GRAMMAR

Contents
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()Parts of sentences
1. I love you.
2. He went away.
3. I love you.
4. He is a teacher.
5. (1) He asked me to leave.
(2) I was asked to leave.
6. He is a good teacher.
7. He went abroad yesterday.
8. Mr. Lee, our teacher, is coming.
9. By the way, he will go to school.
()Kinds of sentences
I.()
1.+
They danced happily.
2.++
Mr. Green bought some food from the supermarket.
3.++ ()
They are all great scientists.
4.+++
wish,offer,promise,owe, envy, teach,
give,lend,send,pay,cost,show, tell,buy,get,hand,write, pass,sing
I wish you a happy new year.
(1),(to for)
Please lend me some money. = Please lend some money to me.
Mom bought the baby a computer. = Mom bought a computer for the baby.
(2)Give it to me.
(3) explain, complain, say, whisper, murmur to sb. sth.
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(4) of
rob sb. of sth. warn sb. of sth. remind sb. of sth. inform sb. of sth.
(5)
sth. remains of sth.
expect sth. of sb.
5.+++ ()
(1)
make sb.ill, drive sb.mad, leave sth.open, cut sth.short, tear sth.open, keep sb. busy
find sth.beautiful, think sth.(to be)good , believe sb.(to be) honest,
He threw the fox to the ground dead.
(2)
make n. n, leave n. n, choose n. n., elect n. n, call n. n., name n. n.
I cant understand why people elected him President.
(3) 23 4,5
(4),-ing , it
They found it impossible to finish the work in such a short time.
His parents thought it strange that their son hadnt written to them for too long.
They found it interesting being back at school again.
II., -- ( 33 )
(1)He is young, and he is good.
(2)He is young ; he is good
(3)Try some of this juice--perhaps you'll like it.
(4)(Make) Greater efforts, and you will succeed
III.
If it doesnt rain, Ill go to school tomorrow.
I made a promise that if he came, I would beat him.
IV.:
He has to work hard, and if he doesnt work hard, his parents will cry.
()Numeral
I.
1. one third, two thirds, a half, a quarter, 3 quarters + of
2.(1)thirty percent+ of (2)the rest of
3. one in four=one out of four
II.
1. one, two, three
2. dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million, billion
(1)three dozen eggs, many dozon eggs
(2)dozens of, scores of, tens of, millions of, billions of, tens of thousands of
(3)three of us, many of them
(4)two of those boys, three dozen of the eggs, a good many of their students
III.
1.first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, twentieth, hundredth
2. the Second Lesson=Lesson Two
IV.
1.every few days
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2.every other day=every two days=every second day ()

3.every three days=every third day ()
4.enough>plenty of + Ns/Nu
5.lots of=a lot of=a mass of=masses of=a quantity of=quantities of+ Ns/Nu
6.a number of=a good (great) many=many +Ns=many a + Nc
7.a great deal of=a large amount of+ Nu
8.a variety of=different kinds of
9.the majority of =most (of the), the minority of
V. on his first visit to China
()Agreement
I. and
1. A and B +are, both A and B +are
2.
(1)The famous singer and dancer is coming.
(2)Every (each/no) boy and every (each/no) girl is good.
3. one + n.+or two=one or two+ n.s +are
: n. ,
one and a half++is
II.A B A
He as well as his friends is going abroad.
III.All
1. All but one were here just now.
2. All he has done is right.
IV. audience, crew, crowd, population, family, class, group, team, staff
1. My class is a good one.
2. My class are singing a song.
V. compasses, trousers, glasses, scissors, chopsticks,
1. My trousers are new.
2. a pair of pair A pair of new glasses is what I want for my birthday.
VI.
1. Reading and writing are most difficult for students in learning English.
2. When and where to meet is not decided.
3. What I love and what I hate are none of your business.
VII. the The old are wise.
the old, the dying , the employing , the employed ,
the police ,the Chinese , the English, the French
VIII. The rest of the students are fond of computer games.
IX.
1.There be There is a book and two pens on the desk.
2.( 33 ) Not only Tom but also his parants are kind to me.
3.A or B One boy or his friends are to come.
Two hours or more is enough.

X.Time/Money/Distance+is
1.One hundred years is a long time.
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2.One million dollars is a large sum.

3.Two thousand miles is a long way.
XI.
1.Between the two windows hangs a picture.
2. Such are my friends.
XII.
1.One of his books is very good.
He is one of the boys who like English. ()
He is the (only)one of the boys who likes English. ()
2.a quantity of Ns/Nu +is, large quantities of Ns/Nu +are
a number of+ Ns+ are, the number of +Ns +is
an amount of Nu+ is, large amounts of Nu+ are
3.one and a half apples +is=one apple and a half +is
4.more than one +is
5.many a boy +is
6.we each +are=each of us +is
7.+is
8 The 2008 Olympic Games are to be held in Beijing.
9.This kind of man is good.= Men of this kind are good.
10.My collection of stamps is very wonderful.
()
1.(much) to ones surprise=to ones (great) surprise (delight /knowledge/excitement)
2.otherwise=or else or
3.nevertheless while
4.therefore=thus=as a result so=and so
5.however=still>though anyway=anyhow=regardless
6.so(as) far as I can/know/see //
so(as) far as sb./sth. is concerned
7.also=again=besides=in addition=whats more=moreover=more than that
(in the) meanwhile(meantime)=at the same time
further more ()even
8.on one handon the other hand=for one thingfor another (thing)=firstlysecondly
,
9.instead=rather=in turn on the contrary
10.as a matter of fact=in (actual) fact =actually
11.to make matters worse= whats worse still=whats worse= worse still=worse than that
12.in that casein casein case (that)in case of
under that conditionon condition that
13.in general -in particular on the whole in detail
in common in short in a word
14.after all (), at all(1)(2), above all , first (then )
first of all=firstly(secondly ), at first, (all) in all=altogether=in total
15.finally=eventually =in the end<at last/
16.nowadays=for the time being=at present=presently
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17.(ever)after (that)=afterwards=from then on=later(on) +did

(ever) since (then) +have(had) done
18.suddenly=all of a sudden=all at once in a flash ()
19.on earth=in the world(1)(2), on the earth , in the earth
20.namely=or(+N)that is (to say )= in other words =ie or=or rather.
21.generally /frankly /honestly (speaking)//
22.as a saying goes
23.more often (than not)=in most cases=for the most part /
24.for example=for instance
25.and so on=and so forth=etc.
Article
I. a(n), the, x ()
1.:
(1): the horse, a horse, horses
1) the
The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.
2) a(n)
A tiger is a type of very large fierce wild cat that has yellow fur with black bands across.
3)
Children usually start walking at around one year old.
(2)weather , water , success
(3) the
The Chinese are a hard-working people.
The Americans are friendly.
The English (The Englishmen) use a knife and fork in their meals.
The French (The Frenchmen) are romantic.
2.: the
(1)
1) a +Nc: a telephone
2) the +Nc: the telephone ()
e.g. Edison invented the phone ( ). I need a phone ( ), so I have bought a
phone(), but the phone doesnt work ().
(2)
1) the +Ns: the books
2) x +Ns: books
e.g. I have bought books (), and the books () are very good.
(3)
1) a/an
2) a/an : a success, a pleasure, a surprise, a shock
e.g. Our school is a success (), and our headmaster is a success ().
II.
1.
(1)in peace, in trouble, in office, in use, in power, by law, by nature, by habit, by letter
e(2)on (over) th radio, on TV, on the Internet, on (over) the phone, in newspapers, on posters
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(3) in (the) face of , in the habit of doing , in the hope of doing

(4) in honor of >in memory of in time of, in danger of, in need of
(5) in charge of , in the charge of ;
in possession of , in the possession of
out of question , out of the question
(6)in public , the public
(7)in doing sth.=in the doing of sth. in playing football=in the playing of football
(8)a (long) time, a long way=a long distance=long distances
have a good time, have a good knowledge of, have a good understanding of
have a large collection of, have a good supper, have a great interest in sth.
have a population of, have an area of, have a responsibility towards sth.
2.
(1) Mr Smith, president of Beijing University, will come to our school.
(2) The president is coming. A president was killed in the war.
3.: kindergarten,school, college, university, hospital, church, prison, bed, table, town
(1)My baby goes to school everyday. ()
(2)The school is very beautiful. () There is a school by the river. ()
4.
(1) the the Great Wall , the Summer Palace
(1) the Emei Mountain=Mount Emei
(2) Beijing University
5.
(1) in China (Beijing) (2)in the China (Being) of today (3)a modern China (Beijing)
,,: the city of Chongqing=Chongqing City, the island of Taiwan=Taiwan Island
6.:
(1) Womens Day
(2) the Spring Festival
7.
(1) He lives in the east (n.),
(2) He is walking west (ad.).
8.
the Tang Dynasty , the Spring and Autumn Period , in the 1990s ,
in ones teens , in ones fifties
9. Mr. Green , a Mr. Green () , the Greens
Greens , the Greens
10. the
catch sb by the arm, take sb by the hand, pat sb on the head, hit sb in the face
wound sb. in the leg, injure sb. on the head, hit a car on the back
11. by time, by weight
by the hour, by the pound
12.
(1) the tallest boy, the best boy
(2) the most interesting , most interesting , a most interesting book
13.(1)come out first ; Finish your work first.; the first
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(2)come out last; last week ; the last week

