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} w }
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6 .
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8 . Marinatos 1939. IBEF"HG< 1951. Mckay 1963, 251-252. Thalmann 1980, 757760. Kraft et al. 1987, 181-198.
9 .
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1 2 . Wace & Thompson 1912, 171-191.

1 3 . 6IFF;-C 1972, 395-401. GAB?GAE"-C< 1973-74, 517-518. I6IFF;-GA-IB+H@GA 1973, 395-401.
1 4 . Hope Simpson & Dickinson, J2, 294-295.
1 5 . GAB?GAE"-C< 1973-74, 517-518.
1 6 . Hope Simpson & Lazenby, 1959, 102-105. Hope Simpson & Dickinson 1979, G79,
265.
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I?;I<, $+@C 9IH"FEI: G >G9EHE@?E=8 =IE .A@E=8 >DBE"99GF DF8<
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I9=G&, @HG O\ 4^ YV_ZR =Z^ ``_ S\ __\X (YS), 89G< "BHEG< 2012.
I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA .-. & GAI9;-C< ., 2012 (A>8 +=-G@C).
B2IEG9G/E=5 =IE >I9IEG/D6/BI.E=5 +BDAFI @HCF =GE9"-I HGA >DB2DEG&, @HG O\ 4^ YV_ZR =Z^ ``_ S\
__\X (YS), 89G< "BHEG< 2012.
D29EIF;-GA . 2011. L1]_Z\ ^`ZZ\ ]T_ \^ _P X_4P _ÛP ` _\X ^
SVR ]R. BE@HGH+9DEG IFD>E@H5?EG D@@I9GF;=C<, -C?G@;DAHC E-I=HGBE=5 EIHBE5.
Sthlin F., 2002. H AV ``_, D@@I9GF;=C, 327 =.D.
AB;-C< ., C-GF" #., GAI9;-C< ., I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA .-.,
D29EIF;-GA ., GAH@G=+BI ., 2012, (A>8 +=-G@C). C?IHG/DFD;<
39
=IHI/BI.+< IF$B6>G/DF1F =IE .A@E=1F -EDB/I@E1F @HGF >BG@HGBE=8 GE=E@?8 HC< /;I< IBI@=DA5< I?;I<, @HG O\ 4^ YV_ZR ?Z^ ``_ S\ __\X (YS), 89G<
"BHEG< 2012.
Thalmann J.P., 1980. Recherches aux Thermopyles, BCH 104, 757-760.
E9D95 ., 2010, (A>8 +=-G@C). @6>8< >GHI?8<, IB2I;I
B"=9DEI,
Y 65.
@8=I< ., HI?>G9;-C< ., DB/D?+C< ., @G&B9G< ., I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA .-., GAH@G=+BI ., 2012, (A>8 +=-G@C). D6.A@E=5 -EI@=8>C@C =IE @AFI=89GA$C @&FHG?C IFI@=I.E=5 +BDAFI @HCF $+@C
9IH"FEI /;I< IBI@=DA5< I?;I<, @HG O\ 4^ YV_ZR =Z^ ``_ S\ __\X (YS), 89G<
"BHEG< 2012.
Vouvalidis, K., Syrides, G., Pavlopoulos, K., Papakonstantinou, M.,
Tsourlos, P., 2010a. Holocene Palaeoenvironmental Changes in Agia
Paraskevi Prehistoric Settlement, Lamia, Central Greece. Quaternary
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Vouvalidis K., Syridis G., Pavlopoulos K., Pechlivanidou S., Tsourlos P.,
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Wace . & Thompson . 1912. Prehistoric Thessaly, Cambidge, 171-191.
GAB?GAE"-C< ., 1973-74. A 29, XBGFE=", 517-518.
40
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1980, 16-17; Kase, 1991, 21-22). AH8< G ?&$G< -EID&@HC=D I. DIAHG&
="$D .GB" >GA GE 99CFD< >;@HDIF 8HE A>DBI@>E8?DFGE HI @HDF" H6F
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42
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>9IH& 8@G FI -E+B2DHIE ?;I "?II 8>6< IFI.+BDE (
BG-GHG<, z, 176;
Bequignon, 1937, 44; Szemler, 1991, 79).
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+.$IFD ?+2BE HGA< >B8>G-D< HGA I99E-B8?GA (Kraft, 1991, 7-8). HB"6F D"99GA >IBI-;-DE 8HE I=8?C @HCF D>G25 HGA D-1 A>5B2D +FI ?D/"9G 9E?"FE (HB"6F, , 429).
@C?DBEF5 ?GB.5 HC< >DBEG25< D;FIE I>GH+9D@?I I9GAEI=1F I>G$+@D6F 2E9EDHE1F H6F >GHI?1F =IE 2DE?"BB6F >GA B+GAF D-1, 8>6< G
@6>8<, G +9I< =IE G G;FE, =I$1< =IE =IHG9E@$5@D6F, >GA @AF+I9IF @HCF >B8@26@C HC< I=H5< =IE ?DHIHBG>5< HC< @D >D-EF5 =IE D91-C
(TYN. 2), 2IBI=H5BI >GA HGA9"2E@HGF ?+2BE =IE HGF 19G IE. -EIH5BC@D
@&?.6FI ?D 8@I IFI.+BGAF GE >DBEC/CH+< =IE I>DE=GF;GFHIE @D /=BIG&BD< HGA 18GA =IE 19GA IE. (Dodwell, 1819, II,77; Bequignon, 1937, 43;
Kraft, 1991, 6-12).
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43
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IFI.+BDE 8HE C >DBEG25 5HIF D91-C< ( IBEF"HG<, 1951, 3).

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5HIF G?I95, @2D-8F D>;>D-C, =IE ?>GBG&@D FI A>G@HCBE2HD; I>8 $I9"@@C8 >G9D?E=8 FIAHE=8 (Bequignon, 1937, 45-46; Kraft, 1991, 8). AHG;
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IBI=HCBE@HE=8 D;FIE 8HE G ;HG< ;EG< HCF 2IBI=HCB;DE 6< via militaris -C9. G-8 @HBIHE6HE=5 (;HG< ;EG<, VI, 15.11; Bequignon, 1937,
43). O 2IBI=HCBE@?8< D;FIE I>89AHI D>EHA25< IF @=D.HD; =IFD;< 8HE GE
DB?G>&9D< A>5BIF $+IHBG >G9D?E=1F @A/=BG&@D6F HBE"FHI .GB+8 HG 480 >. ?+2BE HGF I/=8@?EG 89D?G 8HIF //9GE =IE DGC9IF-G; @A/=BG&@HC=IF D-1 ?D DB?IFG&<. (Mc Clymont, 1959, 384-399).
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DH" HCF &9C I=G9GA$D; HG zI@HIF8BD?I >BI=HE=1< C =G;HC DF8<
2DE?"BBGA >GA HIAH;DHIE ?D HGF >GHI?8 G;FE=I (Bequignon, 1937, 59-60,
63-65), >GA IFI.+BGAF GE IB2I;D< /BI>H+< >C/+< (
B8-GHG<, z, 198-200).
44
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$+@C HC< IB2I;I< F$59C< (TYN. 3), (halmann, 1980, 757-760).
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B8-GHG< HCF >DBE/B".DE 6< >89C 5 =1?C =IE
=GFH" HC< >B+>DE FI 5HIF HG DB8 HC< 5?CHBI< A9I;I< 5 ?.E=HAGF;-I< (Thalmann, 1980, 757-760). G DB8 5HIF +-BI HC< A9I;I< ?.E=HAGF;I<, I>GH+9D@?I HC< A>G21BC@C< HC< >G9EHE=5< -&FI?C< H6F
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/F6@H8F 9IHBDA8HIF 6< >BG@H"HC< H6F $DB?1F >C/1F ( IBEF"HG<,
1951, 55-56).
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HC< =1?C< F$59C<.
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?>IFE+BD< =I9G&?DFD< 2&HBGE 5 =G9A?5$BD< ( IBEF"HG<, 1951, 56).
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45
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}G-GAFH;I (;HG< ;EG<, XXXVI, 16.11.17, 11.19,1; HB"6F, , 428;
Staehlin, 1924, 203-205).
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HGA D6F;-I, ?+@I @HC ?E@/"//DEI HC< >9I/E"< -EI=B;FGFHIE H?5?IHI
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>G9+?6F (TYN. 4), (
B8-GHG<, z, 176; Szemler, 1991, 106-108).
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G HD;2G< >IBGA@E"DE D>E@=DA+< ?DHI/DF+@HDBD<, I>8-DEC HC< -EI2BGFE=5< 2BC@E?8HCH"< HGA =IE 2B5@C< HGA.
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FI@=I.+< >GA -EDF5B/C@D G IBEF"HG< HG 1939 D=H8< HGA HD;2GA<
H6F 6=+6F, >GA HG D>D@5?IFD =IE HG I>G="9AD, @HGF G96F8 B5=D
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.$"FGAF ?+2BE HGA< }6?I=G&< =IE HGA< AIFHEFG&< 2B8FGA<. #>;
>9+GF B+$C=IF =IE HI 2IBI=1?IHI, >GA -EIFG;2$C=IF D=D; =IH" HGF
>89D?G HGA 1897 ( IBEF"HG<, 1951, 65-66).
46
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DAB+@D6< ?D/"9GA IBE$?G& IE2?1F >DB@E=1F, I@@ABEI=1F =IE
IE/A>HEI=1F( IBEF"HG<, 1951, DE=.21). G96F8< =IE HG HD;2G< H6F
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47
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I/=8@?EG 89D?G (Marinatos, 1940, 333-341).
G 1956 HG>G$DH5$C=D /EI >B1HC .GB" .&9I=I< IB2IEGH5H6F ?D
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-EG;=C@C<. .&9I=I< IAH8< G =&BEG< D6F;-I< 6F@HIFH8>GA9G< D>D9+/C ?DHI& -&G A>GC.;6F /EI HCF $+@C DIEH;I< HGA GF8?IHG< HGA I>8
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I99" G IB2E=8< 2GBC/8< GA@?"FC< D;2D >D$"FDE. H@E G /9&>HC< .B8FHE@D =IE 5B$D @D D>I.5 ?D HCF GB/"F6@C #, HC< G>G;I< G H8HD
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G>G;D< 2IB"2$C=IF HI GF8?IHI H6F HBEI=G@;6F -6BCH1F #99CFE=" =IE
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48
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OPD GLIGM>PD OPD !M@L>?R EOQJ (MKGPH3FMJ.
-EI?GF5< HGA< @HCF ?DBE=5. G /D/GF8< @2G9E"@HC=D -A@?DF1< >G99+<

