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Chapter5 PDF
Chapter5 PDF
STRESS TRANSFORMATION
AND MOHRS CIRCLE
5.1
We have now shown that, in the absence of body moments, there are six components of the stress
tensor at a material point. In Cartesian coordinates, these are as shown below. For clarity, only the
stress components on the positive faces are shown.
point 0
yy
yx
xy
yz
zy
xx
y
zx
xz
x
zz
106
x y
y
x
column with
compressive load
yy
x x
free-body #2
free-body #1
zz
yx
xy
xx
xx
xy
yx
x
z
zz
yy
107
all shear stresses are equal to zero. In Figure 5.3 above, zz is a principal stress since no shear
stresses are shown on the z face (the face with unit outward normal k). Since the coordinate system
is arbitrary, note that if a state of generalized plane stress exists at a point, the coordinate system
can always be rotated such that the x -y stress state is as shown below in Figure 5.4
Consider a solid body such as that shown below. Suppose that we start with the state of stress
dened in x-y coordinates.
F
F
yy
y' y'
xy
p
xx
xx
xy
point 0
y
yy
x'x'
y'
x' y'
y' y'
x'
zz
y'
yx
(n)
x'
xy
n'
xx
xx
xx
xy
x' y' = s
xy
yx
x'x' = n
y'
zz
yy
(n)
x'
yx
yy
108
(5.1)
Therefore, application of Cauchys formula (t(n) = n ) results in the following components for t(n)
(the stress tensor is assumed to be symmetric and therefore yx = xy ):
t(n)x
t(n)y
t(n)z
= xx cos + yx sin
= xy cos + yy sin
= 0
(5.2)
However, these components are of no particular physical interest since they are neither normal nor
parallel to the plane dened by n. The components of t(n) that are normal and parallel to the plane
dened by n can be easily obtained through vector calculus. Note that the unit normal n and the
x -axis have the same direction. The component of t(n) normal to the plane is thus x x and is
given by the dot product of t(n) with n (note: rst substitute yx = xy in t(n)x ):
x x = t(n) n = ((xx cos + xy sin )i + (xy cos + yy sin )j) (cos i + sin j) (5.3)
= xx cos2 + 2xy sin cos + yy sin2
where the x -y axes are rotated counterclockwise from the x-axes by the angle .
Since the x axis is in the direction of n, x x (stress normal to plane with unit normal n) is
often denoted as n . Equations 5.2 and 5.3 can also be combined by writing t(n) = n and
n = x x = t(n) n so that we have the following vector and matrix result:
(12)(22)(21)
n = x x = n n = [n] [] [n]
(5.4)
In order to obtain the component of t(n) parallel to the plane dened by n, it is rst convenient to
dene the unit normal in the y direction, denoted n , as follows:
n = k n = sin i + cos j
(5.5)
The projection of t(n) on the plane n is found by taking the dot product of t(n) with n , thus yielding
the shear stress component x y ,
x y
= t(n) n =
x y
(5.6)
2
In the same manner, y y and y x can be determined (note: this step is not necessary):
y y
= t(n ) n =
y y
y x
y x
Equations 5.3 and 5.6 can now be used to obtain the normal stress, x x , and shear stress, x y , on
a plane dened by the angle (measured CCW from x-axis), given xx , yy and xy :
Stress Transformation from x-y to x -y Coordinates
x x
x y
(5.7)
109
Although the above equations are sucient to perform stress transformations, they are not very
convenient. This is due to the fact that we are often interested in nding the planes dened by on
which x x and x y attain their maxima because failure is often initiated on these planes due to
the stresses on these planes. Mathematically, an equation for the plane of maximum (or minimum)
stress can be obtained from calculus by applying the following:
dx x
d
dx y
d
(5.8)
Equations (5.8) can be solved for that maximizes/minimizes x x and x y . Note that one obtains
one value from each equation, i.e., dening the plane of maximum normal stress x x (call it P ),
and a second for the maximum shear stress (call it S ). It can be shown that S = P 4 .
Thus, the plane of maximum shear stress is always 45 from the plane of maximum normal stress.