(3)come out second; a second book=another ; the second book
14. the same, the only, the following, the rest ,have a rest
15. half an hour, half the sky
16. a, an, one
(1)an hour, an honor, an honest boy ;
(2)a university, a useful book, a European country
There is a u and an n in the word unhappy.
(3)I have only one book.()
17. Chinese =the Chinese language, German grammar
18. in 2000=in the year 2000
19. in October,2000 = in the October of 2000
20. in summer, in the summer of 1998, a hot summer
21. the sun, a red sun, in the world, a new world
22. in history, in the history of our school, have a history og
23. in society , in the old society , in a society that
24. paly football, a football, the football
25. play the piano, a piano, the piano
26. in the distance, at a distance of 5 kilometers
27. be part of, be an important part of, for the most part=more often=in most cases
play a part in, take part in, take an active part in
28. a kind of book , the kind of book
2 kinds of books , 2 kinds of the books
29.two of us , the two of us
30.with a book in her hand=book in hand
Pronoun
I.
1.
another + N=a second +N=one more +N=one other + Nc
other +Ns=others
the other +N.
the other +Ns=the others
(1)onethe other , one another , one and one /
some others (other + Ns)
(2) another two boys=two other boys=two more boys=two boys more
(3) each other=one another
(4) every other day; every few days
something, someone, somewhere + else
what, who, where, when + else
someone elses

2. the rest
I have done much of the work. Could you please finish the rest in two days?
II.
1.: both either neither
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: all every ,each ,any(),some() none

2. everybody=everyoneevery one of us ; everything
somebody=someonesome one of us ; something
anybody=anyoneany one of us ; anything
3.no one (nobody)none /()nothing ()
(1)None of us like football.
(2)How many like football? Nobody(No one).
(3)How many friends do you have at school? None.
(4)There are many books here, but none is mine.
(5)Can you lend me some money? None.
(6)I know nothing about you except that you are American.
(1)anyone but+sb., anything but+sth.
(2)no one but+sb, none but+sb, nothing but+sth.
(3)all but=almost
4.no=not a ; no=not any
(1) I have no book.=I have not a book. (2) I have no books.=I have not any books.
5.
(1)little , a little=a bit (of)=a little bit(of), much, how much
+ Nu
(2)few , a few ()several (), many, how many
+Ns
(3) some (), any ()
+Ns/ Nu
(1)so few (little/many/much) + n. (); such little boys
(2)not a little , not a bit
(3)only(just) a little(few), quite a little(few)
6. all, every, both: All of us like football.
none, neither: None of us like football.
not all,every, both, always=all, every, both, always not
Not all of us like football. = All of us dont like football.
III..
1. (1)You, he and I are good friends. (2) I, he and you will be punished by our teacher.
2. (1) Everyone is sure to try their best.
(2)Those who want to go abroad please raise your hands.
Those who want to go abroad will try their best.
VI.
1. He himself went there.
2.() I hate myself.
(1)enjoy oneself=have a good time=have fun
(2)think to onself=say to oneself
(3)oneself ,for oneself 1),2),of oneself1),2),by oneself
VII. () : my best friend
(1) ones: my,your,his,her,its,their,our (2) a, an, the (3) this, that, these, those
VIII.It
1. it:
(1)
it
There is only one bike in the shop, so I dont want it.

they/ them
Some boys are coming. They are my friends.
one
He has many toys, so I also want one.
the one
Is this factory the one you visited last year?
ones
Bridges made of stone are stronger than ones of wood.
that :
(1) Life in Beijing is higher than that in Chongqing.
(2) He told me his story and that of his sister.the one
those (the ones) The streets in Beijing are wider than those in Chongqing.
(2)
it> this/that
I hate it when my baby cries.
this
What he told me is this: he wanted to leave here.
that
He didnt come. That is why he didnt know it.
so---This is a good school. ---I think so.
I think so.I dont think so= I think not.
I hope (guess, believe, imagine, suppose, am afraid) so (not).
I need to buy a new car and a house badly but I cant afford it /those .
(3) time/weather/distance
(4)
(5)
2. itit
(1) Its important for students to learn English. ()
I think it important for students to learn English. ()
Its foolish of Tom to make that mistake. ()
I believe it foolish of Tom to make the same mistake. ()
(2)it
1)It happens that sb=sb happens to
It happened that he was sleeping when the teacher came into the classroom.
=He happened to be sleeping when the teacher came into the classroom.
2)It seems/appears that sb =sb seems/appears to
It seems that there have been great changes. =There seems to have been great changes.
I had a book, but it seems to have been lost
=I have a book, but it seems that it has been lost.
3)It proves (turns out) that
It proved that he had stolen my pen.
4)see (to it) that=make sure that=check that
We must see to it that our classroom is clean and tidy.
5)How can(could) it be that? = How come that?
How can(could) it be that he left without a word?
6)take it for granted that
We take it for granted that students should work hard.
7) It occurs to me that
It occurred to him that he hadnt finished his work.
8)Its no use doing.
9)()Its a waste of time (money) doing.
10)It is no wonder that
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3.
(1)do/ does/ did +do ///
1)Do come on time. 2)He does like football. 3)I did read English.
(2)It is/wasthat (who /whom )
It isthat
It wasthat that who that whom
that
: I met Tom in the street yesterday.
1): It was I that (who) met Tom in the street yesterday.
: It was Tom that (whom) I met in the street yesterday.
: It was in the street that I met Tom yesterday.
: It was yesterday that I met Tom in the street.
: It was because he was ill that he didnt go to school.
2)Was it the apples (that) we bought yesterday that made him ill?
3)
When was it that he went to school?
I don't know what it was that prevented him from coming.
4)(It is ) I (who) am right.
5)It was yesterday that he cried, wasnt it?
6)
It was in 2000 that he went to college. ()
It was 2000 when he went to college. ()
It was in Paris that he met Tom. ()
It was Paris where he met Tom. ()
7) not until
He didnt go to bed until Father came back. ()
Not until Father came back did he go to bed. ()
It wasnt until Father came back that he went to bed. ()
8)It must (may/might/could) be Tom who (that) likes swimming.()
It must (may/might) have been Tom who (that) stole the book. .()
Adjective and Adverb
I.
1.three-year-oldthree years old
He is a 20-year-old boy. ()=He is a boy 20 years old. ()
2.white-haired, three-legged, yellow-skinned warm-hearted, kind-hearted, warm (cold)-blooded,
20 storey = 20-storeyed
3.face-to-faceface to face (ad.)
Lets have a face-to-face talk. ()=Let talk face to face. ()
hand-in-hand/arm-in-arm/heart-to-heart/mouth-to-mouth/side-by-side=shoulder-to-shoulder
4.good-looking, ugly-looking, ordinary-looking, nice-tasting, sweet-smelling
5.English-speaking, history-making, man-eating
6.ice-covered, grass-covered
7.newly-built, newly published, well-dressed, poorly-dressed, highly-developed
8.rapidly-increasing, rapidly-developing, ever-lasting, long-standing
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9.environmentally-friendly
10.airproof, bulletproof, fireproof, waterproof
II.
1.all , ,
all these last few sunny days my first few good English friends
a tall dark handsome man
: a fine light blue table : a bright red flag , a dark blue bowl
2.something good
3.enough (1)enough food=food enuogh; (2)good enough; (3)well enough
4.present (1)people present at the meeting ; (2)present people
III.
1.
(1)rather/ fairly rather cold()fairly cool()
(2)very=most=pretty It most kind of you.
(3)so=as=this=that ,+adj./adv.: Can you run so(as /this /that) fast?
such +n.: such a boy ; such good boys
(4)too=far too=much too=rather too=a little too
1)tooto do You are too young to join the army.
2)enough to do You are old enough to join the army.
3)only tooto do I am only too pleased to join the army.
4)can't...too=can't enough
You cant be too polite to customers.= You cant be polite enough to customers.
(5)quite understand, follow, possible, right, true, correct, different
I dont quite follow you. What you said is quite right.
(6)well fit sb well, understand well, be well worth doing ,be well famous(known)
well above (below), be well informed of=know sb.(sth.) well
(7)much=too much=pretty much : the same, similar, alike
much =very much I very much love you.=I love you very much.
much to one's joy =to ones great joy
:
(1)a very good boy=quite a (good )boy
(2)a fairly good boy; rather a cold day= a rather cold day
(3)such a good boy=so (as/ this/ that )good a boy = one such good boy
(4)no such good boyno such good boy(s)2 such good boys
(5)too hot a day
(6)what a (good)boy=how good a boy
(7)a certain boy2 certain boys
2.
(1)a little=a (little) bit : He is a little taller than me.
(2)even>still : He is even taller than me.
(3)some/any : Are you any better today?
(4)a lot / many + (Ns) : I have many more friends than you.
\much=rather=farby far : He is much happier (by far the happier) than before.
3.
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(1)by far He is by far the tallest in our class.