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IH" HG +HG< 1968 5 1969 8HIF >"9E 5HIF DFE=8< EDA$AFH5< B2IEGH5H6F G >AB;-6F IBEF"HG< -8$C=D DFHG95 =IE /"9IFD IAH+< HE< >9"=D< =IE "9IFD -&G "99D<, 8>GA /B".HC=IF HI GF8?IHI HGA IB2E=G& 2GBC/G& =IE D?>FDA@HG& HGA ?FC?D;GA GA@?"FC =IE HGA >BG+-BGA HGA
# "BC >G&BI, >GA .B8FHE@D /EI HCF @A/=+FHB6@C HGA >G@G& =IE
H6F HBE1F ?D91F HC< D>EHBG>5<, >GA DDH+9D@D HG ?FC?D;G =IE HGA /9&>HGA
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49
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=IE @=+C, @D I=IH"99C9G ?+BG< =IE @>IHI95$C=IF >8BGE, >GA -DF I>+-6@IF >GH+.
G 1972 E-B&DHIE C #.GBD;I BG@HGBE=1F =IE 9I@E=1F B2IEGH5H6F, C G>G;I 9DEHG&B/C@D ?8FGF /EI -+=I ?5FD< HG 1973 =IE +=HGHD
+=9DE@IF HI /BI.D;I =IE >IB+?DEFD A>8 HCF D>G>HD;I #.GBD;I< HGA
89GA. GF >B;9EG HGA 1977 D>IFI9DEHG&B/C@D C #.GBD;I =IE +=HGHD
9DEHGAB/D; =IFGFE=" =IE $I +9D/I ?D E=IFG>GECHE=G&< BA$?G&< =IE I>GHD9D@?IHE=8HCHI.
G 1978 ?DH" I>8 I>8.I@C HGA -+F-BG.AHD&HC=D, G 21BG<
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21?I.
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HG 21BG.
G 1979 >"9E ?D I>8.I@C HGA A?GA9;GA D>E21$C=D HG 9IHG?D;G
@HGF G96F8 =IE .AHD&HC=D ?D $"?FGA<, >GA .&GFHIE @HCF >DBEG25.
=G9G&$C@IF =CB&DE< H6F GBIH1F ?FC?D;6F =IE IB2IEG9G/E=1F
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DA$&FC< /EI FI ?D;FGAF GE IB2IEG9G/E=G; =IE GE =GEF82BC@HGE 21BGE
=I$IBG; =IE >ABGG9G&?D HG B"HG< D2F1FHI< 8HE HG B"HG< D;?I@HD
D?D;< =IE 8HE -DF D;FIE -AFIH8F >;@6 I>8 HGF =I$+FI ?I< FI HB+2DE
+FI< .&9I=I< 5 +FI 8B/IFG HC< H"C<.
HC -D=IDH;I HGA 1990 GE D@>ED;< -E=IEG9G/C?+FI $+9C@IF FI HGF;@GAF HCF @A?G95 H6F 2E9;6F >BG/8F6F HGA<, >GA +>D@IF =IH" HCF >DB;.C?C ?"2C, IFI/D;BGFHI< +FI ?FC?D;G HI D/=I;FEI HGA G>G;GA +=IFD G
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50
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FI ="FDE HG =I99;HDBG -AFIH8 /EI HG 21BG. E DB?G>&9D< 8?6< -DF
IFHE?DH6>;GFHIE >ABG@D@HE=" 5 DA=IEBEI=" ?D HE< >DBEGBE@?+FD< GE=GFG?E=+< -AFIH8HCHD< HC< >CBD@;I<.
D "@C HI IF6H+B6 DF @AFHG?;I D=H;$DFHIE HI 8FDEBI =IE GE >BGH"@DE< HC< A>G/B".GA@I< /EI IAH8F HGF 21BG, +FI >I/=8@?EI IFI/F6B;@E?G @&?G9G.
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51
I >B+>DE FI IFI@HC96$D; D>;@C< G DBDE>6?+FG< FDB8?A9G<, 6< FD8HDBG ?FC?D;G =IE FI 2BC@E?G>GEC$D; IF"9G/I. EI 89I IAH" 2BDE"GFHIE
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?+@6 IF"9G/6F -EIEHC@E1F.
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=IE @GIB+< 2GBC/;D< /EI HCF A9G>G;C@C 8@6F GFD;B6F +2GA?D /EI HE<
DB?G>&9D<.
,O,/OG<FS5OS
Bequignon Y., La Vallee du Spercheios, Paris 1937.
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$5FI 1987.
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1801,1805 and 1806, London 1819.
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the Krisaian Gulf, The Great Isthmus Corridor Route, Vol.I, University of Minnesota
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1951.
Marinatos Sp., Forschungen in Thermopylen,Bericht ueber den VI Internationalen
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* Kraft J., Geology of the Great Isthmus Corridor, CORRIDOR, 1-16.
Staehlin Fr., Das Hellenische Thessalien, Stuttgart 1924.
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52
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+FHGFI @C?"-EI HGA DB/I9D;GA @H;96@C< @HCF D6HDBE=5 D>E."FDEI,
DF1 D26B;DE IF"?D@" HGA< +FI 2IBI=HCBE@HE=8 >IB"-DE/?I HC< @HE96H5< HD2FE=5< HC< D>G25< (EF.1:16-17).
2DEBG>G;CHC 2BC@HE=5 =DBI?E=5 2BC@E?G>GED;HIE I>8 HCF >B1E?C # >DB;G-G, IB2+< HGA 12GA
IE. >.., @HCF =GE9"-I HGA >DB2DEG&, DF1 /DFE=D&DHIE @HCF >B6HG/D6?DHBE=5 D>G25 (H+9G< 10GA- IB2+< 9GA IE), =IH" HCF G>G;I =IE D?>9GAH;DHIE ?D F+I @25?IHI =IE ?D ABE-E=" -EI=G@?CHE=" $+?IHI, I>GH+9D@?I
HC< I99C9GD>;-BI@C< HC< ?A=CFI=5< ?D HCF 8BDEI $D@@I9E=5 >IB"-G@C HC< 2DEBG>G;CHC< =DBI?E=5<. &B6 @HG 950 >.. @25?IHI HC< 2DEBG>G;CHC< =DBI?E=5< IFI>IB"/GFHIE =IE @D HBG259IHD< >IBI99I/+<, 8>6<
.I;FDHIE =IE I>8 HI DAB5?IHI HGA H".GA IV H6F G?>GH"-6F. FI.+BGA?D DF-DE=HE=" >IBI-D;/?IHI .9I@=GDE-1F >B826F ?D @HDF8 5 DAB&
=A9EF-BE=8 9IE?814 (EF.1:18).
DFE=" HI >59EFI I//D;I HC< A>G>B6HG/D6?DHBE=5< - >DBE8-GA I>8
HGF H".G IV H6F G?>GH"-6F, HI G>G;I IF5=GAF @D H&>GA< =I$C?DBEF5<
2B5@C<, 2IBI=HCB;GFHIE I>8 ABE-E=+< HD2FE=+< H6F HG>E=1F DB/I@HCB;6F HC< =GE9"-I<, 26B;< I=BE5 >IB"99C9I @HI /DEHGFE=" =+FHBI HC<
D@@I9;I< =IE HC< #&GEI<. u9I @2D-8F HI I//D;I .+BGAF $I?>5 5 D9I.B" /AI9E@HDB5 ?D9IF5 5 =I@HIF+BA$BC I.5, >GA =I9&>HDE I?D91<
G98=9CBC HCF D>E."FDE" HGA<.
I I//D;I H6F E@HGBE=1F 2B8F6F >GA B+$C=IF @HGF H".G IV 2BGFG9G/G&FHIE =AB;6< @HG ?E@8 HGA 5GA =IE @HGF 4GF IE. >.. DF1 9E/8HDBI IF5=GAF @HE< IB2+< HGA 5GA =IE HGA 3GA IE. >.. I >DBE@@8HDBI D26B;GAF
/EI HCF D>E?D9C?+FC =IHI@=DA5 HGA<, ?DBE=" I>GHD9G&F >E$IF8HIHI DE@I1 2 . >B9 /EI >IB"99C9I: DB-D95< 1958, 42. Popham-Sackett-Themelis 1980, 319,
DE=.15 D., 317, DE=.15:g, >EF.179:22,1 >IB"-DE/?I ?D DCBC?+FD< HIEF;D< @HG @1?I. I=GB1FEI 2007, 419, DE=.2. I=GB1FEI 2009, 978, DE=.12-13. I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA 2007, 24,
DE=.10.
1 3 . I=GB1FEI 2009, 978, DE=.9. Popham-Sackett-Themelis 1980, 323-324, DE=.16D,
>EF.128:4,2, >EF.171:5,4. I=GB1FEI 1982, 263-264, DE=.3, 5. Dakoronia 2006, 494-495.
1 4 . Lemos 2002, 84-85, 97.

