céc loai vat ligu hp phu khée nhau khOng phai lic nao cing cé dang nhu 6 hinh 13.12, Co thé ed ba dang dutng dac tinh khéc nhau cia vat ligu hap phy: cong 16m phia trén (a), cong l6m phia duéi (b) va cong cd diém uén (c) (hinh 13.13) 7 z 3 & 7 7a > i é f = $ = p> S| > 2g g 2 8 = g Néag 46 trong pha rén Nong a8 trong pharén —-Néng a6 trong pha rin a) o) ° Hink 13.13. Che dang during éje tinh (clin bing ding nit) cia vat tiga hip phy: 32) cong lm pa trén;b) cong kim pia dust; €) cong 06 dit wn. ‘Trong tai ligu ky thudt cs rt nhidu cong thie cia nhibu téc gid khée nhau v8 dudng cong can bang dang nhiét cia vat ligu hp phy, trong s6 dé cong thie cia Brunauer - Emmett - Teller (B.E.T) duge 4p dung khé phé bién [51]. Cong thite duge thist lap trén co 86 cudng dd nguing ty va bay hoi ti nhidu lop phan tk khdc nhau trén b8 mat vat rén va cd dang: v bp , (13.42) p){l + © — 1piP.) trong dé: 'V- thé tich chat kh{ bj h4p phu 6 nhiét d9 va dp suat da cho; V,, - thé tich ch&t khf bi hip phu khi co mot lop be day 1 phan tit chat bi hap phy tren b8 mat vat ligu hap phy; P,, - ap sudt hoi bao hda cia chat bj hap phu 6 nhiét do cia hé thong; p - 4p aust ritng hign cd cia chét bj hap phy trong kh6i kh{ thai; 6 - hé 96 thye nghi¢m 46i voi qué trinh hép phy.© NHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHi THAI n 13.2.5. Vang hép phy va séng hp phu Gia sit ta co thiet bi hap phy voi lop dem bang vat ligu h&p phy cé tiét dién ngang S, m? va ba dai /, m (hinh 13.14), Khi tro mang chat 6 nhiém di vao thiét bi véi Iu Iugng 1 G’ kg/m2s va ndng dQ ban dau cia chat khi 6 nhiém A can khit trong pha khi la Y,, g/kg hi tro Theo thai gian lam vige lugng chat 0 mhiém (khi A) bj hap phy trong lop dem tang d&n, nhung sy tich tu chat 6 nhiém trong 6p dom khong dién ra : mgt cach dong hi vdeo" d@u trong toan 1ép dom. Thai gian ben dau, dai vat ligu dém 6 sat dau vao eda thiet bj hp phu rat manh va higu qua Hink 13.14. Sy dich chuyén cha ving hip phy trong Iép d¢m chat 6 nhiém va cia thlgt bi hgp phy. dan din tro nén bao hoa. V8 phia pha khi thi khi di qua céc dai dau tien ca lop vat ligu dom, ndng do cht 6 nhiém giém nhanh va khf duge hodn toan giai phéng khéi chat 6 nhiém 8 céc dai tigp theo. Tinh hinh néu trén duge thé hign trén hinh 13.14a, trong dé do day - thua cla cic chim gitta hai mat edt 1-1 va 2-2 biéu din lvgng chét 6 nhiém bj h&p phu trong vat ligu dgm, Phin phia truée cia mat edt J-1 duge gach chéo thé hign dai vat ligu dem da bao hea. Nhu vay ndng 49 chat 6 nhiém trong pha khi 5 tai mat edt J-1 giit nguyén nhu trang thai ban dau (vi dai vat ligu dem truéc 1-1 da bao hda vA khdng cbn kha nang hp phy nda), cdn trén mat cdt 2-2 thi ndng do triet tieu. Dudng bidu dién ndng do chat 6 nhiém trong pha khi tir mat c&t 1-1 d6n 2-2 duce thé hign trén hinh 13.15a tuong tng véi vi Khi vio72 CO SO LY THUYET. CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH y hoge X (a) (b) (© a) ‘Trye that gian T, hod lau luong tich ly Gx = Gr, kgm? Hink 13.15. 2) Séng hip phy; b) N&ng 4 Y & Bu ra thay ai theo thal glan vin Hanh. trl cia céc mat cht 4 cde trugng hop a, b, c trén hinh 13.14. Can thay ring cfc dudng biéu din ndng 4 néu trén cing dong thoi 1A dudng biéu idm adng d9 chit 6 nim trong pha rén ti mat cht 1-1 dén 2-2, te Iuong chat 6 nhiém bj hp phy quy v2 cho 1 kg cht hap phy va duge iy hidu la X, kekg chitt hép phy. Nhu way, 8 mit cht 1-1 : X; = Xy - ndng d@ bao hda va, mat oft 2-2 : Xp = 0- ‘Theo thoi gian, céc dong biéu din ndng 49 cia pha khi va pha rn gid ode mat cht 1-1 va 2-2 dich chuyén v8 phia cu6i cia thist bj nh mot lan séng. Chin vi nhGing J nghla néu trén, ngui ta quy woc goi dai vat ligu dém gida hal mat oft J-1 va 22 a “ving hip phy" va céc diting biéu din nbng d9 trong ving hép phe 1a ‘song hp Phu” ‘Tren hinh 13.15b 1a ndng dQ cht 6 nhiém trong pha kh{ 3 du ra cota thiét bj hap phy thay d6i theo thdi gian hoge theo lvu lugng tich Idy.cda pha kh{ di qua toan bd 16p ae liga hép phy. hi ving bfp phy cbn nm & cfc vi trl (a), (b), ndng do ¥ 8 dau ra cha thist bi gin bing 0. Khi mép ben phai cia ving hép phy da di hét be dai / cila lop dtm© NHEM KHONG KHI VA XU LY KH THAI 73 (hinh 13.15a - vj tri c) thi ndng do 6 dau ra cia thiét bj bét dau tang cao, dat tri 36 ¥, tai thoi diém r, va sau dé néu thiét bj vin tip tuc lam vige thi ndng do tigp tuc tang dn ndng dd ban dau Y,, Tai thai diém dé lép vat ligu dém da hoan toan bao hoa va mat tée dung hap phu (hinh 13.156) Ve phuong dign bao vé moi trudng, ngudi ta khong dgi dén lic ndng do 8 dau ra cia thiét bj hap phy dat trj 6 ndng dd ban dau Y,, méi cho thiét bj ngiing hoat dong dé hoan nguyén hodc thay méi ma 4 tai thai diém r, néu ndng dé Y, xp xi hoge bang nbng do phat thai cho phép thi da phai ngiing chu ky hp phy. Luc dé r, duge goi la diém ngitng. Hinh dang song hap phy hodc bé day cia ving hp phy cs ¥ nghia cyc ky quan trong. Cutng do hp phy cita vat ligu hap phu cdng In thi be day cla viing hap phu cing bé va dung cong hap phu cang déc ditng. Khi cudng d9 1A vO cing Ién thi ba day ving hép phy bang khong va sng hap phy Ia dutng thdng diing. Trong trudng hop nay thdi gian lam vige cia thiét bj cho dén lic xudt hign *diém ngling" duge kéo dai va lic xuat hien diém ngiig toan bo khéi vat ligu hp phy trong lép dém déu bao hda. Day la trudng hop Iy tudng, khong thé co duge trong thuc té. Ngugc Iai, néu cudng do hap phu cia vat ligu thép (yéu) thi bé day cia ving hap phy lén va song hap phy sé od dang thoai thoai. Lie dé diém ngling sé xudt hien som va do bao hda cia kh6i vat ligu dém cing thép, nhidu trudng hop chi dat khoang 15 + 20%. ‘Trong thye té, xét trén phuong dién kinh té ky thuat thi di@u hop ly nhat la lam sao dé mite dQ bao hda cia vat ligu dém dat khoang 75 + 80% khi xuét hién diém ngiing. Tat cA nhing didu noi trén phu thude vao nhi@u yéu t6, nhung quan trong nhit d6i véi ching ta trong chuong myc nay 1a bé day va van t6c dich chuyén cia ving