Phn 1

TM HIU V THANG MY
1.1 GII THIU CHUNG V THANG MY
1.1.1- Khi nim chung v thang my
Thang my l mt thit b chuyn dng vn
chuyn ngi, hng ho, vt liu v.v... theo phng
thng ng hoc nghing mt gc nh hn 15 0 so vi
phng thng ng theo mt tuyn nh sn.
Thang my thng c dng trong cc khch sn,
cng s, chung c, bnh vin, cc i quan st, thp
truyn hnh, trong cc nh my, cng xng v.v... c
im vn chuyn bng thang my so vi cc phng
tin vn chuyn khc l thi gian ca mt chu k vn
chuyn b, tn sut vn chuyn ln, ng m my lin
tc. Ngoi ngha vn chuyn, thang my cn l mt
trong nhng yu t lm tng v p v tin nghi ca
cng trnh.
Nhiu quc gia trn th gii quy nh, i vi
cc nh cao 6 tng tr ln u phi c trang b
thang my m bo cho ngi i li thun tin, tit
kim thi gian v tng nng sut lao ng. Gi thnh

ca thang my trang b cho cng trnh so vi tng gi

thnh ca cng trnh chim khong 6% n 7% l hp
l. i vi nhng cng trnh c bit nh bnh vin,
nh my, khch sn v.v. tuy nhin s tng nh hn 6
nhng do yu cu phc v vn phi c trang b
thang my.
Vi cc nh nhiu tng c chiu cao ln th vic
trang b thang my l bt buc phc v vic i li
trong nh. Nu vn vn chuyn ngi trong nhng
to nh ny khng c gii quyt th cc d n xy
dng cc to nh cao tng khng thnh hin thc.
Thang my l mt thit b vn chuyn i hi tnh
an ton nghim ngt, n lin quan trc tip n ti sn
v tnh mng con ngi. V vy, yu cu chung i
vi thang my khi thit k, ch to, lp t, vn hnh,
s dng v sa cha l phi tun th mt cch nghim
ngt cc yu cu v k thut an ton c quy nh
trong cc tiu chun, quy trnh, quy phm.
Thang my ch c cabin p, sang trng, thng
thong, m du th cha iu kin a vo s
dng m phi c y cc thit b an ton, m bo
tin cy nh: in chiu sng d phng khi mt
in, in thoi ni b (Interphone), chung bo, b

hm bo him, an ton cabin (i trng), cng tc an

ton ca cabin, kha an ton ca tng, b cu h khi
mt in ngun...
1.1.2 - Phn loi thang my
Thang my hin nay c thit k v ch to rt
a dng, vi nhiu kiu v nhiu loi khc nhau
ph hp vi mc ch s dng ca tng loi cng
trnh. C th phn loi thang my theo cc nguyn tc
v c im sau:
1.1.2.1 - Phn loi theo chc nng:
Thang my ch ngi:
- Thang my ch ngi trong cc nh cao tng: C
tc chm hoc trung bnh, i hi vn hnh m,
yu cu an ton cao v c tnh m thut.
- Thang my dng trong cc bnh vin: m bo
tuyt i an ton, ti u v tc di chuyn v c tnh
u tin p ng ng cc yu cu ca bnh vin.
- Thang my dng trong cc hm m, x nghip:
p ng c cc iu kin lm vic nng n trong
cng nghip nh tc ng mi trng v m, nhit
, thi gian lm vic, n mn. ..

 Thang my ch hng:
c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip, ngoi ra
n cn c dng trong nh n, th vin. .. Loi ny
c i hi cao v vic dng chnh xc cabin m
bo hng ho ln xung d dng, tng nng sut lao
ng.
1.1.2.2 - Phn loi theo tc di chuyn:
Thang my tc chm v = 0,5 m/s:
H truyn ng cabin thng s dng ng c
khng ng b rto lng sc hoc dy qun, yu cu
v dng chnh xc khng cao.
Thang my tc trung bnh v = (0,75 1,5)
m/s:
Thng s dng trong cc nh cao tng, h truyn
ng cabin l truyn ng mt chiu.
Thang my cao tc v = (2,5 5) m/s:
S dng h truyn ng mt chiu hoc truyn
ng b bin tn - ng c xoay chiu ba pha, h
thng iu khin s dng cc phn t cm bin phi
tip im, cc phn t iu khin lgic, cc vi mch
c ln lp trnh c hoc cc b vi x l.

1.1.2.3 - Phn loi theo trng ti:

Thang my loi nh Q < 160kG.
Thang my trung bnh Q = 500 2000kG.
Thang my loi ln Q > 2000 kG.
1.1.3 Cu To Thang My
Kt cu c kh ca thang my c gii thiu trn
hnh v 1.2.
H ging ca thang my L khong khng gian t mt
sn tng trt cho n y ging. nng h bung
thang ngi ta dng ng c 9. ng c 9 c ni
trc tip vi c cu nng hoc qua hp gim tc. Nu
ni trc tip bung thang c nng qua puli qun
cp. Nu ni gin tip th gia puli qun cp v ng
c lp hp gim tc.
Cabin 1 c treo ln puli qun cp kim loai 8
( thng dng t 1 dn 4 si cp). Bung thang lun
c gi theo phng thng ng nh c ray dn
hng 3 v nhng con trt dn hng 2 ( con trt l
loi puli c bc cao su bn ngoi). Bung thang v di
trng di chuyn dc theo chiu cao ca thnh ging
theo cc thanh dn hng 6.

1. Cabin
2. Con trt dn hng Cabin
3. Ray dn hng Cabin
4. Thanh kp tng cp
5. Cm i trng
6. Ray dn hng i trng
7. dn hng i trng
8. Cp ti
9. Cm my
10. Ca xp Cabin
11. Chm chng ri
12. C cu chng ri
13. Gim chn
14. Thanh
15. Kp ray Cabin
16. G ray Cabin
17. Bu lng bt g ray
18. G ray i trng
19. Kp ray i trng

Hnh 1.2: Kt cu c kh ca thang my.

