1kuz Mina N V Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya Grammatika V PDF

____________________________________________________________________________________
..
RUSSIAN GRAMMAR IN TABLES

_____________________________________________
7- ,

2016
811.161.1'36(0.054.6)
81.2-2-96
89
..
89
Russian Grammar in Tables.
[
] : . / .. . 7- .,
.
. : , 2016. 101 . ( ).
ISBN 978-5-9765-0966-5
The textbook is constructed as a reference book focusing on the difficult items of
Russian grammar in an easy and understandable form. The tables of the book include
the meaning, formation and changing of different parts of speech.
This textbook is designed for foreign students learning Russian language from
any level. It can be used both by students and teachers for explaining, learning and
revision of grammar material, for systematization of knowledges, and for preparing
for exams as well.
, . ,
.
,
. ,
, .
811.161.1'36(0.054.6)
81.2-2-96
ISBN 978-5-9765-0966-5
. ., 2016
, 2016
CONTENTS
The gender of nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nouns in - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
8
The uses of cases:

1) The Prepositional case ( 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) The Accusative case ( 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) The Dative case ( 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) The Genitive case ( 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5) The Accusative or the Genitive? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6) The Instrumental case ( 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
10
12
14
16
17
The declension of nouns:

1) The endings of nouns according to the case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) Questions according to the case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) Genitive plural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) Special endings in the Prepositional singular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5) Nouns ending in - / - / - (singular) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6) Special endings of masculine nouns in the Genitive singular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7) Three types of the declension of nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8) Irregular declension of some nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9) Indeclinable nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
23
23
Mobile vowels in nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Formation of nouns in the plural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Special cases of formation of nouns in the plural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
25
Nouns with the singular or plural form only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
The use of prepositions and in the Prepositional expressing place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Where? Where to? Where from? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
27
Generic endings of adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
The declension of adjectives:

1) The endings of qualitative and relative adjectives according to the case . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) Types of the declension of qualitative and relative adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) Adjectives with the stem in the soft consonant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) The declension of possessive adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
30
31
32
The declension of nouns and adjectives (general table) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The declension of nouns, adjectives and possessive pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
34
Personal pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Possessive pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
35
The declension of pronouns:

1) The declension of personal pronouns and reflexive pronoun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) The declension of possessive pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) The declension of interrogative pronouns , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) The declension of demonstrative pronouns , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5) The declension of determinative pronouns , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6) The declension of indefinite pronoun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
36
36
36
37
37
Formation of interrogative, negative and indefinite pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
Indefinite pronouns and adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
Negative pronouns and adverbs with the particle - intensifying the negative constructions . .
Negative pronouns and adverbs with the particle - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
40
Pronouns , , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Numerals: cardinal, ordinal, collective, fractions, decimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
The declension of numerals:

1) The declension of cardinal numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) The declension of ordinal numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) The declension of collective numerals 2 - 7, / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) The declension of fractions and decimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
46
46
47
Formation of degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives and adverbs of manner . . . . .

Special cases of formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs . . . . . . . . .
48
49
Complete and Short-form adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Formation of short-form of qualitative adjectives and passive participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Special cases of formation of short-form of adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
51
52
Verb forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
The conjugation of verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
Consonant interchange in verb stems in the present tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Special cases of verb conjugation and past tense formation (irregular verbs) . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
56
Aspects of the verb:

1) Formation of the aspectual pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) The use of the aspects of the verb in the present tense, past tense and future tense . . .
3) General table: the use of the aspects of the verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) The use of the aspects of the verb in the infinitive form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5) The use of the aspects of the verb in the imperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6) Verbs which have no aspectual counterpart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
58
61
62
64
66
Formation of the imperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
Verbs of motion:
1) Verbs of motion without prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) The use of the verbs of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) Tense and mood forms of the verbs of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) Verbs of motion with prefixes indicating spatial relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5) Verbs of motion with non-spatial prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6) Synonymous constructions of verbs of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7) Figurative meaning of verbs of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8) Aspects of the verbs of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9) Formation of the aspectual pairs of the verbs of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
71
74
76
80
81
81
83
85
Verbs with the particle - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
The participle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
The verbal adverb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
Passive constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
Indefinite Personal constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
Constructions of time (when?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
Direct and Indirect speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
Complex sentences with conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
The main meanings of prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
8
:
1) ( 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) ( 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) ( 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) ( 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5) ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6) ( 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
10
12
14
16
17
:
1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) . . . . . .
4) .
5) - / - / - . . . .
6)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
23
23
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
,
25
25
26
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
? ? ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
27
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
:
1) . . . . . . . . . .
2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
30
31
32
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, . . . . .
33
34
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
35
:
1) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) , , . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5) , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
36
36
36
37
37
, . . . . .
37
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
- ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
40
, , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
: , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
:
1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) 2 - 7, / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
46
46
47
. . . . . . .
48
49
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
51
52
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55

( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
:
1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
58
61
62
64
66
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
:
1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
71
74
76
80
81
81
83
85
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
(?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
/ The gender of nouns
1)
feminine: - she
masculine: o - he
neuter: - it
hard
soft
hard
soft
hard
soft
consonant
window
sea
brother
hero
sister
family
letter
sun
boy
museum
small girl
week
ring
field
person
tram
girl
village
matter, business
happiness
engineer
tea
woman
land, earth
word
misfortune
husband
hockey
wife
song
number, date
health
son
case, occasion
daughter
idea
place, seat
heart
friend
May
(girl)friend
article
face
Sunday
house
nightingale
flat
cherry
coat
dress
university
sparrow
school
tower
armchair
towel
concert
serpent; kite
exhibition
bedroom
mirror
college
theatre
stream
car
nanny, nurse
apple
monster
office
harvest
work, job
statue
milk
desire
shop
battle, fight
hotel
surname
wine
pencil
custom
pen
station
egg
attention
suitcase
sanatorium
bag
organization
summer
name, title
magazine
cafeteria
newspaper
profession
sky
decision, solution
table
commentary
book
army
tree
occupation; lesson
chair
script
cup
lecture
lake
meeting
document
planetarium
paper
line
embassy
timetable
agreement
jockey
meeting
lecture hall
state
announcement
lane
system, structure
street
history
government
report, message
plant
layer
factory
accident
society
reading
beer
building
2) masculine ( - ):
- father, - grandfather, - uncle; - men, - young men
short male names: (), (), (), ()
3) neuter (-):
- time, - name, - banner, - flame, - tribe, - seed
7
4) - / Nouns in -
masculine
- car
- ensemble
- nail
- hospital
- guest
- day
- rain
- animal
- calendar
- stone
- potatoes
- cough
- control
- ship
- the Kremlin
- bear
- cloister
- finger-nail
- zero
- fire
- midday
- brief-case
- way
- strap
- piano
- rouble
- steering wheel
- style
- dictionary
feminine
- performance
- coal
- level
- festival
- lamp, torch
- package
- illness
- pain
- eyebrow
- thing
- power
- chest
- sadness
- dirt
- distance
- door
- detail
- daughter
- life
- record, entry
- bed
- blood
- laziness
- horse
- love
- mother
- furniture
- small change;
months:
- January
- February
- April
- June
- July
- September
- October
- November
- December
suffix - / -
- teacher
- teacher
- writer
- reader
- inhabitant
- spectator
- switch
- secretary
- librarian
trifle
- snowstorm
- youth
youthfulness
- carrot
- thought
- hatred
o - he
consonant
- she
- it
m/f
- oil, petroleum
- news
- night
- footwear
- autumn
- queue, line
- memory
- square
- short novel
- help
- bedding
- industry
- dust
- joy
- speech
- role
- connection
- table-cloth
- speed
- boldness
- death
- conscience
- salt
- profession
- exercise-book
- fabric
- purpose
- part
- wool
- brother
- museum
- sister
- family
- window
- sea
- dictionary
- door
- father, - uncle
- grandfather,
exception
/ The uses of cases

/ The Prepositional case ( 6)
MEANING
CONSTRUCTION
1. The place of an action

? where?
? ?
EXAMPLES
- ?
- ,
.