9;I @HE< G?>GH"-D< $/-I<
59
/6/+< 5 >BG@G?GE"GAF ?D >BG8FHI @C?IFHE=1F DB/I@HCBEI=1F =+FHB6F

HC< D>G25<. >8 HI 2IBI=HCBE@HE=" I//D;I HGA I?E@G& HGA 5GA IE. >..
IFI.+BGA?D ?EI ?D9I?I.5 >D9;=C (12694) 26B;< >1?I,15 ?EI ?D9I?I.5
=&9E=I H&>GA C (12664)16 =I$1< =IE ?EI GEFG28C (12644) >GA .+BDE D>E/BI.5 @D Z\ -;>9I @HG 2D;9G<, ?D -AG /B"??IHI - , -.17 (EF.1:19-20)
E 9D=IF;-D< ?D >1?I I>GHD9G&F @=D&C =I996>E@?G& =IE I>G$5=DA@C< =I$C?DBF1F IFHE=DE?+F6F. HGF H".G IV B+$C=D +FI ?D9I?I.+<
>IB"-DE/?I (12765) =IE +FI ?D ?D9IF8/BI.I =G@?5?IHI =IE IF$+?EI @HG
>1?I (12745), >GA IF5=GAF @D 2IBI=HCBE@HE=" I//D;I HGA ?E@G& HGA
5GA I ?E@G& HGA 4GA IE. >..18 (EF.1:22). B=DH+< D;FIE GE ?D9I?I.D;<
=GH&9D< IHHE=G& H&>GA -EI.8B6F >IBI99I/1F HGA 5GA IE. >..19 >GA
B+$C=IF @HGF H".G IV (EF.1:23). FI 2IBI=HCBE@HE=8 >IB"-DE/?I ?D
DCBC?+FC >9IHE" HIEF;I @HC "@C =IE ?D9IF8/BI.C -E=HA6H5 =8@?C@C
(12798, EF.1:25) IF5=DE @D =GBEF$EI=G& H&>GA I//D;G (IH+HIBHG HGA
5GA IE. >.)20. FI< ?D9I?I.5< @=&.G< (12697, EF.1:24) IHHE=G& H&>GA
2BGFG9G/D;HIE @HG I ?E@8 HGA 3GA IE. >..21 DF1 D26B;DE =IE +FI >IB"-DE/?I ?D I>G9D>E@?+FC =8@?C@C HGA H+9GA< HGA 5GA IE. >.. IB2+< HGA
4GA IE. >..22 (EF.1:25 I). E -;6HGE @=&.GE @D -E".GBD< >IBI99I/+<,
8>6< H&>GA bolsal, I>GHD9G&F -EI-D-G?+FG I//D;G >8@C8 HG ?E@8
HGA 5GA - IB2+< HGA 4GA IE. >.. C 2B5@C HGA G>G;GA D>D=HD;FDHIE +6< HE<
IB2+< HGA 3GA IE. >.. (12784, 12785, 12786, 12797)23 (EF.1:26 I-).
?8F6HG< @=&.G< (12665. EF.1:26/) I>GHD9D; -C?G.E9+< @25?I I>8 HCF
&@HDBC B2I=5 D>G25 =IE D5<, DF1 HI ?D9I?I.5 >IBI-D;/?IHI IF5=GAF =AB;6< @HGF 4GF IE. >.. 8>6< HG 2IBI=HCBE@HE=8 >IB"-DE/?I I>8
HGF H".G IV H6F G?>GH"-6F.24
1 5 . Agora XII, part 1, @.237, part 2, >EF.1, IB.20-21
1 6 . Agora XII, part 1, @.264, part 2, >EF.20: 420.
1 7 . EI HE< ?D9I?I.D;< >B82GA<-GEFG28D< HGA 5GA IE. >..: Agora XII, part 1, @.244,
part 2, >EF.6:109, 113, >EF.8:155.
1 8 . I9H@"< 1998, @.115, >EF.129-,D. Agora XII, part1, @.165-167, 322, part 2,
>EF.40:1221, >EF.41:1224.
1 9 . Agora XII, part1, @. 81-83, @.258, part 2, >EF.15:321, >EF.16: 340-342 (=480450>..). IB9I?"-HI?>G9;-C< 2003, 126, IB.114.
2 0 . Corinth XIII, 125, 262, G?"-I ii, H".G< 395:4, >EF.63. Agora , part 1, @.257,
@.333, part 2, >EF.14:314, >EF.45:1377.
2 1 . IB9I?"- HI?>G9;-C< 2003, 954-95, IB.69. Agora XII, part 1, @.260, part 2,
>EF.17:351. Agora , part 1, @.94, 257-258, part 2, >EF.14: IB.151,152, DE=.12, H+9G<
4GA IE.>.. I9H@"< 1998, @.40, >EF.23:766.
2 2 . EI HG @25?I: Agora XII, part 1, @.258-259, @.260 (351), part 2, DE=. 4 (333),
>EF.15. EI HI >IBI-D;/?IHI HGA 5GA IE.>..: I9H@"< 1998, @.98, >EF.106, 1012.
2 3 . Agora XXIX, part 2, @.97, >EF.16:168. >"EGA/#A@HI$;GA-BEIFHI.&99GA 20032009, 216, DE=.7. I9I=I@E1HC 2000, 149-150, DE=. 3. Agora XII, part 1, @.107, 273-274,
part 2, >EF.24: 539-540, 556 . I9H@"< 1998, @.43, >EF.24, 952.
2 4 . Agora XII, part 1, @.124-126, part 2, >EF.30:764-765, 289, >EF.31:750-751.
Kerameikos , 107, >EF.266:78, 136, >EF.81:215,9
60
B. #
}z
B. TINA McGEORGE
HGF 4GF IE. 2BGFG9G/D;HIE D>;@C< G ?GFI-E=8< ?D9I?I.5< I?.GB+I<,25 =I$1< =IE ?EI ?D9I?I.5 >B82GA< (EF.1:21, 20:/).
E ?D9I?I.D;< 95=A$GE (12770, 12746. EF.1:27I,)) IFHE>BG@6>D&GFHIE I>8 9;/I >IBI-D;/?IHI26, DF1 GE ?D9IF8/BI.GE (12771. EF.1:27/)
.+BGAF 2IBI=HCBE@HE=5 =8@?C@C HGA 5GA IE. >.., 8>6< IF$+?EI, >9G2?G&< =IE "99I /BI??E=" =G@?5?IHI. F"?D@" HGA< +FI >IB"-DE/?I
9DA=5< 9C=&$GA.27 FI ?D9I?I.+< IBAI99GDE-+< 9C=&$EG (12711.
EF.29I) >GA 2IBI=HCB;DHIE I>8 BI-EF5 BI-6H5 /"@HBI =IE 2GIFGDE-5 C98 9IE?8, 2BGFG9G/D;HIE @HG ?E@8 HGA 5GA IE. >.. HC =IHC/GB;I
IAH5 H6F 9C=A$;6F, HI ?E=B" BI-6H" IBAI99GDE-5 9C=&$EI >GA
D?.IF;GFHIE @HG HB;HG H+HIBHG HGA 5GA IE. D>D=HD;FGFHIE =IE @HE< IB2+<
HGA 4GA IE. >..28 FI G98I.G 9C=&$EG (12660.EF.1:29/) ?D DCBC?+FC
1FC ?D ?D9IF8/BI.I @E/?GDE-5 =G@?5?IHI IF5=DE @HI H+9C HGA 5GA IE.
>..,29 DF1 +FI "99G ?E==&9G IBAI99GDE-+< 9C=&$EG (12732.EF.1:29-)
.+BDE 2IBI=HCBE@HE=5 =8@?C@C DBA$BG& -E=HA6HG& ?D 9DA=+< @HE/?+<
=IE 2BGFG9G/D;HIE @HG ?E@8 HGA 4GA IE. >..30 F"?D@I @HI ?D9IF8/BI.I >IBI-D;/?IHI D26B;DE +FI 9C=&$EG (12779. EF.1:29) ?D E-EI;HDBG @25?I =IE ?D/"9I IF$+?EI @D G98=9CBC HCF D6HDBE=5 D>E."FDEI,
HG G>G;G I>GHD9D; >E$IF8HIHI >BG8F GE6HE=G& DB/I@HCB;GA HGA H+9GA<
HGA 5GA IE. >..31 I >DBE@@8HDBI IBAI99GDE-5 9C=&$EI .+BGAF @HCF
?EI >9DAB" =8@?C@C IF$D?;GA (EF.1:30, " ?E@8 HGA 4GA IE. >..)32 HG
9DA=8 >59EFG D>;?C=D< 6GDE-+< I9"I@HBG (12713.EF.1:31I) HGA H+9GA<
HGA 5GA IE. >.., C =8@?C@C +2DE DFHD91G9D>E@HD;. I I9"I@HBI,
IAHG& HGA H&>GA ?E?G&FHIE HI I9I"@HBEFI I9"I@HBI =IE A>"B2GAF
@HG @2C?IHG98/EG +6< HGF 4GF IE. >..33
I ?D9I?I.5 =&>D9I (EF.1:32) HGA ?E@G& HGA 4GA IE. >.. =IE HGA
I ?E@G& 3GA IE.>.. D;FIE I>9" =IE @AFC$E@?+FI.34 G99" D;FIE HI >IBI2 5 . EI HG @25?I HGA I?.GB+I : Agora XI, part 1, @.244,>EF:.6:108. GHIB;-GA 1992,
79, DE=. 10.
2 6 . 12746 95=A$G< HGA I ?E@G& HGA 5GA IE. >.. IB9I?"-HI?>G9;-C< 2003, 335,
IB. 353.
2 7 . 12772 95=A$G< H6F ?+@6F HGA 5GA IE. >.. . 99I?"FC->G@H89GA 1992, 110,
DE=. 11,14.
2 8 . Agora XII, part 1, @.154, part 2, >EF.38, IB.1129-1131.
2 9 . Agora XII, part 1, @.315, DE=. 11 (1123), part.2, >EF.38:1123, 1124. IB9I?"-HI?>G9;-C< 2003, 236-237, IB.218.
3 0 . I9H@"< 1998, 29, >EF.9, @C?.32 /EI HC @2DHE=5 E9EG/BI.;I.
3 1 . I GE6HE=" IF$D?6H" I//D;I HGA HB;HGA ?E@G& HGA 5GA IE.>.. D;FIE =AB;6<
=&9E=D<, @=&.GE, >A;-D< (FD=BGHI.D;I =BI;.EI< =IE IF"/BI<). F-BDE6?+FGA 1988,
14, >EF.2:4,5 =IE 2007, 230, 231-237, >EF.116-121.
3 2 . F$D?6H" IBAI99GDE-5 9C=&$EI. I ?E@8 4GA IE. >.. IB9I?"-HI?>G9;-C<
2003, 371, IB. 412. A96F"< 1975, @.143-144, IB.230, >EF.264
3 3 . +?D9C<-GAB"H@G/9GA 1997, 42-43, 168-169 @C?.178 /EI HC 2B5@C =IE HGF
H&>G.
3 4 . IBI?5-9I2G/E"FFC 2004, 480, >EF.221, I.1., I.4.

9;I @HE< G?>GH"-D< $/-I<
61
-D;/?IHI H6F "6H6F ?D9I?I.1F .EI91F =IE .EI9E-;6F HGA 4GA IE.
>..,35 (EF.1:33,34) =I$1< =IE H6F ?D9I?I.1F >EFI=;6F GBE@?+FI ?D
=8@?C@C DF@.B"/E@H6F IF$D?;6F 5 /BI??E-;6F36 (EF.1:35). B=DH"
D;FIE HI 9A2F"BEI -EI.8B6F >IBI99I/1F >GA 2BGFG9G/G&FHIE I>8 HG
H+9G< HGA 5GA IE. =IE +6< =IE HGF 3GF IE. >..37 (EF.1:38). +9G<, ?;I >B82GA< (EF.1:36/) =IE +FI DAB&@HG?G I//D;G (EF.1:36) ?D -EI=8@?C@C
DBA$BG="@HIF6F HIEFE1F >BG@G?GE"DE ?D >IBI-D;/?IHI ;-EI< =8@?C@C< H6F IB21F HGA 3GA IE. I>8 HCF /GB" H6F $CF1F.38
?D9I?I.5<
@HI?FGDE-5< >A;-I (EF.1:36I) ?D ="$DHD< A6?+FD< 9I+< @HGF 1?G
IF5=DE @HI =HDB;@?IHI HGA H+9G< HGA 4GA IE IB2+< HGA 3GA IE. >..39
HG HD9DAHI;G H+HIBHG HGA 4GA IE. >.. 2BGFG9G/D;HIE HG ?D9I?I.+<
>BG2G-EG 12684,40 DF1 @HGF 4GF IE.>.. IF5=DE =IE HG >BG2G-EG 12834,
>GA I>GHD9D; >BG8F HG>E=G& DB/I@HCB;GA.41
HI E-EI;HDBI =DBI?E=" DAB5?IHI, D>D;@I=HI >BG8FHI >E$IF8HIHI
I$CFI=1F DB/I@HCB;6F =IHIH"@@GFHIE ?;I DBA$B8?GB.C 95=A$G<
(12692.EF.1:28I,) H6F ?+@6F HGA 5GA IE. >.. ?D >IB"@HI@C ?GB.5<
@D =;FC@C42, +FI 9C=&$EG HC< ;-EI< >DBE8-GA ?D DBA$B8?GB.C >IB"@HI@C
(12700. EF.1:28/,-), 8>GA D=IH+B6$DF ?E=B5< @HIHE=5< ?GB.5<, >E$IF8HIHI 8IFGA, DE=GF;GFHIE /AFIE=D;I ?GB.5 >GA =BIH" HD9DHGAB/E=5
.E"9C =IE .HDB6H5 ?GB.5 >E$IF8HIHI ;=C (?+@I ?D H+9C HGA 5GA
IE.>..), =I$1< =IE ?;I I>G@>I@?IHE=5 95=A$G< ?D 9DA=8 "$G< =IE
?D9IF8/BI.I /D6?DHBE=" =G@?5?IHI (12772, ?I;IF-BG<, 9I@H8<, =.".
EF.1:27-) H6F ?+@6F HGA 5GA IE. >..43 FI I>E8@2C?G ?ABG-G2D;G
(12661. >EF.1:39I) ?D HBE2B6?;I =IE 9G/28@2C?I .A99GDE-5 =G@?5?IHI
2BGFG9G/D;HIE >E$IF8HIHI @HC @HBG.5 I>8 HGF 4GF @HGF 3GF IE. >.. =IE
3 5 . EI HCF .E"9C 12788 >B9. Agora XII, part 1, @.293, part 2, >EF.32:802-803. EI HE<
.E"9D< 12678, 12682: Agora, XII, part 1, @.295 (830, 831, 832), part 2, >EF.33 , /EI HI .EI9;-EI HGA I?E@G& HGA 4GA IE.>.. : Agora XII, part 1, @.302-303 (943-945), part 2, >EF.34:
943-945. >"EGA/#A@HI$;GA-BEIFHI.&99GA 2003-2009, @.224, DE=.29. I9H@"<
1998, @.29, >EF. 9, 653-654, @.33, >EF.14, 762-763, >EF. 77, 718.
3 6 . Agora XII, part 1, @.295, part 2, >EF.33 (830), @.309, part 2, >EF.36: 1047, 1052,
IB2+< HGA 4GA IE.>..
3 7 . 12712: >"EGA/#A@HI$;GA-BEIFHI.&99GA 2003-2009, 223, DE=.27. Agora IV,
type 23A, >EF.7,36. 12799: >"EGA-#A@HI$;GA BEIFHI.&99GA 2003-2009, 226,
DE=.33 HGA 3GA IE.>.. 12705:. /&B6 @HG 300 >.. BG&/GA 1992, >EF. 10, IB. 42.
3 8 . Agora XXIX, part 2, >EF.48:493, @.127
3 9 . >"EGA/#A@HI$;GA-BEIFHI.&99GA 2003-2009, 309. I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA
1997, 51, >EF.33 I-.
4 0 . B9 ?D ?I=BEF" >IB"99C9I C9DEI=G; 95=A$GE: ABEI=G&-zI.DEBG>G&9GA
2011, @.58, >EF.11, IB.4146, 4142
4 1 . F-B+GA 1994, @. 200-201, >EF.143, 145 (I//D;I H".6F 10, 13)
4 2 . I=BEF8 >IB"99C9G ?D >IB"@HI@C ;=C< HGA 450-425 >.. IB9I?"-HI?>G9;-C< 2003, 123, IB.108.
4 3 .
95=A$G< >BG@G?GE"DE ?D IFH;@HGE2I >BG8FHI HGA z6/B".GA HC< +/IEBI<:
Kurtz 1975, @.152-154. I9H@"< 1998, @.106, >EF.116, 1059, 1060.
62
B. #
}z
B. TINA McGEORGE
>IBI>+?>DE @HCF IFH;@HGE2C -EI=8@?C@C I?.GB+6F I>8 HCF /GB" H6F