hap phu. 13. . Ly thuyét tinh todn qué trinh hap phu Ly thuyét tinh toan qua trinh h&p phu od thé duge xay dung bang cée phuong phap tigp can van dé mOt cach khéc nhau. O day ta co thé xudt phat tit su can bang vat chat trong ving hap phy hoac cdn éo thé ndi la trong lop séng hap phy. ‘Trén hinh 13.16 1a séng h4p phu bé day d dang @ vj trix = x, va x, ciia lop dém cd dign tich tiét dien ngang S va b’ dai /. Nhu trén day da trinh bay, phan vat ligu dém phia truée mép tréi (x,) cila séng 1a ho&n toan bao hda, ditu dé cd nghia la 6 phan nay ciia lop dem pha khi vA pha rén & trang thai can bang. Nhu vay ndng d6 cia chat 6 nhidm trong pha khi tai mép tréi cha dng la Y = Y, (ndng dd ban d&u cia chét 6 nhiém trong pha khi) va 6 cu6i sng (mép phai) 1a Y = 0. Con d6i voi pha rén, ndng do chét 6 nhiém bj hp phu 3 mép trai va phai cla sdng mt cach tuong tng 1 X,y, va 0. Néu goi v, 1A van t6c dich chuyén cia sdng thi sau mt quang thai dich chuy€n duge mot doan dung la Ax = u,r va chiém vi tri méi xy Néu diém quan sét cing dich chuyén theo lan sdng, ta ludn luén nhan thay rang ndng do chat 6 nhiém trong pha khi di vao mép trai cla séng la Y Y, va di ra khéi mép phai cla sdng la Y = 0. V6 phia pha rén, Iugng chat 6 nhiém tit pha kh{ chuyén vao pha rén s@ lam cho dai vat ligu dém ed bé day 1a At hoan toan bao hda vi ring phn khi da bj hp phy vao pha rn 6 vj tri dau x;—2» (phn gach chéo) da chuyén sang mot cach nguyén ven & vj tri méi x’, — x’, (phn cham chim). Do dé ta od thé viét phuong trinh ian t sdng sé74 O SO LY THUYET CUA CAG QUA TRINH XU LY KH Heed Minh 13.16, So & tiah todn cin bing vot chit trong séng hip phy. can bang vat chat cho séng hap phy nh G'SHY, = pyghsStXyy (13.43) ‘Tit dé ta rat ra duge van t6c dich chuy&n cia sing hap phu vy cy, , » mis, (13.44) trong dé: Pron xp ~ Kh6i Iwong don vi dé 6ng cia vat ligu hép phy trong lop dom, kgm? G - lau lugng chat kh{ tro mang chat 6 nhiém trén don vj dign tich tit dign ngang cta thiét bi, ke/m?s; ¥,, - mong 49 ban du cia chét 6 nhiém trong pha Khl, ke/kg khl tro: yy - ndng dd bao hda éia chit 6 nhiém trong lop dem bang vat ligu hap phu, kg/kg chit hp phy. Nong 49 bao hoa X,, cia chat 6 nhiém trong vat ligu h&p phy dudi nhigt do va 4p sudt nhdt dinh phy thude vao ndng d9 cia chat 6 nhiém dé trong pha khi va thudng duge bigu din bang biéu thitc: xh, (13.45) trong dé: Y,- ndng do cAn bang trong pha khi ting véi ndng 40 blo hda X,q cla pha rin; «a, - la che hang 86 thye nghiém cho tiing cAp chét hp phy va bj hap phu & nhigt do va ap sudt nhét dink. Nhu trén da gia thiét, phn vat ligu hap phu & phla trai cha sing hap phy 1a bao hoa va cin bang véi ndng 49 ban dau cia chét 0 nhiém trong pha Whi, do dé ta cs thé nhan Y, va thay tri s6 Xyy tit bidu thite (13.45) vao (19.44), ta s6 e6:© NHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHf THAI 75 " 8 8-08, ms, 13.46) Pap Bay gid dé xéc dink duge ba day cia séng hote ving hap phy, ta cn thiét lap m6i Y quan he gita Y va x bang 5 cach xem xét qué trinh trao 46i chat din ra trong dai vat ligu dom o6 b8 day dx trong ving hfp thy (hink 13.17) yf-— ‘Tai méi diém doc theo truc x cia ving hép phy ndi chung va ofa phn tit dém dx trong « ving hap phy noi riéng déu o x % 5 6 mét gid tr) Y cia pha khi T twang tng voi X cia pha rén dz N@u_goi dm la kh6i lugng CRE mim tr $8 0 131, ah nn ya i) he phan ti dém dx, dya vao ly thuyét trao déi cht da ép dung phan hap thu (muc 13.1), ta co thé viét phuong trinh sau day: dm = KaSdx(¥ ~ ¥,), ke/s, 3.47) trong 46: K- he 86 trao d6i chét cia qué trinh hp phy, kg/m?s; a- ditn tich b8 mat tigp xdc quy v8 cho 1 don vi thé t{ch cia ch&t hdp phy, m?/m3; Y- ndng dQ chit 6 nhiém trong pha khi tai toa do x, kg/kg; Y,- ndng d9 chat 6 nhim trong lép bién cia pha kh{ trén b@ mat chat hp phy, kg/kg. Day 1a tri 56 ndng do can bang cla pha khi trong lép bien ting v6i ndng 49 X hign cé trong pha rén 6 tai toa do va thdi diém xem xét, Can Iu ¥ rang Y, 8 day cd ¥ nghla gin tuong ty nhu y* trong phuong trinh (13.11) va trén hinh 13.4 cia ly thuySt hap thu (myc 13.1). Voi nhiing ¥ nghla néu trén, ta cd thé ap dung cdng thie (13.45) cho ¥, va X: ¥, = @ Lugng ch&t 6 nhiém dm chuyén tit pha kh{ vao pha rn néu trén (phuong trink 13.47) lam cho ndng do pha kh{ gitm xu6ng mot dai lwong dY, do do ta cd : dm = - G’sdY (13.48) Can bang vé phai cia (33.47) va (13.48) ia thu duge: ~G'aY = Ka(¥ - Yar 13.49) ‘Thay tri 86 Y, = aXP vao (18.49) va rat dx:76 CO SO LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH 10 = a q N a \ 06 oe x A z v © 44 x a2 \ al 90 oa 02 goa 906 008 x,m ‘Hink 13.18. Buetng cong cia séng hip phy sing vél trirdng hop GiKa = theo (13.57). Bw2vix, 2008 e dy Oo ya Mat khac, gita Y va X trong phan tit dém dx vn t8n tai m6i quan hé tuong ty nhu phuong trinh (13.43). Cy thé la: G'SAY = pyySdxX = py Sv,drX (13.50) do a6 GY = pk 13.61) ‘Tit (13.51) va (13.46) ta rat ra duge: xf = Waly(i-B) (13.52) ‘Thay gid tri XP tit (13.52) vo (19.50) ta 98 cd: a ay *- Poe (13.53)© NHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KH THA! y Néu dat 1 =— , phwong trinh (13.53) 96 trd thanh: y, Gay ax = -— ——_, (13.54) Ka n( - 7 4) ‘Tich phan phuong trinh (13.54) voi cde can x ti x, dén x, vay tit 1 den O (vi tai xy: Y = Y,, va tai xy: ¥ = 0), ta cd: ey a in Ra faust ae (13.55) Day 1 phuong trinh xéc dinh be day 4 cla sdng hap phy. Phuong trinh ed dang twong ty nhu cde phuong trinh xéc dinh chitu cao lép dém cia thap h4p thu (xem myc 13.1.5). Tuy nhién o day tich phan @ vé phai cha phuong trinh (13.55) la khOng xéc dink 6i voi cc can 0 va 1 vi tai cdc cam nay mAu s6 cia bidu thie duéi ddu tich phan la trigt tiéu. Do dé dé tinh duge bé day 4 cha sing hp phu ta cé thé ding céc cAn Iéch di do 1% s0 voi 0 va 1 tite lay tir 0,01 dén 0,99 thay vi cho tich phan tir 0 dén 1. Digu dé tuong duidng véi vige tim b8 day cia séng h&p phu mA ndng do d mép tréi cia né 1-0,99Y, thay vi Y,, va d mép phai la 0,01 thay