.
verbs:
- to live
- to be
- to be situated
- to work
- to study
- to have a lesson
- to rest
- to stroll
- to stand, - to sit
- to lie, - to hang
2. The object of speech or
thought

.
,
.
.
.
/ ,
.
- ?
- .
- ?
-
.
? ?
about whom / what?
verbs:
1) verb + noun
- to speak, to say
- to tell
- to ask a question
- to think
- to write, - to read
- to inform
2) noun + noun
- to remember about
- to dream
3. Time /
/

.

.
.
.
.
- ?
- .
? - ?
when? - ?
- ?
- ?
4. Transport /
/ 2009-
/ .
- ?
I- /
- 1799 .
, ,
.
- () ?
- .
? / ?
by what? / how?
: , , ,
, , ,
,
verbs of motion
: ,
: (,
),
.
5. Clothes /
?
6. The musical instrument

? to play
-
-
:
(),
, , .
/ The Accusative case ( 4)

MEANING
1. An object /
? ?
transitive verbs:
- to see
- to love
- to know
- to understand
- to wait
- to meet
- to remember
- to lose
- to find
- to forget
- to buy
- to read
- to write
/ - to take
- to receive
CONSTRUCTION
without a preposition
? ?
EXAMPLES
- ?
- .
- ?
- .
? - .
2. Introduction
,
.
.
3. Direction of motion (action) / - in, at, on
? where to?
- across, through
- ?
- .
- ?
- .
- behind
()
1) verbs of motion
.
.
2) verbs:
/ - to put
/ - to put
/ - to hang
verb + ? + ?
.
.
.
.
3) other verbs
.
.
.
10
MEANING
CONSTRUCTION
EXAMPLES
4. Time /
1) ? when?
- on + :
- ?
- () .
.
- in future tense
+ , ,
, ,
all
- ( )
2) A certain period of time

a) How long time?
?
?
, , ?
whole
,
- .
.
.
process - imperfect
) ?
- within
result - perfect
+ , , ,
, ,
-
?
- .
) ?
( ?)
- to stay for
-
?
- .
3) Recurrence of action
every
, ,

-
?
-
.
? how often?
5. Space (a part of the way)
( )
+ /
()?
6. Weight /
()?
7. Price /
? to cost
+ /
+
Acc.

, ,
, ,
9. Cause /
?
verb + number
8. Game /
? to play
- for
.
.
11
/ The Dative case ( 3)

MEANING
CONSTRUCTION
EXAMPLES
1. The recipient /
?
verbs:
- to give
- to buy
() - to write
() - to give a present
- to show
- to bring
- to pass
- to send
? ?
- ?
- .
Acc.
? + ?
Prep.
- to say
- to tell
- to inform
() - to write
? + ?
() - to advise
? + inf
- to help
- to allow (permit) to do
() - to promise
() - to disturb
Nom.
2. verb to like
1) + + (thing)
()
+ ? / ?
2) + + inf (action)
3. Age /
+ number + (a) /
.
.
M .
.
- ?
- ,
.
(, , ) ?
4. in Impersonal sentences:
the person (object) experiencing

a certain state or condition
+ inf
:
(),
-
m
f
n
pl.
Nom.
+
(thing)
( )
-.
+ inf (+ )
Instr.
+ 1) adverb (condition)
2) impersonal verb

+ inf
12
.
.
.

.
.
MEANING
CONSTRUCTION
5. The person who is the aim

of the motion
- to
? (?)

.
6. An object or a place to
which motion is directed
? ?
(),

7. Motion along a surface

verbs of motion
EXAMPLES
- () ?
- / .
.
.
.
- to
.
verbs of motion
.
- along
verbs of motion
and their synonyms
- ( ) ?
- .
.
.
.
.
8. The attributes formed from

the subjects of education
,
()
noun + noun
? ( ?)
9. Way (means) of communication

()
- by, on
to send
to watch
to show
to search for
to call
to speak
to listen
to broadcast
to telecast
to inform, report
to perform
to tell
13
/ The Genitive case ( 2)

MEANING
CONSTRUCTION
EXAMPLES
1. Negation /
/ .
positive:
Possessor: ?
Gen.

(-, -, -)
(-)
negation:
Nom.
/ .
/
.
Gen.
/
.
2. Possession /
- - - ? whose?
name of owner - Gen.
3. Relation:
an object is defined by means of
another object, related to the first
or including it as part of a whole
Nom. + Gen.
/ .
/ .
/
.
? - .
? - .
? - .
- ? ( ?)
- .

? ?
:
,

4. Comparison /
? ?

simple comparative degree
of adjective (adverb) + Gen.
5. Measure and quantity

.
.
.
1 , , , ,
2, 3, 4 , , , ,
5 , , , ,
1) Exact number of persons or ardinal numerals + Gen.

Nom.
objects (more than one)
singular: 2, 3, 4 - ,

plural: 5 ... - ,
( )
2) Relative number of objects
or persons
()
verb:
present - 3 person, singular
past - 3 person, singular, neuter
+ plural
-
?
-
() .
.
.
,

() .

100
3) Part of the whole

4) A certain amount, quantity
of something
,
-
5) A set of objects or persons

()
Gen.
uncountable noun: singular
countable noun: plural
Gen. plural
14
,
,
,

6. Time or date /
1) ?
What date is it today?
ordinal
2) Date of the action
number

+ +
? when? / ?
3) The beginning and the end ... - from ... to

of the time interval

- ?
-
.
- ?
- 1978
() .

/
.
.
? =
?
?
- before
? - during
?
- after
- ?
- (
, ) .
7. The place from where the

action is directed (the starting from:
point of motion)
()
,
(
- - from behind
)
/ /
.
4) ? =
? / ?
8. Place where a person (object) - at / by, near

is, or where an action takes place near
() - (not) far from
;
- behind
,
- in front of
()
- opposite
? / ?
- in the middle of
- around
Place of motion / - past
- along
verbs of motion
9. The place where the action -
to reach
is directed
? where to?
verbs of motion (with prefix )
- ?
- / -
.
.
.
.
- ?
- .
- () ?
- .
- ?
- .

.
.
.
.
.
.
10. A part of the way

11. Cause /
?
- ?
12. Purpose /
/ ?
13. Exception /
/ ?
14. Absence /
/ ?
?
... - from to
- - because of
- for
- apart from, except
- without

?

-

, .
, .
.

15
? / The Accusative or the Genitive?

verbs
I. after the verbs:
() - to ask for
- to want
()
Accusative case
if the speaker means
a definite person or object
Genitive case
if the speaker means
an abstract or non-specific object
3.
.
(
- direction)
imperfect
imperfect
, ,
imperfect
()
pass,
, decision, ,
permission,
happiness, freedom,
independence, peace,
rest, peace
, defence, protection,
justice,
fairness,
sympathy
attention,
()
excuse, help
II. after the verbs:
if the action involves

the whole object
if the action involves

part of the object
, - jug ()
, ()
, , ()
, , ()
- to buy
- to bring
, ()
, ()
- grapes ()
( - bunch of)
- to give
- to take
, ()
, (some amount)
- to drink
- to eat
buying some individual items,

people say:

buying provisions (),

people say:
, ,
( , ).
(,
, ).
(, , ).
(, ).
III. if the transitive verb

is preceded by
negation
the object
a specific person or thing
the object
an abstract or unspecified thing
+ verb
- to meet
- to know
sympathy
mutual understanding
,
- to love
noise, heat
- to see
, sense
- to feel
cold, ache, hunger
- to find
support
(), ()
- to demand, to require
- to look for
- to wait
- to pour
- to put
- to slice
- to pick
16
/ The Instrumental case ( 5) ? ?