(2) The Changjiang River is the third longest river in the world.
IV.
1.He is a 20-year-old boy.=He is a boy 20 years old.()
2.He is very handsome.
3./: ( 2 )
(1)The beautiful music made him relaxed. He shot the dog dead. He bought the apples cheap.
(2): He was made happy.
4.
(1),
He went to bed, cold and hungry.
The leaders sat in their office lazy.
He stood still in the rain waiting for his lover.
The sun rises red in the east every morning.
He lay on the ground, unable to speak.
(2)
Afraid of trouble, he wouldnt accept the duty.
Disappointed at the news, he cried in public.
Full of fear, he ran wildly back to his cave.
V.
1.:, He works very hard.
2.: He stared at the school nearby (the nearby school).
3.
Surprisingly he failed in the final exam.=It was surprising that he failed in the exam.
Fortunately he survived the fire.=It was fortunate that he survived the fire.
VI.
1.:
(1)twice+as large as :Our school is twice as large as theirs.
(2)twice+larger than: The car runs many times faster than the bike.
(3)twice+the size of sb.:
My pen is three times the price of yours.
He gave me twice the book that I needed.
(4)twice+ones size: Im twice your age.= Im twice the age of you.= Im twice as old (as you).
double : The speed of this car doubles that of yours.
2.asas>soas: He is as a good boy as Tom.
3.no more than : I did no better (worse) than you.
4.not more than=less than : He is not taller than Mary=He is less tall than Mary.
5.no less than : He is no less famous than Jordan.
6.the more (of the two): Which is the bigger, London or Paris?
7.the morethe more=more, the more
(1)The more
we looked at her, the better we liked her.
(2)We liked her better, the more we looked at her.
(3)The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
8.
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(1)
You cant find a better school in Chongqing.
Ive never spent a more worrying day.
I love nothing more (less) than that.
(2)
China is larger than any other country/(any of)the other countries in Asia.
China is larger than any country in Africa.
He is more handsome than anyone else in his class.
VII.
1.morethan= ratherthan= not so muchas
(1)He is more lazy than stupid.
(2)He is rather a teacher than a friend.
(3)(It is) not so much what he says (that) is important as what he does for others.
2.asas = up to
as much as 50 dollars;
as many students as 50=as many as 50 students
as early as 10 years old;
as late as 12 oclock
as far as the bank;
as long as 5 hours;
as often as twice a week;
as well as (1)adv (2)prep.
as good as (1)adj. (2)adv.=all but =almost
3.as as possible (as sb. can):
(1)You can read as many books as possible (as you can).
(2)The enemies ran away as fast as possible (as they could).
(3) just the=the very=the right adj. Its just the thing Im looking for.
(4) right adv. Im right here waiting for you.
Noun and Preposition
()Noun
I.: traffic, weather, news, furniture, equipment, health, damage, harm,
music, fun, advice, progress, information , luggage=baggage
: (1) a/an :What fine weather (2) Ns (3) a piece of music
II.:
1.tea, silk, fruit, fertilizer
:: illnesses
2.surprise, success, knowledge
(1)
Baxian High School is a success. He is a success.
(2)of+= a+= adj.
be of great help to sb =be greatly helpful to sb=be a great help to sb
of value=valuable; of use=useful; of difference=different
of importance=important; of interest=interesting =of funfunny
III.
1.:The book is our friend. 2.:I love the book. 3.:This is a book.
4./make n. n, leave n. n, choose n. n., elect n. n, call n. n., name n. n
(1)I cant understand why people elected him President. ()
(2)He was chosen monitor of Class Twelve. ()
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5.
(1)1) my fathers shoe
2) a friend of mine=one of my friends
3) a friend of my fathers=one of my fathers friends
4)Tom and Marys booksToms and Marys books
(2) two apple trees, two men (women) teacher, two boy (girl) students
(3) a two-day leave=a two days of leave =a two days leave
(4) Chinas leaderChinese people
()Preposition
I.
1.:The man with glasses is our physics teacher.
2.:He is reading in the classroom.
3.:He is in the classroom.
4.:He is found in the classroom.
II.
1.beyond (1)beyond ones reach (2)beyond the river (3)beyond bedtime
2.with (1) with fear (2) with glasses (3) with books (4) with friends
3.without (1) without me (2) without your help=but for your help
4.for (1)for a holiday (2)for the people (3) for $5=at the price of $5
5.against (1) against the sky
(2) against ones will
(3)against the door opposite the door
6.as (1) as a teacher like (such as) a teacher (2) as a child
7.on>upon(1)on/upon his arrival
(2)on Sunday night
(3)lie on ones head ()
8.at (1)at (the sound of) the news ;
at (the sight of) red lights ;
at (the thought of) the family
(2)at the meeting
9.across (1)across the street (2)across the street (3)across the world
10.by (1) arrive by 6 oclock wait until 6 oclock
(2) rise by 5 meters rise to 5 meters
(3)a book by Marx a book on Marx
(4) by weight , by the pound
(5)What do you mean by that?
(6)What the time by your watch?
11.from (1)from ()since ()
(2)from far away () (3)from behind the door
12.over (1)over two years=during two years
(2)over two years Eggs will rot over several days.
(3)over a long distance
(4)a victory/advantage/rule/control over sb/sth.
13.in (1)in the room=inside the room into the room=inside the room
14

May I come into(inside) the room? = May I come in? (adv.)

(2)in pieces ()into pieces ()
:in half=into halves
(3) in two years = within two years
(4) in=dressed in a girl in white
14.off (1) He fell off the bike.
(2)=away fromaway (adv.) A ship sank off the coast.
15.out of (1); out of the room= outside the roomout (adv.)
(2) out of ones reach = beyond ones reach
16.to (1) dance to music (2) go to school (3) to ones taste
17.in the direction of=toward (s)
18.around (round) (1) around five oclock (2) around the school
19.next to=close to=by=beside near
20.(1)between 1) 2)
(2)among
(3)in the middle of=at the center of
21.(1)on ,beneath ()
(2)over ,under ()
(3)above(1)() (2) below(1)() (2)
22.()
by working hardthrough practicewith a pen =in ink in English
23.()
past pass (v.),across cross (v.),through ,over ,by (1);(2)
24.(1) ahead of =in front of()in the front of ()
(2) ahead of time
25. in 2 years ()after 2 years =2 years later ()after supper ()
26. according to=in term of
27., despite=in spite of, regardless of
28., in view of=in consideration of
29. all over = through = across = around
30. along ()up ()down ()
31. as to =in(with) relation to=with regard to=concerning=(on /about )
32. as for=to=for
33. as with=in common with
34.in step with in peace with in harmony with
35. due to=owing to=with > because of=as a result of=on account of=thanks to
36. rather than>instead of>in place of
37. not rather than no ()other than
38.(1) other than conj.
(2) except that / except when / except where +
I know nothing about you except that you are from Africa.
Im always busy except when my baby is asleep.
Our school is beautiful except where there is rubbish.
(3) except for+
15

Your composition is very good except for a few mistakes.

(4) besides=as well as=in addition to=apart from=together with=along with+
Fifty-nine students went to the cinema besides the teacher.60
(5) including+
Fifty-nine students went to the cinema including the teacher.59
(6) except=but=aside from+
Fifty-nine students went to the cinema except the teacher.59
39. on (about/with) sb.()in (inside) sb()
40.plus=added to minus multiplied by=times divided by
41.upside down inside out
42.up and down=back and forth=to and fro ,,
to and from on ones way to and from school
III.
1.be famous(known) for as to
2.in the east on the east to the east
3.by the side of the road on the side of the road
4.in the corner of the room on the corner of the table
at the street corner (a)round the corner(1)(2)
5.at work=on (about) the job
6.on the school team
7.find a job with a school
8.at the speed of with all ,great ,lightening speed
9.at the rate of ; at a reasonable cost (price); at ones own expense
10.(1)the key( answer,response,solution) to
(2)home to(of)
(3)on ones visit( way,road,trip,journey,voyage,tour) to
(4)at the door(gate,entrance) to(of)
(5)an invitation,introduction,contribution to
11.the ticket for tomorrow, a plan for study, information for sth
12.the problem(the matter,the trouble) with sb
Verb
()Link Verb
1.be
2.look+adj.appear (to be) +adj.seem (to be)+adj.
(Vi: look at sb. ;Vt: look sb. up and down ) (Vi: appear )
(1)look fine appear blue seem calm
He is already fifty, but he doesnt look his age.
(2)It appears (seems, looks) as if (as though) it is going to rain.
(3)It appears (seems) that sb =sb seems (appears) to
It seems that he has known the secret.=He seems to have known the secret
smell+adj. smell sweet (n.; Vt. smell an apple)
taste+adj. taste good (n.,; Vt. taste a cake)
feel+adj. feel smooth ;+adj. feel cold (Vt. feel you;Vi. feel for a key)
sound+adj. sound sweet (n.;Vt.; adj.;adv. be sound asleep)
16