1.1.4 Chc nmg ca mt s b phn trong

Thang my
1.1.4.1 - Cabin:
L mt phn t chp hnh quan trng nht trong
thang my , n s l ni cha hng , ch ngi n
cc tng , do phi m bo cc yu cu ra v
kch thc, hnh dng , thm m v cc tin nghi trong
.
Hot ng ca cabin l chuyn ng tnh tin ln
xung da trn ng trt, l h thng hai dy dn
hng nm trong mt phng m bo chuyn ng
m nh , chnh xc khng dung dt trong cabin trong
qu trnh lm vic. m bo cho cabin hot ng
u c trong qu trnh ln v xung , c ti hay khng
c ti ngi ta x dng mt i trng c chuyn ng
tnh tin trn hai thanh khc ng phng ging nh
cabin nhng chuyn ng ngc chiu vi cabin do
cp c vt qua puli ko.
Do trng lng ca cabin v trng lng ca i
trng c tnh ton t l v k lng cho nn mc
d ch vt qua puli ko cng khng xy ra hin tng
trt trn pulicabin,hp gim tc i trng to nn

mt c h phi hp chuyn ng nhp nhng do phn

khc iu chnh l ng c.
1.1.4.2 - ng c:
L khu dn ng hp gim tc theo mt vn tc
quy nh lm quay puli ko cabin ln xung. ng c
c s dng trong thang my l ng c 3 pharto
dy qun hoc rto lng sc , v ch lm vic ca
thang my l ngn hn lp li cng viyu cu s
dng tc , momen ng c theo mt di no cho
m bo yu cu v kinh t v cm gic ca ngi i
thang my.ngc l mt phn t quan trng c
iu chnh ph hp vi yu cu nh mt h thng in
t b x l trung tm.
1.1.4.3 - Phanh:
L khu an ton , n thc hin nhim v gi cho
cabin ng im cc v tr dng tng, khi tc ng l
hai m phanh s kp ly tang phanh, tang phanh gn
gn ng trc vi trc ng c. Hot ng ng m
ca phanh c phi hp nhp nhng vi qu trnh
lm vic ca ng c.
1.1.4.4 - ng c m ca:
L ng c mt chiu hay xoay chiu to ra
momen m ca cabin kt hp vi m ca tng . Khi

cabin dng ng tng , rle thi gian s ng mch

iu khin ng c m ca tng hot ng theo mt
quy lut nht nh s m bo qu trnh ng m m
nh khng c va p. Nu khng may mt vt g
hay ngi kp gia ca tng ang ng th ca s m
t ng nh b phn c bit g ca c gn phn
hi vi ng c qua b x l trung tm.
1.1.4.5 - Ca: Gm ca cabin v ca tng .
Ca cabin khp kn cabin trong qu trnh chuyn
ng khng to ra cm gic chng mt cho khachs
hng v ngn khng cho ri khi cabin bt c th g.
Ca tng che chn bo v ton b ging thang v
cc thit bi trong . Ca cabin v ca tng c kho
t ng m bo ng m kp thi.
1.1.4.6 - B hn ch tc :
L b phn an ton khi vn tc thay i do mt
nguyn nhn no vt qu vn tc cho php , b
hn ch tc s bt c cu khng ch ct iu khin
ng c v phanh lm vic.
Cc thit b ph khc: nh qut gi, chung in
thoi lin lc , cc ch th s bo chiu chuyn ng
c lp t trong cabin to ra cho khch hng mt
cm gic d chu khi i thang my.

1.2 - YU CU V AN TON TRONG IU

KHIN THANG MY
Thang my l thit b chuyn dng ch ngi,
ch hng t cao ny n cao khc. V vy vn
an ton cho ngi s dng lun c t ln hng
u. m bo an ton cho ngi v thang my ta
b tr mt lot cc thit b gim st hot ng ca
thang my nhm pht hin v s l s c mt cch
nhanh nht.
Trong thc t, khi thit k truyn ng cho thang
my phi phi hp bo v c phn c v phn in,
kt hp nhiu loi bo v. Chng hn, khi cp in
cho ng c ko cabin th cng cp in lun cho
ng c phanh, lm nh cc m phanh kp vo ray
dn hng. Khi cabin mi c th chuyn ng
c. Khi mt in, ng c phanh khng mt in,
cc m phanh kp s tc ng vo trc ng c lm
ng c khng quay c gi cho cabin khng ri.
1.2.1 Yu cu an ton ca thang my khi mt
in hoc t cp
Kt qu nghin cu a ra, mt h truyn ng
hin i c y cc ch thc hin khi mt in
v vic ng ct chuyn ngun cho an ton thit b.

Hin nay Thang my c lp t h thng cu h t

ng khi mt in t ngt. H thng ny gm: Cc
mch VXL, b chuyn i in, bnh c qui v t
in. Cc b phn ny c kt ni vi t iu kin
chnh ca thang my. Khi c in, thang my hot
ng c qui c np in. Nu mt in t ngt
trong khi thang my ang hot ng, dng in 1
chiu ca c qui s nhanh chng chuyn thnh dng
xoay chiu cp in cho h thng