vi = 0. Trong trutng hgp ds ta cd: c 1, 1~0,018-1 bag [4595 +5 Ty og9F=] DE ve dudng cong cila sing hap phy ta cs thé léy tich phan phuong trinh (13.54) vai ede can tir 0,99 dén n va két qua thu duge la: (13.56) 1-f-! eat 9 oa | 13.67) Néu nhan G/Ka = 0,01, f=2 vA x, = 0, ta vé duge dutng cong cia séng hAp phu nhu thé hién 8 hinh 13.18, Trong tridng hgp cu thé nay be day clia sing hap phy la 3 = 92 mm. Cudi cing cin xc dinh thdi gian lam viée r,, cla lop dom hap phy, tile thai gian tinh tir hic bat dau sit dung dén lic xudt hién ndng dd Y, cuéi lép vat ligu hip phu. ‘Thai gian r,, nay bao gdm: weht tty, (13.58) trong do: - thoi gian hink thanh sng hap phy; 2 - thdi gian sdng hap phy sau khi hinh thanh dich chuyén doc theo b@ dai cia lép dém hap phy cho dén khi mép phai cia scng cham vio méc cui cing cia lép dm; ty - thoi gian dé ndng dd chét 6 nhiém 6 dau ra (méc cu6i cing cia lép dm) cha thiét bj tang tir 0 dén ¥,, Ve thdi gian hinh thanh song hap phu r, ta c6 thé xem la nim gita 0 va r, = di, (r, -thdi gian dé sdng hap phu di hét be day cla ban than). Néu x, = 0 - séng hép phy 1a dudng thang ditng - trudng hop ly tuéng nhu da néi ttn day. Do dé ta os thé gia thiét78 CO SO LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH 1, = ar, = a dlv,, trong 46 a < 1, Trung binh o6 thé nhan a = 0,5 + 0.6. Con thai gian r, cd thé xéc dinh bang cich Idy 49 dai A/ (hinh 18.15a va 13.18) chia cho van tSe sdng v,, tc lA xem nhut sing hfp phy duge dich chuyén them mot dd dai bé sung la Al cho dén khi dung cong ndng d9 cla sdng hp phy c&t mat phing cuéi cing cia lép vat ligu h&p phy tai dim cd tung do la Y, (hinh 13.15a). ‘Tom lai, ta cd: t+ dl- (1 - ad Ty = 18 (13.59) Ys ‘Néu bé qua céc khoang thi gian t, vA r3 thi thdi gian lam vige chi cin: t 6 twee (13.60) Vi du 13.3. Cho b’ dai I6p 4¢m hip phy ! = 0,7 m, lwu lugng phn khi tro di qua thiét bj G’ = 0,2 kg/m?s voi ndng do ban du cia chit 6 nhiém la Y, = 0,004 ke/kg khi tro. Kh6i lung don vj dé d6ng cia vat ligu hép phy py = 450 kg/m®. Tich 36 cla he 86 K va be mat tigp xc don vi a : Ka = 30 kg/m3s. Cac he a6 a = 150; 6 = 2,2. Hay xée dinh vin t6c dich chuyén cia séng hip phy, b’ day séng va thoi gian lam vige cho dén diém ngimg cia thiét bi. Gidi: 1) Van t6e dich chuy6n cila séng hap phu: Ap dung c6ng thite (19.46) ta e6: 0,2 0,2 v, = —— 150"2.0,0042022 = ——.. 9,753.0,049 = 2,12. 104m/s 450 450 2) Kae dinh b8 day cia sing: ‘Theo cong thic (13.56) ta tinh duge: 1- (0,0022-) } noon 22D (4,595 + 8,683) = 0,055m 3) Thai gian lam vige cia thiét bj (chi tinh thdi gian 2): 0,7 ~ 0,055 y= = 9042 8 = 0,85 b 212.10 13.2.7. Hoan nguyén vét ligu hap phy Khi 48 xudt hign dim ngimg, tite khi ndng do cht 6 nhiém trong pha khi a dau ra cia thiet bj da ‘bit du tang va vugt giéi han cho phép Y,, c&n phai ngitng chu ky bap phy va chuyén sang chu ky hodn nguyén 46 gidi thost chit 0 abiém dA bj hap phy trén ‘bB mat vat liu.© NHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KH THAI 79 C6 thé dp dung cdc phuong phap sau day dé hodn nguyén vat ligu hap phu: 1- Hoan nguyén bang nhiét. ‘Vat ligu h&p phu duge sdy ndng dé kha nang h&p phu cia né gidm xu6ng d&n mic thifp va lic dé chét khi da bi hap phy s6 thodt ra ngoai. Sau khi hoan nguyén bang nhi¢t, vat ligu hap phy can duge lam nguéi truéc khi dua vao sit dung lai. Phé bién nhat cua phuong phap nhiet la ding khong kh{ néng hoge hai nuée. 2 Hoan nguyén bang 4p suit. 7 © nhigt do khong déi néu dp sudt gidm thi kha nang hdp phy gidm va do do chat khi ¢4 bj h&p phy sé dugc thoat khdi b8 mat cia vat 3- Hoan nguyén bang Khi tro. Ding khi tra khéng chia chét khi da bj hap phy théi qua lop vat ligu hp phu. Trong trutng hgp nay 4p sudt riéng ca ch&t bj h4p phu trong pha kh{ 98 thap hoac bang khong, hut vay 98 tao duge gradian p nguge chi8u so véi qua trinh hap phy va do dé ch&t bj hap phy trong pha ran sé khuéch tan nguge tré lai vio pha khi - tite gidi h4p phu (desorption). ‘Trong cée phuong phap hoan nguyén néu trén thi phiong phép nhiét bang hoi nuéc duge ap dung rong r&i nhét véi ly do don gidn, {t t6n kém va higu qué cao. Ngoai ra, dang hoi nuéc dé hoan nguyén cin cé nhitng wu diém khde sau day: 1- © nhigt do cao (100°C) hoi cd thé gidi thoat duge h&u hét cdc chat kh{ 6 nhiém 48 bj hp phy trong pha ran ma khong lam héng vat ligu hap phy cing nhu chat khi duge glai thoat. 2. Hoi nude ngung ty lai va nha nhiét ngung ty trong lép vat lieu hap phy cang thic dy qué trinh giai hp phy. 8- C6 thé thu hdi duge cht bj hp phy trong hoi bang céch cho hoi ngung ty. 4- Vat ligu hap phy co 49 Am cao sau khi ho’n nguyén bang hoi nuéc co thé duge tam Kho bang céch théi khong khi lank va kho di qua; 5- Hoi nuéc cé entanpy cao hon nhitu so voi khong khi ndng do dé nhi¢t 49 cia vat ligu hép phy duge nang cao mOt céch nhanh chéng. Qué trinh hoan nguyén - gidi hp phy 1a qué trinh dio nguge cba hp phu - tic la ceding hinh thanh sdng gidi hp phy hose sdng hodn nguyén trong l6p vat ligu d¢m khi dong kh{ hoan nguyén di qua, do dé theo Kenneth W. va cong sy [51] céc dang cong thie v8 van t6c dich chuyn cia sdng, b& day sdng v.v.. ddu cd dang tvong ty nhu trong qué trinh hép phy. Gol up - van t6e dich chuyén sdng hodn nguyén, ta s6 od tvong tit nhu (13.46): ia Ra V/Br yGx-/Ba, (13.61) oR Php trong dé: ky higu R - bién déi toan bd céc dai lugng tuong Ung cia qué trinh hip phy thanh qué trinh hoan nguyén. Diu can Iu ¥ la biéu thic ¥, = aXP cia qué trinh hép phy duge thay thé bang Yq = agXPR cho qué trinh gidi hap phy, trong lic dé dai lvong X cAn bang cia pha rén vdn80 CO SO LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH co gid tri nhu nhau déi véi cd hai qua trinh. ‘Tu dg thai gian hoan nguyén khi bé qua be day cilia sdng hodn nguyén sé duge xéc dinh bang cong thie: a GRer (2) O-BRVB, g (13.62) Vi du 13.4. Can ho&n nguyén Iép dém vat ligu hap phy da xem xét 3 vi dy 13.3 bang hoi nude bao hda vdi liu lugng G'g = 0,04 kgim?.s. Cac hé 86 cita