$CF1F, HCF 8BEF$G =IE HCF 9AF$G, DF1 >IBGA@E"DE G?GE8HCHD< ?D
I//D;I H6F =A>BEI=1F DB/I@HCB;6F. E I?.GBD;< IAHG; DE@"/GFHIE @HCF
#99"-I @HG H+9G< HGA 4GA IE. >.. =IE >BG+B2GFHIE I>8 DB/I@H5BEI HC<
FIHG9E=5< D@G/D;GA.44 HI >G9AHD95 =HDB;@?IHI IF5=GAF -AG @2D-8F I=+BIEI I9"I@HBI D I9I"@HBGA (EF.1:41), -C?G.E9+< @25?I =IE
@&FC$D< =H+BE@?I @D /AFIE=D;D< HI.+8 HI ?+@I HGA 6GA IE.>.. +6<
HI H+9C HGA 5GA IE.>.. E@HD&DHIE 8HE HG A9E=8 I99" =IE HG @25?I +2GAF
IE/A>HEI=5 >BG+9DA@C =IE 2B5@C 6< IB6?IHG-G2D;I.45 G /A"9EFG I9"I@HBG (EF.1:31), >GA =IHI@=DA"@HC=D ?D HCF HD2FE=5 HGA >AB5FI @HG
?E@8 HGA 5GA IE. ( D@G/DEI=5 ?"-I ), I>GHD9D; >E$IF8F D>D;@I=HG
>BG8F DB/I@HCB;GA HGA IFIHG9E=G& E/I;GA.46
EI I>95 ?D9I?I.5< .E"9C HGA 4GA IE. >..,47 C G>G;I >B+>DE FI D;2D
2BC@E?G>GEC$D; /EI ?I=B8F 2BGFE=8 -E"@HC?I >BEF I=G9GA$5@DE HGF
="HG28 HC< @HCF HD9DAHI;I HGA =IHGE=;I, .+BDE @HC "@C HC< HCF D/2"BI=HC D>E/BI.5 YK SL : (12702. EF.1:39). G I//D;G 5HIF >E$IF8HIHI @HCF =IHG25 -C?8@EGA 9DEHGAB/G& =IE I>GHD9D; -DAHDBG/DF5
=HDBE@?IHE=5 I>8$D@C. I.I =IE ?D9I?I.5 .EI9;-EI ?D /=B".EHE
(D?8@EGF) +2GAF BD$D; @HCF I/GB" H6F $CF1F =GFH" @D -C?8@EI =H5BEI =IE 5HIF I//D;I @HCF =IHG25 HGA -C?G@;GA.48 #>;@C< -C?8@EI I//D;I
?D /=B".EHE Y 5 IFIH;$DFHIE @A2F" @D EDB", 8>6< IAH" I>8 HG EDB8
HGA >8996FG< @HG I9I>8-E $E1HE-I<.49
E89G/I =IE >GE=;9I D;FIE =IE HI 2"9=EFI =HDB;@?IHI HGA H".GA IV.
AG HG6H+< 2"9=EFD< >8B>D< +2GAF @A??DHBE=8 E@G>I25 H8G =IE >9IH&
@.AB59IHG H?5?I @HCF >8B>6@C HC< >DB8FC< (EF.1:43I). H&>G<
IAH8<, G G>G;G< >BG@G?GE"DE ?D HGF H&>G VI 2a HGA Chr. Blinkenberg,
2BC@E?G>GED;HIE ?D -E".GBD< >IBI99I/+< @HCF >DBEG25 HC< D@@I9;I8 HCF A>G->B6HG/D6?DHBE=5 +6< =IE ?DH" HI H+9C HGA 9GA IE. >..,
DF1 @D "99D< >DBEG2+< .$"FDE +6< HG H+9G< HGA 8GA - IB2+< HGA 7GA IE
>..50 E >8B>D< B;@=GFHIE @AF5$6< @D D&/C, 8>6< .I;FDHIE =IE I>8
4 4 . EIFFE=GAB5-IH@EI-"-E95?6FG< 1989 ( +=-G@C 2000 F@HEHG&HG 6-/@GA),
@.61-85, 69, >EF.11, 12 . B9. ?D =A>BEI=8 I?.GB;@=G I>8 HGA< H&?GA< HC<
EFD;I<: G=GHG>G&9GA 1990, >EF.16:I Agora XII, part 1, @.191, part 2, >EF.63:1484, 8>GA
>IBGA@E"DHIE =8@?C@C 9G/28@2C?6F .A99GDE-1F =G@?C?"H6F. Williams 1969, 57-58.
4 5 . IB9I?"-HI?>G9;-C< 2003, 334, IB.352. , 82, IB.10, DE=.21.
4 6 . Harden 1981, IB.154, 155, @.74, >EF.X. Feugre 1989 IB.9.46, 9.47, 9.52, p.3637, DE=.3, 4. Weinberg 1992, 83, IB.11. 20 (1965), 2BGF. >EF.358/.
4 7 . EI HG @25?I: Agora XII, part 1, @.295-296, part 2, >EF.33:834, 841.
4 8 . B9. ?8F6HG .EI9;-EG ?D HG #- I>8 HC 89G. Lang 1976, >EF.30:740 >GA 2BGFG9G/D;HIE @HG 470-460 >.
4 9 . Kalapodi I, @.278, 311
5 0 . Blinkenberg 1926, 112-113 ( 12387). Kilian 1975, 26-27, tafel.3:80, 86, H&>G<
I. =I-89GA 2008, 207, DE=.160:101, @.217.

9;I @HE< G?>GH"-D< $/-I<
63
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BI;G HGA B/GA<, HCF DBI21BI =."9. =IE D>E=BIHD; =AB;68 HG ?E@8 HGA 7GA IE. =IE @HGF 6GF IE. >. . (/&B6
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>..,58 H+@@DBDE< (=4) @.C=6H5BD< -EI.8B6F ?D/D$1F (EF.1:45 I,,/), D=
5 1 . Dakoronia 2006, 503

5 2 . Dakoronia 2006, 503. #>;@C< F"BI-I9IE8=I@HBG, 32, 1977, 1, 104-105.
5 3 . Matthus 1985, 139-140, >EF.28: 387-389.
5 4 . w< "F6 138, 143-144
5 5 . Matthus 1980, 281 @C?28 8>GA E9EG/BI.;I
5 6 . z&?C-E-+BC< 2003, @.46, >EF.18 I-. Weber 1983, 430, 432
5 7 . Isthmia @.47, >EF.34 179A-B. Kilian/Dirlmeier 1984, 256, type BII-BVI. Corinth
XIII, @.281. I>9G&@HDBG< H&>G< >GA A>"B2DE =IE @HE< G?>GH"-D<, D;FIE /F6@H88
HG
BI;G HGA B/GA<: Argive Heraeum II, 227, IB.580, >EF.LXXXII. Kilian/Dirlmeier 1984,
212, IB.3447, H&>G< , >EF. 85.
5 8 . Isthmia, @.61, >EF.38: 230-231 >B9. @.64, 244 IB/AB8 -I=HA9;-E =9I@E=5
>DB;G-G<.
64
B. #
}z
B. TINA McGEORGE
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. ?
\1_
uman remains from the Chamber Tomb IV:

Treatment, continuity and function of Ancestral remains
The following is the report on the human remains from tomb IV at Profitis
Ilias, Kompotades. First constructed in LHIIB/IIIA1 and used until
LHIIIB2/IIIC-early; it was subsequently re-used many times in SubProtogeometric, Archaic and Classical times and last used in the first quarter of
the 3rd century BC. The first part of the report presents the bone identifications
by group and period; that is followed by a discussion and, finally, conclusions
that put forward possible explanations for the very prolonged use and function
of this tomb and ancestral remains.
5 9 . X"9=EFGE -;@=GE ?D D/2IB"DE< =G@?G&@IF D>;@C< &9EFI =E6H;-EI 5 "99I IFHE=D;?DFI I>8 DAHD9+< A9E=8. Isthmia, IB.283
6 0 . I=GB1FEI 1989, 115-120.
6 1 . AF5$6< B;@=GFHIE +FI 5 -AG FG?;@?IHI =IE @>"FEI >DBE@@8HDBI @=GB>E@?+FI
@HGF $"9I?G, ?EI @AF5$DEI >GA >IBIHCBD;HIE @HGA< H".GA< HC< G=B;-I8 HGF 5G IE.
>.. I=GB1FEI 1988, @.12.
6 2 . EI HGF @2G9EI@?8 H6F FG?E@?"H6F >B9. .HIABG/E"FFC<, BDE< HI.E=G; FG?E@?IHE=G; $C@IABG; I>8 HE< G?>GH"-D< $E1HE-I<. E?CHE=8< 8?G< /EI HCF #>;HE?G
.GBG B2IEGH5H6F =. .I=GB1FEI, A>8 +=-G@C.

9;I @HE< G?>GH"-D< $/-I<
65
I. Anatomical Identifications And Contexts

The skeletal material recovered from the entire tomb consists of just 205
identified items and 142 featureless fragments or not meaningfully identifiable
chips of human bone as well as 2 animal bones (see bottom of Table 5). The
bones were collected in groups, separated spatially within the tomb. Each group
was associated with its grave offerings, mainly vases, as well as other artifacts
deposited at the time of burial. During the later reuses of the tomb, the earlier
skeletons appear to have been moved aside with their grave gifts. Group 26a
consisted of skeletal remains placed in a pit, while the grave gifts arranged on
top of the pit date from the LHIIB/ LHIIIA1 to the LHIIIB2-IIIC-early, the time
when the chamber tomb was originally constructed and used. The other groups
of skeletal remains: 18a, 23=- and 24Ib (see Plan), were associated with vases,
which date the later reuses of the tomb. Group 17a is the mixed material from
the surface cleaning of the chamber, collected at the start of the excavation.
Separate tables (1-5) for each of the five groups present the identified bones
with brief comments descriptions and measurements where possible. The material is very poorly preserved, not only because of its great antiquity but also because
of repeated disturbances to the earlier burials. Only 23% of the identified bones are
complete. It is principally the small compact bones (e.g. tarsals, metatarsals,
metacarpals, hand and foot phalanges), which have survived intact because of their
small size and compactness. By contrast, there was only one complete long bone
(: a fibula from group 241B level 2), which permitted a stature estimate, and a
clavicle in Group 17a from cleaning of the chambers surface layer.
The Mycenaean Burials Mid-15th to Lat-13th/12th C.B.C. [Table 1 Group
26a]
The skeletal remains from the oval pit (measuring 75 cm x 1.10m) in the
southeast corner of the tomb had been placed beneath a group of 28 vases.
Mingled with them were seal stones and spindle whorls of steatite, a variety of
beads. Some miniature vases may have been gifts for a deceased child or children, but if so their remains have not survived, perhaps because the tombs original burials, or a random selection of them, were re-buried, being deposited in
the pit at the very bottom of which an LHII dipper was found. Repeated handling
of the burial remains explains the incompleteness and poor condition of the
material, described in the excavation diary as friable and disintegrating. There
was evidence of rodent damage on radius # 175, fig. 2c, and femur #195. Group
26a comprises 33 diagnostic items and another 75 featureless fragments, which
can be seen in Table 1. They include at least one adult male, about 40 years old
possibly a second adult male represented by a supernumerary femur fragment
and a young adult female recognized from fragments of the left humerus #176
with a small proximal articulation right femur #195, and perhaps a piece of
cranium #197.
66
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B. TINA McGEORGE
Sub-Protogeometric Period: 9th C.B.C [Table 2 Group 18a]

Three distinct clusters of vases on the west, south and east of the burial chamber were observed. Group 18a was the first to be excavated, to the right of the
tombs entrance along the west wall of the chamber. The burial deposit here was
about 15 cm deep and gave the largest group of bones together with 32 plain and
decorated vases, most dated to the 9th century B.C. and some dated to the
Classical period, bronze coins and a female figurine.
The 63 diagnostic items and 30 featureless bone fragments are recorded in
Table 3 (Group 18a). Long bones, 17 of them, were most numerous but fragmentary. The next most numerous category was the metatarsals (14), followed
by cranial fragments (10), vertebrae (8), metacarpals and phalanges (5), scapulas (4), pelves (2), calcanei (2) and a manubrium, above the sternum. About 20%
of the bones were complete: 8 metatarsals, 1 calcaneus, 2 metacarpals and 2 phalanges.
The minimum number of individuals (MNI) is three adults, since there are
three right 1st metatarsals (:#1, 2, 3). However, there is also a scapula (bone
#46), on which acromion process was not fused. This individual was near maturity, aged about 17 years, while mandible #40 represents an individual, aged
between 16 and 20 years, and is possibly the same person. The lower right molar
in this mandible had tiny cavities in the natural fissures of the occlusal surface.
A 7th cervical vertebra, with a billowed centrum belonged likewise to a youthful individual. At the other end of the age spectrum there was a lumbar vertebra
#33, probably male, with severe spondylitis.
Taphonomy: The small quantity of bone material in this group is equivalent
to under a third of a single skeleton, clearly far less than three complete skeletons suggested by the MNI. Five bones were noted to be brown coloured (#22,
27, 28, 29 & 31). There was lime adhering to a radius (# 19), whilst another, a
male humerus (# 21), had rodent tooth marks on the shaft. However, it is obvious that anthropogenic causes have had the greatest influence on the composition of the sample and the condition of the skeletal remains.
Pathologies: Bone #19, a radius mentioned above, appears to be osteoporotic. Osteoporosis is primary and secondary. It is caused by a number of diseases,
for example chronic disorders such as hypothyroid, or it may be connected with
age and is often seen today in post-menopausal women. The density of bone is
connected with the adequacy and appropriateness of the diet, particularly in specific life situations such as pregnancy. Osteoporosis can also result from the
immobilization of broken limbs. As the radius is not complete, this explanation
cannot be excluded. A first right metatarsal (# 2) had a small bone growth on
the medial plantar surface; bone #17, with a young appearance, had some bony