Nh c h thng chng mt ngun t ngt, h thng

iu khin khng b nh hng do c nui bng
mt h thng chng mt ngun cng sut nh, cc
cm bin v tr v cc h o lng cnh bo khc vn
lm vic bnh thng. Tuy nhin do ngun b mt
ng c truyn ng b dng li trong thi gian tc
thi. Lc ny thit b iu khin ng c phi x
ngun do cc h lu tch in ang cha v chun b
ng ngun mi, ct h ngun c trnh c in tr li
gy xung t ngun. Sau khi ngun mi c cp,

chng trnh iu khin s lm vic theo mt chng

trnh mi dnh cho s c mt in. Chng trnh ny
s iu khin thang my v tng gn nht, sau m
ca tng cho khch i ra, ng thi t chi tt c
cc lnh gi khc, cnh bo h thng b mt in. lc
ny h thng cho php vic m ca cabin, cc h
thng chung bo lin lc thc hin. Sau truyn
ng cng sut ln s khng c thc hin nhm tit
kim in nng c hn ca b lu in d phng. Khi
h thng c in tr li, cc role cm nhn trng thi
mt in s hot ng c phn hi cho bit ngun in
c, h thng s thc hin tun t thao tc x in
d, ng ngun mi v thc hin iu hin theo chu
trnh bnh thng. H thng lu in phc hi dn
cng sut bng h thng np in t ng.
Ngoi thit b cu h khi b mt in, trong thang
my cn c mt b phn thng c. Trong trng hp
xy ra t cp thang my, thit b khng ch vt tc
s hot ng v tc ng n thng c, nm cht
phng thang my vo ray dn hng, gi cht khng

Cho

thang

ri

ngi

ng

cu.

Bung thang
Vt qu
Mc dng

Bung
thang

Dng

Mc t
cm bin dng

Hnh 2 - 3: Dng chnh xc bung thang.

1.5 - THUYT MINH NGUYN L CNG

NGH CA THANG MY 9 TNG
lm r bi ton cng ngh h thng iu khin
thang my u tin v chiu chuyn ng cng nh u
tin theo khong cch, ta i thuyt minh mt trng
hp phc v hnh khch tho mn c cc yu cu
cng ngh ca thang my 9 tng nh sau:

Gi s thang my ang dng tng 1. C mt

hnh khch A ang tng 2 v mun ln tng 9.
Mun vy, khch A phi n nt gi thang tng 2 v
thang i ln vi tc cao. Khi thang n gn tng 2
th thang my chuyn tc thp v dng li n
khch A. Khch A vo cabin n nt n tng 9. Sau
thi gian nh sn cabin tip tc i ln tng 9.
Gi s lc ny c mt hnh khch B ang tng
3 v mun i xung tng 1. mun vy khch B phi n
nt gi thang tng 3. Lc ny thang ang i ln, khi
i qua tng 3 n s khng dng li. Tuy nhin nt gi
thang tng 3 c nh, n s c tc dng khi thang
quay ngc hnh trnh. Lc ny thang vn tip tc i
ln.
Gi s lc ny li c mt hnh khch C tng 4
mun i ln tng 9. Mun vy hnh khch C ny li
n nt goi tng tng 4. Nh vy, tng 4 c nh,
khi thang my i qua tng ny thang s dng li nh
dng tng 2 v n khch C vo cabin. Hnh khch
ny li n nt dng 9 trng vi hnh khch A v thang
tip tc i ln. V tng 9 c nh nn khi n tng
ny thang s chuyn tc thp v dng li m ca
tr khch A v C. Nh vy, yu cu ca khch A v C

 c phc v, cn li yu cu ca khch B ang

tng 3 mun i xung tng 1 cha c p ng.
Khi thang dng tng 9 tr khch song, sau thi
gian nh sn n s quay ngc hnh trnh chuyn
ng v i xung. Khi i n gn tng 3 n s gim
tc v dng li m ca n khch B. Khch B i
vo thang my v n nt n tng 1, tng 1 li c
nh v khi i xung thang s dng li tng 1 p
ng song yu cu ca khch hng B.

Phn 2
PHN TCH V LA CHN PHNG N
TRUYN NG IN

2.1 - CC H TRUYN NG IN THANG

MY
Khi thit k trang b in - in t cho thang my,
vic la chn mt h truyn ng, loi ng c phi
da trn cc yu cu sau :
- chnh xc khi dng
- Tc di chuyn bung thang
- Gia tc ln nht cho php
- Phm vi iu chnh tc
2.1.2 - Cc h truyn ng iu khin thang my
Nh gii thiu phn trn, trong cc thang my
tc thp v cht lng truyn ng c yu cu
khng cao lm, ngi ta thng s dng cc h truyn
ng trong phn dn ng l ng c khng ng

b - rto lng sc nhiu cp tc c s khi

c m t trn.
H truyn ng ny c u im l n gin dn
n gi thnh h, d dng trong vn hnh v sa cha.
Tuy nhin, n li khng th p ng c v mt cht
lng i vi cc thang my c yu cu cao v tc ,
gia tc v git. khc phc nhng hn ch ca h
thng trn, vi s pht trin mnh m ca cng nghip
in t, ngy nay ngi ta c xu hng s dng
phng php iu khin v cp tc ng c. Trn
thc t tn ti 2 h thng ch yu sau y:
H thng s dng b bin i Thyristor - ng c
mt chiu.
H thng s dng b bin tn - ng c khng
ng b rtor lng sc.
2.1.2.1- H thng s dng b bin i Thyristor
- ng c mt chiu

Hnh 3.10. H thng T s dng b bin i

Thyristor - ng c mt chiu
H thng BB - CMC l h thng s dng b
bin i tnh bin i dng xoay chiu c tn s cng
nghip thnh dng in mt chiu cung cp cho ng
c . u im ca h thng l lm vic m, tin cy,
tui th cao, cht lng di iu chnh tc c th
p ng c vi yu cu ca cc thang my cao tc.
Tuy nhin h thng vn cn tn ti mt s nhc im
nh : ng c mt chiu l thit b cn phi c bo
dng thng xuyn nn c th lm gin on qu
trnh phc v ca thang my; BB s dng thyristor
c kh nng chu qu ti km, mch iu khin
thyristor rt phc tp i hi phi c cng nhn lnh
ngh khi cn sa cha, bo dng v.vv...
* H thng t ng khng ch thang my cao tc
vi h truyn ng mt chiu s dng b bin i
Thyristor - ng c mt chiu, c s dng cc phn
t lgic :
nng cao tin cy trong qu trnh hot ng
ca thang my, h thng t ng khng ch truyn
ng in thang my dng cc phn t phi tip
im (phn t lgic). Vic ng dng cc phn t lgic