biéu thie can bing: ag = 1400; Ba = 24. Xéc dinh thdi gian hoan nguyén. Gidi: Ap dung cong thie (13.62) ta tinh duge: t,o pen (208 eae 5,625.814,23 = 4580 s = 1,27h ‘Phoi gian lam vige cia thiét bi h4p phy da tinh duge @ vi du 13.3 1a 0,85 h. Nhu vay 48 he théng lam vigc dug lien tuc thi phai cs hai thiét bi d chu ky hoan nguyén va mot thigt bj 8 chu ky 4p phy. Néu musn he thong chi cd hai thiét bj luan phién nhau lam vige vA hoan nguyén thl thoi gian hoan nguyén phai rat ng&n ti 1,27 h xudng con 0,85 h. Luc dé Ivgng hot nude cp cho qué trink ho&n nguyén phai tang lén thanh 0,04 x 1,27/0,85 = 0,06 kg/m?.s 13.3. XU LY KHi O NHIEM BANG QUA TRINH THIEU DOT HOAC BOT CHAY SAU 13.3.1. Cée khéi nigém chung vé thiéu dét Xu ly 6 nhiém bang qué trinh thiéu dét hoac con goi la dét chy sau (after - burning) duge ap dung kha phé bién trong trung hop lugng khi thai lon mA ndng dd chét 0 nhiém chéy duge lai rit bé, dic bigt 18 nhiing chét 6 nhi&m od mili khé chiu. Qué trinh thigu dét rét thich dung cho nhiing trudng hgp sau day: 1- Phan lén cdc chat 0 nhi&m cd mii khé chiu déu chay duge hodc thay d6i duge ve mat héa hoe dé bién thanh chat {t cé miti hon khi phan ting v6i oxy 3 nhiét 46 thich hop. 2. Céc loai sol khi hitu cd cd kbdi nhin thay duge, vi dy nhu khéi tit 1 rang cA phe, lo san xu6t thit hun khdi, 1d nung men sit v.v.. 3- Mot 86 céc hoi, khi hiu co néu thai tryc tip vao kh{ quyén 86 od phan dng véi svtong mi va gay téc hai cho m6i truéng. Qué trinh thieu dét cd tée dung phan hy rét higu qua céc loai chat nay. 4- Mot 86 céc loai céng nghé nhu cong nghé khai théc va loc dau thai ra rt nhidu Khi chay duge ké cA nhiing chat hitu co rét ddc hai. Phuong phdp xii ly higu qua va an toan nhét cho trung hgp nay la thiéu dt bang ngon lita truc tip, thiéu dét ngay ben trong Ong khdi hoe bang bubng d6t riéng biét. Nhang wu diém chi y6u cba phuong phép xi ly khi 6 nhiém bang thiéu d6t es thé ‘néu ra nh sau: 1. Phan hiy duge hoan toan cde cht 6 nhiém chéy, duge khi thiét bj thiéu dot duge6 NHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHi THAI thiét ké va van hanh ding quy céch. 2. Kha nang thich dng ciia thiét bi déi voi sy thay déi vita phai cua lvu Iugng khf ‘thai ciing nhu ndng dO chét 6 nhiém trong khi thai. 3- Higu qua xit ly cao d6i voi nhiing chat 6 nhiém dac bigt ma céc phuong phép xi ly khée khong c6 higu qua hode higu qua thép. 4. Khong co sf suy gidm dang ké nao v8 mat chit Iugng hoat dong cia thiet bi, khong cn hoan nguyén nh trong céc phtong phép hép thy va hp phy. 5- Co kha nang thu hdi, tan dung duge nhiét thai ra trong qué trinh thiéu dét. ‘Ben canh nhimg wu diém n6i bat néu trén, phuong phép thidu dét cing cd nbang nhuge diém nhét dinh cia né, cu thé la: 1- Chi phi dau tu thiét bj va van hanh tuong d6i lén. 2- C6 kha nang lam phite tap them van d® 0 nhiém khong kh{ khi trong céc chAt 6 nhiém hydrocacbon can thiéu dét ngoai cdc nguyén t6 C, H, O... con chia cA nhiing hop ch6t cia clorin, nito va Iv huynh; 3. Trong céc qué trink thieu dét cd cp thém nhién ligu hodc od mic tac dé dim bao nhiét do & miic cAn thiét cho qué trinh oxy hda cdc chét 6 nhi&m cn xit ly, vige op thom nhién ligu bé sung cé kha nang gay trd ngai cho qué trinh van hanh thiét bi. DE thigt ke duge thiét bj thiéu d6t cin biét dy di cdc yéu t6 od lién quan dén qué trinh nhu: thanh ph&n héa hoc cia chét 6 nhiém, ndng dO cla no trong kh{ thai, uu lugng khi thai cn xit ly, nhigt 0 ban dau cia khi thai di vdo thiét bj thieu dét va mic phat thai cho phép ciia chat 6 nhiém Mot 86 phan ung héa hoe xdy ra trong qué trink thieu dé Nhu trén da ndi, qué trink thigu d6t rét thich dung d6i véi céc ch&t 6 nhiém chéy duge, dé 1a nhiing hep chat cia cacbon, hydro, oxy, nito va ltu huynh. Ph&n 1én ede chat hitu co dé bay hoi (VOC - Volatile Organic Compounds) cing thugc loai khi 8 nhi&m c&n xit ly bang thigu dét. Nhing hop chat néu trén khi chay s@ tao thanh céc sin phém chéy Khong hode {t doc hai hon so voi ban than ching, Vi du ta cd mOt 86 ch&t 6 nhiém va phan ting chdy ca ching nhit sau: co + 50, + co, (13.63) OH, a 0, + 6CO, + 38,0 (13.64) H,S + 5 0, + 80, + H,0 (13.65) ‘rong cc phan tng (13.63) va (13.64) oxit cacbon la khi dgc rét quen bist d6i voi site khde con ngudi va benzen - 1A mt loai hydrocacbon cé dd phan tng cao, chat tao ra sutong Khdi vA ciing la cht cé kha nang gay ung thu da duge bién thanh CO, {t doc hai. ‘Trong phan ting (13.65) mac dit SO, 1a loai khi dgc hai ndm trong danh mye céc chét hi doc hai hang du c&n xi ly, nhung so voi khi g6c cia phan ing la HS thi SO, it doe hai hon nhiu lan va dac bigt 1a khOng cd mii khé chiu nhu HS. Néu Ify ndng do cho phép ciia hai logi khi trén dé so sdnh thi gidi han cho phép trung binh ngay dém cia SO, trong khong kh{ xung quanh 1a 0,3 mg/m?, trong lic dé gidi han cho phép cia H,S la 0,008 mg/m? (xem tidu chudin TCVN 5937 va 5938-1995 - Nha xust ban Khoa hoc va Kya2 0 sd LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH thugt 1995). Con néu ly gidi han ndng do nban biét v8 mii thi con ngudi cd thé phat hign mii caa HS @ ndng 0 0,0005 ppm, = 0,0007 mg/m? trong liic gidi han nhan biét ‘mii cta SO, la 0,5 ppm (57). Vi vay khi ndng do HS trong khi thai tuong d6i bé thi bign phép khit mii t6t nhét 1A thiou d6t dé tao ra SO, {t doc hai vA mili {t khé chiu hon. Khi ndng do HS trong kh{ thai lén sé 4p dung céc bién phap xit ly khée kink té hon. Vén d& nay ta 98 xem xét dn trong céc chuong tiép theo. Ve mat bien phép thye hign, qué trinh thiéu dét chat 6 nhiém os thé duige phan chia thanh ba dang khée nhau: 1. thieu d6t bang ngon ita truc tiép trong khong khi; 2. thidu dét o6 budng dét; 3 thieu dot ed xc téc. Sau day ta sé Ian lugt xem xét ba dang thiéu d6t néu trén 18. . Qué trinh thiéu dét bing nggn lita tryc tiép ‘Dé thiét ké hé théng d6t bang ngon lita tryc tiép c&n phai hiéu biét ve giéi han chay va n6 cia hn hop giita Kh{ thai doc hai cing nhu cia nhién ligu voi khong khi. Sy