MEANING
CONSTRUCTION
EXAMPLES
1. Together with /
1) Joint action
C
verbs:
verbs of motion, - to be
- to speak
- to talk to
/ - to meet
() - to introduce
() - to say hello to
() - to say good-bye to
() - to consult
2) Emotional state (condition)
accompanying an action
,

? How?
3) The presence of the quality of
an object:
:
-
?
- ()

.
- with
- with
.
.
- appearance ()
- food ()
- architecture of building
( )
- ontent ()
4) The question about the health
of a person

- ?
- .
words:
- with pleasure
- with interest
- with pride
- with wonder
- with joy
- with difficult
.
.

? - .
- with
- ?
- .
2. Profession and rank / ,
Nom.
compound predicate with the verbs:
- to be
- to become
- to be
present: - .
+ Instr.
past: + +
future: + +
?
1) Interests and occupation

?
(there is no verb )
() .
- () ?
- () .
.
- ?
-
. / .
3. The object /
verbs:
- ?
- to be occupied (with) - ().
- to be keen on smth.
- to be interested / /
.
2) The object of the emotional state

words:
- to be delighted
- to be indignant
.
- to admire
- enjoy, take pleasure
- to be satisfied (with)

3) another verbs
17
MEANING
CONSTRUCTION
4. The instrument of action

there is no preposition
EXAMPLES
?- .
.
.
5. Place /
prepositions:
- ?
- .
- above
in front of
between
behind, after
- under
- near to, close by
.
.
.
.
6. Passive constructions
Nom.
perfect
+ +
short past passive participle
Nom.
imperfect
+ +
7. Time /
?
- seasons

Not long ago from the action

- just before
- ?
-
.

.
.

.
.
.
?
8. The means and manner of action

.
there is no preposition
(
).
(= ).
9. Purpose /
- for
? what for?
10. Congratulations
,
. =

.
Acc.
/
- with
()
I congratulate you with
! Happy birthday!
! holiday, celebration
! Merry Christmas!
! Happy New Year!
! Happy Easter!
: ! Same to you!
18
/ The Declension of Nouns

SINGULAR
CASE
h a r d
1 - Nominative
onsonant
? / ?
2 - Genitive
? / ?
3 - Dative
? / ?
4 - Accusative
inan. = Nom.
anim. = Gen.
? / ?
5 - Instrumental
? / ?
6 - Prepositional
hard
soft
inan. = Nom.
anim. = Gen.
()
hard
inanimate = Nom.
animate = Gen.
()
soft
no ending
? / ?
PLURAL
f+m
s o f t
/ Questions according to the case

CASE
1
2
3
4
5
6
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional
ANIMATE OBJECT
?
?
?
?
?
?
INANIMATE OBJECT
who?
of whom?
to whom?
whom?
by whom? with whom?
about whom?
?
?
?
?
?
?
what?
of what?
to what?
what?
by what? with what?
about what?
/ Genitive plural
CASE
1Nom.
singular
MASCULINE
onsonant
museum
FEMININE
, , ,
thousand
hour
sanatorium
question
teacher
month
boy
day
news
apple
sea
thing
business
field
week
mother
floor
stop
daughter
unstable vowel :
seat
window
letter
1. after sibilants - , , , ,
2. instead of ,
19
word
girl
+ unstable
vowel /
no ending
(girl)friend
doctor
2Gen.
plural
NEUTER
no ending
+ unstable
vowel /
/ Genitive plural
feminine
neuter
Special case:
- station
- building
Exceptions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
() / - neighbours
- / - friends, - / - sons
/ - children, / - parents, / - people
/ - watch, / - glasses; / - money
- / - brothers, - / - chairs
- / - tree, - / - leaves
- times, - persons; - / - eyes
() / - soldiers, - / - boots
Speial endings in the Prepositional singular

? / Where?
- on the bridge
/ - in / on the nose
- on ice
- in the eye
/ - on / in snow
- in the mouth
() - at the corner - on the forehead
- on the floor
- in the battle
- in the meadow
- in smoke
- on the edge
- in the Crimea
? / When?
2015 - year
- hour
- in the wood
- in the port
- in the airport
() - in the corner
- in the garden
/ - in / on the cupboard
- on the bank
- / - / -
Nouns ending in - / - / - (singular)

gender
masculine
neuter
feminine
1 - Nominative

6 - Prepositional (?)

3 - Dative
Speial endings of masculine nouns in the Genitive singular

masculine nouns
- soup
- tea
- sugar
- cheese
- honey
- chocolate
- poison
- grapes
- people
meaning: part of the whole

(-) - plate of soup
(-) - cup of tea
(-) - piece of sugar
200 () (-)
(-) - jar of honey
(-) - bar of chocolate
(-) - a little poison
(-)
(-) - many people
20
endings
-
or
-
/ Three types of the declension of nouns
Declension I: feminine + masculine nouns ending in A -

SINGULAR
case
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Instr.
Prep.
consonant + A
(except , , , , , , , )
animate
inanimate
- mother - mountain
consonant +
animate
, , +
inanimate
- land
animate
- dog
inanimate
- book
- line
PLURAL
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Instr.
Prep.
SINGULAR
, , , +
+
animate
inanimate
animate
inanimate
Nom.
case
vowel (except ) +
animate
inanimate
wifes mother
rain cloud
she-wolf
street
fairy
statue
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Instr.
Prep.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Instr.
Prep.
ending
-
-
-
- ()
PLURAL
-
no ending
-
an. = Gen. / in. = Nom.
-
Declension II: 1) masculine nouns without any ending in the Nominative

SINGULAR
consonant
case (except , , , , , , , )
animate
inanimate
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Instr.
Prep.
, ,
animate
inanimate
animate
inanimate
artist
table
teacher
dictionary
grandson
sunflower
sanatorium
PLURAL
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Instr.
Prep.
21
SINGULAR
, , ,
animate
inanimate
1
- knife
Nom. friend, comrade
- march
2
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Instr.
6

Prep.

animate
- prince
1
Nom.
2
Gen.
3
Dat.
4
Acc.
5
Instr.
6
Prep.
case
inanimate
(except -)
animate
inanimate
month
hero
occasion, case
ending
-
-
anim. = Gen.
inan. = Nom.
- ()
PLURAL
- , -
- ,
-
anim. = Gen.
inan. = Nom.
-
Declension II: 2) neuter nouns ending in - ()

SINGULAR
consonant + O
case
animate
Nom. - word
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Instr.
Prep.
consonant + E
(except , , , , )
inanimate
- sea
, , , , +
animate
- monster
ending
- building
-
-
-
- = Nom.
-
PLURAL
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Instr.
Prep.
-
no ending /
-
- = Nom.
-
-
Declension III: feminine nouns ending in -

case
SINGULAR
animate
,
inanimate
daughter, mother
exercise book
2 - Gen.
3 - Dat.
,
,
4 - Acc.
5 - Instr.
6 - Prep.
1 - Nom.
PLURAL
ending
animate
inanimate
ending
,
,
an. = Gen.
in. = Nom.
,
,
,
,
22
/ Irregular declension of some nouns