3. get+adj. get warm (Vt.;Vt.Vi. get to do)

become +adj. become angry ;+n. become a teacher
turn+adj. turn green;+n. turn teacher; turn 16 16 (Vt. turn back)
make+n make a team; +n. make a teacher (Vt.;Vt.)
grow+adj. grow tall (Vt.; Vi grow up; grow to do)
go+adj. go bad (Vi as a saying goes; Vi )
come+adj. come true (Vi ; come to do)
run+adj. run wild (Vi.Vt.)
fall+adj. fall ill, fall asleep(Vi fall in love with; Vi fall down)
4.remain+adj.=be still : Ten years has passed , but you remain young.
Vi.=still stay : School was over, but he remained at school
Vi.=be left :They rushed to save what remained of the World Building.
stay+adj.: Our school stays the same as it was 40 years ago.
Vi.: Please stay where you are so that I can find you in a while.
keep+adj.: Would you be so kind as to keep quiet?
Vt./: He kept three hundred pigs.
Vt.: We keep our lights burning all day long.
continue+adj.: It will continue hot for some days.
Vi.= go on He continued to learn English after leaving school.
5.prove (to be)=turn out (to be)
(1)+adj.(): The boy proves (to be) good.
+n.(): The boy turns out (to be) a good boy.
It proves (turns out) that sb : It proved that Tom was honest.
(2)Vt.prove : His research and experiments proved the old theory.
The old theory was proved by his research and experiments.
()
1.be able to () >can ()
2.manage to do=succeed in doing () try to do ()
3.persuade sb. to do=talk sb. into doing=reason sb. into doing ()
try to persuade sb. to do=advise sb. to do ()
()
1.
2.
how long, for 2 days, since he came, until 5 oclock, over 3 years, during 2 days,
3. get, receive, give, put, bring, take, find, land, take off, get on, get off
4.
(1)borrow, buykeep
(2)returnbe back
(3)diebe dead
(4)becomebe
(5)joinbe a member of
(6)leave=be offbe away from
(7)arrive, reach, come, gobe in
(8)begin (start) to dodo
(9)get in touch withkeep in touch with (10)catch up withkeep up with
(11)finishbe finished with
(12)facebe faced with
(13)marry sb.=get married to sb.be married to sb.
(14)engage sb.=get engaged to sb.be engaged to sb.
17

()
seat , settle=station ,, situate=locate , hide , prepare ,
devote , dress , lose , adapt concern
1.do sb / do sth.
He seated his mother in the chair.
I dress my baby every morning.
I devote every minute to learning English.
I prepared a speech.
I hid an apple for my daughter.
2.
(1) do oneself=be done:
He was seated (seated himself) in the classroom reading.
We are concerned (concern ourselves) about the young generation.
We have to be adapted (adapt ourselves) to different situations.
We will be devoted (devote ourselves) to the Party.
We have been prepared (prepared ourselves) for the coming exam.
(2) done=doing oneself
Seated (Seating himself) in the room, he read English.
Lost (Losing himself) in thought, he fell over.
Dressed (Dressing herself) in white, she is pretty.
I saw him hidden (hiding himself) behind the door.
There are 50 soldiers stationed (stationing themselves) in Chongqing.
Tense and voice
()Tense
I.
1.
(1) The earth turns around the sun.
The plane leaves at 4 oclock.
Our headmaster meets the foreign guests at 2 tomorrow afternoon.
My watch doesnt work.
My watch wont work.( will )
(2)
Ill go if you come tomorrow.
If you will come, I will be very happy.( will
)
2.
(1)He is writing a composition.
(2)He is leaving.
(3)be always doing ()You are always making trouble.
mustn't always be doing You mustnt always be playing computer games.
(4)be being ---Is Jack still that naughty? ---Not always. Look! He is being a good boy.
3.
(1)will/shall do ()Our teacher is ill, and I will go to see him.
(2)be going to do ()What are you going to do when you grow up?
18

(3)be about to do=be on the point of doing () ()

He is about to leave.
(4)be (due, bound, supposed) to do (/)()
We are to visit the Great Wall tomorrow.
4. have (has) done
(1)()
I have waited for you 2 hours.
(2)()
---Where have you put the book? I want to use it.
---I put it on the desk, but its gone now.
(3)
I wont believe you until I have seen you in the bottle with my eyes.

5. have (has) been doing

It has been raining for 2 days and I dont know when it will stop.
II.
1. did ; was (were)
I never thought you would come. I didnt recognize you.
2.was (were) doing
Sorry, I wasnt listening (noticing).
3.
4.had done
(1)()
They had passed several villages before they got to school.
(2),,,
(hope, think, plan, want, mean, intend, suppose)
I had hoped to see you yesterday, but I was busy.
5.had been doing
My lost daughter had been crying long when I found her in the crowd.
III.
1.wll be doing (,)
I will be sleeping at 8 this evening.
2.will have done ()
I will have mastered English well by the time I graduate from university.
IV.
1.
(1) I didnt know you would come.
(2) He told me the earth circles the sun.
2..before, after, as soon as
He learned English before he came to school.
He had supper after he took a shower.
He began to read English as soon as he got to school.
3.It is the second time (that) he has met Tom.
It was the second time (that) he had met Tom.
19

It will be the last time (that) I will give you a lesson.

I still remember that was the first time I have played a part in a film.
4.It is the best film (that) I have ever seen.
It was the best film (that) I had ever seen.
I think it was the best film (that) I have ever seen
5.By the time he was 14 years old , he had mastered English well.
By the time I got on, the bus was already rather crowded.
By the time I heard his angry voice on the phone, I sensed I would be beaten.
6.It will be 3 years before he leaves school.
7.(1)It is (has been) 3 years since he joined the army.()
It is (has been) 3 years since he was in the army.()
(2)It was (had been)5 years since he had left.()
It was(had been) 5 years since he had smoked.()
()Passive Voice
+ done
1.
get donebe doneremain done
2.
be being done be to be done have/had been done
3.
(1) remain I dont like what remains of the apple.
(2) belong to sb The book belongs to me.
(3) last The meeting will last 2 hours.
(4) take place ,break out, burst forth , occur ,happen ,go on ,come about
Great changes have taken place since liberation.
4.
(1)prove, look, smell, sound, feel, taste
()What he said proved (to be) sound.
The theory was proved by some students.
(2)sell ,wash, read, write, wear, keep, cook, open

The book sells well, and all the books have been sold out.
(3)spread :The fire spread wildly across the village. ()
:The news (was) spread throughout the school. ()
(4)blame : You are to blame.()
:I was blamed by my father.
(5)hang :My cap is hanging from the tree. (hung, hung )
:The spy was hanged at sunrise. (hanged,hanged)
(6)burn : The sun/light/stove is burning hot. ()
:A house was burned.
(7)fix (focus),: Ones eyes be fixed upon(on) sth.=Sb. fix one's eyes on(upon)sth.
His eyes were fixed upon the book.
(8)impress Sb. be impressed with sth. = Sth. impress sb.
Foreign guests were impressed with rapid development in China.
20

5.
Good use must be made of time to study.=Time must be made good use of to study.
make use of =take advantage of pay attention to =take notice of
catch sight (a glimpse) of put an end to
set fire to
make a fool of
take care of
take hold of
turn a deaf ear to
keep an eye on (1)(2)
ing /ed /
() (11 )
1. to do
2. to be done
3.() to be doing(); doing
4.() being done();done
5. to have been doing(); having been doing
6. to have done(); having done
7. to have been done(); having been done();done()
() ()
I.
1.What he wants to say is to have a rest.
What he wants to do is have a rest. do/does/did
2.What I love is swimming.
3.Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe.()
II.
1.agree ,fail ,manage ,afford (),offer
to do
2.suggest ,advise ,avoid ,mind ,enjoy ,appreciate ,practise
escape ,forgive ,excuse ,imagine ,risk ,permit ,allow ,
forbid ,finish ,delay ,resist keep , admit ,deny +doing
(1)advise,allow,permit,forbid sb to do
We dont allow smoking here. Students are not allowed to smoke here.
(2)suggest,hope,agree,demand sb to do
advise sb. to do=suggest ones dong
wish sb. to do =expect sb. to do
allow sb.to do =permit sb. to do
demand of sb. to do=require ones doing
3.begin, start, continue to do=doing
4.like, dislike, love, hate to do()doing()
I like swimming, but I dont like to swim today.
5.(1)remember, forget, regret +to do //()
remember, forget, regret +doing=having done //()
(2)prefer doing(to doing) ()
prefer to do(rather than do) ()
(3)stop to do stop doing
(4)consider doing
consider sb to be =x >as We cosider him to be (x /as ) our good friend.
21

consider sb to Marie is considered to have discovered radium.

