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h2 Mathematics Summarized Formulae3 PDF
h2 Mathematics Summarized Formulae3 PDF
b)n
(a
(ax 2
Expansion
of quadratic
functions
Expansion
of (1 + x)n
bx
n n1
a b
1
n n 2 2
a b
2
c) n
(bx
[c
n n 2
c (x
2
x2 )
nx
b
b
a 1 x a n 1 x
a
n!
ax 2 )]n
n(n 1) 2
n(n 1)...(n
x
...
2!
r!
Ascending powers of x (or descending 1/x)
x) n
(1
n n r r
a b
r
...
n n 1
c (x
1
cn
a bx
Expansion
of (a + bx)n
an
1)
x 2 )2
xr
b n n 1 b
1
n
x
2! a
a
an
r
n n 1 ... n r 1 b
...
...
r!
a
...
... x
a bx
a
a
n
bx 1 bx 1
bx
bx
a n n 1 a
1
...
2! bx
bx
bn xn
r
n n 1 ... n r 1
...
r!
bx
Range of validity:
b
a
a
a
x 1 x x
(small x values)
a
b
b
b
(closer to 0 gives better estimate)
Range of validity:
a
a
a
a
1 x x
or x (large x values)
bx
b
b
b
General
term
Proving
d un un 1 a non-zero constant
Definitions
Sum of
first n
terms
Sigma
Notation
Rules of
sigma
notation
Method of
Differences
Limit of
sequence
Convergen
ce of
sequences
n
Sn 2a n 1 d
2
b
u
r a
Sn
n
Sn a l
2
l = last term
a 1 r n
Sn
1 r
a r n 1
r 1
a
1 r
S exists r 1
where r 0,1
ua ua 1 ua 2 ... ub where a and b are integers. n = (b a + 1) i.e. upper limit lower limit + 1.
a an
r 1
a
G.P.
1 r
r 1
r
au
r 1
a ur
r 1
r 1
r 1
r 1
ur vr ur vr
m 1
r m
r 1
r 1
ur ur vr
Note: Watch out for method of differences when there is a small difference in the terms being subtracted.
Also note that the cancelling is symmetrical, i.e. cancelling the 2nd term on the LHS will cancel the last 2nd term
on the RHS.
1
The other terms, e.g. an, an where a > 1 will
an 0
1 1
0 (if a > 1)
n
,
0
tend to infinity and are not included in the
a
(if 0 < a < 1)
n n!
limit of a sequence.
A sequence is convergent if lim un L
n
un L , un 1 L
Page 1 of 19
S L
H2 Mathematics (9740)
Format
= [Start proving]
= RHS (Proven)
Conjecture
Some induction questions may involve conjectures (guess) of the general formula. They will usually ask you to
write the values of a sequence/sigma for n = 1, 2, 3, 4 then deduce a general equation which will then be proven
by Mathematical Induction.
Axial intercepts (x =
0, y = 0)
dy
0 and
dx
solve for x)
Circle
( x h) ( y k ) r 2 represents a circle with
centre (h, k) and radius r.
2
R( x)
D( x)
Horizontal/Oblique
asymptote: Q(x).
Hyperbola
Conics
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
1 where a b represents an
a2
b2
horizontal hyperbola with centre (h, k).
b
Oblique asymptotes: y k ( x h) and
a
b
y k ( x h) . Lines of symmetry: x = h, y
a
= k.
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
Page 2 of 19
H2 Mathematics (9740)
y = a f(x)
This vertical scaling only affects the yvalues and the horizontal asymptote by
the constant a.
x
y = f
a
x
The graph of y f is obtained by
a
scaling the graph of y = f(x) by a units in
the x direction. If a > 0 you expand the
graph, if a < 0 you compress the graph
(as usual).
y = f(x + a)
The graph of y = f(x a) is obtained by
translating the graph of y = f(x) by a
units in the x direction. If a > 0, shift
towards the positive x-direction, if a <
0, shift towards the negative xdirection.
Transformations
y = f(x)
y = f(x) + a
y = f(|x|)
The graph of y f x
consists of 2 parts
symmetrical to the x-axis.
1. Only consider the part of
the graph for which f(x)
0 (area above x-axis).