SINGULAR
PLURAL
= declension III
masculine
- way
- time
2 - Gen.
3 - Dat.
4 - Acc.
5 - Instr.
6 - Prep.
case
1 - Nom.
ending
-
SINGULAR
= declension III
PLURAL
= declension II: 2
neuter: ending -
- time, - name, - banner, - flame

- tribe, - seed, - burden
/ Indeclinable nouns
- bureau, office
- jury
- interview
- cafe
- cinema, movie
- coffee
- compartment
- underground, subway
- overcoat
- piano
- radio
- taxi
- hobby
- highway
23
All inanimate nouns are neuter,

but the word is masculine.
/ Mobile vowels in nouns
1 - Nom., singular, masculine
2 - Gen., plural, feminine / neuter
nouns ending in:
nouns ending in:
-() /- (-) /- /- /- /- /- /-
- /- /- /- /- /- /- /- /- /-
-
call, bell, ring
-
piece
-
sock
-
gift
-
lane
-
ambassador
-
drawing
-
baby, child
-
machine(tool)
-
corner
-
coal
-
flower
in words of one syllable /
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
log
oar
village
small girl
girl
land
toy
kopeck
ring
armchair
spoon
sheep
song
-
-
-
-
-
day
forehead
moss
mouth
sleep, dream
-
-
-
-
-
-
letter
towel
shirt
heart
bench
match
-
-
-
wind
foreigner
stone
-
-
pine (tree)
cup
-
-
-
end
light
eagle
-
-
-
-
singer
seller, (shop)assistant
-
-
-
artist(e), actress
jar, tin, can
roll, loaf
ice
lion
stream
nightingale
-
-
-
-
-
bottle
branch
fork
board, plank
fir (tree)
soldier
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
note
boat
stamp
window
stop
postcard
mark, note
fairy tale
()
masculine (nouns ending in -)
(stem ends in -)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
grandfather
boy
24
Formation of nouns in the plural

masculine: - he
NUMBER
feminine: - she
table
question
SINGULAR
lesson
briefcase
car
museum
newspaper
script
month
window
sea
station
business
dress
pen
towel
building
thing
, ,
,
, , ,
consonant
- they
week
floor
PLURAL:
neuter: - it
, , +
, +

Special cases of formation of nouns in the plural
-
friend
mother
-
time
brother
daughter
name
-
son ()
-
husband ()
-
-
- cook
-
-
-
banner
foreman
-
tribe
teacher
- city
- house
-
-
-
-
child - children
chair
seed
-
()
- train
-
- shore
leaf
()
- island
-
- evening
- -
tree
- voice
sky
kitten
- colour
-
- -
ear (of corn)
- eye
wolf-cub
miracle
- number
-
- forest
wing
- meadow
-
- snow
feather
-
- - cold
flower
apple
- century
- sort
- edge, land
- side
person - people
25
- citizen
- peasant
- Englishman
-
owner, host
-
gentleman, Mr.
-
Tatar
-
Bulgarian
Nouns with the plural form only

1) Objects consisting of two or more identical parts
,

2) Some substances and foodstuffs

3) Some abstract ideas

- scissors
- scales
- glasses
- money
- trousers
- clock, watch
- shorts, pants
- chess
- cream
- perfume
- canned goods
- cabbage soup
- ink
- elections
- finance
- negotiations
- funeral
- twenty-four hour
- week days
- holidays
Nouns with the singular form only

1) Substances and medicines

2) Food
3) Sets of objects or persons

(collective nouns)

(c )
4) Certain vegetables and berries

5) Certain actions

6) Feelings and some abstract ideas

7) Borrowed nouns (neuter, indeclinable)
c
( )
- iron
- copper
- aluminium
- aspirin
- meat
- butter
- sugar
- salt
- milk
- clothes
- footwear
- tableware
- furniture
- oxygen
- nitrogen
- hydrogen
- iodine
- fish
- cheese
- rice
- flour
- young people
- humankind
() - potatoes
() - carrots
- cabbage
- onions
- vine, grapes
- pea
- raspberries
- parsley
- reading
- swimming
- harvesting / cleaning up
- hunting
- struggle
- love
- youth
- hatred
- darkness
- health
- metro, subway
- radio
- cinema
- main road
- taxi
- coat
- cafe
- jury
- interview
- menu
26
( 6)
The use of prepositions and in the Prepositional expressing place

verbs: - to be, - to be situated, - to live, - to work, - to study
- to walk, - to rest; - to stand, - to lie, - to sit, - to hang
verbs of motion are not used!
1. the position of the subject
? - (on the table) / (in, inside the table)
relating to its surface
- country, - city, - village, - center
- region, - oblast, region

- house, - entrance, - flat, - room

, , , ,
open space: - street, - square, - avenue
? Where?
- main road, - road
! - lane
, = in / at / on
- north, - south, - east, - west
- floor
- theatre, - cinema, - museum, - club
2. buildings -
, - restaurant, , , - hospital
, , - school, - university
- hotel, - shop, - pharmacy, - bank
- performance, - concert, - exhibition
3. events, shows ,
- discotheque, - party, - ballet
- work, - meeting, - meeting
- lesson, - lecture, , - excursion
- stadium, - market, - holiday cottage in the country
4. remember exceptions
- post office, - factory, - plant

- homeland, - island
- railway station, - station, - stop
,
! - airport
- business trip, - on holiday
? ? ?
inanimate
? where? [in, at, on]
place
() /
I was / will be in (at)
6 - Prepositional case
m

-
f

- at home
? where to?
direction
/ - I (will) go to
/ - I went to
4 - Accusative case
m

f

- / -
- home

? where from?
from the place
/
I came from
2 - Genitive case
m - / -

f

- / -
- from home

animate (person)
? = ? [at]
2 - Genitive case
m - / -
- / -
? = ?
3 - Dative case
m - / -
? = ?
2 - Genitive case
m - / -
- / -
adverbs
- here
- there
/ - on the right / left
- below
, - above
- in front
, - behind
- to here
- to there
/ - to the right / left
- down
, - up
- forward
- back
27
- from here
- from there
/ - from the right / left
- from below
- from above
- from the front
- from behind
? where?
? where to?
? where from?
place
direction
from the place
6 - Prepositional
4 - Accusative
1 - Nominative
/
city
/ f
country
north / south
/
east / west
/
sea / lake
/
mountain(s)
- pl.
village
street
square
f
lane
house // home
entrance
floor
flat
room
hotel
center
school
university
museum
theatre, circus
,
swimming pool
club
park
wood, garden
/
pl.
guests at sbs house
exhibition
conert
excursion
f
performance
party
lesson
, factory, plant
airport
railway station
station
f
market
shop
drycleaners
pharmacy
bank
embassy
clinic
business trip
f, church
holiday
work
firm
office
company
f
meeting
/
restaurant, pub
/
/
/
/
/
-
//
28
/
/
/
/
/
-
//
2 - Genitive
/
/
/

,

/

/

/
/ Generic endings of adjectives
- new
- red
- young
- small
- bad
- good
- fresh
- hot
- common
- big
S I N G U L A R
feminine
?
- blue
Stem ending
in:
a hard
consonant
, ,
, , ,
a soft
consonant
masculine
?
neuter
?
PLURAL
?
The declension of qualitative and relative adjectives