9;I @HE< G?>GH"-D< $/-I<
67
spicules on the calcaneus tuber caused by trauma (compare with #153 below).
A parietal bone fragment (# 37, fig. 5d) from a mature adult (the sutures were
obliterated) had an unusually thick cranial table. Thickening of the cranial table
can be caused by chronic anaemia, a symptom of thalassaemia and the sickle cell
trait. Both are genetic disorders caused by mutation in the haemoglobin gene.
People with two copies of the mutated gene have serious health problems. Their
red cells instead of being round are rigid, sickle-shaped cells. People with one
copy have some affected red cells and, without suffering from the problems of a
homozygote, are more resistant to infection by the malaria parasite which is why
this mutation is common in populations where malaria is prevalent. It is an adaptive evolutionary response to disease.
Classical Period: Mid-5th to beginning of 3rd C.B.C. [Table 3 Group 23 =-]
30 diagnostic items of bone in Group 23 =- are presented in Table 3. This
group was located on the east side of the tomb. After the removal of the visible
finds (a dozen clay vases, one glass vase, a bronze vase, and a variety of other
bronze artifacts such as pins, earrings, coins and a figurine), the excavation of an
11 cm deposit (level 1) produced a small collection of bones, the majority were
leg (5) or foot bones (18); ten metatarsals and phalanges were complete. Three
left 2nd metatarsals (: #78, 82 & 84), indicate an MNI of at least three people.
Some bones (left ulna #66, right tibia #71, and left fibula #72) represent a muscular adult male, though not necessarily the same person. There may have been
two adult males, since there were two large left navicular bones (#75 and 76).
However, there is also evidence of a petite young adult female or females (#68,
85, 86, 87).
Taphonomy: Rodent teeth marks were observed on a fibula # 73. Several of
the bones in this level 1 deposit, namely a humerus (#67), three of the
metatarsals (#77, 78 & 79 see fig. 1a), and a rib (76a, fig 1b) were encased in
lime. Three bones (#69, 85, 86) were brown coloured and one (#71, fig. 2d),
had vertical cracks on the surface, which suggests extreme temperature variations. Fires may have been used to fumigate chamber tombs, probably on the
occasions when tombs were reopened and earlier burials, probably not entirely
disintegrated, had to be shifted with their grave offerings to create space for new
burials. In this way the grave offerings with the skeletal remains came to be
arranged into discrete clusters while, in the process, substantial parts of the
skeletons may have been destroyed.
68
B. #
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B. TINA McGEORGE
Classical and Late Classical Period Mid-5th to early 3rd C.B.C. [Table 4
Group 24IB]
The 49 diagnostic items of human bone and 12 featureless fragments in
Group 24E come from level 2 on the south side of the tomb. Besides the bones,
this deposit also produced vases, several figurines, bronze earrings, finger rings,
buckles and dress pins, a silver pin and a clay spindle whorl. The majority are
diagnostic bones (=35) as well as the fragments are from lower limbs. The 4th
right metatarsal gives an MNI of four people. The material also included a
female pelvis fragment with the pubic symphysis, which gave a mean age estimate of 29.18 years. This group included the only complete long bone in the
entire assemblage (# 116, fig. 1d) an adult male fibula measuring 31.95 cm.
Stature was calculated as 158.57 cm using the stature formula: 2.60 (Fibula +
75.50).63
Taphonomy: Three bones were a brownish colour (#112, 115, 130), three (#
104, 106, 129) were coated in lime; one had rodent tooth marks (#137) and one
had an ancient break (#136, fig 2a). Some bones may have been broken by being
accidentally trodden on.
Pathologies: Bone #133 was a broken tibia. It was possible, without the need
for an X-ray, to observe with the naked eye two Harris lines near the epiphysis.
Harris lines, normally seen in x-rays, are linear areas of radio-translucency,
which form at the growth plate in immature individuals when growth is temporarily arrested. They may be caused by insults of disease or an inadequate diet.
Bone #132 was a lumbar vertebra with peripheral exostoses reflecting stress on
the vertebral column. Bone #112 was a talus with an exostosis. Osteoarthritis is
a chronic disease of the joints most often seen in the aged, but its occurrence in
young people may be triggered by trauma. It is a very common disorder, occurring in 1 in 5 people worldwide, but it is up to ten times more frequent in people who do physical labour.64
Surface Cleaning: Mixed material from all periods [Table 5- Group 17a]
The bone material in Group 17a was collected during the initial cleaning of
the chamber. There were 30 diagnostic items and another 25 fragments seen in
Table 5. The material mainly consists of foot and leg bones, also some fragments
of a pelvis, a vertebra, an ulna, two hand bones and a very large clavicle (15.7
cm long) with a deeply scoured enthesis (#140 fig. 3c), caused by prolonged
strenuous labour probably from an early age65. Nine bones six of them
6 3 . Using the formula in Trotter and Gleser 1958, 79-123
6 4 . Croft et al 1992, 1269-1272
6 5 . Stirland 1991, 40-47

9;I @HE< G?>GH"-D< $/-I<
69
metatarsals are complete. The material represents at least three people (three
right tibias): probably one female and two males (: 2 large left calcanei). A large
calcaneus #153, fig. 3a, from a mature adult male, had ossified tendons on the
heel caused by trauma, leading to the eventual ossification of the tendon.
Walking must have been painful.
Taphonomy: Four bones in this group were brown coloured and may have
been in contact with fire (e.g. femur # 146 see figure 2b). Also, one of the tibias
(#149 see fig. 1c) was covered in lime, (like radius #19 mentioned above). The
use of fire and of lime has already been reported for Mycenaean burials.66 The
hygiene properties of lime must have been appreciated millennia earlier since
lime was widely used from Neolithic times for coating floors and walls, steps,
benches and cisterns. It seems quite reasonable to assume that its use in tombs
was intended as a sanitary measure, to counteract the smell of putrid flesh and
to aid its dissolution.
II. Discussion:
Retrospective analysis of the formation of the burial deposit
The bones in the pit in the southeast corner of the chamber were the earliest
burials. The pit was probably created in the Sub-Proto-Geometric period for the
deposition of the original burials. The pit contained mostly fragmentary long
bone shafts (22), especially from the lower limbs (15), while most of the featureless fragments were also pieces from limb bones. These survived because
long bones are generally dense and more resistant to decay, but purposeful selection may also have been a factor. There were a few fragments of cranium (5) and
a mandible, while bones from the trunk and extremities (feet and hands) were
virtually absent from the pit. Small bones may have got separated or lost, or were
simply not re-deposited after cleaning out the tomb and arranging the bones in
the pit. Fragile remains such as vertebrae may have disintegrated completely.
Sub-Protogeometric Group 18a, by the west wall of the chamber excavated from
level 1, was the largest group with the greatest range of anatomical parts and
included the greatest number of pieces from the cranium and mandible. Cranial
fragments and teeth were absent from the remaining groups. Group 23 =- dating to the Classical era, on the east side of the chamber excavated from level 1,
included a range of material mostly from the trunk and lower limbs, while upper
limbs were represented by only two arm bones. Group 241B, on the south side
excavated from level 2, also included mainly lower limb or foot bones (41), a
few arm and hand bones (7). The overall rarity of cranial fragments and teeth in
the sample is puzzling. One would have expected some stray teeth, because they
6 6 . Paschalides - McGeorge 2009, 104.
70
B. #
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B. TINA McGEORGE
are far more resistant to decay than long bones. Why are crania and teeth barely
represented? The cause must be anthropogenic.
Two animal bones (see table 5) were found with the human remains. They
may have been food offerings for the deceased. Food offerings and the bodies
themselves must have attracted rodents. In nearly all groups there was evidence
of at least one bone having been gnawed (#21, 73, 137, 175 see fig. 2c, and 195).
Some bones had a coating of lime, probably a hygiene measure and an attempt to
deal with unpleasant smells from the decomposition of bodies. In all the groups
there were some brownish coloured bones, possibly resulting from fumigation
practices. Ancient breakages of bones (such as #136 see fig. 2a), may have been
caused by accidentally treading on, or dropping them. Grave offerings appear to
have been purposefully arranged in clusters with which there were groups of
associated bones, but the number of bones appears seriously depleted. Repeated
re-opening of the tomb altering the ambient environmental conditions would certainly have had a significant influence on preservation, probably accelerating disintegration of the bones. So human interference is certainly the main reason why
the skeletal remains are a fraction of what the original burials would have been.
Over centuries of use, recurring disturbances of the burials, repeatedly setting
aside an earlier burial to accommodate a new one, would have amplified the
unfavourable conditions, and explains the comingling of the human remains.
Minimum Number of Individuals
The minimum number of individuals for each group/data set has been given
separately in each section above, generating a total of 16 people. Bearing in
mind the discussion above co-mingling cannot be excluded. On the other hand,
combining of all the data (fig. 6 histograms 1 & 2), gives an MNI of only 10 people, derived from counting the right first metatarsal, which is the most frequent
and the best-preserved bone. This MNI is even less probable than the first given
that the tomb served for many generations.
Disease
Some pathologies were mentioned, such as dental caries (# 40a, fig. 4a) and
enamel hypoplasia (# 40, fig. 4b), osteoarthritis (#112, fig 3b), spondylitis (#33,
130, 64 fig. 5a, b and c), trauma (#153, fig. 3a) enthesopathy (#140, fig. 3c),
osteoporosis (#19), Harris lines, which are lines of arrested growth (#133 fig.
4c), and possibly thalassaemia or sickle cell anaemia (#37 fig. 5d), all relatively
common in human populations. However, the enthesopathy, was most interesting because it reflects the very early age in childhood at which people began to
do really hard labour. In contrast to the western social model and modern ethics
regarding childhood rights, which prohibit child labour, children were expected
to work from an early age.

9;I @HE< G?>GH"-D< $/-I<
71
III. Conclusions
The bones reflected not only the biological and cultural experiences of life, but
also of death. Firstly, we have evidence of the treatment of corpses, probably in
varying states of decomposition, with the use of lime and the clearing and cleansing of the tomb, during which substantial elements of the skeletons very likely
disintegrated and were lost. This explains why the tombs skeletal remains are
only a fraction of what there ought to have been. On the other hand, there is evidence of the accumulation and careful arrangement of the burial offerings
grouped at the sides of the tomb. The cleaning, housekeeping and rearrangement
of the tombs contents was obviously done for practical reasons in order to
accommodate new burials. So we have a glimpse of burial procedures practised
in the late fifteenth century down to the beginning of the third century B.C.
Secondly, it is important to stress that Tomb IV was in practice a grave monument that functioned for a thousand years serving it original purpose, though
perhaps not continuously since a gap of two and a half centuries between the
Mycenaean and Sub-Protogeometric burials is indicated. Effectively, the tomb
was a repository for the remains of successive generations of a group or groups
living in the area. Obviously, it was a recognized landmark and a focal point for
funeral ceremonies. Whenever a member of the family or group died, ceremonies would have been performed there in which all members of the community must have participated. So why was this tomb, far larger than the others in
the group, re-used again and again? Did economic constraints deter them from
spending resources on building a new one? This is possible but seems unlikely
given the accumulation of fairly rich contents in the tomb. The re-use of
Mycenaean tombs has been noted elsewhere, though usually accompanied by
pillaging of the grave goods67. But this did not happen here. The objects were
neither stolen nor desecrated. Did re-using this tomb fulfill some other need,
such as the need to emphasize genealogy and ancestry in a tomb impressive for
its size and contents; or the need to demonstrate kinship/consanguinity in order
to maintain a line of inheritance, or to legitimize property rights or claims to
property by some culturally affiliated descent group? The preoccupation of the
Greeks with hero worship and ancestry, real or mythical is thought to have its
origins in their Mycenaean heritage. Establishing ownership over land and the
concept of belonging - not being ancestorless seem to be reasonable explanations for repeatedly using this tomb.
Finally, the necessity of setting aside the earlier burials - customary in LBA
tombs - indicates that space was too limited to accommodate the extended burials of all the deceased relatives but the grave offerings memorializing ancestors
were respected. Although it may appear to us that by comparison their attitude
6 7 . E.g. Tomb V at Pylona, where apart from a few stray sherds, the tomb had been completely cleared of earlier burials and gifts: see Karantzali 2001, 20.
72
B. #
}z
B. TINA McGEORGE
towards an ancestors physical remains was cursory and less respectful than
ours, but it is probable that repeated re-opening of the tomb created very aggressive conditions in the burial environment in addition to other factors such as
the tombs proximity to the Spercheios river and the height of the water table
which contributed to the eventual depletion of the skeletal remains, whereas the
vases and some bronzes survived. We should not ignore the importance of bloodlines and lines of continuity perpetuated by descendant/ ascendant populations.
The actual artifacts carefully clustered round the edges of the tomb, memorializing ancestors, real or imagined, would have been an effective mnemonic
device for the recital of a very long and very impressive genealogy.
B. Tina McGeorge
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6 8 . I=GB1FEI 1991, 70-73. Dakoronia 1994, 235-236. I=GB1FEI 2009, 976

9;I @HE< G?>GH"-D< $/-I<
73
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229-232, 44, 1989, 2BGFE=", 175-177, 45, 1990, 2BGFE=", 185 (#9"HDEI).
74
B. #
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B. TINA McGEORGE
G>G;I +.DBD -EDA=BEFE@HE=" HCF D>GFG?I@;I #BA$BI; D>; DB?G>&9IE<,

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B. #.C IB"FHI9C
B. Tina McGeorge
7 0 . GBH@+9I< 1907, @.89-90. Helly 1978, @.153-154.