trong mch iu khin cho php xy dng mt h

thng iu khin vi s lng phn t l t nht.
H thng t ng khng ch truyn ng in
thang my dng cc phn t phi tip im c th khc
phc c cc nhc im trn, ngoi ra cn c cc
u im ng k nh :
Gim c s lng cc dy dn iu khin ni
vi bung thang v chuyn ng cng vi bung
thang.
C th thit k cc nt n gi tng v phn hin
th, bo hiu nh, gn, kt cu p nhng vn m bo
tin cy.
D dng thay i s dng cho cc thang my
khc nhau, v ch cn thm cc tip im gi tng v
vit li phn mm iu khin m khng cn thay i
phn cng.
truyn ng thang my c tc di chuyn
bung thang v 3m/s thng dng h truyn ng
mt chiu.
Trong mch iu khin thang my cao tc, cng
tc chuyn tng c tay gt c kh lm vic khng tin
cy v gy ting n ln. V vy, chng c thay th
bng cng tc phi tip im. Cng tc chuyn i tng

phi tip im thng dng b cm bin v tr kiu cm

ng v b cm bin v tr dng t bo quang in.
Trn hnh 4-6 l s khi h truyn ng mt
chiu cho thang my dng Thyristor.

Hnh 4-6: S khi h truyn ng thang my

dng Thyristor
Trong , cc cun khng 1CK, 2CK dng hn
ch dng in cn bng. Hai khi KKN v KKH
iu khin hai cu chnh lu 1BTh v 2BTh. Trong
mi khi iu khin bao gm cc khu : khu ng
pha, khu to in p rng ca, khu so snh, to xung
v khuych i xung.
in p t c ly t u ra ca khu hn ch
gia tc HCGT. ln v cc tnh ca in p t do
khu iu hnh H quyt nh.
in p ca khu HCGT tng dn theo hm tuyn
tnh bc nht khi thay i tn hiu u vo.

iu chnh tc ng c truyn ng bng b

iu chnh tc R. Tn hiu u vo ca b iu
chnh tc R l tng i s ca hai tn hiu : tn
hiu ch o (in p ra ca khu HCGT) v tn hiu
phn hi m tc t l vi tc quay ca ng c
(in p ra ca khu K). Khu R dng b khuych
i mt chiu (hm t l P) . Tn hiu ra ca R l tn
hiu u vo RiN (khi thang my i ln) v RiH (khi
thang my i xung). C hai khu RiN v RiH dng
b khuych i mt chiu (hm t l, tch phn PI).
Ngoi ra, tn hiu phn hi m dng ly t u ra ca
khu 1Ki (t l vi dng ca ng c) a vo u
vo ca RiN v t khu 2Ki a vo RiH. Tn hiu ra
ca khu RiN hoc RiH chnh l tn hiu iu khin
a vo khi iu khin tng ng KKN hoc
KKH.
thc hin dng chnh xc bung thang, h
thng s chuyn t ch iu chnh tc sang ch
iu chnh v tr. Tn hiu ra ca khu cm bin
dng chnh xc CBDCX a vo khu iu chnh v
tr. Tn hiu ra t khu CBDCX a vo khu iu
chnh v tr Rvt . Khi bung thang nm ngang vi sn
tng, tn hiu ra ca khu CBDCX s bng 0.

2.1.2.2 - H thng s dng b bin tn - ng c

khng ng b rtor lng sc
Trn th trng hin nay tn ti rt nhiu loi bin tn
s dng cc phng php iu chnh tn s theo cc
phng thc khc nhau, ch yu l 2 kiu:
Bin tn iu chnh theo phng php U/f.
Bin tn iu chnh t thng ( FCC - Flux Current
Control ).
Bin tn iu chnh t thng ( FCC - Flux Current
Control ) li s dng nhiu phng php, trong
phng php c coi l tin tin hin nay l thc
hin iu chnh trc tip mmen.
a. Bin tn thc hin iu chnh trc tip mmen
*Ni dung phng php
iu chnh trc tip mmen ng c khng ng
b l phng php rt mi, trong vic phi hp
iu khin b bin tn v ng c khng ng b l
rt cht ch. Lgic chuyn mch ca bin tn da trn
trng thi in t ca ng c m khng cn n iu
ch rng xung p ca bin tn. Do s dng cng
ngh bn dn tin tin v cc phn t tnh ton c tc
cao m phng php iu chnh trc tip mmen

cho cc p ng u ra thay i rt nhanh, c vi phn

nghn giy.
Phn ct li ca phng php c m t trn hnh
3-11, gm cc khi nh sau: b iu chnh c tr vi
lgic chuyn mch ti u, m hnh ng c cho php
tnh ton nhanh v chnh xc cc gi tr thc ca
mmen, tc quay ca rotor v t thng stator vi
tn hiu vo l dng in cc pha ng c v gi tr
tc thi ca in p mch mt chiu. Cc gi tr thc
ny c so snh vi cc gi tr t to ra tc ng
iu khin bi cc b iu chnh mmen v cc mch
vng bn ngoi.
U li
cng nghip
M
M

iu khin
,M c tr

Bit M
Bit
Bit k

M hnh ng

c
Tnh cc i
lng
e Nhn dng
thD liu
ng s

ASIC

=
BT

Logic
chuyn
mach ti
u

Ui
S1,S2,S3
Is
C

Hnh 3-11. iu khin trc tip mmen

Logic chuyn mch ti u cho nghch lu s c
xc nh trong tng chu k iu khin ( 25s ) v
c thc hin bi cc mch in t chuyn dng
( ASIC ). Thng tin v trng thi ca cc kho bn dn
lc ( S1, S2, S3 ) c dng tnh vector in p
stator.
iu khin trc tip mmen da trn l thuyt
iu khin trng nh hng my in khng ng
b, trong cc i lng in t c m t bi cc
vector t thng, vector dng in v vector in p
c biu din trong h to stator.
Mmen in t l tch vector t thng stator v
vector t thng rtor hoc gia vector dng in stator
v vector t thng:

1
Mp
^
Lm r r
,

Bin vector t thng stator thng c gi

khng i v do mmen c iu chnh bi gc
gia cc vector t thng. Cc ng c bnh thng c
hng s thi gian in t ca mch rotor c hng trm
miligiy, nh vy c th coi t thng rotor l n nh
v bin i chm hn t thng stator. V th c th t
c mmen yu cu bng cch quay t thng stator
theo hng no cng nhanh cng c hiu qu.
K thut iu khin trc tip mmen nh sau:
Logic chuyn mch ca cc kho bn dn lc thc
hin vic tng hay gim mmen cn gi tr tc thi
ca t thng stator c iu chnh sao cho mmen
ng c t c gi tr mong mun. Vector t thng
stator ny li c iu chnh nh in p cung cp
cho nghch lu. Hay ni cch khc l logic chuyn
mch ti u xc nh cho ta vector in p ti u tu
thuc vo sai lch mmen. Bin ca vector t
thng stator cng c tnh n khi chn logic chuyn
mch.
b. M hnh ng c
M hnh ng c thnh lp theo cc m hnh c
bn m t ton hc ng c khng ng b v s
dng cc phn t tnh ton c tc cao. M hnh

ng c tnh ton ra cc gi tr thc ca mmen v t

thng dng cho vic iu ch, n cng tnh ra c
tc quay ca rtor v tn s dng stator dng
cho cc mch vng iu chnh bn ngoi. M hnh
ng c cn c chc nng nhn dng thng s ca
ng c dng cho vic tnh ton, hiu chnh. chnh
xc ca m hnh l rt quan trng, bi v trong h
thng khng dng thit b o tc trc ng c, tn
hiu o lng ch gm dng in 2 pha ca ng c
v gi tr tc thi ca in p mch mt chiu .
2.1.3. chn phng n truyn ng
Qua cc phn tch trn v da vo yu cu cng
ngh t ra; ng thi cn c vo s tng phc v m
la chn h thng truyn ng ti u sao cho tho
mn c mt cch hi ho nht gia cc ch tiu v
kinh t v k thut.
Do tnh cht ca ph ti trong truyn ng thang
my yu cu c kh nng o chiu vi ti th nng.
Hn na i vi to nh cao 9 tng th khng yu cu
thang my phi c tc cao lm. V vy trong bn
n ny ta s dng h thng B bin tn - ng c
khng ng b rtor lng sc, lm phng n truyn
ng cho thang my.

2.2 CC H THNG IU KHIN THANG

MY
2.2.1. H thng iu khin thang my s dng
cc phn t c tip im
2.2.2.1 Cc loi cm bin c tip im v nhc
im ca chng
Trong thang my tc trung bnh v thp, ngi
ta thng s dng cc cng tc hnh trnh. y l mt
thit b c-in c tay gt vi 3 tip im, tng ng
vi 3 trng thi u ra. Cng tc hnh trnh c u
im l cc trng thi u ra rt r rng. Tuy nhin
nhc im ln nht ca n l tui th gim khi hot
ng tc cao v gy ting n ln.
Do nhng nhc im trn nn trong thang my
tc cao ngi ta khng s dng cng tc hnh trnh
m thay vo l cc loi cm bin khng tip im
c trnh by trong phn di y.
2.2.2.2 H thng t ng khng ch thang my tc
trung bnh s dng cc phn t c kh, phn t
iu khin c tip im :
H truyn ng in dng cho thang my c tc
chm v trung bnh thng l h truyn ng xoay
chiu vi ng c khng ng b. H ny thng

dng cho cc thang my tr khch trong cc nh cao

tng (5 10 tng) vi tc di chuyn bung thang
di 1 m/s.
S nguyn l h thng truyn ng thang my
c gii thiu trn hnh 4-1.
Trong :
C1 C9 l l cc cng tc ca ca cc tng.
Ck l cng tc ca Cabin.
DB v DK l cc cng tc d phng trong Cabin.
DP1 v DP2 l cc cng tc d phng thang tri
c t trong h thang.
D1 D9 l cc cng tc im cui ca cc tng.
RCT1 RCT9 l cc rle chuyn tng.
R1 R9 l cc rle chuyn tng.
CTT cng tc t chuyn tng.
N1 N9 l cc nt n gi thang cc tng.
NK1 NK9 l cc nt n n tng trong Cabin.
T1 T9 l cc tip im thng kn ca cc rle
chuyn tng.
CTK l cng tc n trong Cabin.
RN v RH l cun dy ca cc rle nng v rle
h.

KN v KH l cun dy ca cng tc t nng v

cng tc t h.
H thng c cp ngun qua aptomt AP. Cc
cun dy Stato ca ng c c ni vo ngun cung
cp nh cc tip im ca cc cngtct nng KL
hoc cngtct h KX.
Ngun cung cp cho mch iu khin c ly t
mt pha qua bin p cch ly v chnh lu c in
p mt chiu +15V. Khi AP ng, nu c 3 pha u c
in p th cc cun dy ca cc cngtct KA v KB
c in, cc tip im thng m ca n ng li v
cp ngun cho bin p BA. Khi mi c in p mt
chiu a n ton b mch iu khin.
Cc ca tng c trang b cc cng tc lin ng
C1 C9 v cng tc ca Cabin Ck.
Khi bung thang ang tng 1. Khi , cng tc im
cui D1 v cng tc t CTT ng, rle chuyn tng
RCT1 c in lm cho tip im thng kn RCT1 m
ra. iu ny m bo rng : nu c tnh n cc cng
tc gi thang N1 hoc cng tc gi tng 1 NK1 th
cng tc t h KH v rle h RH u khng c cp
in v s khng c mt thao tc no c thc hin.