1) Stem ending in a hard and soft consonant
CASE
n
hard
1
Nom.
4
Acc.
2
Gen.
3
Dat.
5
Instr.
6
Prep.
S I N G U L A R
m
n
feminine
soft
hard
soft
inanimate = Nom. / animate = Gen.
PLURAL
hard
soft
inan. = Nom.
anim. = Gen.
= declension
= declension
2) Stem ending in , ,
CASE
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
S I N G U L A R
masculine
neuter
/
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
feminine
PLURAL
inan. = Nom.
anim. = Gen.
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
= declension
= declension
29
Types of the declension of qualitative and relative adjectives

S I N G U L A R
CASE
masculine
?
neuter
?
PLURAL
feminine
?
1) Stem ending in a hard consonant

1
Nom.
4
Acc.
2
Gen.
3
Dat.
5
Instr.
6
Prep.
inanimate = Nom.
animate = Gen.
2) Stem ending in the soft consonant

Nom.
Acc.
Gen.
Dat.
Instr.
Prep.
inan. = Nom. / an. = Gen.
3) Stem ending in the soft consonant ,

1
Nom.
4
Acc.
2
Gen.
3
Dat.
5
Instr.
6
Prep.
inanimate = Nom.
animate = Gen.
4) Stem ending in , ,
1
Nom.
4
Acc.
2
Gen.
3
Dat.
5
Instr.
6
Prep.
30
inanimate = Nom.
animate = Gen.
CASE
S I N G U L A R
neuter
m
n
?
masculine
?
PLURAL
feminine
?
5) Stem ending in ,
1
Nom.
4
Acc.
2
Gen.
3
Dat.
5
Instr.
6
Prep.
1
Nom.
4
Acc.
2
Gen.
3
Dat.
5
Instr.
6
Prep.
(spell , pronounce )
inanimate = Nom.
animate = Gen.
inanimate = Nom.
animate = Gen.
Adjectives with the stem in the soft consonant

- blue
- autumn
- winter
- spring
- summer
- yesterdays
- todays
- tomorrows
- morning
- evening
- early
- late
c - Saturday
- last years
- New Years
- upper
- lower
- front
- middle
- rear
- distant
- near
- neighbouring
- ancient
- domestic
- last
- extreme
- superfluous
- sincere
- five-year
- three-year
- internal
- external
- of this place, local
- of that place, local
- outside, extraneous
31
- old
- of those days
- former
- present
- present
- unilateral
- versatile
- multilateral
- all-round
- habitual
/ The declension of possessive adjectives
CASE
masculine
?
S I N G U L A R
neuter
m
n
?
PLURAL
feminine
?
1) suffix
Nom.
Acc.
Gen.
Dat.
Instr.
Prep.
2) suffix
Nom.
Acc.
Gen.
Dat.
Instr.
Prep.
3) suffix /
Nom.
Acc.
Gen.
Dat.
Instr.
Prep.
4) Surnames - : suffix / ,
masculine
CASE
1
Nom.
4
Acc.
2
Gen.
3
Dat.
5
Instr.
6
Prep.
no ending
animate = Genitive
suffix
, ,
,
animate = Genitive
feminine
suffix
, ,
,
,
,
32
plural
suffix /
( )
( )
The Declension of Nouns and Adjectives (general table)

S I N G U L A R
NOUNS
CASE
1 - Nominative
? / ?
masculine
neuter
? / ?
feminine
consonant
4 - Accusative
inan. = Nom.
anim.= Gen.
? / ?
2 - Genitive
-
? / ?
3 - Dative
-
? / ?
5 - Instrumental
- ()
? / ?
6 - Prepositional
ADJECTIVES
feminine +
masculine
-
-
masculine
?
neuter
?
-
-
inanimate = Nom.
animate = Gen.
feminine
?
-
-
-
-
()
= declension
P L U R A L
CASE
1 - Nominative
? / ?
2 - Genitive
? / ?
3 - Dative
? / ?
4 - Accusative
? / ?
5 - Instrumental
? / ?
6 - Prepositional
? / ?
ADJECTIVES
NOUNS
- , -
no ending, , -

-
-
= declension
33
,
The Declension of Nouns, Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns
I. the DECLENSION of Nouns (singular)

QUESTIONS
animate
inanimate
?
?
CASE
1 - Nominative
who?
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
4 - Accusative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
what?
of whom?
of what?
to whom?
to what?
whom?
what?
m = Gen.
m = Nom.
() ?
() ?
with whom?
with what?
about whom?
about what?
MEANING
EXAMPLES
masculine feminine
II. the DECLENSION of Nouns, Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns
1
Nominative
2
Genitive
3
Dative
4
Accusative
5
Instrumental
6
Prepositional
? / ?
? / ?
? / ?
animate: ?
m = Gen.
inanimate: ?
m = Nom.
? / ?
? / ?
CASE
1 - Nominative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
4Accusative
EXAMPLES: singular
masculine
feminine
QUESTIONS
CASE
animate = Gen.
inanim. = Nom.
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
EXAMPLES: plural

34
Personal pronouns
singular
plural
1Nominative
/ Possessive pronouns
SINGULAR
PLURAL
masculine
feminine
neuter
[chy]
[ch-y]
[ch-y]
[ch-ye]
[my]
[may]
[may]
[maye]
whose?
my
you
he
it
she
your
his
its
her
we
you
they
our
your
their
own
[yeev]
[yeey]

The declension of personal pronouns and reflexive pronoun
1 - Nom.
s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r
p
l
u
r
a
l
2 - Gen.
3 - Dat.
4 - Acc.
5 - Instr.
6 - Prep.
me
()
()
you
you
he
him
she
her
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
/
( )
it
we
us
you
you
they
them
( )
( )
( )
( )
- oneself
it
35
SINGULAR
CASE
1 - Nominative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
4 - Accusative
masculine
neuter
feminine
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
+
+
animate = Gen. /
inanimate = Nom.
= declension
= declension
- his
- her
m:
n:
4 - Accusative
animate = Gen. / inanimate = Nom.
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional

1 - Nominative
PLURAL
animate = Gen. /
inanimate = Nom.
all cases
1 - Nominative
The declension of possessive pronouns
m:
n:
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
/
3 - Dative
/
5 - Instrumental
/
6 - Prepositional
/
/
- their
The declension of interrogative pronouns

f:
pl:
f:
pl:
/
/
/
/
whose?
what?
which?
The declension of demonstrative pronouns
1 - Nominative
m: /
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
n: / f: /
/
/
/
/
36
pl: /
this / that
these / those
/
/
/
/
?
?
m:
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
The declension of demonstrative pronouns
n:
4 - Accusative
n:
n:
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
m:
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
n:
pl:
pl:
myself
yourself
himself
pl:
all
f:
f:
6 - Prepositional
f:
5 - Instrumental
such
The declension of determinative pronouns
m:
1 - Nominative
m:
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
pl:
/
1 - Nominative
f:
ourselves
the most
the same
the very
The declension of indefinite pronoun
1 - Nominative
- several, a few
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
4 - Accusative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
Formation of interrogative, negative and indefinite pronouns

Interrogative
?
Negative
-
somebody
who?
nobody
Nom.
what?
nothing
Nom.
something
whose?
nobodys
anyones
what? which?
none, whatever
any, some
Indefinite
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
-
which?
some
how much?
(not) at all
some
37
several, a few
/ Indefinite Pronouns and Adverbs
pronouns
adverbs
suffix / prefix
- //
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
meaning
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- once
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
someone, somebody
something
any, some
anyones
some
somewhere
to somewhere
from somewhere
ever, one day
for some reason
for some reason or other
somehow
meaning
1)
I dont mind,
It is all the same to someone,
It doesnt matter,
Its not important
-
(-)
2) question: I absolutely
dont know, I have no idea
:
3) May be, probably
,
It happened,
but I dont know what,
I dont remember
-
, /