9;I @HE< G?>GH"-D< $/-I<
JOASBSM 1: H3F-9S:S :S5G3 IV

5&:G<FS5OHM
JHFO<FS5- SA:OBHO9HA&A
12679 A=CFI=8 IBH8@2C?G

I9"I@HBG HC< #/1.
12679, 12651, 12673 HB;6HI

@.IEBE=" ?A=CFI=" I9"I@HBI HC<
#2-.
12676, 12735,12736, 12674 @.IEBE="

HB;6HI =IE -;6HI ?A=CFI=" I9"I@HBI HC< #2-, #2,
>B1E?C #.
12683, 12650,12737 HB;6HI

=A9EF-BE=" ?A=CFI="
I9"I@HBI #2-.
10
12659,12657,12675 HB;6HI
=A9EF-BE=" ?A=CFI=" I9"I@HBI
#2, #2.
12653,12655,12738 HB;6HI =IE -;6HI
=A9EF-BE=" ?A=CFI=" I9"I@HBI
>B1E?C #2, #2-.
12671,12652,12668 A=CFI=G;
>E$I?.GB;@=GE HC< #-.
12648,12649 A=CFI=G;
>E$I?.GB;@=GE HC< #-.
12658,12667,12739 A=CFI=G; DA-8@HG?GE I?.GBD;< HC< #1 =IE >B1E?C< #.

12670,12656 A=CFI=+< >BG2G;@=D< HC< #-.
75
76
B. #
}z
B. TINA McGEORGE
5&:G<FS5OHM
11
: 12933 I?.GB+I< ?D GBE8FHED<

9I+< HC< ?+@C< #
: BC25 .E"9C 12654 HC< #.
12
12696,12647,12663,12787,12715
98I.I C?E@.IEBE=" =&>D9I HC<
>G>B6HG/D6?DHBE=5< >DBE8-GA.
HCF ;-EI =IHC/GB;I HI
12645,12646,12698,12714.
13
12708,12773,12795 BE.A98@2C?D<
GEFG28D< HC< >G>B6HG/D6?DHBE=5<
>DBE8-GA. HCF ;-EI =IHC/GB;I
HI 12709, 12710, 12774,
12775,12776,12777,12794, 12928, 12929.
14
: 12783 G>E@$8H?CHC >B82GA<

: 12930 I>95 >B82GA< HC<
>G>B6HG/D6?DHBE=5< >DBE8-GA.
HCF ;-EI =IHC/GB;I HI 12733,
12744, 12758.
15
: 12766 ;6HG< @=&.G< : 12931

"6HC .E"9C HC< >G>B6HG/D6?DHBE=5< >DBE8-GA.
16
12782, 12789, 12793 2DEBG>G;CHD<

@.IEBE=+< >B82GE ?D .A998@2C?C
>BG2G5 HC< >G>B6HG/D6?DHBE=5<
>DBE8-GA. HCF ;-EI =IHC/GB;I HI
12932, 12935, 12936.
17 12791, 12934, 12936 2DEBG>G;CHD<
@.IEBE=+< >B82GE ?D =A9EF-BE=8 9IE?8

HC< >G>B6HG/D6?DHBE=5< >DBE8-GA.
2677,12693,12792.
18
12695, 12662 HBG259IHD< >B82GE ?D

=A9EF-BE=8 @1?I =IE @HDF8 =A9EF-BE=8 9IE?8 HC< Y>G>B6HG/D6?DHBE=5<
>DBE8-GA.
19
:12694 D9I?I.5< >D9;=C HGA I

?E@G& HGA 5GA IE. >.. : ?D9I?I.5< =&9E=I 12664, HGA I ?E@G& HGA
5GA IE. >..

9;I @HE< G?>GH"-D< $/-I<
5&:G<FS5OHM
77
20
21
22
23
12644, 12928, B82GE - EFG28D<

HGA 5GA =IE 4GA IE. >..
12747 D9I?I.5< I?.GB+I< HGA

4GA IE. >..
:12745 D9IF8/BI.C 9D=IF;-I ?D

>1?I : 12765 ?D9I?I.5< 9D=IF;-I ?D >1?I ( ' ?E@8 HGA 5GA I?E@8 HGA 4GA IE. >..)
BDE< ?D9I?I.D;< =GH&9D< IHHE=G&
H&>GA 12748, 12640, 12680. HCF ;-EI
=IHC/GB;I HI 12681, 12697, 12756,
12764, 12781, 12785 (?E@8 5GA IE.
>.. - I?E@8 4GA IE. >..)
24
D9I?I.5< @=&.G< 12697 IHHE=G&
H&>GA HGA I?E@G& HGA 3GA IE. >..
25
26
: D9IF8/BI.G< @=&.G< 12701 :

=GH&9C 12798 (' ?E@8 HGA 5GA IE.
>.. - IB2+< HGA 4GA IE. >..)
: ;6HG< ?D9I?I.5< @=&.G< 12784
HGA ?E@G& HGA 5GA IE. - IB2+< HGA
4GA IE. >.. HCF ;-EI =IHC/GB;I
12785, 12797. -: ;6HG< ?D9I?I.5< @=&.G< H&>GA Bolsal 12786 HGA
H+9GA< HGA 4GA - IB2+< HGA 3GA I.>..
: 8F6HG< ?D9I?I.5< @=&.G<
12665.
27
D9I?I.D;<- D9IF8/BI.GE 95=A$GE ?D 2IBI=HCBE@HE=5 =8@?C@C
HGA 5GA IE. >.. (12770, 12746,
12771, 12772). HCF ;-EI =IHC/GB;I
12780.
78
B. #
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B. TINA McGEORGE
5&:G<FS5OHM
28
: 12692, DBA$B8?GB.C 95=A$G<

H6F ?+@6F HGA 5GA IE. >.. ?D
>IB"@HI@C ?GB.5< @D =;FC@C.
: C=&$EG 12700 HC< ;-EI< >DBE8-GA ?D DBA$B8?GB.C >IB"@HI@C.
29
D9I?I.5 =IE ?D9IF8/BI.I 9C=&$EI HGA I?E@G& HGA 4GA IE. >.. :
12711. : G 12779 HGA H+9GA< HGA
5GA IE. >.. I>GHD9D; >BG8F GE6HE=G& DB/I@HCB;GA. : 12660. : G
12732 HGA H+9GA< HGA 4GA IE. >..
?D -EI=8@?C@C >9+/?IHG<.
30
12642, 12703, 12685, 12704 BAI9GDE-5 9C=&$EI ?D =8@?C@C IF$D?;GA

HGA 4GA IE. >.. HC ;-EI =IHC/GB;I
12641, 12687, 12688, 12732, 12734,
12755, 12767.
31
:12713 59EFG 9DA=8 I9"I@HBG

?D D;HC9C D>E."FDEI HGA H+9GA<
HGA 5GA IE. IB2+< HGA 4GA IE. >..
: A"9EFG I9"I@HBG (14371) HC<
HD2FE=5< HGA >AB5FI HGA ?E@8
HGA 5GA IE. >..
32
12643, 12698, 12717 ?D9I?I.5

=IF$IB8@2C?I =&>D9I HGA ?E@G&
HGA 4GA - IB2+< HGA 3GA IE. >..
12757.
33
12689, 12686,12666, 12691 D9I?I.5 "6HI @=A.;-EI HGA 4GA IE.
>.. HCF ;-EI =IHC/GB;I HI 12702,
12759.
34
12788, 12678, 12682 ?D9I?I.D;<
.E"9D< HGA 4GA IE. >.. HCF ;-EI
=IHC/GB;I HI 12690, 12702, 12761.

9;I @HE< G?>GH"-D< $/-I<
5&:G<FS5OHM
79
35
12716 ?D9I?I.+< >EF"=EG HGA 4GA

IE. >.. ?D DF@.B"/E@HC =8@?C@C
@HG D@6HDBE=8.
36
: 12796 HI?FGDE-5< ?D9I?I.5<

>A;-I HGA H+9GA< HGA 4GA - IB2+< HGA
3GA IE. >.. :#AB&@HG?G I//D;G
(12763) : >B82GA< ?D @HDF8 9IE?8
(12762) =IE HIEFE6H5 =8@?C@C H6F
IB21F HGA 3GA IE. >..
37
12684 =IE 12834 D9I?I.5 >BG2G-EI HGA H+9GA< 4GA IE. >..
HCF ;-EI =IHC/GB;I HG 12699.
38
:12742 ?D9I?I.5< 9&2FG< HGA

H+9GA< HGA 4GA -#: 12712, 12705,
12706, 12799 HGA 4GA - 3GA IE. >..
HCF ;-EI =IHC/GB;I HI 12741, 12743,
12760.
39
: >E8@2C?G ?ABG-G2D;G (12661)

HGA 4GA/3GA IE. >.. : D9I?I.5< .E"9C (12702) H6F IB21F HGA
4GA IE. >.. : D/2"BI=HC D>E/BI.5
@HC "@C HC< .E"9C<. :12707 ?E=B8
"6HG @=A.;-EG.
40
59EFI DE-19EI A-BEG.8BGA, =GABGHB8.GA =IE /AFIE=D;I< E@H"?DFC<
?GB.5< (4786, 4784, 4785)
41
9"I@HBI D' I9I"@HBGA,
5G< IE. >.. (12947, 12948, 12949)
42
:10860 "9=EFC HBE.A98@HG?C

GEFG28C HGA ?E@G& HGA 5GA >..
-:11496 "9=EFC C?E@.IEBE=5
G?.I96H5 .E"9C HGA I?E@G& HGA
5GA IE. >.. :>G@>I@?IHE=5
2"9=EFC .E"9C ?D ?E=B+< G>+<
IF"BHC@C< HGA 5GA IE. >..
80
B. #
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B. TINA McGEORGE
5&:G<FS5OHM
43
:19862, 11271 "9=EFD< HG6H+<

>8B>D< HC< >G>B6HG/D6?DHBE=5<
>DBE8-GA. -: 2"9=EFD< >DB8FD<?D
@.IEBE=" D"B?IHI =IE >9IHE"
-E@=GDE-5 "F6 I>89CC (6G<-5G< )
(11493, 11497, 11498, 11499, 11501,
11505, 11517I-/).
44
:11270 I@C?+FEI >DB8FC HGA 5GA

IE. >.. :10861 "9=EFG
="HG>HBG, :11509 2"9=EFG I@>;-EG
I>8 @.AB59IHG +9I@?I : 11519
I>G@>I@?IHE=8 2"9=EFG E>>"BEG.
45
1.:11268, :11273- 11502,
:11660 "9=EFGE @.C=6H5BD<,
:11506, #:11507I, 2"9=EFI
DF1HEI (@HCF ;-EI =IHC/GB;I
11495, 11272I, 11494, 11492, 11511)
: 11490 IB/AB8 -I=HA9;-E
?D >9IHE" @.DF-8FC.
46
11272, 11500 I, 11500D, 11504,
11491I-, 11269, 11510 2"9=EFGE
=B;=GE =IE -I=HA9;-EI.
47
:11269, 10863,11267 : 11500-2"9=EFGE =B;=GE >E$IF8HIHI >BGFG?E@?IHE=+< ?GF"-D<.