2. First sketch y f x :
When f(x) > 1,
When f(x) < 1,
y x2 5
y=
y2 = f(x),
y = |f(x)|
Asymptotes
and
x-intercepts
Horizontal
asymptotes
Maximum
and
Minimum
points
y x 5
3
Other trends
y x2 5
y = f(x)
x-intercept at (h,
0)
Vertical
asymptote x = h
y k, k 0
y0
f x f x
f x f x
1
f x
If function goes
to positive and
negative
infinity (i.e.
there is no
horizontal
asymptote)
(h, k)
Maximum pt
(h, k)
Minimum pt
(h, k)
f(x) is
increasing as x
increases
f(x) is decreases
as x increases
y2 = f(x)
Vertical asy.
x=h
x-intercept at
(h, 0)
1
y
k
No
horizontal
asymptote
Horizontal
asymptote at
y=0
1
h,
k
Minimum
1
point h ,
k
Maximum
1
point h ,
k
f(x)
decreases as
x increases
f(x)
increases as
x increases
y x3 5
Page 3 of 19
H2 Mathematics (9740)
Chapter 5: Functions
Chapter 5: Functions
Definition
Definitions
Domain
Range
A function f, or mapping, is a rule which assigns every element of x X to only one element
of y Y .
Domain is the set of x-values (input values) for
which a function f is defined as the domain (Df)
Note: It must always be stated in the answer.
axb
x a, b
x a, b
axb
x a, b
axb
x a, b
axb
If f:A B is a function, for each a A , the vertical line x = a cuts the graph y = f(x) at only one point.
Vertical
line test
Positive
Negative
Definition
Horizontal
line test
Inverse
functions
From the sketch, any vertical line x = a, where a Df will cut the graph of y = f(x) at exactly one
point. Hence f(x) is a function.
From the sketch, the line x = a (state a constant)cuts the graph of y = f(x) at 2 different points. Hence
f(x) is not a function.
For any one-to-one function, f:x Rf , there is an inverse function that exists, i.e. f 1 :x Rf
Notes
and
f x y x f 1 y
Rf 1 Df
Composite
functions
Definition
Function composition (or composite function) is the application of one function to the
results of another function. For instance, the composite function gf as gf(x) = g(f(x)) where
Conditions
Notes
x Df
ff-1(x) = f-1f(x) = x
Page 4 of 19
f2(x) = ff(x)
H2 Mathematics (9740)
Properties
of
Inequalities
Addition and
Subtraction
If a b , then a c b c and a c b c
Multiplication
and Division
a b
.
c c
(can only cross-multiply positive terms)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Without G.C.
Solving
inequalities
With G.C.
Properties
of |x|
Solving sim.
linear eqn
using GC
If a b and c d , then a c b d
a b
d d
(reverse the inequality sign especially when
dealing with logarithmic terms)
3x 2 7 x 2
0
x 1
(3x 1)( x 2)
0
( x 1)
Let 3x 1 0, x 2 0, x 1 0
1
x , x 2, x 1
3
Let x 0,
(0 1)(0 2)
2( 0)
(0 1)
5.
6.
1
The solution will be the region required by
Hence, 2 x and x 1
the inequality.
3
Sketch the 2 different inequalities using G.C.
Calculate the x-intercepts (or points of intersection).
Determine the solution, ensuring it does not include values which will make the
denominators of the original inequality zero.
ab a b
x k
x k
x k x k
a
a
,b 0
x k or x k
k x k
b
b
1.
2.
3.
x2 x
Page 5 of 19
H2 Mathematics (9740)
Chain Rule
Formula
d
(u
dx
du
dx
v)
dy
dx
dy
dx
Trigonometric
Functions
d
(sin x )
dx
Logarithmic
Functions
Implicit
Functions
d
sin
dx
cosec x cot x
dy
dt
Tangent and
normal
dy
dx
f'( x )
1 x
dy
dt
dx
dt
y y1
d u
dx v
1
dx
dy
du
dx
dv
dx
v2
dy
dt
dy
dx
dx
dt
d2 y
f''( x ) (used for finding nature of points)
dx 2
If f(x) > 0, curve is u shaped.