These corresponding two values of may then be substituted into (5.7) to obtain the maximum and
minimum values of x x and x y . Because equations (5.8) are transcendental, closed form solutions
for do not exist; however they can be solved numerically or graphically.
It is important to note that numerical evaluations using equations (5.7) and (5.8) must be done
with the angle in radians, not degrees. Furthermore, is positive counterclockwise from the x-axis
(normal right-hand rule for an x-y coordinate system).
In order to deal with the numerical diculty associated with the nonlinear equations, Otto Mohr
introduced a graphical technique that is helpful in performing stress transformations. We shall now
derive this graphical technique using equations . To accomplish this, rst recall the trigonometric
half angle formulas:
cos2
sin2
2 sin cos
1 + cos 2
2
1 cos 2
=
2
= sin 2
=
(5.9)
x x
x y
xx + yy
xx yy
=
+
cos 2 + xy sin 2
2
2
xx yy
=
sin 2 + xy cos 2
2
(5.10)
(5.11)
Otto Mohr (1870) discovered that equations (5.10) and (5.11) can be combined by squaring each side
of the above two equations and adding the results together to produce the principle of Mohrs
Circle represented by the equation:
2
2
xx + yy
xx yy
2
xx
+ x2 y =
+ xy
2
2
(5.12)
(5.13)
where a and b are the x and y intercepts of the center of the circle, respectively, and r is the radius,
as shown below:
110
(x a)2 + (y b)2 = r2
(normal stress)
= (shear stress)
y x y
xx + yy
a
2
b0
2
xx yy
2
r
+ xy
2
= (center of circle)
(5.14)
=
= (radius of circle)
x y ( s )
r=
( yy , xy )
y face stresses
+ 2xy
p2
p1
A
r
2p
2s
B
a=
xx yy 2
2
xx + yy
2
x x ( n )
( xx , yy )
x face stresses
p1 , p2 = principal stresses
is positive counter clockwise
111
xx +yy
+
1. Find the center of Mohrs circle; point A:
, 0 Note: A = xx 2 yy
2
2. Plot stresses on x-face as point B ( xx , xy ) and label as x-face. Note that point B
corresponds to = 0 in x-y plane.
3. Plot stresses on y-face as point C ( yy , xy ) and label as y-face. Note that point C
corresponds to = 90 in x-y plane.
4. Draw the circle. We note that while the x-face ( = 0 ) and the y-face ( = 90 ) are
separated by 90 in the real world x-y coordinates, they appear as point B and C, respectively,
in Mohrs Circle and are 180 apart on Mohrs Circle. Consequently, angles on Mohrs Circle
are twice that of the real x-y world. It is also important to note that = 0 in the real world
corresponds to the x-axis; however, in Mohrs Circle the point = 0 starts from the line AB
since point B represents the stresses on the x-face = 0 ). is positive CCW in both cases.
5. Label principal stresses and maximum shear stress. Note: P = A r and Smax = r.
There are two principal stresses P 1 and P 2 (planes where shear stress is zero) and two
maximum shear stresses Smax = r (top and bottom of circle). Note that P 1 and P 2 are
180 apart on Mohrs circle, but 90 in the real world. P 1 is the normal stress in the x
direction where x is rotated by the angle (CCW) from the x-axis. P 2 is in the y direction.
6. Identify the relative orientation between x-face (B) and the principal planes. Note
that point B corresponds to the stresses
on
the x-face, i.e. = 0 in the real world. For
50
10
10
20
ksi
xx + yy
50 + 20
=
= 35 ksi
2
2
112
20 ksi
10 ksi
50 ksi
50 ksi
10 ksi
20 ksi
Figure 5.8:
x' y '( s )
(20,10)
y - face
x' x' ( n )
(35, 0)
(50,-10)
x - face
Figure 5.9:
5. Compute principal stresses and max shear stress.
2
2
xx yy
50 20
2 =
r=
+ xy
+ 102 = 18.03 ksi
2
2
P = A r = 35 18.03
P 1 = 35 + 18.03 = 53.03 ksi
113
x' y '( s )
S max
= 18.03ksi
(35,18.03)
(20,10)
y - face
x' x' ( n )
(35, 0)
P2
= 16.97ksi
2 P
2 S
P1
= 53.03ksi
(50,-10)
x - face
(35, 18.03)
S max
= 18.03ksi
Figure 5.10:
6. Identify orientation of planes for principal stresses relative to x-face plane.
xy
10
2P = tan1
= tan1
= 33.7 deg
xx A
50 35
P = 16.85 deg
The plane for the second principal stress P 2 is (P + 90) deg CCW from x-face (real world).