higu biét nay 96 gidp ta xéc dinh dugc trong tru@ng hgp ndo mét loai kh{ thai 4& cho co thé duy trl duge sf chay mA khOng An cp bé sung nhién liu. Gi6t hon chéy cia mét s6 chit kbf va hot thudng gip trong hén hep 61 khdng hi, tinh theo phiin triim th tich id Ont ng thie héa hoe | Gi6i han dust | Gist hen tren 1 | Amoniec NH, BS 270 2 | Axeion cH,cocH, 6 Bo 3 | axeylen th 133 820 4 | Benen Cog B 95 3 | Buln Cio 155 35 6 | Cacton disunfua cs, 0 509 7 | Cacton anit co 23 749 8 | Dauhéa - u 0 9 | Ban Ol, 25 80 0 | Byes cH, =CH, 295, 350 11 | Gasotn - 16 2 | Hycro Hy 40 750 1B | Ditydro sunfua HS a3 445 | Khi 661 tien niién - 48 Bs 15 | Metan cH 25 4 16 | Propen Gly 20 95 | xang = Io + 24 49 +51 ‘Mot bin hop gitta chit chay v6i khong khi 8 mot gidi han ndng d nhét dink nado day 96 gly n6, Néu thanh phan nbién ligu gidm thfp hon hoge tang cao hon so véi gidi han© NHIEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHI THAI 83 Hank 13.19, Chu tgo dw Ade cia he théng thizu dét bing ngon lin try tiép (flare): 1 Gng dn ki thi 2- vOng khSng ché van tSe kh this 3- Gag ip phn phi hor muaic; 4. ede Bm phun hot 5- b6 phiin mi ka; 6 Sng cp ya mb 7- ding cp hot nue ndng do gay né manh nhét thi cusng dd chay cia hdn hgp déu gidm. Nong do thap nhét va cao nhét ma tai dé ngon Iita vin cd kha nang lan truy@n duge goi la gidi han duéi va trén cia qué trinh chay. ‘Theo tinh toén, hén hgp cla cée hydrocacbon va khong khi cé nhiét Iugng chiy 1a 3725 kJ/m?. Giéi han dui cia sy.chéy tuong ting voi khodng 1/2 nhiét long noi trén. DE dim bao an todn khi chuyén ché khi cng nghiép ngwdi ta qui dinh ndng dd cht chay trong kh{ phai thép hon gidi han duéi ciia ciia sv chay it nhat la 25%. Trong trudng hop dé néu ngfu nhién co phat tia lia thi sy tang nhigt do ciia khi sé khong di cao dé duy trl qué trinh chéy va do dé sy c6 sé duge ngan ngia. Thidu dot bang ngon lia tric tip 1a bien phép lam cho khi 6 nhi&m chdy truc tiép trong khong kh{ ma khong cn cp nhién ligu bé sung, truéng hgp chung chi c&n nhién ligu dé mi lita va dé didu chinh khi cBn thict84 CO $6 LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH Trong mét sé trudng hop thanh phan khi 6 nhiém trong khi thai ty than da la mot h6n hgp chéy ma khdng cn hda tron thém véi khong kh. Khi ndng do chat chay trong kh{ thai qué th4p khong thé dét chay duge, ta can bé sung nhién ligu dé dua ndng do chat chay lén dén gigi han duéi cia qué trinh chay. ‘Thidt bi thieu d6t dugc thiét ké t6t o6 thé dét chay dugc nhiing h6n hop khf co nhiet lugng chéy nam trong khoing 3150 + 3350 kJ/m? ma khong c&n dén nhién ligu ‘bé sung. ‘Trong nhi’u trudng hop vige c&p nhién ligu bé sung cd thé tranh dugc bang cach ham néng kh{ thai dén mt nhigt d nhat dinh vi ta biét ring nhiet 4 cing cao thi gidi han duéi cia qué trink chéy cang ha thép. © bang 13.8 1a giéi han chay (dong thdi la gidi han gay nd) cla mot 86 chat khi thudng gap trong hén hgp voi khong khi (18,51). Giéi han chay cia niu ch&t Khe 6 thé tham Khdo @ tai ligu (18) Can cit vao giéi han chay cia cdc cht ngudi ta ed thé chia khi thai 6 chita chat 6 nhiém chéy duge thanh ba nhom sau day: ‘Nhém 1: Thanh phn nhién ligu trong khi thai thap hon giéi han duéi cba qué trink chay khoang 25%; Nhém 2: Thanh ph&n nhién ligu trong khi thai nam trong pham vi tit giéi han duéi dGn giéi han trén cia qua trinh chéy; Nhém 3: Thanh phan nhién ligu trong ichi thai cao hon giéi han trén cha qua trinh chay. Kh{ thai thude nhom thit nhat thudng dugc xit ly bang thi@u d6t trong budng dt. Kh{ thai thuéc nhdm thit hai khéng an toan. Déi voi kh{ thai nhém nay cAn duge digu chinh thanh phn nhién ligu hod khong kh{ (oxy) dé dua vé hogc 1A nhém thit nhat hoge la nhém thi! ba. Kh{ thai nhém thi ba thudng duge xit ly bang thiéu dét voi ngon Iva try¥e tiép hoge cing cé thé ding lam ngudn nhién ligu bé sung cho 1d dét, 1d nung. Vi du dign hinh cho phugng phép thiéu d6t bing nggn lita tryc tiép IA cée ngon duéc chéy bling cia kh{ thAi 8 ede mé dau khi, nha méy loc du. Ngon duée duge thigt ké abut mot Sng din kh{ thing ditng dén mot dO cao thich hgp va trén tan cing ciia Ong es lp dau 46t gdm bd phan phun hoi va ‘mbi lita, dam bao cho ngon duéc chéy khong cé khoi va chy lin tye mac di Iuu iugng khi thai, ndng do ch&t chy trong hf thai ciing nhu van t6c gié 5 thé thay déi trong pham vi rong. Trén hinh 13.19 1A so d effu tao du dot cba hé thong thiéu d6t bang ngon lita truc tiép. 13.3.3. Thiéu dét c6 budng dot ‘TPhiu dét cd budng d6t dugc Ap dung rét rong rai d6i v6i cdc loai kh{ thai cd chia chit 6 nhi&m dang Khf, hoi hoac sol kh{ chéy duigc v6i.ndng do tvong d6l thép ti cdc qué trink etng nghé khéc nhau cia cde nginh thuong nghi¢p cing nhu cdng nghiép: thiét bi phun nba dudng, Id ram mé phanh 64, 1d sdn xudt thit hun khdi, 1b rang cA phe, 10 nu ‘son, 18 nu véeni va céc thigt bj khac lam vige trong pham vi nbi¢t do tuong ty. Céec bd phan chinh va quan trong cia hé théng thiu dot nay 1a budng dét, céc voi 46t, bo phan diéu chinh qua trinh chay va dung cy chi thi nhiet 4. Bubng dot thudng os© NHIEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHi THAI dang hinh tru va duge xAy dung bang vd thép co 6p gach chiu lia. Nhigt 49 trong budng 46t khoang 900 + 150°C. Budng d6t cin duge thiét ké dam bao sy hda tron trigt 48 gitta khf thai va nhién lieu 46t bé sung. Mot bign phép dé dat duge yéu cau néu tren 1a kh{ thai An duge dua vao ch thét cha budng dét va tai 45 06 b6 trl cée voi dét (hinh 13.20). Van. t6¢ cia kh{ trong budng dot dao dong trong khoang 5 + 8 mis va thoi gian Inu ca khi thai trong Hink 13.20a, Bubog a6t khi thal hinh try ding véi Ong clip KAI thal theo phurong tiép tuyén: 1 Gng clip khi tha 2- cfc cia voi dOt 3- vong thét bling vét gu chiu Rea; 4- Sng clip hie gu cho vdi dB; 5- v8 thép o6 Sp vat lea chiu Kea; 6- Sng knot thél kh sach v0 Kb guy, Hinh 13.206. Budng 46t ikh{ that 6 ngiin dp lye: 1g ip Ke tl, 2- ng cp nhitn Neu; 3-ngsin 6p, 4 vot dS.