If f(x) < 0, curve is n shaped.
d
d
(cos x )
sin x
(tan x ) sec2 x
dx
dx
d
d
(sec x ) sec x tan x
(cot x )
cosec2 x
dx
dx
d x
d ln a x
(a )
(e
) ax ln a
dx
dx
d
1
(log a x )
log a e
dx
x
cos x
f( x )
du
v
dx
d dy
dx dx
d x
( e ) ex
dx
d
1
(ln x )
dx
x
d
d
f( y )
f( y )
dx
dy
Exponential
Functions
dv
u
dx
dy
dx
f'( x )
d
(cosec x)
dx
Parametric
Differentiation
d
(uv)
dx
dy du
du dx
Higher order
derivatives
Inverse
trigonometric
functions
dv
dx
d
cos 1 f( x )
dx
dy
dx
dx
dt
d
tan
dx
f'( x )
1 x
f( x )
f'( x )
1
f( x )
m x x1
y1
1
x
m
x1
First derivative
test
Second
derivative test
Increasing
functions
d2 y
d2 y
0
0
dx 2
dx 2
(use table form to determine nature)
For increasing functions, f(x) > 0.
If concave downwards, f(x) < 0.
If concave upwards, f(x) > 0.
Shape: n shape.
d2 y
dx 2
Decreasing
functions
Graphs of y =
f(x)
H2 Mathematics Summarised Formulae
H2 Mathematics (9740)
f( x) dx F( x) c
Integration
Definite
integral
Properties of
definite integral
f( x) dx F(b) F(a)
f( x) dx 0
f( x) dx f( x) dx
f( x) g( x) dx f( x) dx g( x) dx
ax b
ax b dx a n 1
n
f( x)
Exponential
Functions
f( x) dx f( x) dx f( x) dx
1
f( x)
n 1
f'( x) dx
f'( x)
f( x)
c where n 1
cos x dx sin x c
tan x dx ln sec x c
cot x dx ln sin x c
Trigonometric
functions
sin
Trigonometric
identities
x dx
tan
1 cos 2 x
x sin 2 x
dx
c
2
2
4
cos
x dx sec2 x 1 dx tan x x c
cot
PQ
P Q
cos
2
2
PQ
P Q
cos P cos Q 2cos
cos
2
2
sin P sin Q 2sin
Factor
Formulae
px q
Involving
fractions
a
2
dx
1
px q
tan 1
c
ap
a
1
1
xa
dx
ln
2
2a x a
a
ax b x
1 cos 2 x
x sin 2 x
dx
c
2
2
4
x dx cosec2 x 1 dx cot 2 x x c
PQ
P Q
sin
2
2
PQ
P Q
cos P cos Q 2sin
sin
2
2
1
1 1 px q
dx sin
c
2
p
a
a 2 px q
2
1
1
ax
dx
ln
2
2a a x
x
px qx r
ax b cx d
2
Change all x to u.
Change du to dx
Integrate (should be easy)
Change all u back to x.
b dv
b du
b
a u dx dx uva a v dx
Choice of function to be differentiated u follows
the order: LIATE (logarithmic, inverse trigo,
algebraic, trigo, exponential)
It can be applied twice on certain integrals.
x dx
px 2 qx r
1.
2.
3.
4.
px q
A
B
ax b cx d ax b cx d
Partial
Fractions
Integration by
parts
ax b dx a ln ax b c
c where n 1
sin x dx cos x c
sec x dx tan x c
Integration by
substitution
k f( x) dx k f( x) dx
dx ln f( x) c
n 1
Note: the derivative may need to be manipulated (by adding constants, NOT variables outside and inside the
integral sign (not the final value of the integral cannot be changed)
ef( x )
f( x )
f( x )
f( x )
f
'(
x
)
a
d
x
c
f'( x)e dx e c
ln a
n
Reverse chain
rule
n 1
Integrals
involving linear
algebraic
functions
Page 7 of 19
A
B
C
ax b cx d cx d 2
A
Bx C
2
ax b x c
Note: Only use integration by substitution if the
question says so.
Can be used for:
Integrating simple functions (logarithmic and
inverse trigo functions) such as ln x,
sin-1x, cos-1x, tan-1x
Product of different types of functions.