Note: In the above calculation, a formula was written down and used for 2P . This is discouraged. It is far simpler (and usually less mistakes) to look at Mohrs circle and apply
trigonometry to calculate the angles.
7. Identify orientation of planes for maximum shear stress (bottom of circle) relative to x-face
plane.
2S = 90 deg 2P = 90 33.7 = 56.3 deg
114
OR, plane of max shear stress (bottom of circle) is 45 CW in the real world from the principal
stress plane with P 1 .
Note: |P | + |S | = 45 deg (always!)
Note that the plane of max shear stress will generally have non-zero normal stress! In this
case, the plane of max shear stress has a normal stress n = 35 ksi.
8. Draw three free bodies: with the x-y stresses, with the principal stresses, and with the max
shear stresses.
20
ksi
10 ksi
50 ksi
50 ksi
10
ksi
20
ksi
16.97 ksi
53.03 ksi
16.85o
P = 16.85o
principal stress
planes
53.03 ksi
16.97 ksi
35 ksi
35 ksi
45o
18.03 ksi
18.03 ksi
S = 28.15o
35 ksi
35 ksi
28.15o
maximum shear
stress planes
Figure 5.11:
115
To obtain the orientation for principal stresses, the x-face has been rotated 16.85 deg CCW in
the real world (33.7 deg on Mohrs circle).
To obtain the orientation for maximum shear stresses, the x-face has been rotated 28.15 deg
CW in the real world (56.3 deg on Mohrs circle), OR, equivalently a rotation of 45 deg CW
in the real world from the principal stress plane.
Example 5-2
Consider the same plane stress state given in Example 5-1:
20 ksi
10 ksi
50 ksi
50 ksi
10 ksi
20 ksi
Figure 5.12:
[] =
50
10
10
20
ksi
Values of principal stress and maximum shear stress obtain in Example 5-1 by Mohrs circle must
be identical to what would be obtained by using the stress transformation equations (5.7). This is
true because Mohrs circle is simply a graphical representation of equations (5.7). Use the stress
transformations to determine the normal stress and shear stress for values of = 16.85 , 106.85 ,
28.15 and verify that they correspond to the principal stress and maximum shear stress values
obtained in Example 5-1.
For = 16.85 (same as 33.7 on Mohrs circle from x-face, should equal P 1 )
x x
x y
For = 106.85 (same as 213.7 on Mohrs circle from x-face, should equal P 2 )
x x
x y
For = 28.15 (same as 56.3 on Mohrs circle from x-face, should equal max bottom of circle)
x x
x y
= (50 ksi) cos2 (28.15 ) + 2(10 ksi) sin(28.15 ) cos(28.15 ) + (20 ksi) sin2 (28.15 ) = 35 ksi
= (50 ksi 20 ksi) sin(28.15 ) cos(28.15 ) + 10 ksi(cos2 (28.15 ) sin2 (28.15 )) = 18.03 ksi
116
x' y '( s )
= 18.03ksi
Smax
(35,18.03)
47.45,13.04
(20,10)
y - face
P2
x' x' ( n )
80
(35, 0)
= 16.97ksi
P1
= 53.03ksi
(50, -10)
x - face
35, 18.03
= 18.03ksi
S max
20 ksi
10 ksi
50 ksi
50 ksi
22.55 ksi
10 ksi
47.45 ksi
= 40o
20 ksi
40o
13.04 ksi
ksi
13.04
13.04 ksi
47.45 ksi
22.55 ksi
Figure 5.13:
117
Example 5-3
Consider the plane stress state given by the stress tensor:
20 ksi
10 ksi
50 ksi
50 ksi
10 ksi
20 ksi
Figure 5.14:
[] =
50
10
10
20
ksi
50 + (20)
xx + yy
=
= 15 ksi
2
2
118
x' y ' ( s )
(50,10)
x - face
(15, 0)
x' x' ( n )
(-20, -10)
y - face
Figure 5.15:
x' y ' ( s )
(15, 36.4)
Smax
= 36.4ksi
74.05
P2
= 21.4ksi
(15, 0)
15.95
(50,10)
x - face
P1
x' x' ( n )
= 51.4ksi
(-20, -10)
y - face
(15, 36.4)
Smax
= 36.4ksi
Figure 5.16:
6. Identify orientation of planes for principal stresses relative to x-face plane.
10
2P = tan1
= 15.95 deg
35
119
CW from x-face
The plane for the second principal stress P 2 is (P + 90)deg CCW from x-face (real world).
7. Identify orientation of planes for maximum shear stress (bottom of circle) relative to x-face
plane.
2S = 90 deg 2P = 90 15.95 = 74.05 deg
S = 37.03 deg
or, plane of max shear stress (top of circle) is 45 CCW from plane with P 1 . Note that the
plane of max shear stress will generally have non-zero normal stress! In this case, the plane of
max shear stress has a normal stress n = 15 ksi.
8. Draw three free bodies: with the x-y stresses, with the principal stresses, and with the max
shear stresses.
Note the following:
To obtain the orientation for principal stresses, the x-face has been rotated 7.97 deg CW in
the real world (15.95 deg on Mohrs circle).
To obtain the orientation for maximum shear stresses, the x-face has been rotated 37.03 deg
CCW in the real world (74.05 deg on Mohrs circle), or, equivalently a rotation of 45 deg CCW
in the real world from the principal stress plane.
5.2
In the x-y plane, any set of stresses ( xx , yy , xy ) can be represented by a Mohrs Circle as was
shown previously and as shown in Figure 5.18 below (the dark circle). Corresponding to these x-y
stresses, there are two principal stresses ( P 1 , P 2 ) which also dene the same Mohrs Circle with
coordinates of ( P 1 , 0 ) and ( P 2 , 0 ). Thus, the circle is (or can be) dened by any two principal
stresses as they form the diameter of the circle. It follows that the Mohrs circle for the x-z plane
would also be formed by the principal stresses in the x-z plane, in this case P 1 and P 3 . Similarly,
Mohrs circle in the y-z plane is dened by P 2 and P 3 . We can draw all three of these circles on
one diagram as shown below.
If the value of the third principal stress is less than the second, or greater than the rst, we
obtain a larger circle than the circle obtain for the x-y plane and hence the maximum shear stress
is also larger. For the case in the gure above, even if the out-of-plane normal stress zz = 0, one
obtains a larger maximum shear stress than was obtained from the x-y plane.
For a general stress tensor (3-D), it can be shown that the principal stresses are dened by the
following eigenvalue problem:
|[] P [I]| = 0
(xx P )
xy
xz
)
yz
yx
yy
P
zx
zy
(zz P )
=0
After the 9 components of stress ( xx , xy , . . . , zz ) are substituted into the above, the determinant can be expanded to obtain a cubic polynomial in P which will yield the three principal stress
( P )
xy
=
values P 1 , P 2 , P 3 . For 2-D (x-y plane), the determinant reduces to xx
yx
(yy P )
0 which results in two principal stress values P 1 , P 2 .