9;I @HE< G?>GH"-D< $/-I<
Figure 1b:
Figure 1a:
Taphonomy
Figure 1c:
Figure 1d:
Figure 1a: Metatarsals (#77, 78 & 79) encased in lime

Figure 1b: Rib (#76a) encased in lime
Figure 1c: Tibia (#149) covered in lime
Figure 1d: Fibula (# 116) of an adult male, the only complete bone
Figure 2a:
Figure 2b:
Figure 2d:
Taphonomy
Figure 2c:
Figure 2a: Tibia (#136) with an ancient break

Figure 2b: Burnt femur (# 146)
Figure 2c: Radius (#175) damaged by rodents
Figure 2d: Tibia (#71) with cracks
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82
Figure 3a:
Figure 3b:
Figure 3c:
Pathology
Figure 3a: Calcaneus (#153) with ossified tendons
Figure 3b: Talus (#112) with osteoarthritis
Figure 3c: Clavicle (#140)with an enthesopathy
Figure 4a:
Figure 4b:
Pathology
Figure 4a: Molar (# 40a) with caries
Figure 4b: Mandible (# 40) and teeth with enamel hypoplasia
Figure 4c: Tibia (#133) with Harris lines
Figure 4c:
Figure 5a:
Figure 5b:
Pathology
Figure 5c:
Figure 5a: Lumbar (#33) with spondylitis

Figure 5b: Atlas (#130) with spondylitis
Figure 5c: Cervical (#64) vertebra with spondylitis
Figure 5d: Parietal (#37) bone fragment with enlarged trabeculae
Figure 5d:

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Figure 6: Analysis of Burial Deposit ~ Histograms 1 & 2
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95
M3A:G9G ,OG<FS5OBG M-9HO&9S

B. #.C #.IB"FHI9C
DFF5$C=D @HC I?;I =IE >IBI=G9G&$C@D HE< I@E=+< @>GA-+< IB2IEG9G/;I< @HG IFD>E@H5?EG B5HC<. G 1993 >5BD HG -E-I=HGBE=8 HC<
-;>96?I I>8 HG IFD>E@H5?EG HC< GB8FFC< @HC I99;I (IB;@E) =IE HG
1996 -C?G@;DA@D HC -EIHBE5 HC< ?D $+?I E @2+@DE< H6F A=9"-6F =IE
HC< B5HC< =IH" HCF B1E?C #>G25 HGA I9=G&, @HC @DEB" BARArchaeopress HC< .8B-C<. >8 HG 1991 +6< HG 2003 DB/"@HC=D @HC
#.GBD;I BG@HGBE=1F =IE 9I@E=1F B2IEGH5H6F @HC }8-G. G 2001
-C?G@;DA@D HCF ?GFG/BI.;I /EI HG ?A=CFI=8 FD=BGHI.D;G @HCF A91FI HC< }8-GA @HC @DEB" BAR-Archaeopress HC< .8B-C<. ED5/I/D >G99+< IFI@=I.+< @HC B5HC, HE< A=9"-D< =IE HI 6-D="FC@I. >8 HG
2003 +6< @5?DBI DB/"DHIE @HC #.GBD;I BG@HGBE=1F =IE 9I@E=1F B2IEGH5H6F @HC I?;I =IE -ED"/DE IFI@=I.+< @HCF =GE9"-I HGA
>DB2DEG&. 2DE -C?G@ED&@DE >G99" "B$BI @D D99CFE=" =IE +FI D>E@HC?GFE=" >DBEG-E=" =IE +2DE 9"DE ?+BG< @D -ED$F5 @AF+-BEI >"F6 @D DE-E=" $+?IHI HC< #>G25< HGA I9=G& @HG E/I;G =IE E-EI;HDBI HC< A=CFI=5< >DBE8-GA.
P.J.P. McGeorge
Anglo-Greek anthropologist permanently resident in Greece since 1983, Dr
McGeorge pursued research into the physical anthropology of ancient populations, was involved in setting up the Laboratory of the American School in 19912 and later in teaching and examining undergraduates and postgraduates at the
University of Crete 2001-2010. She has collaborated on several research projects in Greece which resulted in monographs published in the BAR volumes 988
and 1917, and in SIMA volume XCIII. Her articles on demography, morbidity,
palaeo-pathology and medical practice have been published in Greek, French
and English language periodicals. She is currently collaborating on projects
concerned with infant mortality and burial customs in prehistoric Crete with
Prof. P. Warren, on the Haghios Charalambos Human Bone Project with
Professors C. Davaras and P. P. Betancourt, training interns from American and
European universities at INSTAPEC, and on human remains from the Kastelli
Chania excavation directed by Dr Maria Andreadaki-Vlazaki, General Director
of Antiquities.
96
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1 8 . Pliny, Natural History, XVII 199-216.
1 9 . D8.BI@HG<, DB; .AH1F E@HGB;I< V 6.
2 0 . FI.+BGFHIE D-1 GE /F6?IHD&@DE< HGA =I$C/CH5 /D6>GF;I< . I>>" =IE HGA
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2, 1988, ( D@/F;=C 1991), 91-99.
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9D;I<, 26-27 A/G&@HGA 2000 ($5FI 2001), 37-51.
;=GA9I<: . . ;=GA9I<, E IB2I;GE I?>D91FD< @HG EDB8 HGA E8<
@HC D?+I.
8BG< 14-16 (2000-2003), 395-400.
;=GA9I< 2004: . . ;=GA9I<, ?>D9G.AHD&DEF. ;FGF @HGB1 .
I?>D9IF$;@?IHI, (D>E?. +=-. .. ;=GA9I<), H5?I DBGI@E9D;GA,
#>IF6?5 D@@I9GF;=C<, 15-5-2004 ($5FI 2004), 19-26.
GA9"=C 2004: . GA9"=C, G?>G98. E$D1F =IE /B+>IA9E< @HC
21BI H6F DE5$B6F. ;FGF @HGB1 . I?>D9IF$;@?IHI, (D>E?. +=-.
.. ;=GA9I<), H5?I DBGI@E9D;GA, #>IF6?5 D@@I9GF;=C<, 15-52004 ($5FI 2004), 45-56, ;F. 11-22.
=IB9IH;-GA 2004: #. . =IB9IH;-GA, B2I;G< I?>D91FI< @HC
+B?C (+-D<) D@@I9GF;=C<. ;FGF @HGB1 . I?>D9IF$;@?IHI
(D>E?. +=-. .. ;=GA9I<), H5?I DBGI@E9D;GA, #>IFG?5 D@@I9GF;=C<, 15-5-2004, 27-36 ($5FI 2004) 27-36, ;F. 1-6.
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108
E5 IB;I
,OG<FS5OBG M-9HO&9S
1976: HA2;G HC< E9G@G.E=5< @2G95< HGA , H?5?I B2IEG9G/;I< =IE +2FC<.
1987: E-I=HGBE=8< H;H9G< @>GA-1F @HG >IFD>E@H5?EG HC< I/DFH;I< @HCF 9I@E=5 B2IEG9G/;I ?D $+?I B6HG/D6?DHBE=5 =DBI?DE=5 I>8 HCF 69=8 @HC D@@I9;I.
1988-1993: AFDB/I@;I ?D HG IFD>E@H5?EG HGA Giessen =IE HGA
B2IEG9G/E=G& GA@D;GA HC< E-;I< >89C< ?D IFHE=D;?DFG
-E-I@=I9;I =IE -EDI/6/5 -&G FG?E@?IHE=1F D=$+@D6F.
1994-1997: #>E@HC?GFE=5 @AFDB/"HE< @HC IAIBE=5 =I-C?;I #>E@HC?1F HGA GF"2GA. A//BI.5 HGA IHI98/GA: Corpus
Vasorum Antiquorum (CVA), Giessen 1 (1998).
1998-2006: D @A?"@DE< @HCF =IE #.
=H1B. 2006
D6< @5?DBI: B2IEG98/G< E-E6HE=G& -E=I;GA IGB;@HGA 2B8FGA @HCF
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@>I@;I H;FI, BG@HI?+FC HC< 7C< #.GBD;I< AIFHEF1F B2IEGH5H6F "BE@I<.
2 . IG IX 2, 215-220. 9. D>;@C< F Sthlin, H AV ``_ (2002), @. 275-277:
3 . EI HCF IFI@=I.5 @HG IA?I=8, 9. Y 27 (1972), BGFE=", @. 329: Y 28
(1973), BGFE=", 1, @. 323-325: Y 36 (1981), BGFE=", 2, @. 269-270: Y 46
(1991), BGFE=", 1, @. 231-232.
110
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@@GA10, @HI GA9DAH5BEI HC< E95HGA11 =IE HC< I9I/I@@G&12.
4 . 9. D@>GH8>GA9G<,
>G9D?E=5 H+2FC H6F IB2I;6F #995F6F =IH" HCF >DB;G-G
1100 -336 >.2., L 2, @. 196, 198-199.
5 . . . B9"F-G<, =Z 1958, @. 48 =.D., DE=. 49-54K GA ;-EGA, =Z 1961, @.
229, DE=. 245.
6 . 9. >.2., HG I.E+B6?I HGA . 9D"F-BGA @HGF IB$DF1FI =IE HCF IF"$D@C
I@>;-6F I>8 HGF &BBG @HG DB8 HC< H6F;-G< $CF"< =IE HC 6-1FC. IA@IF;I< (,
19, 4) IFI.+BDE 8HE GE $CFI;GE I.E+B6@IF @HG FI8 HGA >8996FI H6F D9.1F HE< I@>;-D< HGA< ?DH" I>8 HC ?"2C HGA IBI$1FI.
7 .
..hompson,"TheOdeionintheAthenianAgora", Hesperia19(1950),@.79-82,>;F.53,54.
8 . BGFG9G/D;HIE @HE< >B1HD< -D=IDH;D< HGA 3GA IE. >.., @HI 2B8FEI HGA FH;/GFGA
GFIH". 9. @2. . EI."9EI<, G IB2I;G +IHBG HC< "BE@I< O\ Y L`R - YV_ZR S^]`^, G\` - O_UW KT__ 26-28/4/1985 ("BE@I
1985), @. 170, >EF. 14-15.
9 . P. Jacobsthal, Die Arbeiten zuPergamon II, Die inschriften (1906-1907), >;F. XLIII =.D.
1 0 . R. Martin, Recherches sur l' agora grecque (1951), @. 427-429.
11 . H. Knackfuss, Das Rathaus v on Milet, @. 99, DE=. 44 =IE >;F. V-VIII.
1 2 . S. Mitchell and M. Waelkens "Sagalassus and Cremna 1986", Anatolian Studies.
XXXVII (1987), @. 41, DE=. 2.1 =IE @D9. 42 /EI HCF 2BGFG98/C@C.
AF"/9A.C I@>;-I I>8 HG IA?I=8: +F-DEC ?I=D-GFE=5< >IBGA@;I<;
111
-EI=8@?C@C HI.E=1F ?FC?D;6F =IE CB16F ?D IF"/9A.D<