H2 Mathematics (9740)
f( x)
0 (above x-axis)
0 (below x-axis)
f( x)
f( x)
0 on [a, c],f( x)
0 on [c, b]
A f( x) dx
A f( x) dx
Area bounded
by curve w.r.t.
x-axis
A f( x) dx f( x) dx
(the negative area must be negated)
f( x)
0 (right of y-axis)
f( x)
0 (left of y-axis)
f( x)
0 on [a, c],f( x)
0 on [c, b]
A f( y) dy
A f( y) dy
Area bounded
by curve w.r.t.
y-axis
A f( y) dy f( y) dy
(the negative area must be negated)
Note: Remember to (1) change f(x) to f(y) if required, (2) change the coordinates (3) write dy.
For f(x) > g(x), A f( x) g( x) dx
b
Area between 2
curves
A f( x) dx g( x) dx where intersection at p.
A f( y) dy g( y) dy where intersection at q
.
Area under
parametric
curve
tb
ta
A y dy g(t ) f'(t ) dt
td
tc
A x dy f (t )g '(t ) dt
(x) f( xb )
(2) Express total area in sigma notation.
Area as a limit
of sum of areas
of rectangles
A f( xr )x
r 1
r 1
A lim f( xr )x f( x) dx
n
Volume of
revolution
Volume of revn
bounded by 2
graphs
V f( x) dx
b
V f( y) dy
c
Page 8 of 19
H2 Mathematics (9740)
Direct
Integration
f( x)
dy
dx
Separation of
variables
dP
dt
Applications of
D.E.
d2 y
dx 2
f( x) dx
1
dy
f( y)
f( y)
f( x)
f''( x)
1 dx
dy
dv
dz
dy
v x
z x y
1
dx
dx
dx
dx
To obtain back the general solution, remember to replace the new variable back to y.
dP
1
dP 1
dP k
P
kP
dP
k dt
P dP
dt
P
dt
P
dt
P
y
By substitution
vx
k dt
f( x)
(1
Standard
Maclaurin
series
f(0)
x) n
ex
Compound
angle formulae
n(n 1) 2
x
2!
x2
2!
x3
3!
...
xn ( n)
f 0 ...
n!
n(n 1)...(n
r!
...
xr
r!
... (all x)
x2 x4
( 1)r x 2 r
x 2 x3
( 1)r 1 x r
...
... (all x)
ln(1 x) x
...
... ( 1 x 1)
2
3
r
2! 4!
(2r )!
When x is small and measured in radians, and x3 onwards is neligible, the following approximations are valid:
x2
tan x x
sin x x
cos x 1
2
sin( A B) sin A cos B cos A sin B
You cannot assume x
x for some constant .
cos x
Small angle
approximations
1 nx
x2
f''(0) ...
2!
x f'(0)
cos( A
B)
tan( A
cos A cos B
B)
sin A sin B
tan A tan B
1 tan A tan B
Page 9 of 19
H2 Mathematics (9740)
Counting
principles
Permutations
Combinations
Permutations in
a circle
Tree diagram
Other formulas
Notes
P( A)
P( A) P( A ') 1
P( A or B) P( A) P( B) P( A and B)
P( A B) P( A) P( B) P( A B)
2 events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur together (within a situation)
P( A B) 0
P( A B) P( A) P( B)
P( A | B) = 0 or P( B | A) 0
P( A B)
P( B A)
If A and B are mutually exclusive,
P( A | B)
P(A | B)=0 (Since B occurs, A wont occur, vice versa)
P( A)
P( B)
2 events are independent if the occurrence of one does not affect the other (between diff. situations)
P( A | B) P( A)
P( B | A) P( B)
P( A B) P( A) P( B) *
Few stages with
Diff. probabilities
Small sample
P&C method: Only
Sequences and
few outcomes:
for diff. events:
space: Table of
Series: For turn-byWITHOUT
replacement
turn situations
Tree diagram
Venn diagram
outcomes
How to use a tree diagram:
1. Multiply the probabilities along the branches to get the end results
2. On any set of branches that meet up at a point, the probabilities must add up to 1.
3. Check that all end results add up to 1.
4. To answer any question, find the relevant end results. If more than one satisfy the requirements, add
these end results together.