-
-
with
prepositions
-
-

/
examples
- ? ( , .)
-.
- !
- ? ( , .)
- .
( , .)
- .
( , .)
? - - .
- ? - , .
( , .)
- ?
, , -
.
- . ( , .)
- .
( , .)
? - - .
( , .)
- . -
.
- .
( , .)
, ? - - .
- .
I know,
but I dont want to tell you
-
I dont have time for details

,

- .
!
- .
, -
.
( , ,
.)
38
Negative Pronouns and Adverbs with the particle Intensifying the Negative Constructions
Double negation:
1) particle + verb - to express the negative constructions
2) particle - to intensify the negative constructions
particle
negative
pronouns
negative
adverbs
construction
conjunction
adverbs of
degree
examples
- nobody
() - nothing
- none, whatever
- nobodys
preposition
+ pronoun
() .
.
.
.
.
.
- never
- no way
- nowhere
- nowhere (to)
- from nowhere
+ verb - not once =
+ noun Gen.
- not one, not a single
.
.
..., ... - neither ... nor ...
,
.
completely
absolutely
not at all
.
.
.
39
Negative Pronouns and Adverbs with the particle Meaning: there is no person / object / time / place / reason to do smth.
pronouns
2Gen.
nobody
nothing

3Dat.
4Acc.

subject = 3 Dat.
direct object = 2 Gen.
5Instr.
6Prep.

impersonal sentence
3 Dat.
()
adverbs
nowhere
no where to
from no where
theres no reason to do
there is no time, busy
+ inf.
examples
meaning
,
.
:
= , .
= ,
.
, .
- ?
- , .
,
.
= ().
:
= , .
,
.
= ,
.
- ?
- , .
= ,
.
= , .
- - ?
- , .
= ,
.
:
, .
= , .
= (),
.
().
= , .
, .
= , .
, .
= .
= ,
.
= , .
= , .
, ( )
.
= ,
(reason) , .
Compare:
.
.
1 Nom. + + + verb
3 Dat. + + inf.
40
He doesnt do anything.
He doesnt have anything to do.
/ Pronouns , , , , , ,
m
f
n
pl
pronouns
determinative
pronoun
oneself
meaning
,

C is used with the verb (before or
after it) in Nominative case and
shows that the action was done by
the subject of the sentence
without anybodys help.
It is closely connected to the verb and
does not answer the question "?.
In other cases it is used after nouns

and pronouns to emphasize them
(similar to English oneself, personally).
myself / yourself / himself / itself

ourselves / yourselves / themselves
Nom.
Gen. / Acc.
Dat.
Instr.
Prep.
reflexive pronoun
oneself
is used to replace the subject

and to show that the subject of the
sentence is also the object of its own
action.
This pronoun cannot be used as the
subject of the sentence.
myself / yourself / himself / itself
ourselves / yourselves / themselves
examples
.
- ?
- , .
. Its her fault.
.
() .
.
.
,
.
.
1. , .
for himself
. about himself
.
.
2.

= .
.
3. - expressions:
(, ) (). - he is at home / in his office
: - pull / - push
(). - they go home
.
? - How do you feel?
- to rely on
- to imagine
- ? - to have
- , .
() - to behave
! - surprise: well, I never!
- to think about yourself
- to ones taste
? - . - so-so
() () . - nice-looking
- to come out of oneself, fly off the handle
. - he blames himself
- to come to ones senses
. - to dissatisfied
- to keep oneself in hand
() . - to be confident
- to take oneself in ones hands
() - to praise
,
- smb. is beside oneself with fury, anger; one is nearly out of ones mind
m
f
n
pl
determinative
pronoun
. - Im my own master.
1) + adjective
complex superlative degree: the most
2) + pronouns / : the same
clarification, identity
,
3) + noun (place / time): the very
exact limit of time and space

,
.
.
,
.
()
- right at the beginning (end)
- in actual fact
41
m
f
n
pl
.

.
,
- all over the town
- dirty all over
- wet through
1. attribute
all, the whole
determinative
pronoun
2. subject / object:
1) (pl.) - group of people
everybody, everyone
2) - subjects and events
,
everything, all
1) .
.
2) , .
,
.
.
. - He told her all.
:
- the image of his father
- at the top of ones voice
()!
- Good-bye! All the best!
- without anything
- anything can happen
- thats all (the end)
, .
- Alls well that ends well.
m
f
n
pl
two identical or similar subjects

such = the same
demonstrative
pronoun
m
f
n
pl
this
that
demonstrative
pronouns
?
?
m
f
n
pl
demonstrative
pronoun
It is used like an adjective preceding

nouns and declines as an adjective, thus
having three genders and plural forms.
In the construction (This is )
the word o never changes. When in
English you use this and is together, in
Russian you need to use the pronoun
o.
When in English you separate this and
is, in Russian you use the pronoun
o. In both English and Russian the
adjective is placed behind the noun.
1) the same thing: that

2) =
the same
This is an interesting book.

(a statement that the book is interesting)
().
This book is interesting.
(This book is interesting compared to others,
I recommend it.)
. - This is a new film.

. - I love this film.
2. - , , .
- ?
- , () .
- ?
- , ,
. ( )
.
= (
, ,
).
!
!
42
,
().
,
. ( )
1. .
pronouns / / / + noun, adjective

adverb (degree) + verb, adverb
/ NUMERALS
ARDINAL
?
m
f
n
pl
m/n
f
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2, 3, 4 000
5 - 20 000
1 000 000
2, 3, 4 000 000
5 - 20 000 000
1 000 000 000
() 1 Nom.
2 Gen. sing

2 Gen. pl

() 1 Nom.
2 Gen. sing

O R D I N A L (= adjective)
? (- / - / -)
m
f
pl
COLLECTIVE
?
/ / /
2 Gen. pl
43
m
f
+ animate nouns
2 Gen. pl:
,
rouble
2, 3, 4 / 22, 43 Gen. sing

Gen. pl
5 20,
Nom.
1 / 21, 31
dollar
kopeck year day

- indeclinable
hour
person
time

exceptions
/ ? 1 Nom. - How much does the house / the book cost?

1 / 21, 31
Acc. + Acc. + Gen. pl
5 20 / 30, 40
Acc. + Gen. sing + Gen. pl
, , ()
Acc. + Gen. pl + Gen. pl
()
()
Acc. + Acc.

Acc. + Gen. sing
7
Acc. + Gen. pl
() /
21 ( )
22 ( )
5 /
50
4 Acc. + 4 Acc.
f
m
n

give me
2, 3, 4 / 22, 43
()
()
() O /
4 Acc. + 2 Gen. sing
4 Acc. + 2 Gen. pl
5
6
7
pl
/ Mathematical operations
:
=
/
/

/
15 + 23 = 38
578 34 = 544
6 7 = 42
81 : 9 = 9
15 5 : 3 = 25
/ FRACTIONS
The numerator ()
The denominator ()
f
1-
f, Nom. sing
= 1/2
= 1/3
f
2-
a cardinal numeral
an ordinal numeral
Gen. pl
= 2/2
= 2/3
1 Nom.
2 Gen. pl
Nom.
3
and higher
Gen. pl
= 3/5
= 5/8
/ DECIMALS
1 -
0 -
2 -
3
Gen. pl
+ 5 Instr.
= 1/2
= 1/3
= 1/4
m / n
f
f
Nom. sing
+ 2 Gen. sing
= 1,5
1,6 =
3,1 =
4, 61 =
0,3 =
2,5 =
7,34 =
2,5 = 2 =
;

