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Nez Had 2014
Nez Had 2014
org
Published in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution
Received on 4th August 2013
Revised on 21st October 2013
Accepted on 15th December 2013
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0538
ISSN 1751-8687
Abstract: This study presents an adaptive zero sequence compensation algorithm to improve the conventional ground distance
relays performance, in double-circuit transmission lines. The proposed approach corrects the estimated impedance by correcting
the degree of zero sequence compensation of ground distance relays. The new scheme is proposed for the standalone distance
relays and does not inherently require any communication link. However, it is applicable to all well-known pilot protection
schemes. The proposed method utilises zero sequence equivalent circuit in order to estimate the compensation term.
Afterwards, the estimated impedance is corrected by using a recursive approach. Finally, the proposed method compensates
the fault resistance effect. The simulation and experimental results verify the efciency, security and dependability of the
proposed method. The results indicate that by using the proposed method, the maloperation of the conventional distance relay
because of the mutual coupling is mostly resolved.
Introduction
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The fourth category includes articial intelligence-based
protective schemes [2529]. In [25], Kohonen neural
network-based scheme is proposed. In addition, the fault
classication and distance location schemes based on the
articial intelligence method are proposed in [2628].
The last category includes other protective approaches. The
travelling wave-based approaches in [30], the special iterative
current differential method in [31], the Z-bus matrix-based
scheme in [32], the model transformation in conjunction
with apparent impedance-based approach in [33], the
wavelet transient energy-based method in [34], the
synchronised voltage measurement-based scheme in [35]
and the combination of wavelet transforms and neural
networks-based algorithm in [36] are some examples.
Moreover, the fault superimposed components-based
algorithms are reported in [37, 38].
This paper introduces an adaptive zero sequence
compensation algorithm for the protection of double-circuit
transmission lines. In this method, correction of the
estimated impedance is accomplished by changing the
degree of zero sequence compensation in ground distance
relays. The proposed method corrects the estimated
impedance in both the double-circuit and single-circuit
operating modes. This method utilises zero sequence
equivalent circuit and a recursive algorithm in order to
correct the estimated impedance by ground distance relays.
The proposed algorithm corrects the estimated impedance
by calculating a compensating term. The compensating term
is calculated by using a recursive algorithm and
compensation degree varies depending on the fault point.
This method is categorised in non-pilot impedance-based
schemes. Therefore the proposed method does not
inherently require any communication link. This method
can easily be applied to conventional distance relays and
does not require additional inputs. The simulation studies
are carried out by using PSCAD/EMTDC. In addition,
experimental studies are carried out in order to validate the
simulation results.
This paper is organised as follows. Section 2, briey
presents the performance of conventional distance relays in
both cases of double-circuit and single-circuit operation. In
Section 3, the proposed algorithm is presented. Section 4
presents the simulation studies. In Section 5, the
experimental studies are presented. Section 6, presents a
brief discussion about the paper. Finally, Section 7
concludes the ndings and contributions of the paper.
(1)
where ZL0 and ZL1 are the zero sequence and positive
sequence impedances of the transmission line, respectively.
The estimated impedance using (1), in the case of
double-circuit transmission lines, is not exactly equal to the
actual impedance from the relaying point to the fault. In the
case of double-circuit transmission lines, zero sequence
mutual coupling effect should be considered in the
impedance estimation. In this case, the impedance
estimation is formulated by using (3)(5).
VR = Z1f IA + (Z0f Z1f )IA0 + Z0mf IB0
Z0f Z1f
IA0 = IA + mIA0
Z1f
VR
Zm0 IB0
= Z1f 1 +
ZR =
IR
ZL1 IR
IR = IA +
(3)
(4)
(5)
where Z1f, Z0f and Z0mf are the positive sequence, zero
sequence and zero sequence mutual impedances of
transmission line from the relay to the fault point,
respectively. IB0 is zero sequence current of adjacent line
and Zm0 is total zero sequence mutual impedance of the
parallel transmission lines. Equations (3)(5) are proven in
[6]. Owing to the term (Zm0/ZL1) (IB0/IR) of (5), the relay
either over-reaches or under-reaches. Mal-operation of the
relay is dependent on the fault location and double-circuit
transmission line operating mode, that is, single-circuit or
double-circuit operating mode. As previously mentioned,
one of the most popular methods for compensation of zero
sequence mutual impedance effect is to apply an
appropriate portion of zero sequence current of adjacent
transmission line to the distance relay [6, 7]. This method
compensates the zero sequence mutual coupling effect.
However, in some cases, the zero sequence compensation
method has serious shortcomings.