P( B | A)
P( A B) 1 P( A ' B ')
P( A B) 1 P( A ' B ')
P( A) P( A B) P( A B ')
P( A ' | B) 1 P( A | B)
Page 10 of 19
H2 Mathematics (9740)
X ~ B(n, p)
Binomial
Distribution
Poisson
Distribution
Expectation
Variance
Standard
Deviation
Additive
properties
X ~ Po( )
P( X x)
e x
, x 0,1, 2,3
x!
Poisson Distribution:
Page 11 of 19
H2 Mathematics (9740)
X ~ N( , 2 )
Standard
normal
distribution
Z ~ N(0,1)
P(a
P(a
Area under
normal curve
(by symmetry)
P( X
P( X
P( X
b)
X
a)
P(a
b)
P(a
b)
X
b)
1 P( X a)
a) P( X
a) P( X
a)
Transforming
to standard
normal
E(a)
E(aX )
E(aX
Properties of
expectation and
variance
E( X1
...
Xn )
E(aX
Var(a)
a E( X )
b)
bY )
Y)
a E( X )
Var(aX
E( X n )
n E( X )
Var( X1
b E(Y )
1,
E( X )
E(Y )
...
Xn )
a Var( X )
a 2 Var( X )
b)
Var(aX
bY )
When a
Var( X
0
2
Var(aX )
a E( X )
E( X1 ) ...
When a
E( X
a)
Y)
a Var( X )
n Var( X )
b Var(Y )
1,
Var( X )
Var(Y )
If X and Y are two independent normal variables, then aX + bY will also be a normal variable.
2
Sample mean
Central Limit
Theorem (CLT)
Distribution: X ~ N
Var( X )
E( X )
X1
X2
...
approximately.
Approximation
of binomial and
poisson
distributions
Using normal
distributions
Using normal
distribution
Page 12 of 19
H2 Mathematics (9740)
Steps
Advantages
Disadvantages
Create a list of the
population (sampling
Difficult/impossible to identify
frame)
every member of the population
Free from bias
2. Create a random
Not able to get access to some
sample (using random
members chosen from the sample
selection)
1. List the populaton in
some order
Could lead to more precise
There could be bias caused by the
2. From the first k
inferences concerning
effect of periodic/cyclic pattern
elements select a
population because the sample
of the population.
member randomly.
chosen is spread evenly
Not always possible to list the
3. Select every kth
throughout the entire
members of the population in
member of the next k
population.
some order.
elements
1. Divide the population
Likely to give a sample
into a number of nonrepresentative of the
overlapping
population.
subpopulations (age /
Each strata can be treated
gender).
Strata may not be clearly defined.
separately, hence
2. Take a random
(overlapping of strata)
sampling may be more
sample from each
convenient and more
stratum with sample
accurate.
size proportional to the
size of the stratum.
Non-random sampling: Every member does not have an equal chance of being chosen
1. Divide the population
Not representative of the
into a number of nonpopulation as compared to other
overlapping
types of sampling
subpopulations (age /
Information can be collected
Biased (non-random) as not
gender).
quickly.
everyone gets an equal chance of
2. Samples taken from
being selected.
each stratum are non
No sampling frame
random (by choice)
Population
Sample
Unbiased estimate
1.
Simple
random
sampling
Systematic
sampling
Types of
sampling
Stratified
sampling
Quota
sampling
Mean
1
1
x c n ( x c)
n
1
(biased!)
( x x) 2
n
2
x
1
x 2
n
n
x2
Point
estimation
Variance
( x c)
1
( x c) 2
n
n
Page 13 of 19
1
1
x c n ( x c)
n
n
1
s2
x2
( x x) 2
n 1
n 1
2
x
1
2
n 1
n
( x c)
1
2
( x c )
n 1
n
H2 Mathematics (9740)
Level of
significance,
p-value
Types of tests
Hypothesis
tests
z-test
s2
Under H0, X ~ N 0 ,
Also true when population size is large when
n
Under H0, X ~ N 0 ,
statistic Z
T-test
X 0
2 / n
General
hypothesis
testing
procedure
3.