(5)try doing try to do
(6)mean doing mean to do
(7)want,need,require doing < to be done want to do need to do
6.insist on , give up , cant stand(bear), feel like , keep on ,
put off , be busy , look forward to , lead to , get down to , stick to ,
devote sth. to , object to =be opposed to , get(come) close to , be equal to ,
pay attention to , on ones way to , have difficulty/trouble (in),
spend(waste) money(time) (in)()()
+doing
7.(1)cant help (to) do cant help (resist) doing
(2)go on to do go on doing
(3)used to do : He used to smoke.
be used to do (for doing): Pipes are used to smoke.
be used (accustomed) to doing : People are used to smoking.()
:I hate people (who are) used to smoking.()
I make my students used to working hard.()
After half a years training, they were made entirely used to staying underwater.()
(4)be (well) worth doing =be worthy of being done = be worthy to be done
III.
1.
(1): He is the first to come and the last to leave.
(2):
I want an apple to eat.
I need a room to live in (a room in which to live).
I have a land to build a house on (on which to build a house).
He had two dollars to buy a book with (with which to buy a book).
He covered many events upon(on) which to base his news reports.
This is a good way to begin with. (to end(up) with)
a knife to cut with/a pen to write with/a piece of paper to write on
(3): Tell me a way to learn English (of learning English).
2.ing /ed
(1)falling leaves (,)
(2)fallen leaves (,)
(3)a sleeping car ()a sleeping boy ()
(4)a dying boy (,,)
(5)a bridge built (,)
(6)a bridge being built (,)
(7)a bridge to be built (,)
3.
(1)remaining two books=two books lefttwo hours to spare (go)
(2)gone>missing=lost missed losing
(3)a demanding job a demanded job
(4)a separate country a separated country
(5)a developing country a developed country
22

(6)an advancing army an advanced teacher advanced English

(7)a boy called (named) Tom a boy calling himself Tom
(8)light 1) lighted, lighted a lighted house=a burning house a burnt house
2) lit, lit He lit a house.
(9)I like the coat hanging outside.
(10)I like the cake smelling delicious.
IV.
1.,,,
(1): to do : He went home to get money.
(2): (only) to do : He went home , (only) to find money gone.
(3): doing done adj.
He stayed up late, preparing a new lesson.()
He spent the whole day locked ()in the room reading() English.
He stood there, happy.()
(4): and do
He went to town, bought a book and left.
He stood at the desk, crying and trembling.
2.,,,,()
()()
(1): Hearing the news, they got excited.
(2): Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it.
Not knowing the address, he had difficulty finding her house. ()
Moved by his words, the girl cried. ()
(3): Given a chance, I can surprise the world.
(4): He came running to school.
(5): Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.
V./: ///
1. see,hear,notice,watch,observe,find,feel,catch
A: (1)see sb. do : I heard her sing a sweet song.
(2)see sb. doing :He was caught cheating in the exam.
(3)see sb. done :They are talking about the plan (that) we want to see carried out next year.
B: (1)be seen to do : He was noticed to steal a watch and sent to prison.
(2)be seen doing : He was caught cheating in the exam.
(3)be seen done : He was seen beaten by his father.

1)see sb do and do : I saw Tom climb up the tree and pick up an apple.
2)see sb. doing and doing: I saw him jumping and crying.
2. make=have=get<drive ; keep ; leave :
(1)ask (have/let) sb. do= ask (drive/cause / call on / send) sb. to do =send sb. doing
get sb. to do(1)(2)
(2)have (get/keep) sb. doing
not have sb doing
(3)make (get/ keep) sb done
1)have sb. done (1) I will have my hair cut. (2) I had money stolen
23

yesterday.
2.)have sth. to do ()have sth. to be done ()
(4)leave sb.to do (doing)(); leave sth.done (undone)()
(5)get (make/drive/keep) n. adj.leave n. adj.
(6)make +n.+ n. leave + n.+ n.
3.()
(1)+ing()
frightening, terrifying, tiring, pleasing, satisfying, scaring()
frightful, terrible, tiresome, pleasant, satisfactory, scary()
(2)+ed
frightened, terrified, tired, pleased, satisfied
(3) an exciting voicean excited voice a puzzling looka puzzled look
1)Her frightening cry scared the boy away.
2)The girl let out a frightened cry at the sight of the snake.
(4)
1)satisfy please amuse entertain
2)bore tire(1)(2) exhaust annoy disturb
3)move touch strike hit
4)amaze=surprise <astonish <shock
5)scare=frighten=terrify=thrill
6)encourage discourage inspire disappoint
7)relax puzzle confuse worry interest excite alarm
VI.
believe it or not , letalone=not to speak of=needless to say
compared to(with) sb , judging by(from)
to make matters worse , to tell you the truth
to be honest (frank)/, Generally/Frankly(speaking) /
considering sth.= given sth.=taking sth. into account(consideration)
= sth. considered =sth.taken into account (consideration)
including 2 boys = 2 boys included
()
I.
1.: of sb/for sb to do
Its important for students to learn English.
Its foolish of Tom to make that mistake.
Its important for there to be a school here.
2.ing + ones doing()>sb doing()
His easily catching cold worried his mother.
Would you mind my /me smoking here?
Can you hear the noise of desks being opened
Im dreaming of there being a chance for me of going abroad.
II.
Not to do, Not knowing the address, Never having been abroad,= Having never been abroad,
()
24

I.,,,
1.with +n. +to do
(1) I cant go out with so much work to do.
(2) I can finish the work in time with my teacher to help me.
2. (with) +n. +doing
(With) the Party leading us, we have won victory after victory.
There being no bus, we had to walk.
3. (with) + n. + being done
With the door being knocking at, her heart beat faster.
4. (with) +n. +done
(With) trees and flowers planted everywhere, our school is beautiful.
5. with +n. + adj. I like to have classes with the door open.
6. with +n. + adv. I like to be asleep with the lights off.
7. with +n. + prep. + n. He came in with a book in his hand.
II.
+to do, doing, done
1.You must look out when crossing the street.
2.Water will boil if heated.
3.The tiger is very angry as if to bite someone.
You must do everything as told to. Baxian Middle School is much better than expected.
The book is really good as advertised. We wont lose heart even though beaten.
The wounded soldier will surely die if left untreated. She wont say anything unless spoken to.
III.+to do=N.
1.Where to spend the night is a big problem.()
2.I dont know when to start our project.()
Can you give some advice on how to learn English.()
what to do=how to do it=what to do with it=how to deal with it
what to write about, what to choose from
where to go, why to leave, when to start , which room to live in
()
1. to
(1)Sb. seems/appears to =It seems/appears that sb.
(2)Sb. happens to =It happens that.
(3)Sb. is said (mentioned/known/thought/believed/considered/reported/supposed ) to
(4)would like to/prefer to/plan to/want to
I planed to have gone to the concert yesterday, but I was busy.
2.Moved by his words, B . A. tears ran down her face. B. the girl cried.
3.Its not like her to have said that to his parents.
4.He could do nothing but/except cry. do/does/did
He could say nothing but/except to cry.
He had no choice (option) but to cry. =He cant (help) but cry.
There is no choice but to wait.
5.What way can you think of to help me?
Time is made full use of to learn English.
25

6.How pleased (happy) Tom was to hear the news! ()

How pleased (happy) Tom was hearing the news. ()
How happily Tom was hearing the news. ()
Sorry to trouble you. ()
Sorry to have troubled you. ()
7. The stone is too heavy to carry.()
English is difficult to learn. ()
8.He did what he could to help me.
He made lights give light
He made lights to give light
Model Verb and Subjunctive Mood

()

I. +do +be doing

1.need (1) You need to work hard.
(2) You need not feel sad. = You dont need (have) to feel sad.
(3) Need she go abroad? = Does she need (have) to go abroad?
2.dare (1) I dare swim across the river.
(2) I dare not swim across the river. = I dont dare (to) swim across the river.
(3) Dare you swim across the river? = Do you dare to swim across the river?
3.may (1) = can You may go now.
(2) ? < shall May I come in?
4.could /=can How could (can) it be that he left without a word?
5.can (1) =may You can go now.
(2) <be able to() I can speak English.
(3) :What can he mean ?
(4) /=could How can(could) he be so careless?
6.must (1) have to I must work hard.I have to arrive by supper.
(2) : mustnt >cant=may not You mustnt play with fire.
(3) ---Must I go out? ---No, you neednt
7.should = ought to (1) :: You should work hard.
(2) :/: He should be sleeping in class.
8. will (1) =would rather=prefer to=would prefer to=would (should )like (love )to
If you will come, Ill wait for you.
(2) I will get up at six.
(3) Fish will die without water.= Fish die without water.
9. shall (1) ? >may Shall he come in?
(2) You shall clean the classroom. / He shant go.
(3)I shall give the book to you when I finish it.
10. had better=may (might) as well may (might) well Youd better work hard.
11. ()
can ()
may=might=could (well)
26

should=ought to (most probably)

must()can=could? ()cant=couldnt ()
(1) It can be very cold in summer here in Chongqing.
(2) He may well say so.