120
20 ksi
10 ksi
50 ksi
50 ksi
10 ksi
20 ksi
21.4 ksi
7.97
51.4 ksi
principal stress
planes
51.4 ksi
15 ksi
21.4 ksi
15 ksi
45
36.4 ksi
36.4 ksi
15 ksi
maximum shear
stress planes
15 ksi
37.03
Figure 5.17:
Example 5-4
Same as Example 5-1 except a z component of stress is added to make the problem a generalized
plane stress problem. The generalized plane stress state is given by the stress tensor:
x ' y ' ( s )
121
( xx , xy )
r
P3
P2
2 P
P1
x ' x ' ( n )
( zz , 0)
2 S
( yy , xy )
max
Figure 5.18: Mohrs Circle for Generalized Plane Stress (plane stress in x-y plane)
50
[] = 10
0
10
20
0
0
0 ksi
10
Steps 1-7 will be identical to Example 5-1 for the x-y plane (since both examples have exactly
the same stress components in the x-y plane). Hence, for the x-y plane we obtain Mohrs circle:
To complete the solution we note that there are no shear stresses in the z plane and hence zz
is automatically a principal stress. Thus, P 3 = zz = 10. Adding the third principal stress to
Mohrs circle, we obtain:
Hence, the principal stresses are P = 10, 16.97, 53.03 ksi. The maximum shear stress is the
radius of the largest Mohrs circle. Thus, Smax = 53.03+10
= 31.52 ksi. In order to change circles,
2
we need to be in the principal orientation, because this is the same on all three circles. The sketches
below illustrate this changing process. Note that when changing views, there is NOT a change in
the stresses, only in the way they are viewed. If we had rotated 45 o the principal plane P1 P2 ,
we would have still been on the smaller circle and therefore could never attain the maximum shear
stress.
122
x' y '( s )
Smax
= 18.03ksi
(35,18.03)
(20,10)
y - face
x' x' ( n )
(35, 0)
P2
= 16.97ksi
16.85
2 S
P1
= 53.03ksi
(50, -10)
x - face
(35, 18.03)
Smax
= 18.03ksi
Figure 5.19:
Smax
x' y'( s )
= 31.52ksi
(35,18.03)
(20,10)
y - face
x'x'( n )
(35,0)
P3
= 10ksi
P2
= 16.97ksi
16.85
2 S
P1
= 53.03ksi
(50,-10)
x - face
(35, 18.03)
Smax
= 31.52ksi
Figure 5.20:
Example 5-5
Given the stress state below, use Mohrs circle to nd the principal planes and maximum shear
10
ksi
-10 ksi
50 ksi
50 ksi
y
x
z
16.97 ksi
20 ksi
8.425o
53.03 ksi
-10 ksi
principal stress
planes
53.03 ksi
P2
P1
16.97 ksi
P3 (in z direction)
AA
Vie w AA:
53.03 ksi
principal stress
planes
10 ksi
16.97 ksi
10 ksi
P1
21.515 ksi
P3
P2
31.52 ksi
53.03 ksi
21.515 ksi
45
16.97 ksi
maximum shear
stress planes
21.515 ksi
21.515 ksi
Figure 5.21:
stresses.
Uniaxial Stress
xx
[] = 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
123
124
xx
x
z
x y
x x = n = 2.5
2.5
B
2.5
x-face
2.5
x y = s = 2.5
45
B
x x
y -face (0,0)
Figure 5.22:
Maximum shear traction at 45 from x-axis
Maximum normal traction along x-axis
Example 5-6
Given: The state of stress at each point in a bar can be represented by the stress tensor []:
xx
[] = 0
0
0
0
0
kN
0
10 m
2
0 =
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
x
z
Figure 5.23:
Required :
a) Construct Mohrs Circle for the given stress tensor.
b) What are the traction vectors experienced each face of the cube?
Maximum Shear
(5,5)
Maximum Normal
y-face
C (0,0)
Maximum Normal
x-face
B (10,0)
A (5,0)
x'x'
(5,-5)
Maximum Shear
Figure 5.24:
b) ti = 10i
tj = 0
tk = 0
c) xx = 10
xy = yz = zz = yy = 0
d) 5
kN
m2
e) The surface is tilted at 45 to the x-axis (90 in Mohr space is 45 in real space).
f) 10
kN
m2
xx
[] = yx
0
xy
yy
0
0
6
0 = 2
0
0
2
6
0
0
0 MPa
0
Required :
a) Construct Mohrs Circle for the given stress tensor.
b) What is the orientation of the surface when the maximum shear stress is obtained?
c) What is the maximum shear stress experienced by the bar?