First, this method requires the adjacent transmission
line zero sequence current which is not always accessible,
for example, during the single-circuit operation of
double-circuit transmission line. Requirement of adjacent
line zero sequence current decreases the dependability of
the protection.
Second, this method decreases the security of sound
transmission line relays. According to Fig. 1, assume that
all relays are compensated by using zero sequence
compensation method.
In the case of close to R1 forward fault, R3 should remain
stable. The relay R3 estimates the impedance using (6).
Zseen3 =
Ea
Ia3 + mI03 + m I01
(6)
ZL0 ZL1
ZL1
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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014
(2)
Fig. 1 Double-circuit transmission line
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 6, pp. 11071116
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0538
www.ietdl.org
relaying point and I01 is the zero sequence current of the
adjacent transmission line. The coefcient m is calculated
by using (7).
m =
Zm0
ZL1
(7)
Z0f Z1f
Z
IA0 + 0mf IB0
Z1f
Z1f
(8)
Therefore
Z0f Z1f Z0mf IB0
I = IA + m IA0 (9)
+
Z1f
Z1f IA0 A0
m + Z0mf IB0 , if I . I
A0
B0
(10)
m =
Z1f IA0
m,
if IA0 , IB0
IR = IA +
Zcorrected =
Va
Ia + m IA0
Fig. 2
ZT + ZT + ZL0 IA0 = Zm0 IB0 + ZT + (1 n)ZL0 I0 (12)
ZL0 IB0 = nZm0 IA0 + (1 n)Zm0 (IA0 I0 )
(13)
nZT (1 n)ZT Zm0
IB0
=
2 (1 n)Z 2
IA0 ZT ZL0 + (1 n)ZL0
m0
(14)
(11)
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an initial value for n
Z
n R
Z1
(15)
(16)
Xc
X
RX
= Rcomp = c
Rcomp R
X
(17)
(18)
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3.4
Simulation studies
Simulation results
nZL
(Ea/Ia + mI0)
Corrected
14.6584.5
21.9884.5
29.3184.5
43.9784.5
51.3084.5
58.1284.5
65.9684.5
14.1784.82
21.3584.86
28.6184.76
43.7084.81
51.8384.93
60.6185.84
70.9984.95
14.4284.82
21.6385.84
28.9485.45
43.2884.89
50.6584.87
57.6184.79
64.6384.71
2.782.93
2.812.88
2.842.83
2.942.62
3.042.48
3.222.23
3.621.97
Values
200 km
73.2984.5
283.7182.5
191.9380.6
51.9759.98
51.9759.98
20.2281.46
20.2281.46
1111
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Table 3 Simulation results of case 2
n
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.95
nZL
(Ea/Ia + mI0)
Corrected
Corrected [3]
14.6584.5
29.3184.5
43.9784.5
58.6384.5
65.9684.5
69.6284.5
14.7284.82
29.0384.77
42.7384.83
54.9984.94
59.9385.14
62.0685.27
14.2384.78
28.6884.79
43.5984.88
59.0584.75
66.0784.78
69.9284.90
3.052.67
2.952.69
2.762.69
2.382.54
2.082.19
1.951.96
14.3984.59
28.89884.48
43.5184.76
58.3384.42
70.4284.38
nZL
(Ea/Ia + mI0)
Corrected
58.6384.5
65.9684.5
55.2184.95
60.2785.08
58.1784.83
64.6784.91
2.512.62
2.312.48
nZL
(Ea/Ia + mI0)
Corrected
58.6384.5
65.9684.5
54.4884.99
58.6785.24
59.0784.78
66.2984.89
2.412.56
2.132.27
nZL
(Ea/Ia + mI0)
Corrected
73.2984.5
73.2984.5
86.7884.24
62.9385.45
71.2884.55
72.7384.99
5.483.26
1.540.71
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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014
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Table 7 Simulation results of case 6
Rf
nZL
(Ea/Ia + mI0)
Corrected
Zcomp
5
10
15
20
6.32 + j65.65
6.32 + j65.65
6.32 + j65.65
6.32 + j65.65
14.71 + j60.12
24.24 + j60.13
35.69 + j59.63
45.85 + j59.46
16.19 + j65.13
27.28 + j66.55
40.92 + j67.12
53.52 + j67.9
2.232.39
2.062.16
1.982.01
1.851.75
6.27 + j65.13
6.41 + j66.54
6.46 + j67.12
6.53 + j67.91
Experimental results
Experimental studies
Experimental prototype
1113
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Discussion
Conclusion
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the proposed scheme is acceptable. Finally, it can be
concluded that the proposed algorithm is qualied for being
applied to transmission line protection.
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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014
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