(3) He should be reading most probably.

(4) He must be reading.
can
could
II.
+do
1. would (1) I would go abroad when I graduated from college.
(2)used to do
I would go swimming when I worked by the Changjiang River.
I used to smoke, but I have given it up.
I used not to smoke. = I didnt use to smoke.
Used you to smoke? = Did you use to smoke?
2. could <was (were) able to() I could climb up the tree when I was a boy.
3 .might I thought you might have something to read, so I have brought one.
4. dared (1) He dared swim across a river.
(2) I dared not swim across the river.= I didnt dare (to) swim across the river.
(3) Dared you go out at night = Did you dare to go out at night?
+have done; +have been doing
1. must have done() It must have rained last night.
cant (couldnt) have done() It cant (couldnt) have rained last night.
can (could) sb have done? ()Can (Could) it have rained last night?
mustnt have done
2. might have done (1)= may have done might do /
(2) He might have survived, but he was unlucky.
3. could have done() He could have have survived, but he was unlucky.
couldnt have done() (1) = cant have done
(2) He couldnt have finished it, but he succeeded.
could sb have done?() (1) = can sb have done?
(2)Could he have finished the work?
4. would (was to/were to)have done will have done
You would have met him if you had come yesterday.
5. should (ought to)have done (1) You should have given it more water.
(2) You should have said that to your father.
6. neednt have done ()didnt need (have) to do ()
You neednt have told him about it because I had phoned him earlier.
It was Sunday yesterday, so I didnt need to go to school.
7. had better (may/might as well) have done
had better (may/might as well) not have done
8. would rather have done
would rather not have done
27

9. would like to have done

would like not to have done
III.
1.+ do
---Can you come tonight? ---Sorry, I cant.
2.+ have done +have
---Did you go to the concert yesterday? ---I would have, but I had something important to do.
IV.
1.I would appreciate it very much if you could keep quiet.
2.Would you be so kind as to keep quiet?
3.Would (Will) you please keep quiet?
4.Could (Can) you keep quiet?
Subjunctive Mood
I.
1.(should) do
suggest/propose/advise/insist/recommend/urge()
demand/require/request/ask()
decide/determine()
order/command()
(1) He suggested that we (should) not waste time.
(2) Its required that we (should) listen to English everyday.
(3) Their decision is that we (should) put off our sports meet till next Saturday.
(4) We had to carry out the order that we (should) set off at dawn.
(1) suggest (/)insist ()decide/determine()
His pale face suggested that he was ill.
He insisted that he hadnt stolen my pen.
He decided that I was wrong.
(2) idea n., plan n. (should) do
He agreed to my idea that we (should) put up in the forest.
My plan is that we (should) make the best of our time to study.
2. (1): Its (high/about) time (that) sb did (should do)=Its time for sb to do.
Its high time we had supper.
(2):would rather (that) sb did = prefer (that) sb (should) do
I would rather you worked hard.
I prefer you (should) work hard.
3.
(1)wish (that) I wish I were a bird.
(2)If only 1)If only you loved me.
2) If only I were a bird, I would fly to you.
4.as if (as though)
(1) It looks as if its going to rain.
(2) If we put a part of a pen in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken.
5.even if (even though)
(1) Even though you are right, you cant be conceited..
(2) Even if he were here, he couldnt solve the problem.
6. Its important (natural/impossible/strange/necessary/essential/ a pity/a shame) that
28

sb. (should) do.

Its important that students (should) study English.
I think it necessary that we (should) respect our teachers.
Its a pity that he (should) sleep in the classroom.

Its strange that he didnt come yesterday.

Its a pity you havent passed your driving test.
7.: (should) do
(1)in order that ()= that >so that ()
I shall write down your telephone number that I (should) not forget.
(2)lest=for fear that //:
Put on more clothes lest (for fear that) you (should) catch cold.
(3) in case (that) /:
I wont go out tonight in case (that) my friends (should) come.
8.: May you live long.
II.if =suppose=supposing
1.

if

did/were

would, could, should, might +do (be doing)

had done

would (was to/were to/would (should) like to) +have done,

could, should, might + have done

should (were to) do would, could, should, might +do

(1) If I were you, I would do it in another way.

(2) If you had come yesterday, you would have met your favorite singer.
(3) If you should (were to) die, I would be sad.
2.if
(1): if,
If I were you, = Were I you,
If you had come yesterday, = Had you come yesterday,
If you should (were to) die tomorrow, = Should you (Were you to) die tomorrow,
(2)
without=but for + n.or=otherwisebuteverything taken into consideration
You helped me a lot. But for (Without) your help, I couldnt have finished my work.
You helped me a lot. Otherwise (Or) I couldnt have finished my work.
I would have come to see you yesterday, but I was busy.
You could have caught the first bus; you went there a little later.
Everything taken into consideration, they would have raised their output.
(3)
If it were not for=Were it not for; If it had not been for=Had it not been for
If it were not for the rain, the crops would die.
Had it not been for your help, we couldnt have finished our work ahead of time.
4.If you had gone to bed earlier last night, you wouldnt be sleepy now.

29

 Noun Clause and Attributive Clause

()

I.
1.that >x ()
I am sure that he is good.
2.whether >if ()
Everything depends on whether we have enough money.
3.
(1) what, who, whom ,which, how many, how much, how old
He visited what was a school long ago.
After what seemed to be a long time, he cried.
He isnt what he used to be.
What surprised me most is that he cried.
What air is to us is what water is to fish.=Air is to us what (as/ x) water to fish.
He sold the watch at what we thought was reasonable.
What that must be done has been done.
Is it true (that) what he did worried his father?
I dont know who will go abroad.
Whom (Who) you love is none of my business.
Tell me which is the nearest way to the school.
How many will be present at the meeting isnt decided.
My question is how much I shall have to pay for that.
I have no idea how old is he.
(2) when, where, how, why, how often
When we are to have a talk is known to all of us.
My problem is where we will go outing.
Please give me some advice on how we will spend our winter holiday.
He dared not tell the teacher why he was late.
Dont you know how often your mother comes to school to see you?
(3) whatall that>allthatall what
What glitters isnt gold.All that glitters isnt gold.
What I want to do is go to university.All I want to do is go to university.
He told us(you/them) all what had happened. (all of us/all of you/all of them)
4.what, how
I dont know what progress you have made.
Its well known how great Einstein was.
What I want to say is how pretty you are.
Word came what a good boy (how good a boy) he was.
5.+ever: 35
30

(1) whoever=anyone who=he who ()>whomever () those who=the ones who

I will give the book to whoever you think is excellent. ()
Whoever breaks the law is sure to be punished. ()
Those who break the law are sure to be punished.
He who doesnt reach the Great Wall isnt a true man.
I love whomever (whoever) you love. ()
(2) whatever=anything that()those that()whichever
Whatever you do is right.
I like those that you dont like. ()
I want whichever book you want. ()
(4) however whenever wherever
I learn however you do the work..()
Your parents worry about whenever you are free. ()
I will go to wherever you go. ()
II.
1., it
(1) It is certain (necessary/important/possible/probable/right/wrong)that
(2) It is a pity (a shame/a honor/a pleasure/a surprise)that
(3) Its said (mentioned/known/thought/believed/considered/reported/supposed) that
(4) It seems (appears/happens/proves)that
2.
(1) it
We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
(2) think, believe, imagine, suppose
We dont think you are here.
(3)I am sure (certain, thankful, sorry, afraid)+(that) clause
We are sure (that )the four modernization will be realized in China .
3.: ,
He told me the news that he would go abroad. ()
Word came that he would visit China. ()
I made a promise that if he came, I would hit him. ()
He told me the fact that he had told a lie. ()
He told me the fact that/which/x we couldnt believe. ()
He told me the fact that/which was unbelievable. ()
III. I think , do you think
1.Give the book to whoever you think is the best.
What do you know the writer will talk to you about is very important.
2.Where do you suppose ___he ___the pen? A. x/bought B. did/buy
()Attributive Clause

I.
1.() that>which/who/whom
that who whom which
31

(1)John has an uncle who/that has a store in NY. ()

(2)The man who/whom/that/x I know well is my teacher. ()
(3)The building which/that is near the river is our school. ()
(4)This is the school which/that/x we are going to visit next week. ()
that which that ;
(1) something , nothing ,everything , anything ,all
All that is needed is a lot of money.
(2) all ,any , every , no , some
I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
(3)
The first place (that) we visited yesterday was the Great Wall.
The most interesting book (that) I have read is Gone with the Wind
(4) the only , the very , the last
The only book that interested me is Jane Eyre.
(5)
The car ran over a dog and a boy that was crossing the street.
2.whose > of which
(1)I love the boy whose handwriting is good.
(2)I love the room whose door (of which the door/the door of which) is green.
3.when=prep.+ which
I cant forget the day when (on which) I joined the Party.
:,
(1)I still remember the day which/that was wonderful. ()
(2)I like the summer vacation that /which/ x I spent with you on the island.()
4.where=prep + which
I cant forget the school where (in which) I worked.
: ,
(1)I cant forget the school which/that is good. ()
(2)I cant forget the school that /which/ x I love. ()
(3)He stood behind the door, from where he could see the street.
5.
(1)the same...as the same that
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
This is the same pen that I lost yesterday.
(2)such...as ()such that()
so...as ()so...that()
He is such a good boy that we love him. =He is such a good boy as we love.
=He is such that we love him. = He is a good boy, such as we love.
=He is such as we love. =Such is he as we love. =Such is he that we love him.
(3) reason
Please tell me the reason why (for which / x) he was late.
I dont like the reason that (which) is unbelievable.
I dont believe the reason that (which / x) he gave me.
The reason is that he got up late. ()
32

Please tell me the reason for being late.