125
126
yx = 2
xy = 2
xx = 6
Figure 5.25:
x' y'
Maximum Shear
x-face
B (6,2)
Maximum Normal
Maximum normal
A (6,0)
x'x'
C (6,-2)
y-face
Maximum Shear
Figure 5.26:
Solution
a)
b) 0
c) 2 MPa at points ( 6, 2 ) and ( 6, 2 )
Deep Thought
127
128
5.3
Questions
5.4
Problems
4
[] = 2
0
2 0
5 0 MPa
0 3
REQUIRED: Draw all important sketches, showing planes of maximum shear as well as principal planes.
5.7 GIVEN : The stress tensor as follows:
3
[] = 0
0
0
19
0
0
0 ksi
0
REQUIRED:
(a) compute the three principal stresses and maximum shear stress;
(b) indicate the maximum shear direction.
5.8 The state of stress at a certain point of a body is given by
1 2 0
[] = 2 7 0 MPa
0 0 0
Determine on which planes:
i) principal stresses occur
ii) shearing stress is greatest.
5.9
xx
[] = 0
0
Find maximum shear and normal stresses.
5.10 (a) What is a principal plane?
0
0
0
0
0 psi
0
5.4. PROBLEMS
129
725 psi
xx
x
z
Problem 5.9
(b) Are the following stress tensors generalized plane stress cases? Answer in yes/no.
1 0 3
i) 0 2 0
3 0 5
1 0
0
iii) 0 0 1
0 1 6
5.11 GIVEN :
2
[] = 0
0
4 2 0
ii) 2 3 1
0 1 2
2 0 2
iv) 0 3 7
2 7 5
0
8
0
0
0 ksi
10
(a) Write out the three principal stresses and compute the maximum shear stress.
(b) What is the maximum shear direction and on what plane is it acting in?
5.12 GIVEN :
[] =
5
5
5
5
MPa
xx yy
2
cos 2 + xy sin 2 +
xx + yy
2
2500 0 0
0
0 0 ksi
[] =
0
0 0
REQUIRED: Draw all important sketches, showing planes of maximum shear stress as well as
principal planes.
130
50
0
[] = 0 50
0
0
body,
0
0 MPa
0
Find:
a) tn for n = i, n = j, and n =
1
2
3i + j
b) If the coordinate axes were rotated 45 degrees clockwise, to x -y , solve for the new values
of x x , y y , x y . Use Cauchys Formula.
c) Construct the three Mohrs circles for the given stress state.
5.15 The state of stress at a certain point of a body is given by
3 1 4
0 ksi
[] = 1 2
4
0 2
i) Find the traction vector on the plane whose normal is in the direction i + 2j + 2k
ii) Find the traction vector on the plane whose normal is in the direction 4i 3j + k
iii) Determine the normal and shearing components of the traction vector on the above planes.
5.16 For a stress state dened by: xx = 10 MPa, xy = yx = 40 MPa, yy = 50 MPa. Dene:
a) the value of the Principal Stress
b) the maximum Shear Stress and corresponding Normal Stress
5.17 GIVEN : A thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel is subjected to internal pressure, p
pr
t
x
p = 500 psi
r = 10in
t = 0.25 in
pr
2t
t = wall thickness
r = cylinder radius
Problem 5.17
It can It can be shown that the stress state is given by a hoop (circumferential) stress =
and an axial stress (along the axis of pressure vessel) of xx = pr
2t :
pr
t
REQUIRED: Draw all important sketches, showing planes of maximum shear as well as principal planes.
5.18 GIVEN : Suppose that the pressure vessel of 5.17 is also subjected to an end torque, Mt .
The stress state be shown by:
REQURIED: Draw all important sketches, showing planes of maximum shear as well as principal planes.
5.4. PROBLEMS
131
pr
t
Mt r
J
Mt
pr
2t
M t = 1,000,000 lb - in
J = 2 r 3 t
Problem 5.18
5 2 0
[] = 2 1 0 MPa
0
0 3
REQUIRED:
a) Sketch the stress cube representation
b) Construct the three Mohrs circles
c) Determine the traction vectors: t(i) , t(j) , t(k)
d) Make a sketch of t(i) , t(j) , t(k) acting on the appropriate plane(s)
5.20 GIVEN : A material point is known to be in a
1
[] = 2
0
2 0
3 0 ksi
0 4
REQUIRED:
1) Construct the three Mohrs circles.