©O sO LY THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH 1, fo 3 fos i iém, 8 ut 904 | dy004|— Thi giz Wu, $ . LT \ | | 609800 r000 1200 400 + +1600 «1000 2000°F 4 6 ahi Aca chat 8 qua oxy! Higu pt goa 400 500 600 700 04 900 000 100°C ink 13.21. Bitu 4% quan hg gitta nhigt d6 va théi gian hru cia khi thal tron, butag O8t tng voi che mite 09 ory héa khée abau cin chét 6 nhidn (55) Hink 13.22, So 43 cfu tgo cia buling dot 66 him néng trirée khi that: Licht thai 4 vo thie by thiéu d6t; 2- b8 mat trao dBi nhiét ham nding Kf thd 3- nin Wu; 4- vod dt; S- kkhf sach din ra 6ng thét.© NHIEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHi THAI a7 budng dét khodng 0,2 + 0,5 s 1A dat yéu cu. Thai gian Ivu phu thudc vao ltu Ivgng khf thai, kich thuéc budng dét va duge xéc dinh sau khi nhiét dO khi thai dat duge gid tri quy dinh. C&n thay ring nhiét 46 va thi gian Ivu cia khi thai trong budng d6t lA hai thong 86 quyét dinh cho qué trinh chéy dién ra ed duge hotn todn hay khong. Khi tang nhigt 49 thi thdi gian Iuu cs thé duge rut ngén va ngugc Iai, tuy nhién nhigt do la thong a6 quan trong nhét. Trén hinh 13.21 thé hién méi quan hé gida nhigt 4 va thdi gian liu {ing véi cic mite do phan hiy (oxy héa) chat 6 nhiém (55). Vi dy khi thai gian luu 1A 0,01 s, néu tang nhigt do tir 1200 dén 1400°F thi mic do phan hiy chét 6 nhiém tang tir =40% lén = 100%. Song song véi nhiét d0 va thdi gian liu, ndng dd chét 6 nhiém (cht chéy) trong khi thai eiing ed anh huéng nhidu dén qua trinh chay, Nong do chat 0 nhiém quyét dink lugng nhién ligu bé sung. Dau tién c&n cAp nhién ligu bé sung dé khoi mao cho phan tng oxy héa. Khi nhiét do tang, t6c dd phan ting oxy héa tang theo cho dén khi phan ting oxy héa ty duy tri duge, hic dé cd thé giam dan Ivgng nhién ligu bo sung dén mét gidi han nhét djnh dé dim bdo qua trinh chay duge 6n dinh. ‘Mot véin d® khéc cing cin duge Inu y 1a mtic dO hoa tron gitta khi thai véi nhién lieu bé sung. Thong thudng chi mét phn khi thai (khodng 60%) hda tron tét véi nhién ligu. bé sung ngay tai voi dt. Phn con lai cia kh{ thai cln duge hoa tron voi ain phém chéy & nhiét dQ cao sau ngon lita dé dim bdo ngon lita khong bj dp tét va qué trinh chéy duge hoan toan. Khong ed sv hda tron t6t gitta sin phdm chéy va phan cdn lai cia ‘kf thai thi san phdm chay khéng hoan toan sé phat thai vao khi quyén. Khi ndng do chat 6 nhim (chat chay) trong kh{ thai qué thép, nhigt Iugng chay cia né khong di dé duy tri sy chy, ngudi ta dp dung bign phap ham néng khi thai truéc khi dua vao budng dot. Trén hinh 13.22 la s0 @ cfu tao cia budng d6t cé ham néng truéc kh{ thai. Nhi¢t Iugng c&n cho vige ham néng truéc khi thai duge tan dung tit san. pham chy trong budng dét. Nhiet 9 lam viée trong budng dot thay déi tay theo ban cht cla chét 6 nhi&m trong khi thai. Nhing chat 6 nhiém d¢ c¢ thé la cde hydrocacbon, cacbon oxit, cht gay mili hose t6 hep cia nhitu chét khéc nhau. 6 bang 13.9 la nhiét do 1am vie trong budng thiéu dét cia cdc chat néi trén. Bang 13.9. Nhigt 4} lim vige cia budng thiéu d0t 461 v6i mot 56 chit 6 nhiém thirdng gip (51) Gi6t han nhiét 46 trung binh ont : °C K Hydroracbon 500 + 760 770 + Wa (Cacbon ext 680 + 800 950 + 1070 Xi ly mai bang axy hea 500 + 700 710 + 970 13.3.4. Thiéu dét c6 xue téc Thigu d6t od xtc tée 1A mot buée phat trién tigp theo cia cong ngh@ xit ly khi thai trong khéng gian kin - budng d6t. Uu diém néi bat cia thigu d6t cd xiic tac 18 qué trinh88 CO SO Ly THUYET CUA CAC QUA TRINH XU LY KH oxy héa chat 0 nhiém xay ra trén b& mat vat ligu xc tac 3 nhiét do thap hon dang ké 90 voi mhigt do bét lita va khi nbng do chét 6 nhiém trong kh{ thai rét thip mA néu ap dung cde bign phap thiéu dit khéc khong thé nao duy tri duge phan ting oxy hda, ngoel trt trubng hop phai tiéu tn nhidu nang lugng, Mot wu diém dang ké nia ca thidu dét ed xde téc 1A nhd phan tng oxy hda trén b8 mat chat xtc tac xdy ra rét manh va nhanh nén thoi gian Ivu cia khi thai trong butng dét chi bang 1/20 + 1/50 thoi gian luu & trutng hgp thiéu d6t bang butng d6t thong thudng. Baing 13.10. Nhigt 69 lim vige ein bung ASt 6 xe te Gi6i han nit dO oxy da 66 xe te or K °C © Clic chit dung mot toluct, meryt ety! Keton, ayo, ancol vv 530 + 730 260 + 460 © Cle chit béo ngudn ge ong thye vat 530 + 640 260 + 370 © Ge cht tli trong cong ghiép héa chit nhur . cacbon ax, etylen, cx ceylen, propylen vy 480 + 670 200 + 400 Nhigt do lam viéc cia budng dét cd xtc tac thu’ng nAm trong khodng tit 200 + 460°C va cing tity thugc vao loai chat 6 nhiém c&n oxy héa. © bang 13.10 la pham vi Hink 13.23. So 4 cfu tao bung At c6 xéc tée: Wop dém bing vat lieu x6e tac; 2- bE mat trao di nhigt G8 hm ng khi th; 3- kh thAl dn vo; 4 hf seh thost ra Gg kh; S- ep nhién lu; 6- cp khdng kh; 7- vol dt; 8- dudmg dn kh thil d8| dupe him néng vio bung dét.© NHIEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHI THA! nhigt 49 lam vige cia budng d6t ed xUc tae déi voi mot 36 chat 6 nhiém phé bign trong 1g nghiép. Qué trinh oxy héa xdy ra trén b8 mat chat xic tac khong phat ra ngon lia, nhung b® mat ch&t xuc téc vén ndng dé. Higu qua oxy héa dat tir 95 + 98% va do dé khf thai thodt ra tir budng dot e6 xii tée chi yéu 1a khi CO,, hoi nuée va Khi nite ‘Trén hinh 13.23 la so dd cdu tao ctla budng dét co xtic tac vA trén céc hinh 13.240 va b la d idp dat budng Ot oS mic tée dé xit ly khi thai tit ede loai 1d khéc nhau. ‘V8 vat lidu xtic tac, trong cong nghiép thudng sit dung mot 86 kim loai qui nhu platin nghi&n nhé va 6 dinh trén n&n mét oxit kim loai khde nhu oxit nhOm Al,O,, tit dé ta cé chit xtc tac PUAI,O;, Ngodi ra, ‘cde oxit kim logi sau day cing cd dac tinh xtic tée 461 véi qua trink oxy héa: Co,0,, Co0.Cr,05, MnO, LaCoO, va CuO (64). Ngudi ta ché bién vat lieu xtic tde duéi dang dai mong, hat min, vien tron vv... dé tao thanh lop dem ring va cho Khf c&n oxy héa di qua. ‘Trong nhiéu trutng hgp, vat ligu xdc téc cdn duge ché tao thanh tém nhu tém ludi loc byi hoge thanh don nguyén gdm nbiu thank hinh tru xép theo day so le nhau 46 tao I6i di dich-déc d6i vai Wong khi c&n xi ly. ‘Tren a9 ») Mink 13.24, Sor 48 tp G3t budng at e6 nic tae AB airy kh + thi ti 18 cong nghigp: 8) thu BOL abet trze Wb) thu nit kn ip 1 By 2- vl dSt ham ning kth 3 wim dye 8 phn bS dng kf £, MB dn ting vic xi ti; 5 b mat trap dB ahem ng AE 6th sac ca gyn, 7- ts dang nt ci Kt ng im VE 1; 8 tan dung nhit cia khdt ndng ding vao cde mye dich sgn Up Khe nau (fy kd vit teu vv)90 CO SO LY THUYET CUA CAG QUA TRINH XU LY KH Hink 13.25, Che bp phan x6e tie: 2+ dang tas; b- dang thanh hint try 100. g ea, J 8 SN Reeet 2 > ey Bol cof fs hen + 40 < & § > S 3. = 20 200 400 °+«<600++«G00+«1000« 1200 400 200 ©4300 400 500 600 700k Whigt 46 Fink 13.26. Bieu 43 higu qui oxy héa phy thude vio nhigt J 161 vA mnt 86 chit 6 nhilm phd bin.© NHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHi THAI ot hinh 13.25 1a céc bé phn xiic tac duge ché tao theo dang néu trén. Higu qua oxy hoa cia chat xic téc phu thuge rat nhieu vao nhigt d9 lam vige. Trén hinh 13.26 1a biéu d® hi@u qua oxy hda cla chat xic tac Pt/Al,O, phu thude vio nbiét 46 ‘d6i vi mot s6 chat 6 nhiém thudng gap. Tu biéu @ hinh 13.26 ta thay dudng dac tinh "higu qua oxy hda-nbiet d9" ca cae dung mi hydrocacbon nim trong mét dai hep voi higu qua ro rét trong khoang nbiét 49 tit 300 + 500°C. Kh{ metan CH, 1a chat co phan ting y6u d6i voi logi chdt xtc téc Pt/Al,05, gidi han nkigt d0 cho higu qua oxy hda cao phai lén dé 600 + 700°C. Chat xtc tac e&n duge Iya chon dé né lam vigc 6 higu qua d6i voi nhi®u chat 6 nhiém khéc nhau Higu qua oxy héa cia ch&t xc téc cdn phy thuge vao nhibu y6u t6 khée, trong dé vin d@ byi c&n duge quan tam. Bui bam trén bé mat vat ligu xtic tac sé lam gidan kha ning oxy héa +a rit ngén thdi gian lam viée ca vat ligu, do dé khi thai trafic ki dua vao xit I bang oxy hda cd xtic tée cn duge loc bui dén mot mic d9 cho phép. hi vém hanh thiét bj v6i khf da duge loc sach bui, thdi gian lam vite cia vat litu xie the od thé kéo dai tir 3 + 6 nam. Ngeai ra mot 96 chat Mn trong kh{ tha! nhu sét, chi, silic, che how chit photpho cing od téc hai lam gidm tudi tho cia vat ligu xtc téc. Nhu trén 48 di, vat Hew xtie tée duge ché tao tit-céc kim loai qui hiém nén kh ht tid. Tuy nhién ligng ch&t xc téc ddi hdi khong nhidu, thudng chi cn tir 0,03 + 0,12m? cho 1 ms khi thai cin oxy hoa. Thé tich yéu clu néu trén la ké cd dO réng cia Wop xtc tac. Ngoai ra, do nhiét 9 lam vige (tit 300 + 600°C so véi 700 + 800°C trong budng dét thong thudng) nen tiét kiém duge nhién ligu b6 sung tit 40 + 50% so véi budng d6t thong thudng, thém vao dé IA két cu gon nhe do thai gian lvu dugc rat ng&n. Téng hop lei gid thanh xay dug va van hanh thiét bj thiéu dét cd xic téc van ré hon dang ké so véi thiéu 46t thong thudng.92 Chicong 14 CONG NGHE XU LY KHi SUNFU DIOXIT Sunfu dioxit (SO,) 1a logi chat 6 nhiém phé bién nhét trong sin xudt cong nghiep cang abu trong sinh hoat ca con nguai. Ngudn phat thai khi SO cha y6u la ti cfc trung tam nhiét din, cdc loai 1d nung, 10 hoi khi d6t nhién ligu than, dau va khi d6t cd chia lua hujmh hode hgp chét cia vu huynh. Ngoai ra, mOt 26 cOng dogn sin xudt trong cong nghiép héa chat, luyén kim, cling thai vao bau ki quyén mot lugng khi SO, dang ké. ‘Tren thé giéi hang nam tigu thy gan 2 ty tn than dé céc loai va gin 1 ty tin dau md. Khi thanh phn Ivu hujnb trong nhién ligu trung binh chiém 1% thi Ivgng khi SO, thai vao Ki quyén la 60 trigu tin/nam. Dé 1a chua ké dén Ivong SO, thai ra tit cic nganh cong nghiép khac. Vin dé 6 nhiém bau khi quyén béi khi SO, tit lau da tré thanh méi hiém hoa cle niu quéc gia, nhit 1 cdc nude phat trién trén thé giGi. Vi nhiing ly do néu trén, cOng ngh¢ xt ly kh{ SO, trong kh{ thai cong nghiép da duge nghién edu r&t som vA phat trién manh mé. Ngoai téc dyng lam sach bau khi quyén, bao ve moi trang, xi ly Khi SO, cdn cd ¥ nghia kinh té to ln cla n¢ béi vi SO, thu hdi dugc tit khi thal 18 ngutn cung cp nguyén ligu cho cée nha méy sin xuét axit sunfuric (HSO,) va Iuu huynh nguyén chat. Voi tam quan trong néu trén, van d@ xit ly kh{ SO, od ndi dung rat phong pha va duge trinh bay think mét chuong riéng bigt. 14.1, HAP THY KHi SO, BANG NUOC Hap thu kh{ SO, bang nudc 1A phuong phép don gin duge ap dung sém nhét dé loai bd khi SO, trong kh{ thai, nhat 1a trong khdi tif céc loai 1d cong nghiép. So dB hé thong xit ly khi SO, b&ng nuéc bao gdm 2 giai doa 1- Hap thy khi SO, bang cach phun nude vio dong kh{ thai hoae cho khi thai di qua lop vat ligu dem (vat ligu réng) e6 tuéi nuée - scrubs; 2- Giai thot khi SO, ra khdi chat héip thy dé thu hBi SO, (néu cAn) va ‘nuéc sach. Mite do hda tan cia khi'SO, trong ‘nuéc gidm khi nhiét do nude tang cao, do dé ahigt 40 nutée ep vao he théng hap thu khi SO, phai di thap. Con dé giai thodt Khi SO, khdi nuéc thi nhigt do cla nude phai cao. Cy thé la 6 nhiet do 100°C thi SO, béc ra mot cach hoan toan va trong khi thot ra cs ldn c& hoi nude, Bang phuong phap ngung ty ngudi ta cé thé thu duge khi SO, voi do dam dac = 100% dé ding vao ‘myc-dich san xudt axit sunturic. Obang 14.1. 