(4) way
He told me the way that (in which/x) he learned English.
I like the way that (which) is wonderful.
I dont like the way that (which/x) he thought of.
Can you tell me the way to learn (of learning) English.
(5)
situation where (in which), spot where (in which), case where (in which),
occasion when (on which), point where (on which) when (at which)
Ther are many situations where (in which) our ability to be honest is put to test.
The city of Chongqing lies at the spot where (at which) two rivers join together.
This is the case where (in which) we should be polite.
There are few occasions when (on which) members are confused or uncertain of their roles.
There are points where (on which) we differ.
This is a turning point when (at which) we can succeed.
6. prep+ whom /which
(1)
The girl with whom I shook hands is my classmate.
= The girl that (who/whom/x) I shook hands with is my classmate.
I love the gun with which I shot ten enemy soldiers.
= I love the gun that (which/x) I shot ten enemy soldiers with.
(2),
Is this the watch that (which/x) he is looking for?
(3)Mr. Zhou whose school I work in came to see me yesterday.
=Mr. Zhou in whose school I work came to see me yesterday.
II.
1. that
(1)
He went abroad in 1980,when (and then) he was a student.
He went to Paris, where (and there) he was a teacher.
I told him not to go out many times, which (but it) didnt work.
They arrived at a house, in front of which (and in front of it) sat a small boy.
Clinton, for whom (and for him) money was no problem, made money all over the world.
I decided to write about Chaplin, one of whose films I had seen several years ago.
= I decided to write about Chaplin, and I had seen one of his films several years ago.
(2)
I love Tom, whom my parents love better than me. who whom
2.as which as>which which>as
(1)He is a good boy, which we know,
(2)As we know, he is a good boy.
(3)As is known to us all, he is a good boy.
As is said,=Its said that=Whats said is that=sb is said to do()
Its known that he is a good boy.()
Whats known is that he is a good boy.(+)
33

He is known to be a good boy.()

3.
Temperature drops to freezing, (that is) zero centigrade.
He gave me a book (,however,) that is wonderful.
He is handsome and (, whats better still )diligent.
I like the dog, an animal that is clever.

He wanted to find a book, one that was of use to him.

()
1.I remember when there was a school here.
=I remember the time when there was a school here.
2.Is this factory the one (that/which) you visited?
3.Is this factory the one where you played with Tom?
4.Is this factory what you visited?=Is this the factory that (which/x) you visited?
5.Is this city where you learned English?=Is this the city where you learned English.
6.Trees grow best where it rains often.=Trees grow best in places where it rains often.
7.The pen is where I laid it.=The pen is in the place where I laid it.
8.I ran where she was.(to where she was./to the place where she was.)
Conjunction
()
1.not only(just)but (also)
2.notbut
3.not that+but that+
4.neithernor
5.eitheror <whether or(1) (2)
6.more than= not so muchas = ratherthan
()
1.and
2.so=and so
3.or=or else (1)=or other (2) (3)
4.but
(1)only (2)except (3)
5.yet=and yet (1)/ still
6.while
(1) (2) (3) (4)
7.when
(1)() (2) () (3)
(),,,

I.:
1.when
(1)():When I came into the room, he was writing a letter.
(2)():When you cross the street, be careful.<while
(3): I was walking along the street when I suddenly saw Tom.()
(4):They hadnt been married for two days when they parted.<before
2.whenever : We shall go there whenever we are free.
3.while
(1)(): While it was raining, they went out.
34

(2)():I stayed while he was away.

(3): He is handsome while I am ugly.()
(4): While you work hard, you are sure to succeed.()
(5): While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings.()
4.as
(1)(): He hurried home, looking back as he went .
(2)(): As time went on (With time going on), he grew stronger and stronger. (<while )
(3):As he wasnt well, I decided to go without him.
(4): State the facts as they are. ()
(5)=though:,(, 38 )
5.before
(1): They had passed several villages before they reached their school.
(2): They hadnt been married for two days before they parted.(>when)
(3):The World Trade building fell down before people could run away.
6.after :He arrived after the game started.
7.since
(1):Its three years since he joined the army.()
: Its three years since he was in the army. ()
(2):Since everyone is here, lets start our meeting. ()
8.by the time :He had mastered English very well by the time he was 14.
9.the first time(day,month,year)(,,) ; each(every)time
next time ; (the)last time (); about the time
He was playing football the first time I saw him.
10.till<until : I watched the train till (until) it disappeared in the distance.
notuntil : He didnt go to bed until Father came back.
11.as soon as=the moment=the minute=the second=immediately=directly
: As soon as I arrive in Paris, Ill write to you.
Hardly (rarely/scarcely) had sb. done when sb. did =No sooner had sb. done than sb. did
: Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) it began to rain.
=I had hardly (no sooner) got home when (than)it began to rain. ,
II.:
1.where : Where there is water, there is life.
2.wherever : You are free to go wherever you like.
III.:
1.in that Self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us correct our mistakes.
2.because>as
I came back late yesterday because I was on duty.
Do not (Never do) because
Never believe anything just because any other person has believed it. Use your own head.

3.since=now that=now=seeing that

/Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our journey.
4.for ,,
: We must get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to errors.
35

IV.: should, may (might) ,can (could)

1.in order that= that >so that()
: I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget.
2.lest=for fear that /: Put on more clothes lest (for fear that) you should catch cold.
4.in case (that) : I wont go out tonight in case (that) my friends should come.
5.lest : The driver looked over the engine carefully lest lest it (should) go wrong on
the way.
V.:
1.so that He came early so that he caught the first bus. (.)
He came early so that he could catch the first bus. ()
2.sothat=soas()=suchthat= suchas()
31 5 2
VI.:
1.if =suppose=supposing= on condition that
: Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them.
2.unless : We shall go there tomorrow unless it rains (if it doesnt rain).
3.so(as)long as=while=only if : So (As) long as you work hard, you will succeed.
4.so(as) far as
(1)so (as) far as I can/see/know(//) So far as I know, he is kind.
(2)so (as) far as sth. is concernedAs far as English is concerned, he knows a lot.
5.once : Once you go to town, buy me an apple.
6.if only:If only I could fly.
VII.:
1.as =(in)the way=the same way as=in the same way as
/: Do as you are told to.
2.as if=as though :
(1)She looks as if she is ill.
(2)They treat the black boy as if (though) he were an animal.
VIII.:
1.though=although but, yet still
(1)Although (Though) he was over sixty, (yet) he began to learn French.
(2)Although (Though) he was over sixty, he (still) began to learn French.
2.whetheror
(1):Whether he drives or takes the train, hell be here on time.
(2)=eitheror:He did it whether by accident or on purpose.
3.even if=even though
: Even if (even though) we achieve great success, we shouldnt be conceited.
4.whoever>whomever,whatever,whichever,however,whenever,wherever(/)
> no matter who/whom/what/which/ how/ when /where () ()
(1)Whoever Whoever takes up the matter for me, I shall be very grateful.
(2)whomever Whomever you love, I wont let her enter my house.
(3)Whatever Whatever happens happen, we shall not lose heart.
Whatever you want to be in the future, you must work hard now.
Whatever (However much) the pen costs, I will take it.
36

(4)Whichever Whichever you like, I will give it to you.