I@>;-D< D;FIE >G9& @AFC$E@?+FC. @>;-D< =G@?G&F HE< >BG@8DE< H6F HI.E=1F ?FC?D;6F
@HCF IB2I;I DB&FDEI =GFH"
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HGA +GFHG< HC< F;-GA15, HCF
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HGA B;/=C>I HC< DB/;FI<17,
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HCF D;@G-G 9IDAHG& H".GA HC<
CQN. 2
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=IE HG D@6HDBE=8 HI.E=1F
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H6F I@>;-6F @HI ?FC?D;I IAH"
+2GAF ?8FG -EI=G@?CHE=8 >BGGCQN. 3
BE@?8 5 IF @AF-+GFHIE ?D HCF
E-E8HCHI HGA FD=BG& 5 @AFDE@+.DBIF @HG 2IBI=HCBE@?8 HGA 6< 5B6I -DF
D;FIE D&=G9G FI DI=BE6$D;. A2F" @HCF HI.E=5 IB2EHD=HGFE=5 I>DE=GF;GFHIE I@>;-D< >IB"99C9I ?D $1BI=D<, =B"FC =IE ;.C, 8>6< /EI
>IB"-DE/?I, @HG HI.E=8 ?FC?D;G @HC Selca21 HC< 99AB;I<, 8>GA IFI>IBE@H1FHIE IF"/9A.G =B"FG< =IE I@>;-I IF"?D@I @HGA< C?E=;GFD< HC< >B81 3 . Y 30 (1975), @.120K . D=GA9"=GA, FW ]] `
R YV#,
D@@I9GF;=C 1994 (I-C?G@;DAHC -E-I=HGBE=5 -EIHBE5).
1 4 . B. 6F@HIFHEF8>GA9G<, "+I DAB5?IHI D= }8-GA =IE @HA>I9I;I<", AAA, VI.
1 (1973), B2IEG9G/E=" BGFE=", @. 116, DE=.3.
1 5 . F. atz, Hellenistiche und rmische Grabbauten (1938), DE=. 2.
1 6 . H. Lauter, Die Architek tur des Hellenismus (1986), >;F. 47I.
1 7 . M. F-B8FE=G<, ;Z. `_ \ \__ VW (1994), @.
198, DE=. 160.
1 8 . . IBI?5HBGA- DFHD@;-C, ?I=D-GFE=8< H".G< >C9E"< #GB-I;I<, YK 1
(1987), @. 23-36, @2. 1, DE=. 1,3,5.
1 9 . J. S. Cassels, "The Cemeteries of Cyrene", BSR XXIII (1965), @. 21, >;F.VIIIa.
2 0 . . +H@I<, \ G^X (1966), @. 57-59, DE=. 15.
2 1 . N. Ceka, "La ville Illyrienne de la Basse - Selce", L' Illy rie La v ille Illy rienne. Edition
spciale en franais l' occasion du Premiere Colloque des Etudes Illy riennes, 15-21
Septembre 1972. II. Tirana 1972, @. 176 =.D., DE=. 7K GA E-;GA, "Les Tombes Monumentales
de la Basse - Selce", Iliria IV. Premier Colloque des Etudes Illy riennes Tirana 1976, @. 368
=.D., DE=. 3.
112
@GC<, =IE @HCF >B8@GC HGA H".GA HGA 9=+HI @HCF DB?C@@822, 8>GA
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D>"F6 ?+BG< H6F HG;26F @HGF HI.E=8 $"9I?G HGA ?I=D-GFE=G& H".GA
HGA &@6FG< =IE I99E=9+GA<23. HE< >DBE>H1@DE< IAH+< D;FIE >E$IF8 C
I>DE=8FE@C H6F 8>96F FI +2DE @2+@C ?D HCF E-E8HCHI HGA FD=BG& =IE HG
?FC?D;G FI >BGGBE8HIF /EI =">GEGF >G9D?E@H5.
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?I; HGA. ?GE1?IHI I@>;-6F, I99" =IE $6B"=6F =IE =B"FGA<, IFI.+BGFHIE @D H".GA< HC< ?CHBG>G9EHE=5< #99"-I< H6F =9I@E=1F =IE D99CFE@HE=1F 2B8F6F =IE @D H".GA< HC< HI9;I< +6< =IE HCF D99CFE@HE=5 D>G25.
HG>G$+HC@C H6F 8>96F =IH" HCF HI.5 ?I; ?D HG FD=B8 5HIF +F-DEC
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D>;>D-C HIEF;I @HCF >DBE.+BDEI HC< I@>;-I< D;FIE 2IBI=HCBE@HE=5

H6F -EI?+HBGA >DB;>GA 0,90 ?. I@>;-6F /EI G>9;HD< @HC F8HEI #99"-I
I99" =IE @HC I=D-GF;I. @>;-D< IAHG& HGA D;-GADE=GF;GFHIE @D
?I=D-GFE=" +B/I H+2FC< =IE IB2EHD=HGF5?IHI I>8 HG H+HIBHG ?+2BE HG
H+9G< HGA 4GA IE. >.. HC I=D-GF;I @HG H+9G< HGA 4GA IE. >.., G>8HD
C 2B5@C HGA< D/=IHI9D;>DHIE A>+B H6F ?E=B8HDB6F I@>;-6F 26B;< HCF
D>;>D-C >IBA.5, @A2F" >IBGA@E"GAF DFHGF8HDBC =&BH6@C. w< >IBI-D;/?IHI IFI.+BGFHIE GE I@>;-D< >GA IFI>IBE@H1FHIE @HGA< D@6HDBE=G&< HG;2GA< DF8< H".GA @HCF IHDB;FC25 >GA 2BGFG9G/D;HIE @HG -D&HDBG H+HIBHG HGA 4GA IE. >.. =IE @HC @IB=G."/G HGA 9D"F-BGA26 >GA
2 2 . G. Kleiner, Diadochen - Grber (1963), @. 76, >;F. 6-7K . Pekridou, "Dae Alketasgrab in Termessos", Ist M Beih 32 (1968), DE=. 3. G9& @A2F" 8?6< A>"B2GAF >IBI@H"@DE<
?8FGF 8>96F 26B;< HCF >IBGA@;I HGA >G9D?E@H5. HGF H".G HGA #>I?DEF1F-I, 8>6< =IE
@HGF H".G HGA #HDG=95 =IE G9AFD;=C, G IA@IF;I< (VIII, 11, 8 =IE , 25, 2) IFI.+BDE
8HE A>5B2IF =G98FD< =IE D>"F6 @ IAH+< I@>;-D<.
2 3 . S. G. iller, The tomb of Ly son and Kallik les: A Painted Mak edonian Tomb (1993),
>;F. -.
2 4 . 9., >.2. HE< @H59D< HGA BE@H;6FG<, HGA IEBD-5?GA =IE A=+I, HGA 6@;I =IE
C.E@G-1BGA, =.". @HG F. Johansen, The Attic Grav e Reliefs (1951), DE=. 15, 17.
2 5 . E=. D@>G;FC, " H".G< HC< IHDB;FC<", YYY . 2 (1980), @.198-209.
2 6 . . . arkle, "The Makedonian Sarissa, Spear and Related Armor", AJA 81, (1977)
@. 326-331K HGA ;-EGA "Macedonian Arms and Tactics under Alexander the Great", Macedonia
and Greece in Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Times, B. Barr-Sharrar and N. Borza, eds
(Studies in the History of Art X [Symposium series 1]) (1981), @. 94, DE=. 11.
113
2BGFG9G/D;HIE HG 312 >.. DF 9D;>GAF 8?6< =IE >IBI-D;/?IHI >GA 2BGFG9G/G&FHIE @HE< IB2+< HGA 3GA IE. >.., 8>6< GE I@>;-D< @HCF >B8@GC
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?+/D$G< H6F >IBI@H"@D6F H6F I>DE=GFE8?DF6F I@>;-6F I99" =IE H6F
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HI ?+@I HGA 4GA ?+2BE HI ?+@I HGA 2GA IE. >. ., 8>6< /EI >IB"-DE/?I @HG
FC?D;G H6F @>;-6F @HC +BGEI, HG G>G;G @AF-+DHIE ?D HCF IFI=5BAC HGA &BBGA 6< I@E9+6< HC< I=D-GF;I< HG 287 >..31 =IE @AF-A"DE
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H6F @>;-6F @HG ;GF H6F >B1E?6F D99CFE@HE=1F 2B8F6F32, 8>GA GE IF"/9A.D< I@>;-D< DFI99"@@GFHIE ?D IF"/9A.GA< $1BI=D<, @HG
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7 . Delos XXXI, >;F. 35 (IB. 1442 =IE 1450-53).
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@D DB/I@H5BEI HC< 6F;I<, HC< D9G>GFF5@GA I99" =IE HC< D@@I9;I<18,
11 . Siebert 1978, 379, IB.52, >EF.48.
1 2 . Agora XXII, >;F. 1 (IB. 2).
-EI=8@?C@C HGA >9I@HE=G& -I=HA9;GA >GA >DBE"99DE HG ?DH"99EG +2DE =GFHEF8 >IB"99C9G @D ?DH"99EG I>8 HCF /GB". B9. Agora XXII, >;F.
60 (IB. 333).
1 3 . Siebert 1978, 86-87, 117, 126-127, >;F. 48, 53, 60.
1 4 . BI"FC 2000, 485, >;F. 233.
1 5 . =I?"HC< 1993, 105-106, >;F. 174-175. HE< @A/=D=BE?+FD< ?5HBD< GE I2E"-D<
D;FIE ?+BG< HC< -EI=8@?C@C< HGA ="9A=I =IE -DF I>GHD9G&F A>G@HCB;/?IHI HGA ?DHI99;GA, 8>6< @HG H?5?I I>8 HC D9EHI;I.
1 6 . GA9/+BC-FHD@;9G/9GA 1990, >EF. 72/.
1 7 . Delos XXXI, >;F. 45 (IB. 4328).
1 8 . IHCI//D9"=C< 2004, 140-141, >;F. 35-36. I=IG/E"FFC< 1980, 279, DE=. 26
=IE 283, DE=. 31. G&9/DBC-FHD@;9G/9GA 1990, >;F. 69I.
121
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1 9 . Delos XXXI, >;F. 1 (IB. 1040, 1012), >;F. 17 (IB. 445, 570).
2 0 . GA9/+BC-FHD@;9G/9GA 1990, >EF. 72/.
2 1 . Delos XXXI, >;F. 112 (IB. 4069, 4078, 4083), >EF. 80 (IB. 4070, 4126).
2 2 . Agora XXII, >;F. 69 (IB. 403).
2 3 . Corinth VII/2, 179-182, >;F. 78-80.
122
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24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
I>I@HI$G>G&9GA 2007, 306-308, DE=. 8.

Puppo 1995, 63-64, >;F. XXXI.
=I?"HC< 1993, >EF. 190-193.7
Tolstikov-Zhuravlev 2000, >;F. 101 (IB.13).
GA9/+BC-FHD@;9G/9GA 1990, >EF. 71I.
123
1. BI&@?I I>8 HG @1?I @=&.GA (JYX. 5[). 2DE -EI@H"@DE<. 0.022 ?.

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3 1 . I=IG/E"FFC< 1980, 266, DE=. 6.
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33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
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E.J. Brill, 1989. Mnemosyne, bibliotheca classica Batava. Supplementum; 109,202
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5 . R.Demangel. Nouveaux fragments d'inscriptions trouvs Marmaria (Delphes), BCH
46 (1922) 467-472
6 . T. Homolle, Inscriptions de Delphes: locations des propriets sacres,BCH 25
(1901) 107,135
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biens confisques,135-141
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23(1899), 486 510
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BI=HE=" 5GA AFD-B;GA $E6HE=5< @HGB;I<

-EI2BGFE=5 2B5@C HGA FD=BGHI.D;GA @HGF BG.5HC

1H SYNEDRIASH 2013_praktika1.qxd 19/10/2015 12:14 Page 24

FDA?IHE=8 +FHBG HIABG& .... 5?GA I?E+6F

1H SYNEDRIASH 2013_praktika1.qxd 19/10/2015 12:14 Page 25

1H SYNEDRIASH 2013_praktika1.qxd 19/10/2015 12:14 Page 26

I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA IB;I-6HDEF5 & GAI9;-C< 6F/FG<

D+9EC, H8@G HGA

1H SYNEDRIASH 2013_praktika1.qxd 19/10/2015 12:14 Page 27

B2IEG9G/E=5 =IE I9IEG/D6/BI.E=5 BDAFI @HCF GE9"-I HGA >DB2DEG&

1H SYNEDRIASH 2013_praktika1.qxd 19/10/2015 12:14 Page 28

I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA IB;I-6HDEF5 & GAI9;-C< 6F/FG<

>DBEG25 ?D9+HC< (TYN. 2) >DBE9I?"FDE H8@G HG >GH"?EG 8@G =IE HG

1H SYNEDRIASH 2013_praktika1.qxd 19/10/2015 12:14 Page 29

B2IEG9G/E=5 =IE I9IEG/D6/BI.E=5 BDAFI @HCF GE9"-I HGA >DB2DEG&

>DBEG25 HC< D/"9C< B&@C< I>GHD9D; +FI =IB@HE=8 &$E@?I @HG

I>G="9AC HGA HI.E=G& >DBE89GA G9G=9CB1$C=D HG 2008 (I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA 2008).

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I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA IB;I-6HDEF5 & GAI9;-C< 6F/FG<

HCF >IB"=HEI $+@C =GFH"

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B2IEG9G/E=5 =IE I9IEG/D6/BI.E=5 BDAFI @HCF GE9"-I HGA >DB2DEG&

/D6?GB.G9G/E=5 >I9IEG>DBEI99GFHE=5 +BDAFI @HCF DAB&HDBC

2BGFG98/C@C H6F >GH"?E6F IFII$?;-6F ?D I>89AHG =IE @2DHE=8

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