Tng t, khi bung thang ang tng 9 th D9 v

CTT ng, RCT9 c in, tip im thng kn RCT9
m ra lm mt tc dng ca cc nt n gi thang N9
v gi tng 9 NK9.
Gi s bung thang ang tng 2, D2 ng, RCT2
c in. Cc tip im thng kn ca n m ra lm
cho cc cun dy ca cng tc t KN, KH v rle RN,
RH u h mch.
Xt nguyn l lm vic ca s khi cn ln tng
4:
Hnh khch i vo bung thang, ng ca tng v
ca Cabin v n nt gi tng NK4, rle tng R4 c
in, cc tip im thng m ca n ng li. Cc
cun dy ca cng tc t nng KN v rle nng RN
c cp in qua KH, RCT5, RCT4 v R4. Cc tip
im thng m ca chng ng li, ng c c
cp in v thang chuyn ng i ln. Khi nh NK4
th cc cun dy ny vn c duy tr ngun cung cp
nh cc tip im RN v R4 vn ng.
Khi bung thang n gn ngang sn tng 4, cng
tc im cui D4 ng li, cun dy RCT4 c in,
tip im thng kn RCT4 m ra lm cho cc cun
dy KN v RN mt in, ng c chnh v ng c

phanh mt in. C cu hm in t s tc ng lm
dng bung thang.
m bo dng ng c mt cch chc chn, khi
m v mt l do no m tip im thng kn
RCT4 khng m ra, ngi ta b tr cc tip im
thng kn T1T9 ni tip vi cc rle chuyn tng
R1 R9. Lc ny, (do rle chuyn tng RCT4 c
in) T4 m ra, lm cho R4 mt in, cc tip im
R4 m ra, s lm h mch cun KN v RN.
Trong s c 9 n bo tng L16 L76 v n
bo thang my ang chuyn ng ln LBN6, xung
LBH6 lp trn mi ca tng v trong Cabin. LK l
n chiu sng Cabin.
H thng truyn ng thang my vi cc tip im
c kh tuy n gin nhng c cc nhc im sau :
tin cy thp.
C ting n do cc tip im c kh gy ra.
Tc ng chm, chnh xc thp nn khng c
s dng trong cc thang my tc cao (cc thang
my ch hng).
2.2.2. H THNG IU KHIN THANG MY
S DNG CC PHN T PHI TIP IM

2.2.3.1. Cc loi cm bin khng tip im :

Cc b cm bin khng tip im c rt nhiu loi,
c ng dng trong rt nhiu h thng iu khin, o
lng, iu khin v bo v. Trong phn ny s m t
mt s phn t cm bin khng tip im c s
dng trong thc t.
a. Cng tc v tr kiu cm ng :
Cu to v c tuyn ca cng tc chuyn i tng
dng cm bin v tr kiu cm ng c dng nh hnh
2-1. Cu to ca n bao gm : mch t h 2, cun dy
3. Khi mch t h, do in khng ca cun dy b,
dng xoay chiu qua cun dy tng i ln. Khi
thanh st ng 1 lm kn mch t, t thng sinh ra
trong mch t tng lm tng in cm L ca cun dy
v dng i qua cun dy s gim xung.

Hnh 4-2 Cm bin v tr kiu cm ng

Hnh 4-3 Transistor quang

Nu u ni tip vi cun dy ca b cm bin
mt rle ta s c mt phn t phi tip im dng
trong h thng iu khin. Tu theo mc ch s dng
c th dng n lm cng tc chuyn i tng, cm
bin dng chnh xc bung thang hoc cm bin ch
th v tr bung thang ...
b. Transistor quang :
y l loi Transistor loi PNP hoc NPN. Di
tc dng ca nh sng n pht sinh mt dng in
tng ng vi lng nh sng.
c. Phn t HALL :
Phn t HALL l mt cht bn dn. Nu dng in
B+ c cung cp mt cch khng i n phn t
HALL v t trng c a vo thng gc vi chiu
ca dng in ny th in p s c pht sinh thng
gc vi chiu dng in.
d. B cm bin hng ngoi :
Cc b cm bin hng ngoi li dng s to nhit
ca c th ngi pht ra mt nng lng hng ngoi
yu. Cc b cm bin kiu ny c nhy rt cao,
thun tin, c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc. B cm

bin hng ngoi HN911L l mt linh kin c cht

lng tt c mch in ng dng nh hnh 4-5.
Dng in

in p

Phn t HALL

Hnh 4-4 Phn t HALL

+12V

HC205

470

u ra

100

HN911L

K1

Hnh 4-5: B cm bin hng ngoi HN911L

2.2.3. KHI NIM H IU KHIN RLE
2.2.3.1. H iu khin rle
Vo thi im ban u ca cuc cch mng cng
nghip, c bit l vo nhng thp nin 60 & 70, cc
h thng my mc t ng c iu khin bi cc h
thng rle in/c. Cc rle ny c ni cng vi

nhau t trong mt t iu khin. Trong mt s trng

hp, n ln n mc c th chim c mt cn phng.
Tt c cc ng kt ni trong h thng rle u phi
c ni li vi nhau. Vic lm ny tn rt nhiu thi
gian. c bit l khi phi gii quyt cc s c ca h
thng. V bt li ln nht l cc rle ch c s tip hn
ch nht nh. Khi cn c s thay i th my mc
phi ngng lm vic, c khi phi cn thay i c v tr
lp t. T iu khin ch c th phc v cho mt qu
trnh hot ng nht nh no ca h thng; c
ngha l n khng th thay i ngay lp tc phc
v mt qu trnh hot ng khc m cn phi c s
thay i li cch u dy trong h thng. Vic lm
i hi ngi vn hnh phi c o to c k
nng thnh tho trong vic x l h thng. Ni chung,
h thng iu khin bng rle c tip im l rt phc
tp.
2.2.3.2. Cc nhc im ca h iu khin rle c
tip im:
H iu khin rle c tip im c cc nhc im
sau:
C qu nhiu dy ni trong t iu khin.