; (= 16 15 )
, , ,
,
44
/ The declension of numerals
I. / The declension of cardinal numerals

1) , , , = , , ,
CASE
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
SINGULAR
masculine
neuter
feminine
PLURAL
2) 2, 3, 4
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
m
f
3) 5 - 30 =
50 - 80 = both parts decline like the noun ( )
5 - 10
CASE
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
6 - Prepositional
5 - Instrumental
11 - 20, 30
( -)
50 - 80
( -)
4) 40, 90, 100

1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
5) 200, 300, 400 = the first part of these numerals declines like , ,
( , , )
500 - 900 = both parts decline, the first part of these numerals declines like
( , )
500 - 900 ( -)
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
45
6) (f) =
(m) =
7) In complex cardinal numerals each part declines separately.
.
.
345 = 5 Instr.
II. / The declension of ordinal numerals

1) Ordinal numerals = adjectives with the hard stem (, )
exception: = ,
CASE
1
Nominative
4
Accusative
SINGULAR
neuter
masculine
2
Genitive
3
Dative
5
Instrumental
6
Prepositional
PLURAL
feminine
animate = Gen.
inanimate = Nom.
2) In complex ordinal numerals only the final word has the form of an ordinal numeral.
We decline the final word only.

. .
Prep.
2009-o ( ).
Gen.
Gen.
25-o 1978-o ( ).
III. / The declension of collective numerals

Collective numerals = adjective plural
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
2, 3
4-7
both
m:
46
f:
IV. / The declension of fractions

In fractions, both parts decline: the numerator and the denominator.
The numerator = cardinal numeral
The denominator = a hard-stem adjective
: .
=
=
1/2
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
2/5
3/8
V. / The declension of decimals
1,..
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
2,..
and higher
0,..
Gen. pl
- =
- / (f) =
= 1,5
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
m:
= 150
f:
47
Formation of degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives and adverbs of manner

COMPARATIVE DEGREE

SIMPLE
COMPLEX
adjective
+ noun
SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

COMPLEX
COMPLEX
SIMPLE
simple comparative
1) suffix:
degree of adjective (- / - / -)
- more
- less
1) stem of adjective
+ suffix:
()
(after , , , , )
+
of all
+ adjective
the most
+ adjective
[ - than]
2) prefix
1) stem of adverb
+ suffix
- more
- less
2) prefix
+ some adverbs
()
beautiful
adverb
+ verb
quickly
()
SUFFIX
interchange of consonants
- / -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
drop suffix -, -
-
drop suffix -, -
-
-
-
-
2) prefix
simple comparative
degree of adverb
is used seldom
-
(after , , , )
+ - animate
- inanimate
in all
/
EXAMPLES
- -
- -
- - ()
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- - -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-- - -
-- - -
-- - -
48
bright, light
kind
strong
cheerful
expensive
strict
young
solid, hard
loud
short
light, easy
bright
hot
soft
strong
clean
often
thick, fat
dense, thick
simple, easy, ordinary
rich
steep, sharp
dry
quiet
cheap
narrow
close
low
high
rare
wide, extensive
distant, far-off
thin
long
Special cases of formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

comparative
degree
adjective
adverb
superlative degree
simple
complex / simple
,
good
better
,
bad
worse
,
small
smaller
,
big, large
bigger, larger
/

late
later

deep
deeper

sweet
sweeter
()
well
better
the best
()
badly
worse
the worst
()
little, not much
less
the least
()
many, much
more
the most
()
early
earlier
the earliest
complex
()
the best
()
the worst

the smallest

the biggest, the largest

the latest

the deepest

+ noun
simple comparative degree of adjective
Gen. 2
- simple comparative degree of adjective

- complex comparative degree of adjective
- comparison of two infinitives
- than
, .
, .
, .
Nom. 1
only Complex Comparative Degree of adjectives

:
taste
- salted
- bitter
- fried
- boiled
- smoked
- early
- proud
- tired
- friendly
- efficient, businesslike
, + adjective
Simple Superlative Degree of adjectives

suffix -
- strong (hard)
-
old
simple, easy / ordinary
-
-
rich
-
kind
-
new
-
difficult
-
tasty, delicious
-
-
-
49
suffix -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
high, tall
great
thin, slender
rare
light, easy
strict
close
quiet
/ Complete and Short-form Adjectives

COMPLETE-FORM adjectives: attribute -
1) The adjective is placed before the noun - predicate.
+ ( / ) + adjective + noun Nom. 1.
In the construction (This is ) the word o never changes. When in English you use this
and is together, in Russian you need to use the pronoun o:
. - This is an interesting book. (a statement that the book is interesting)
.
.
.
.
m
f
n
pl
2) The adjective is placed before the noun - object.

The adjectives and the pronoun change for gender, number and case and agree with the noun
they qualify in gender, number and case.
.
SHORT-FORM adjectives
COMPLETE-FORM adjectives
predicate -
The adjective is placed behind the noun - subject.

+ noun Nom. 1 + ( / ) + adjective.
The auxiliary verb is omitted in the present tense.
When in English you separate this and is, in Russian you use the pronoun o:
(). - This book is interesting. (This book is interesting compared to others, I recommend it.)
The pronoun is used like an adjective preceding nouns and declines as an adjective, thus having
three genders and plural forms.
m
f
n
pl
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The adjectives agree with the noun they qualify in

gender, number (and case).
The adjectives are not declined, but agree with the

noun they qualify in gender and number.
past / future tense: Nom. 1 or Instr. 5

/ .
/ .
The Predicate is only a Short-form Adjective

1. subject: , , , , ,
, , .
2. attribute of the subject:
, , , ,
50
.
.
.

Formation of short-form of qualitative adjectives and past passive participles
SHORT-FORM
COMPLETE-FORM
- beautiful
- tall, high
- written
- open
masculine
SINGULAR
feminine
neuter
PLURAL
Some present participles passive have a short-form (bookish language):

- to love
- to respect
- to value
- to keep
- to torture
- to oppress
(-, -, -)
Short-form Adjectives that we use often:

masculine
feminine: -A
plural: -
neuter: -O
51
open
closed
to be right
glad
happy
enjoyed
busy
free
healthy
ill, sick
agree
ready
to be sure, confident
similar (to), someone looks like
familiar (with)
need
it is necessary
must, have to
it is possible
obligatory
grateful
faithful, sure; correct
visible
audible
full, filled with
worthy, fitting
indifferent (to)
typical (of)
characteristic (of)
Special cases of formation of short-form of adjectives

1. Mobile vowel ( )
() +
drop or + () + /
()
complete form ends in -
-
-
-
- (stressed)
masculine
(near) -
(short) -
(low) -
(short, brief) -
(strong) - (narrow) -
(easy) -
(adroit) -
(thin) -
(sharp, harsh) -
(sweet) -
(long) -
(funny) -
(full) -
(wicked, evil) -
- (harmful) -
(black) -
(useful) -
(clever) -
(necessary) -
(difficult) - (reliable) -
(poor) -
(faithful) -
(pale) -
(dirty) -
(bitter) -
(sick) -
(sharp) -
c (strong) -
(staunch) - (shapely) -
(sharp) -
(light) -
(sly) -
(frank) -
(sincere) -
(light-headed) -
(limited) -
(ordinary) -
(invariable) -
(long) -
(valuable) -
(inclined, disposed) -
(modern) -
(constant) -
!
(sure) -
(remote) -
(well-bred) -
(reserved) -
2. The adjectives and have no short forms.