4.
5.
6.
(approximately), test
n
approximately where
s2
(approximately).
2
x 1 ( x x)2
1
x
n 1
n n 1
Under H0, X ~ N 0 ,
1.
2.
s /n
Page 14 of 19
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
X 0
S2 / n
~ t (n 1) .
p-value method
Write down H0 and H1.
Determine an approximate test statistic and its
distribution.
Identify the level of significance, (from qn)
Compute the test statistic (using G.C.)
Find the p-value (from G.C.). Multiply by 2 if there
is a 2-tail test.
Determine if the test static lies within the critical
region, and state conclusion in context of the
problem. (since p = ___ (< or >) = ___, we (reject
/ do not reject H0 at ___% of significance and
conclude that there is sufficient evidence that )
A sketch where each axis represents a variable and each point represents an observation.
Controlled variable is usually plotted at x-axis (usually stated from question).
Scatter
diagrams
Product
moment
correlation
coefficient
No linear correleation
Non-linear correleation
( x x)( y y)
x x y y
2
1 r 1
x y
xy n
2
2
x
y
x 2 y 2
n
n
x x d ( y y ) where
x y
( x x)( y y ) xy
n
b
( x x)
x
x n
x y
( x x)( y y ) xy
n
d
( y y)
y
y n
2
Regression
lines
Choice of
regression
line
Interpolation
extrapolation
Linear law
Case
Estimate y given x
Estimate x given y
x is controlled, y is random
Use y on x
y is controlled, x is random
Use x on y
Both x and y is random
Use y on x
Use x on y
Interpolating: Estimation using a value within the
Extrapolation: Estimation using a value outside the
given range of data.
given range of data (unreliable and should be avoided)
Non-linear model
Variable Y
Variable X
y a bx 2
y
x2
ya
b
x
y axb
Page 15 of 19
1
x
ln y
ln x
H2 Mathematics (9740)
Modulus of vector
Negative vectors
Null vector
Addition of vectors
Subtraction of vectors
Proving a
parallelogram
Parallel vectors
Collinear points
Multiplication of
vector by scalar
1
a , denoted as a .
a
Negative vector of a, denoted by a, is the vector of magnitude |a| with opposite direction.
Vector that has no magnitude or direction. Denoted by 0.
If AB u and BC v , AC w u + v . w is known as the vector sum of u and v.
If AB u and AD v , DB u v
To show that A, B, C, D is a parallelogram, just show AB DC or AD BC
If a and b are non-zero vectors, a // b a b for some \ {0}.
If 3 points A, B and C are collinear (lie in a straight line),
AB AC or AB BC or BC AC for some \ {0}.
For all vectors a and b, and , ,
( )a a a
(a) ( )a
Position vector
(a b) a b
Ratio Theorem
If point C divides the line AB in the
ratio : , then the position vector
of C is given by:
OC
OA OB
a b
a
Given a point P(a, b) in the x-y plane, the position vector of P with respect to O can be written as OP or ai bj
b
where i, j are unit vectors of the positive x-axis and positive y-axis respectively.
Vectors
in 2-D
space
a
Length from origin to point P OP a 2 b 2
b
Unit vector in direction of OP
OP
OP
a
a b b
1
Given a point P(a, b, c) in the x-y-z plane, the position vector of P with respect to O can be written as
1.
Unit vector
a
OP b or ai bj ck where i, j and k are unit vectors of the positive x-axis, positive y-axis and positive z-axis
c
Vectors
in 3-D
space
respectively.
a
Length from origin to point P OP b a 2 b 2 c 2
c
Unit vector in direction of OP
OP
OP
a1
b1
If a a2 and b b2 , then the
a
b
3
3
Definition
Also, it can be
proven that
a b a b cos
where is the
(diverging or
converging) angle
between a and b.
a1 b1
a b a2 b2 a1b1 a2b2 a3b3 .
a b
3 3
2. Scalar
Product
Parallel
vectors
Perpendic
ular
vectors
a b a b cos180 a b
a
b
a 2 b2 c2
c
1
aa a
i j j k k i 0
Page 16 of 19
i i j jk k=
1.