Vic thay i cu trc t iu khin l rt kh

khn.
Vic khc phc cc s c i hi ngi cng nhn
phi c tay ngh cao.
Nng lng do cc cun dy tiu th l kh ln.
Thi gian dng my sa cha khi c s c l kh
di do phi tn thi gian tm s c trong t iu
khin.
S mch khng c cp nht sau nhiu nm vn
hnh trong khi vn c s thay i s u dy trong
t iu khin, iu ny lm ko di thi gian sa cha
khi c s c.
2.2.4. KHI NIM H THNG IU KHIN
S DNG THIT B IU KHIN LOGIC KH
TRNH
2.2.4.1. H thng iu khin s dng thit b iu
khin logic kh trnh (PLC)
Nhn mt cch tng th th mt h thng iu
khin (Control System) l mt tp hp cc linh kin
v thit b in t c lp t m bo s lm
vic n nh, chnh xc v trn tru ca mt qu trnh
hoc mt hot ng sn xut no .

N c phn ra thnh rt nhiu loi vi nhiu mc

khc nhau, t cc nh my sn xut nng lng ln
n cc my mc s dng cng ngh bn dn. Do s
pht trin nh v bo ca cng ngh, cc hot ng
iu khin phc tp c thc hin bi cc h thng
iu khin t ng cht lng cao, c th l thit b
iu khin kh trnh (Programable Logic Controller PLC) hoc c th l mt my tnh ch v.v... Bn cnh
kh nng giao tip vi cc thit b thu nhn tn hiu (t
iu khin, cc ng c, cc sensor, cc cng tc, cc
cun dy rle v.v... ), h thng iu khin hin i cn
c th ni thnh mng iu khin cc qu trnh c
mc phc tp cao cng nh cc qu trnh c lin h
mt thit vi nhau. Mi mt thit b n l trong h
thng iu khin c mt vai tr quan trng ring
khng ph thuc vo kch thc ca n. Trong v d
c ch ra trn hnh 1-1 (Chng 1 Phn II), thit
b PLC khng th bit c nhng g ang xy ra
xung quanh n nu thiu nhng sensor bo tn hiu.
N cng khng th kch hot mt chuyn ng c kh
nu khng c ng c chp hnh. V nu cn thit th
mt my tnh ch phi c lp t iu khin
ng b cc hot ng c lin h mt thit vi nhau.

Cng c nhng ng dng m trong ch cn mt

thit b PLC n l iu khin mt hoc mt vi thit
b khc.
2.2.4.2. Cc u im ca h thng iu khin s
dng thit b iu khin logic kh trnh (PLC)
H thng iu khin s dng thit b iu khin
logic kh trnh c cc u im sau:
Vic u dy c th gim c 80% so vi h
thng iu khin s dng rle thng thng.
Lng nng lng tiu th c gim ng k do
PLC tiu th cng sut khng ng k.
Cc chc nng t phn tch chng trnh iu
khin h thng gip cho vic kim sot h thng mt
cch d dng.
Vic thay i trnh t thc hin chng trnh hoc
thay i c chng trnh ng dng rt d dng bng
cch lp trnh thng qua thit b lp trnh hoc phn
mm chy trn my vi tnh m khng phi thay i
cch u dy, khng cn thm bt cc thit b vo/ra
( I/O ).
Cc b nh thi c tch hp bn trong PLC lm
gim phn ln cc rle v mch cng nh thi gian
so vi h thng iu khin s dng rle thng thng.

Thi gian thc hin chu k my c ci thin mt

cch ng k do tc hot ng ca PLC ch c mili
giy ms. Do nng sut lao ng tng ln mt cch
ng k.
Gi thnh h thng h hn mt cch ng k so
vi h thng iu khin s dng rle thng thng
trong trng hp cc u vo/ra l rt ln v hot
ng iu khin rt phc tp.
Tnh tin cy ca PLC cao hn so vi cc rle v
cc b nh thi c kh.
Chng trnh trong PLC c th in ra mt cch d
dng trong vi pht. Do ta c th cp nht chng
trnh trong PLC mt cch d dng.
2.3. CHN PHNG N TRUYN NG CHO
THANG MY
Da vo yu cu cng ngh t ra v cn c vo
nhng phn tch cc phng n trn ta chn phng
n truyn ng cho thang my trong n ny l: S
dng ng c in xoay chiu 3 pha iu khin bng
PLC ghp ni qua bin tn. V h thng ny c nhiu
u im, p ng cc yu cu v vn tc, gia tc,
git, hm dng chnh xc . . .

Phn 3
GII THIU CHUNG V
BIN TN V PLC S7 - 200
SIEMENS

3.1. GII THIU PLC S7-200

3.1.1 - Gii thiu phn cng.
PLC, vit tt ca Programmaable Logic Control,
l thit b iu khin logic lp trnh c, cho php
thc hin linh hot cc thut ton iu khin thng
qua ngn ng lp trnh.

S7-200 l thit b iu khin kh trnh loi nh

ca hang siemens c cu trc theo kiu modul v c
cc modul m rng. Cc modul ny c s dng cho
nhiu nhng ng dng lp trnh khc nhau.
3.1.1.1 - S cu trc.

Hnh 4.1: Cu trc ca PLC.

Cu trc PLC S7-200 gm 3 phn chnh:
+ B x l trung tm (CPU)
+ B nh (Memory Area)
+ B vo v ra (Input Area v Output Area)

B x l trung tm (CPU).

