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Indic Language Families PDF
Indic Language Families PDF
Subhash Kak
Yavanika, Number 6, 1996, pp. 51-64
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Language of Paradise
We all understand how the 19th century construction of the Orient by
the West satisfied its needs of self-definition in relation to the Other.
To justify its ascendancy, the Other was defined to be racially mixed
and inferior; irrational and primitive; despotic and feudal. This definition was facilitated by a selective use of the texts and rejecting
traditional interpretations, an approach that is now called Orientalism. The terms in the construction were not properly defined. Now
we know that to speak of a pure race is meaningless since all external characteristics of humans are defined in a continuum. In the
19th century atmosphere of European triumphalism, what obtained
in Europe was taken to be normative. With hindsight it is hard to
believe that these ideas were not contested more vigorously.
Although this was the age which marked the true beginnings of
modern science, old myths continued to exercise great power. When
it was found that the languages of India and Europe were related
in structure and vocabulary, the West responded with a tissue of
scholarly myths. These myths were steeped in erudition, informed
by profound knowledge of Hebrew and Sanskrit, fortified by comparative study of linguistic data, mythology, and religion, and shaped
by the effort to relate linguistic structures, forms of thought, and
features of civilization. Yet they were also myths, fantasies of the
social imagination, at every level. The comparative philology of the
most ancient languages was a quest for origins, an attempt to return to a privileged moment in time when God, man, and natural
forces still lived in mutual transparency. The plunge into the distant
past in search of roots went hand in hand with a never forgotten
faith in a meaningful history, whose course, guided by the Providence
of the one God, could be understood only in the light of Christian
revelation. As scholars established the disciplines of Semitic and
Indo-European studies, they also invented the mythical figures of
the Hebrew and the Aryan, a providential pair which, by revealing
to the people of the Christianized West the secret of their identity,
also bestowed upon them the patent of nobility that justified their
spiritual, religious, and political domination of the world. (Vernant
1992)
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sacred geography. The North has Kashi and Mathura; the South has
Kanchi and Madurai. Who is to say what was the original? If there
is no cultural difference then the use of the term Aryan as defining
the culture of just the speakers of the North Indian languages is
misleading.
This following example puts the absurdity of the terminology in
focus. There exist texts that state that Tamilian Hindus came and
settled in Kashmir in the early 15th century in the liberal reign of
Bada Shah. We dont know how many people came, but that is the
nature of such textual evidence anyway. Now what does that make
a Kashmiri? An Aryan or a Dravidian?
Some scholars have claimed a Dravidian substratum for Marathi,
but how do we know that prior that Dravidian substratum there was
not some other language that was spoken there? And maybe there
has been more than one shift back and forth.
Lets imagine that everyone in India originally spoke Dravidian
and then due to some process of elite dominance most people in
the North started speaking Indo-Aryan and they kept their old traditions and legends. The new speakers will still be culturally Dravidian and certainly they would be so biologically, if that could
ever mean anything. If this is what happened in India then are the
Aryans actually Dravidians and, by implication, are the Dravidians
also Aryans? There could be two groups of people speaking two different languages who culturally belong to the same tradition like the
modern-day Hungarians and Czechs.
We dont know who were the authors of the Vedas. They could
have been bilinguals who knew Dravidian and Vedic; maybe their
first language was really Dravidian even though they had Sanskrit
names as has been true in South India for much of historical times;
or they were purely Sanskrit speaking. No rhetoric or ideology can
resolve this question.
The use of a language in literature does not even mean that the
speakers are a dominant elite. Lets consider the use of Urdu in Pakistan. The Punjabi speaking Punjabis are the dominant group but
Urdu is used for official work purely due to some historical factors. In
fact, the only Urdu-speaking ethnic group in Pakistan, the Mohajirs,
feel they are at the bottom of the totem pole.
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INDO_EUROPEAN
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NORTH INDIAN
DRAVIDIAN
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Concluding Remarks
The archaeological findings from India and the discovery of the astronomy of the Vedic period are fatal for the constructions of historical linguistics that arose in the 19th century and are still being
followed in schoolbooks in India although textbooks in the West have
begun to present the new picture. While the general language categories seem reasonable, the concept of overlapping families seems
essential to obtain better conceptual clarity. The Indic family is an
example of such overlapping families.
The breakdown of the old paradigm calls for considerable effort
to create a new one to take its place. In particular, the emerging
chronological framework can be used to examine the relationships
between Sanskrit and other ancient Indo-European languages. Etymological dictionaries should be revised to take note of the antiquity
of Vedic Sanskrit. If PIE did not exist, can we extrapolate from the
earliest layer of Vedic Sanskrit for correlations with life in prehistoric
Harappan India?
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London:
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