H2 Mathematics (9740)
Scalar
product
(cont)
ab
or
a b
cos 1
ab
a b
a cos
a b cos
2
2
2
3
Vector
equation
Line through
2 fixed pts
Parametric
Equations
Cartesian
Equation
b b b
2
1
2
2
2
3
ab
Relationship
between 2
lines
Acute angle
between 2
lines
Foot of
from point P
to a line
ab
b
3.
Vector
equation
of
straight
line
Length of projection
Length of
projection of a
on u
x x1
y y1
z z1
Intersecting
If L1 and L2 intersect, there are
unique values of and such that
Skew
d1 and d2 are not parallel and
there are no unique values of
If L1 // L2 d1 //d2
a1 d1 a2 d2
and for a1 d1 a2 d2 .
Note: Use the G.C. to determine if the system of linear equations is consistent and to find the solution if
it exists.
Consider 2 lines L1 and L2 where L1 : a1 b and L2 : c d
The acute angle between the 2 lines is the same as the acute
angles between b and d.
cos 1
d1 d 2
d1 d 2
Distance from
a point to a
line
AP d
d
Page 17 of 19
H2 Mathematics (9740)
Image of a
point P by
reflection in
the line L
Definition
ON
OP OP '
2
a b a2 b2 (a1b3 a2b1 )
a b a b a b
2 1
3 3 1 2
(or a b )
distance
Area of triangle = a b
Equation
of Planes
5.
Planes
Cartesian
Equation
of a Plane
n1
x
x
Let r y and n n2 . Then r n d y
z
z
n
3
n1
n2 d n1 x n2 y n3 z d
n
3
Page 18 of 19
dn
d n
n1 n 2
n1 n 2
H2 Mathematics (9740)
Definition
Imaginary
numbers
Forms
Cartesian
form
Simple
operations
i 1
{a bi : a, b }
Denoted by
i 2 1
i i i 2 1
zz* a2 b2
( z1 z2 )* z1 * z2 *
z1
z1 *
z2 z2 *
2 complex no. are equal only if they have the same real & imaginary parts, a bi c di a c, b d
z z* 2a
z z* 2bi
( z1z2 )* z1 * z2 *
Equality
The complex roots of any polynomial equation with real coefficients will always
Complex
b2 4ac 0 2 real roots
occur in conjugate pairs. b2 4ac 0 2 complex conjugate roots
roots
Multiple
i 4n 3 i, e.g. i,i5 ,i9 ,i13 i
i 4n 2 1, e.g. i 2 ,i 6 ,i10 1
i 4n 3 1, e.g. i3 ,i 7 ,i11 i
i 4n 1 e.g. i4 ,i8 ,i12 1
powers
Fundamental Theorem
If P( z) 0 has n solutions 1, 2 ,3 ,..., n , it can be expressed in the form P( z) ( z 1 )( z 2 )...( z n ) .
of algebra
Diagrams
Argand
diagram
Conjugate
Modulus
z x2 y 2 r
Argument
arg(ai)
arg(a) 0
arg(a)
arg(ai)
z1z2 z1 z2
Powers
Eulers
formula
z1
z
1
z2
z2
zz* x2 y 2 z
zn z
arg( z n ) n arg( z)
Circle
Locus
Operations
Modulusargument
form
Perpendic
ular
bisector
Half-line
Others
A locus is a set of points that satisfy given conditions. Note: always take z = x + iy.
Notes:
The equation z z1 r represents a circle with
Check if the circle passes through O by
comparing the radius with the distance
centre at (x1, y1) and radius r.
between the centre of the circle and O.
The Cartesian equation of the locus is
Check whether the circle crosses the axes by
( x x1 )2 ( y y1 )2 r 2
comparing the radius and the distance.
The equation z z1 z z2 represents the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the points (x1, y1)
and (x2, y2). The Cartesian equation will be a linear equation.
The equation arg( z z1 ) represents a half-line from A(x1, y1) (excluding A) making an angle with
the positive real axis.
Assume z = x + iy and then deduce its nature.
De
Moivres
Theorem
Nth roots
z n Re
2 k
i
, k 0,1, 2,3,...,(n 1)
Page 19 of 19
(rational no.)