(5)However However old you are, Ill love you forever.()
However (hard) I work, I couldnt catch up with him.()
You can finish the work however you please.()
(6)Whenever Whenever you come, you are welcome.
(7)Wherever I will go wherever you go
IV.
1.than : He is much taller than I.
2.as : She is as beautiful as a film star.
()....
1.while+()as+(/)during+
2.as +like=such as +for example=for instance
as a teacher as a boy
3.as soon as=the moment=the minute=the second=immediately=directly +
on (upon) +once () as soon as possible
4.adj.+ in thatbecause>assince=now that =nowfor+
due to/owing to /with +> because of/as a result of/ on account of /thanks to +
5.while+nevertheless
6.but=yet=and yet+however=still>though
7.however+anyway=anyhow
8.or+otherwise=or else
9.so=and so+therefore=thus= as a result
10.although=though>whileas+in spite of=despite + regardless of
11.by the time+by=up to+until+/+
12. in case (that) +in case of+in that case in case
13.for fear that+ for fear of+
14.unless+but for=without +
15.before> when
16.: the second time+for the second time=(for)a second time twice
17. whether or (1);(2)>either or
18. before=not until untill
19. as far as the bank as (so) far as I know,
20. as long as 5 hours as (so) long as you work hard,
Special Patterns()
()There be
1.There live/exist/stand/lie/sit:There stands a tall tree on the hill.
2.There must(ought to/used to) be a school here.
3.There have been great changes since liberation.
4.There seems/appears to
5.Do you mind there being a bad boy here?
Do you expect there to be a chance for you to succeed?
Its important for there to be a school here.
There being no bus, we had to walk.
6.There is no knowing that
37

There is no doubt that

There is a possibility that
There is no need to do(of doing).
There is no sense (point) in doing
There is a chance of doing. =There is a chance that
()It ( 9 It )
()
1.What made you sad? ---Losing money.
What do you come here for? ---Going to college.
2.Why do you come here? ---(1)To go to college. (2)Because
3.How can you go to key university? ---By working hard.
4.Tom is tired. (1)---Of what? (2)---With what ?
5. Ill cut the tree down. ---What with?
6. (1)---Who broke the glass? --- . A.The boy is playing football. B.The boy playing football.
(2)---Where did the accident happen?
---It was at the post office near the hotel where the peace talk would be held.
()
I.
1.Lets go, shall we?----Let us go, will you?
2.(You/Do/Dont/Dont you ) go out, will you?
II.must
1.must be must be doing cant=couldnt is, am, are
He must/cant be a teacher, isnt/is he?
2.must have been was, were
He must have been asleep yesterday ,wasnt he?
3.must have done
(1) have, has:They must have gone to the cinema, havent they?
(2) did:He must have cried yesterday, didnt he?
(3) had: He must have learned English before last year, hadnt he?
III.
1.+think,believe,suppose,imagine I dont think it is right, is it?
2.They dont think it is right, do they?
I dont think he can have gone there yesterday, did he ?
IV. 1.Somebody is here, arent they?
2. Im right, arent I?
V.
1.---You must do as you were told to. ---Oh, I must , must I?
2.I wish to have a look at what you are reading, may I?
()
1. (1)What a success! (2)What boys! (3)What progress! (4)What a good boy he is!
2. (1)How good a boy he is! (2)How good he is! (3)How (hard) he works!
(), yes/no .
1.---He doesnt love me. ---No, he loves none but himself.
2.---He isnt a teacher, is he? ---Yes, he is teaching us English.
3.---Please dont make any noise. ---No, I will be as quiet as a mouse.
38

4.---Arent you a student? () ---No, Im a teacher.

()Omission
I.
even so, since so, if so, if not, if necessary, if any, whenever possible, as if to himself
when a boy=as a boy+;while young=being a boy+;though young
II. to/to be
1.I didnt pass the exam , but I still hope to. He likes English as he used to.
2.He isn't what he used to be.
I dont want to.I dont want to be.
III.
1.next,this,that,last year
2.one day (year)()in one day( year)()
3. (for) 2 years
4. with a book in his hand=book in hand
IV.
1.Tom likes football while his mother folk songs.
2.She did all she could to help me.
3.He came here not only to introduce his school but also help our school.
() do, does, did
1.The book encouraged me more than it did Tom
2.---Shall I invite John to my birthday party? ---Yes, it will be nice if you do.
3.Americans still use the expression I guess, just as the British did 300 years ago.
4.The air holds the feather back more than it does the iron ball.
()Inversion
I.(,)
1.
(1) in,out inside,outside off,away here,there up,down
Here comes the bus. Off jumped Tom. In he came.In came Tom.
(2) now, then
Then came the news. Now comes my turn.
2.:
(1)On the hill stood Tom.
(2)Where thee is water grow wild flowers.
II.:
1.
(1)Present at the meeting was Tom. (2)Gone are the days when my heart was young.
2. doing done
(1)Sitting in the classroom are the boys. (2)Pinned to the board are pictures.
3.such , so
(1)Such was Einstein, an ordinary man with great achievements.
(2)So good is he that I love him.
4.Only+
(1)Only in this way can we succeed. (2)Only when he is free can he go out.
: Only Tom loves me. Only Tom I love.
5./
39

(1)
Never shall I forget you.
Not a (single) word could I understand.
Nowhere else can you find such a good school.
(2)
By no means (At no time/ in no way/ In no time) can you succeed.
Not until father came back did I go to bed.( 10 7))
Not only was he young but also he was handsome.
Neither was he young nor was he handsome.
Hardly (Rarely/Scarcely) had sb done when sb did.= No sooner had sb done than sb did.
: (Its) No wonder he is happy. (There is) No doubt he is happy.
6.though/ as ,
(1)
1)(small) Boy as (though) he is,= Though he is a (small)boy,
2)Young as (though) he is,= Though he is young,
(2)
Very much as (though) I love you, =Though I love you very much,
(3)
Difficult as (though) I find it to learn English, =Though I find it difficult to English,
(4)
Try as (though) he might (did),=Though he might (did) try,
7. so>as, nither=nor, so it be with sb.=it be the same with sb.
(1)You like English, so do I (and I like English too).
Mary is friendly, so (as) is Tom.(and Tom is friendly too).
So did he So he did.He did so.
(2)You dont like English, neither (nor) do I (and I dont like English, either).
I dont know, neither (nor) do I care (and I dont care either).
If you dont go, neither (nor) will I.(I wont go either.)
(3)
Tom is a student and likes English, so it is with Mary (It is the same with Mary).
Marx was born in Germany and German was his native language, so it was with Engels.
(It was the same with Engels).
Communication
1.Its up to you (to decide).That depends.
2.Its most kind(nice) of you. =So much the better.
3.please do=(do) as you please=(do) as you wish = go ahead(2)
4.here it is=here you are=go ahead=help yourself(2)/
help yourself tomake yourself at home
5.pardon=I beg your pardon (1) (2)
Excuse me(1) (2)
Im sorry(1) (2)
6.what a shame=what a pity(1) (2)
7.Would you like coffee or tea? ---All(just) the same to me./
Happy new year to you.
--- The same to you./
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Happy birthday to you!

--- Thank you.
8.whats on? whats up(with you)() what?()
what for? what with? what about? So what?
9.with pleasure / no problem OK
not really () () no way
10.why not=great=good idea=Ill be glad to ()
11.Let me see Let me have a look
I see You are telling me. You see.
12.Its none of my business. get down to business
13.Dont be nervous () Take it easy.() Take your time ()
14.Not exactly =Im afraid not.()
15.What can I do for you?=Can I help you?
Yes, sir , Just a minute At your service.
16.(It will be) my treat. Are you serious?
May I take your order? May I have your bill?/
17.Right=youre right=Thats it.=Thats right./ Me too(1) (2)
18. Its nothing=Dont mention it=Im very glad to have been of help
.
= Think nothing of it.= (Its) my/a pleasure= Forget it. = Youre welcome. (2)
=Thats all right(2)=Not at all(2)
19. Nothing at all=Dont think any more about it.=Thats all right.=Never mind.
=Forget it. =It doesnt matter.
It matters much Does it matter much?
20.OK(2)=(just) so so That(It)s OK.=Thats all right.(1) (2)
21.Im OK.=Im all right Im not at ease.=Im not myself.=I dont feel easy.
22. Thats no excuse.
Youre to blame.
23.(Not) good value for money.()
Ill take it.
Ill make it.>Ill do it.= Ill manage it.
Ive got it.
I cant help it.
24.(1)Whats like? (1) (2)
Whats your father like?---- (1)He is handsome. ----(2) He is kind.
(2)What do you think of?=How do you find?=How do you like?
What do you think of Tom? =How do you find Tom? =How do you like Tom?
---He is a kindhearted man.
.How would you like your coffee? ----The stronger, the better.
(3) What about >How about
1):How about (What about) going swimming? ---Great.
2):He is an American. How about (What about )you? ---Im Chinese.
3)---I want to talk with you. --- What about?
25.Would you mind if I smoked?=Do you mind if I smoke?
=Would (Do) you mind my (me) smoking? ,
(1)Yes, youd better not. (2)Not at all (Certainly not),as you wish.
26.I would appreciate it very much if you can keep quiet. =Would you be so kind as to keep quiet?
=Would(Will) you please keep quiet? =Could(Can) you keep quiet?
Do you keep quiet??Would you like to keep quiet?
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27.(1)Why not do? ()? Why not try doing it in another way?
(2)What if?()
What if I cant pass the College Entrance Examination?
(3)How can (could) it be that?=How come (that)?/
How come (that)Tom isnt going with you?
28.You are wanted on the phone.
29.Whos that?
---This is Tom speaking.
Whos it?
---Its me.

Who are you? ---Im Tom Sauyer.

30.Id like (love )to.Id like (love) not to.

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