Thnh phn c bn ca S7-200 l khi vi x l CPU

212 hoc CPU 214 vv...

+) CPU 212 bao gm.

Hnh 4.2: CPU 212 h S7-200 ca SIEMENS.

- 512 t n tc l 1kbyte lu gi chng
trnh thuc min nh c ghi c v khng b
mt d liu nh c giao din vi EEPROM. Vng

nh vi tnh cht nh vy gi l vng nh nonvolatile.

- 8 cng vo v 6 cng ra logic
- C th ghp ni m rng thm hai modul m
rng tng thm s cng vo ra, bao gm c
cng vo ra tng t.
- Tng s cng vo ra cc i l 64 cng vo v
64 cng ra
- 64 b nh thi gian (timer) trong c 2 b c
phn gii l 1ms, 8 b c phn gii 10ms v
54 b c phn gii 100ms.
- 64 b m (counter) chia lm hai loi : loi ch
m tin l loi va m tin va m li.
- 368 bit nh c bit, s dng cc bt trng thi
hoc cc bit t ch lm vic.
- C cc ch ngt v x l tn hiu ngt khc
bao gm : ngt truyn thng, ngt theo sn ln
hoc sn xung, ngt theo thi gian v ngt bo
hiu ca b m tc cao (2kHz).

- B nh khng b mt d liu trong khong thi

gian 50 gi k t khi PLC b mt ngun nui.
+) CPU 214.

Hnh 4.3: CPU 214 h S7-200 ca SIEMENS.

CPU 214 bao gm :
- 4 kbyte t n thuc b nh c ghi c (nonvolatile) lu chng trnh ( nh c giao din
vi b nh EPROM).
- 4 kbyte t n thuc b nh c ghi c
lu d liu, trong 1kbyte t u thuc vng
nh non-volatile.
- 14 cng vo v 10 cng ra logic

- C th m rng c 7 modul vo ra bao gm

c modul tng t.
- Tng s cng vo ra cc i l 64 cng vo v
64 cng ra.
- 128 b nh thi gian chia ra lm ba loi theo
phn gii khc nhau : 4 b c phn gii
1ms, 16 b c phn gii 10ms, 108 b c
phn gii 100ms.
- 128 b m chia lm hai loi : loi ch m tin
v loi va m tin va m li, 3 b m tc
cao vi nhp 2 kHz v 7 kHz
- 688 bt nh dng thay i trng thi v t
ch lm vic.
- Cc ch ngt v x l ngt bao gm : ngt
truyn thng, ngt theo sn ln hoc sn
xung, ngt theo thi gian v ngt bo hiu ca
b m tc cao v ngt truyn xung.
- 2 b pht xung nhanh cho kiu xung PTO hoc
kiu xung PWM

- B nh khng b mt d liu trong khong thi

gian 190 gi k t khi PLC b mt ngun nui.
* H thng cc n bo trn CPU 214 :
- SF : n SF bo hiu h thng b hng, n
sng ln khi PLC c hng hc.
- RUN : n xanh RUN ch nh PLC ang ch
lm vic v thc hin chng trnh c np
vo trong my.
- STOP : n vng STOP ch nh rng PLC ang
ch dng, dng chng trnh ang thc hin
li.
- Ix. x : n xanh cng no ch nh trng thi
tc thi cng Ix. x, n ny bo hiu trng thi
ca tn hiu theo gi tr logic ca cng vo.
- Qx. x : n xanh cng no ch nh trng thi
tc thi cng Q x. x, n ny bo hiu trng thi
ca tn hiu theo gi tr logic ca cng ra.
* Cng tc chn ch lm vic cho PLC :

Cng tc chn ch lm vic cho PLC nm pha

trn, bn cnh cc cng ra ca CPU, c ba v tr cho
php chn cc ch lm vic khc nhau cho PLC.
Cc cng ra

SIEMENS
SF
RUN
STOP

SIMATIC
S7-200

I0. 0
I0. 1
IO. 2
I0. 3
I0. 4
I0. 5
I0. 6
I0. 7

I1. O
I1. 1
I1. 2
I1. 3
I1. 4
I1. 5

Q0. 0
Q0. 1
Q0. 2
Q0. 3
Q0. 4
Q0. 5
Q0. 6
Q0. 7

Q1. 0
Q1. 1

Cc cng vo

Cng truyn thng(RS485)

Hnh 4.4: UUS-Protocal
B iu khin kh lp trnh
S7-200 vi khi

SIMATIC
Analog out

vi x l CPU214.

- RUN : cho php PLC thc hin chng trnh trong

b nh, PLC s ri khi ch RUN v chuyn sang
ch STOP nu trong my c s c hoc trong
chng trnh gp lnh STOP, thm ch ngay c khi cng
tc ch RUN.
- STOP : cng bc PLC dng cng vic thc hin
chng trnh ang chy m chuyn sang ch STOP.

 ch ny PLC cho php hiu chnh li chng

trnh hoc np mt chng trnh mi.
- TERM : cho php my lp trnh quyt nh mt ch
lm vic cho PLC hoc RUN hoc STOP.

Hnh 4.5: S cc chn u vo v ra ca CPU 214

AC/DC/Relay

.Ghp ni S7-200 vi my tnh PC qua cng RS-232

vi cp ni PC/PPI v cc chuyn i RS-232 /RS485

Hnh 4.6: Kt ni CPU 214 vi my tnh qua cp

PC/PCI.
* Pin v cc ngun nui:
S dng ngun nui ghi chng trnh hoc np
chng trnh mi c th l ngun trn mng hoc
ngun pin.
* Nt iu chnh tng t :
iu chnh tng t cho php iu chnh cc bin
cn thay i v s dng trong chng trnh. Nt chnh
Analog c np di np y bn cnh cc cng ra.
Tht b chnh nh c th quay 270 .