1a lugng nude ly thuyét cln dé hap thu 1 tan khi SO, trong kh{ thai© NHIEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KH/ THAl 93 cho dn gi6i han bao hda ting voi nhiét do va ndng do ban dau khdc nhau cia SO, trong khi thai. Bang 14.1. Largng nuréc lf thuySt tiah bing m? cin cb 48 bp thy 1 tin SO, 4én trang thé! bio hia ‘ig vét nhige € vA nag 4 SO, khdc nhaw trong kh thi [Nag 6 SO, trong kit Largng nurde, m°, & nigt thal , % Khoi tong °C °C 20°C 2B 48 3S 66 0 31 7 8 3 70 B45; 962 6 92 106 ps 4 40 65 200 Lugng nuéc thyc t& phai lén hon mot {t so véi lvgng nude ly thuyét vi nude sau khi ra khi thiét bj h4p thy khéng thé dgt mic bio hda kh{ SO. DE gidi hap thy can phai dun néng mot lugng nude rét 1én tic phai cé mot ngudn efip nhigt (hoi nutéc) cong sudt lon. Dé 1A mot khd khan. Ngoai ra, dé sit dung lei née ‘cho qué trinh hap thy phai lam ngudi nuéc xuéng gin 10°C - tite phai can dén ngudn cfip lanh. Dé cing la vn d& khong don gidn va khé t6n kém. Tit nhing nhuge diém néi trén, phtong phap hap thy khi SO, bing nude chi 4p dung duge khi: - ndng do ban dau cla kh{ SO, trong khi thai tuong d6i cao; $0, Node lam nguéi Hink 14.1a. So & he théng xir If kif SO, bing nurée: tip gl thost khi SOs; 3 thi bt ngumg tu; 4; 5- tht bl trao dO nhuet, 6- bom,94 CONG NGH@ XU LY SUNFU DIOXIT Ki test ra Abi thoat ra pla > 3% e we eats ee te a ludng 50, ban ada Miée Tro, by He théhg 1 dén nguyan WiS0, lodng tide Lim Gm we He thang 2 den nguyen Mink 14.16, So 49 9 théng xi Wj SO, bing mu Kt hep wi oxy ho bling chit xe te: long 2 thdp exy ha niu ng xe te; 3 Ut im mgd 4 suber cK - 6 sin ngudn cp nhiét (hoi nuéc) voi gid ré; = 06 sin nguon nude lanb; «ed thé x duige nude c6 chita it nhiu axit ra song ngdi ‘Tren binh 14.1a 1a so dO he thong hip thy khi SO, bing nude Vi dy tfnh todn qué trinh hap thy khf SO, bang nude da duce gidi thigu d chuong 13 (vf du 13.1 va 13.2). ‘Trudng hop khi thai giau SO, nhui trong:cong doan néu quang sunfua kim logi cba cong nghigp luyén kim mau chang han, ndng dd SO, trong khi thai od thé dat 2 + 12%, gud ta c6 thé xit Iy khi SO, bing nude két hop véi a! trinh oxy héa SO, bang chat xile tée, Qué trinh cing duge thye hién thanh hai giai doan. Giai doan tha nbat: khi SO, ket hap véi oxy nho sy eé mat cia chat xic te vanadi (V) 6 bién thanh anhidrit sunfuric 50, va giai doan thd hai la dizng nude tuéi trong scrubs 48 anhidrit sunfuric két hgp voi nude tao thanh axit sunfuric H,S0,. ‘Trong giai doan th nbat, phan ving oxy héa khi SO, 06 ta nhigt va phan tng xAy ra cing manh & nhigt 40 cing thap, do dé c&n thuc hign qué trinh nay qua nhidu tng xe tée, sau méi tang du duge lam ngudi. $0 40 hé théng xit ly SO, bang nude két hep véi oxy héa bing chat xic tac duge thé hign @ hinh 14.1b. 144. kW LY KHi SO, BANG DA VOI (CaCO,) HOAC VOI NUNG (Ca) ‘it ly khi SO, bing véi 1a phuang phap duige ap dung rét rong rai trong céng nghiép vi higu qua xi ly cao, nguyen ligu x8 tin va sfin o6 & mol nel.© NHEM KHONG KH VA XU LY KHi THA! 98 Céc phan ting héa hoc xay ra trong qué trinh xi ly nhit sau: CaCO, + 80, = CaSO, + CO, 4.1) CaO + SO, = CaSO, (14.2) 2CaSO, + 0, = 2CaSO, 4.3) ‘Tren hinh 14.2 1a so db bé th6ng xt ly khi SO, trong khoi thai bang sita voi Khi sach thoat ra Hinh 14.2. So & ng th6ng xit If Kbf $0, Wing stta vol |- scrubo; 2- b6 phn téch tinh thé; 3- bO loc chiin khdng; 4; 5- my bom; 6- thing haa tron dung dich hip tty (6a vol - dang hyn phy, 7- my dap 8- méy nghitn dé voi. Khoi thai sau khi duge loc sach tro byi di vao scrubs 1, trong dé xay ra qué trinh hap thy kh{ SO, bang dung dich sta voi tudi trén lép dém bang vat ligu rng. Nuéc chua (chita axit) chay ra tit scrubo duigc bé sung thudng xuyén bang sita voi méi. ‘Trong nude chay ra tir scrubo 6 chia nhigu sunfit va canxi sunfat duéi dang tinh thé: CaS0,.0,5H,0, CaSO,.2H,0 va mét {t tro bui cin sét lai sau b9 loc tro bui, do dé cn téch céc tinh thé néi trén ra khéi dung dich bing bo phan tach tinh thé 2. Thiet bi s6 2 1a mot binb réng cho phép dung dich Iu lai mot thai gian di dé hinh thanh céc tinh thé sunfit va sunfat canxi. Sau bo phan tach tinh thé 2, dung djch mot phn di vao tu6i cho scrubo, phn cin Iai di qua binh loc chan khong 3, 8 dé cdc tinh thé bj gid Iai duéi dang cn bin va duge thai ra ngoai, Dé voi duge dap vun va nghitn than bot 8 céc thiét bj 7, 8 ri cho vao thing 6 46 pha tron voi dung dich loing chay ra tit bd loc chan khéng 86 3 cing véi mot lugng nuéc b6 sung dé duge dung dich sta voi méi. Higu qua hap thy SO, bing sia voi dat 98%. Sttc cin khi dong cia hé thong khong vugt qué 20 mm edt nude. Nguyén ligu voi duge si dung mot céch hodn toan, cu thé la cén bin tit hé thong xit ly thai ra 06 thé duge sit dung lam chat két dinh trong xay dyng sau khi chuyén sunfit thanh sunfat trong 1d nung. Lugng 44 voi (CaCO,) cin dé xit ly SO, trong khdi do dét chay 1 t&n than 44 duge xc dinh theo cing thite: 10 BS Mexco; KM, Gcxc0 kg/t than, (14.4)96 CONG NGHE XU LY SUNFU DIOXIT trong dé: 'S,. thanh phn Iu huynh trong nhién ligu tinh theo phn tram Kh6i luong (s6 phan tram); Mg, Mcacoy: Phan tit gam cia Iuu huynh vi cia canxi eacbonat; {B+ h@ 86 khit SO, trong khsi thi - tile mite dO edn thiét phal khit SO, trong khéi thai dé dat gidi han phét thi cho phép (s6 thap ph&n); K.- ty 18 CaCO, nguyén chét trong dé voi (96 thap phan, thudng K = 0,8 + 0,9) Néu ding voi nung (CaO) thi trong céng thie (14.4) phan tt gam cla CaCO; duge thay thé bing phan ti gam cia CaO. Luong can kh6 thu due trong qué trinh xit ly SO, duge xée dinh theo cong thife sau: 10 BS, Ms (0,83 Meysoy0s10 + &17Mcys04 2430) * U-K)Gercoy» (145) trong dé: Gegq * Wong e€n thu duge trong qué trinh xit Ly, kt nhién liga; M, - phan tit gam cla cfc chit 6 key higu chan twong ung. Higu qua hép thy khf SO, trong scrubg phu thude vio van téc khi va do pH cla dung dich sita voi tuéi trén lép dem. O céc bing 14.2 va 14.3 1a quan he gida tr) s6 hiéu qua hap thy 7 v6i cde yu t6 anh hudng néu trén. ‘Bang 14.2 Quan é glén bleu qua hip thy 7) v6 van the Kh trén tt dis mgang cite scrubor Van te Koi v, mis 0332 0583 0745 0924 ery Higa qui Khir SO, ola ae 993 9873, 9805 9843 9391 ‘Bang 14.3 Quan h¢ gla bu qui hp thy 7) v6 9 pH cia sta vot Hu qua Khir SO, 9, % 95 5 95 90 2 70 "DO pH cla dung dich 72 6B 64 6p) -| 37 35 Nhu da gidi thigu trén day, phuong phap khit khi SO, bang dung dich sita voi o6 thé ding nguyén ligu la dé voi hoae voi nung. Ding da voi thi ré titn hon nhung higu qua kit SO, thl kém hon so voi ding voi nung Vi dy 14.2.1. ‘Tie két qua tinh todn tai luong va ndng do phat thai kh{ SO, 6 vi dy 12.2.1, hay xée inh Iugng dé voi clin ding dé khit SO, xubng d&n gidi han phét thai cho phép d6i voi

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