2) Find the three principal stresses and the maximum shear stress.
3) Draw all important sketches, showing planes of maximum shear as well as principal planes
with the associated coordinate rotations labeled properly.
5.21 GIVEN : The state of stress at a certain point on a body is given by:
4 2 0
a)
[] = 2 3 1
0 1 2
2 0 2
b)
[] = 0 3 7
2 7 5
REQUIRED: Determine for both a) and b) on which of the three coordinate planes:
1) Normal stress is greatest
2) Shear stress is greatest
132
20 5
[] = 5 6
0
0
0
0 ksi n = cos i + sin j + 0k
0
REQUIRED:
a) The plane at which the shear stress equals zero, i.e., the angle in the unit normal which
describes the plane for the following stress tensor.
b) The normal stress on the face described by the plane found in part a). What is this
normal stress called?
c) At what angle is the plane of maximum shear stress from the principal stress plane.
d) What is the value of the maximum shear stress for the stress tensor given above.
5.23 GIVEN : The state of stress at each point in a bar can be represented by the stress tensor []:
kN
xx 0 0
8 m2 0 0
0 0 = 0
[] = 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0 0
REQUIRED:
y
xx
xx = 8
kN
m2
Problem 5.23
xx
[] = yx
0
xy
yy
0
0
3
0 = 1
0
0
1
3
0
0
0 MPa
0
REQUIRED:
a) Construct Mohrs circle for the given stress tensor.
b) What is the orientation of the surface when the maximum shear stress is obtained?
c) What is the maximum shear stress experienced by the bar?
5.4. PROBLEMS
133
yy = 3
xy = 1
yx = 1
xx = 3
x
z
Problem 5.24
1 2
[] = 2 3
0
0
given by
0
0 MPa
4
5
[] = 3
0
3
2
0
0
0 MPa
0
5 0 0
(1) 0 2 0
0 0 0
4
(2) 0
0
0
4
0
0
0
4
3
(3) 3
0
3
0
0
0
0
2
REQUIRED:
(a) sketch the stress cube aligned with the coordinate axes (Cartesian coordinate system)
and the values of all shear and normal stresses on its surfaces;
(b) construct the three Mohrs circles for the stress state;
(c) sketch a stress cube oriented so that it is aligned with the principal axes and indicate its
angle relative to the x-face and the principal stresses which act upon it;
(d) determine the maximum shear and normal stresses experienced by the material which is
subjected to this stress state and for each of these stresses, indicate the orientation of the
surface which experiences this stress;
134
5.28 For the given simply supported beam as pictured below, with length L = 10 m, thickness
h = 0.1 m, cross sectional area A = 0.01 m2 and a distributed load Po = 10 kN
m , a stress
analysis indicates a stress of xx = 2 MPa, xy = 1 MPa, yy = 4 MPa at x = 5 m,
y = 0.05 m. Repeat the stress analysis described in problem 5.27.
Po
h
x
Problem 5.28
Problem 5.30
7xy
[] =
3y
0
0
0
0 MPa
0
5.4. PROBLEMS
135
5 MPa
3 MPa
10 MPa
Problem 5.31
yy
xy
h
2
x
h
2
xx
Problem 5.32
REQUIRED:
1) Verify that the conservation of angular momentum and linear momentum are satised
under static conditions, in the absence of body forces, at every point ( x, y ) on the plate.
2) Find the components of the traction vector applied on the faces: x = 0, x = L, y =
y = h2
h
2,
5.33 For the following structure and the applied load F, the stress state in a rectangular Cartesian
coordinate system at point P is given by the specied stress tensor [].
5 2
0
[] = 2 1 0 MPa
0 0 3
a) Sketch the stress cube representation. Label all the components, planes and points of
interest.
b) Determine the values of the Principal Stresses.
c) Specify the required rotation (in terms of the normal to the x-face) in order to achieve
maximum shear stress in the xy face. Make a sketch of the xy face showing the components
of stress and the angle rotated.
136
x
P
z
Problem 5.33
d) According to the materials properties, the failure criteria is given by a maximum stress
of 4 MPa for shear and 6 MPa for normal stress. Predict if the material will fail due to
the applied load. Why?