in their place, we use the short forms
, - (-, -, -)
of the adjectives and
, - (-, -, -)
3. The adjectives which have no short-form
-
- , ,
ending in: -, -
- , , ,
-, -, -
- , ,
, , , , ,
colours
, , ,
prefix - / -
, ,
4. The adjectives used only in the short-form

, , - be glad
.
, , - must
.
, , - obliged .
, ,
, ?
- responsible, guilty, to blame
(), ,
( ),
, ,
52
/ Verb forms
INFINITIVE
- after vowels
- to read
- to speak
- to draw / paint
- to laugh
- after consonants
- to carry
- to go
- to grow
- to lead / drive
VERB FORMS
PRESENT TENSE
?
What are you doing now?
IMPERFECTIVE ASPECT
PERFECTIVE ASPECT
change in person and number

singular
What will you do tomorrow?
plural
() + / /
, ,
, ,
, ,
m
f
pl
() + / /
COMPOUND:
+ inf.
SIMPLE
verb has the I st conjugation
verbs have a onjugation (I and II)
FUTURE TENSE
?
- to be able to do
- to help
- to lie down
- to take care of / to be careful with
verbs have a onjugation (I and II):
PAST TENSE
?
What did you do yesterday?
- after vowels (a few)
singular
plural
singular
plural
past tense +
THE CONDITIONAL MOOD

consonant + / vowel +
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD
singular
plural (+ )
singular
plural (+ )
53
/ The conjugation of verbs
SINGULAR
PLURAL
(-, -)
II CONJUGATION:
inf. in
inf. in -
-, -, -, -,
-, -, -
PERSON
NUMBER
I CONJUGATION:
,
,
, ,
-
-
-
-
-
-
I
you
he / she / it
we
you
they
, - after vowels
, - after consonants
, , - unstressed
, , - stressed
, - after vowels and

soft consonants
, - after , , ,
infinitive
to work
to walk
to be ill
to draw, paint
to rest
to go
can
drop +
infinitive
to speak
to study
consonant +
vowel +
to give
to get up
EXCEPTIONS:
Verbs ending in - and -, -
II conjugation
c - to look, - to see, - to hate
- to depend, - to offend
- to suffer, - to turn round
- to drive, - to knock
- to shout, - to be silent, c - to hear
- to breathe, - to hold
- to sleep, - to fly
- to sit, - to lie, - to stand
54
Verbs ending in -
I conjugation
- to live
- to shave
- to sew
- to drink
- to beat
- to pour
Consonant interchange in verb stems in the present tense

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
I conjugation
infinitive
to write
to cry
to cut
to slice
to look for
to search for
to speak
to say, to tell
to can
to be able to do
to help
interchange
II conjugation
infinitive
to go
(by transport)
to see
to translate
to love
to prepare
to fly
to go
(on foot)
interchange
II conjugation
infinitive
to ask
to sit
to pay
to clean
to feed
to suffer
to tolerate
to carry
to wear
interchange
55
( )
Special cases of verb conjugation and past tense formation (irregular verbs)
PRESENT TENSE (imperfect) or FUTURE TENSE (perfect)
VERBS
to take
perf.
to take
to be
to live
perf.
to give
to eat
to drink
to sing
to go / drive
to go
to carry
to run
perf.
to lie down
perf.
to sit
to be able to do
perf.
to help
perf.
to understand
to want
to put
perf.
to die
to wait
to wash
to grow
SINGULAR
PAST TENSE
(, , )
PLURAL
()
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,

, ,
56
, ,
, ,
, ,
/ Aspects of the verb

/ Formation of the aspectual pairs
imperfective aspect
perfective aspect
1. without a prefix
prefix
the verb with prefix and without it must have the same
meaning otherwise it is not an aspectual pair
without the suffix

- / -
3. suffix -
without the suffix -
2. suffix - / -
4. suffix -
6. / in the root
()
()
to rewrite, to copy
to write down, to record
to order, to book
to finish
to give
to pass
to stand up, to get up
suffix -
5. suffix -
to read
to write
to draw
to have lunch
to do
to sing
to play
to grow
to decide, to solve
to study
to end, finish
to turn on
to answer
suffix -
without /
in the root
()
()
to cry, to shout
to rest
to start, begin
to understand
to occupy, to have a lesson
to pick up, to lift, to go up
7. different words
57
to speak, to say, to tell

to take, to borrow
to buy
to put
to sit down, to set
to lie down, to go to bed
to look for - to find
to catch
to hang (up)
to return, to give back
to turn
/ ASPECTS OF THE VERB
imperfective: The action is (will be) named only, the result is unimportant.
, .
1. Find a fact: the action in general. The General fact
: , .
1) / / ?
What did you do yesterday?
What will you do tomorrow?
What are you doing now?
What were you doing?
What are you going to do?
past
compound future
present
- ?
- ?
- ?
- .
- .
- .
2) / / ?
Will there be any action or not?
past
compound future
present
- ?
- ? - ?
- , () ( ). /
- , . / , . - , . / , .
- , () ( ).
2. The specification of the details of the action (as a fact, person, place, time),
which had already been or it will be. The Individual fact
( , , , ), .

Are you doing something or not? Was there any action or not?
: ? / ? / ?
imperfective:
perfective:
1. The action continued (will continue) for

some time. The process.
The action is (will be) completed and finished.

The result (limit) of the action.
. .
, . .
The process went on for (in)definite time:
The result is achieved within some definite time:
- all day
4 Acc.
- whole evening
- during a week
2 - hours / 3 - days / 4 - years
+ 4 Acc. - within
?
+ - already
+ + + verb - yet
+ past, future - for a long time

= + present
( + past - a long time ago / - recently)
there is no present tense
- ? / present
- ?
How long ...?
- () / 3 .
- ? / past
- ?
- .
- () ? past
- , () . /
- , () .
- , . present
+ + verb - still
- ?
- 2 . past
- ? /
- ? simple future
- / / .
- ?
- 2 .
compound future
- ?
- 3 . simple future
58
imperfective:
perfective:
2. The action was (will be) repeated many times.

,
( ).
The action is single, not repeated.

,
( ).
/ /
/ / /
- usually
- always
- sometimes
- often
- seldom
- never
- many times
() - every time (day)
- every Sunday
- previously, used to
- ?
- .
present
- ,
.
- . past
-
?
compound future
- .
.
simple future
(to get up) . past
. past
3. Both actions took place simultaneously.

.
One action which produced a result took place

after another, which was also completed with
a result.
.
past
,
.
present
, .
past
.
.
past
,
.
compound future
, .
.
simple future
[ ]
imperfect - compound future
finish
1
- to return
4.
imperfect
perfect - to call
past
.
The action which began and finished while the
other action was taken place has perfective aspect.
, ,
, .
59
imperfective
perfective
5. The result of the action is no longer valid

at the moment of speech. (past)
,
.
The result of the action is still valid at the

moment of speech. (past)

.
verbs:
1) verbs of motion with prefixes -, -, + / , /
/ , /
2) / - to take
/ - to give
/ - to open
/ - to close
/ - to turn on
/ - to turn off
/ - to put on
/ - to take off
/ - to put
/ - to put
/ - to tidy
3) () - to love,
() - to like
- ?
- . (= + )
?
(= , )
.
(= , ;
+ )
.
(= )
6.
The absolute absence of an action
(no action at all).
IN THE NEGATIVE
The action was (will be), but there is no result
of the action.
:
( , ).
(),
.
= he did not do smth. / wont do smth.
= he couldnt do it / will not be able to do it

/
/
. ( .) present
() . past
. past
2 .
compound future
simple future
imperfective
present
past
compound future: + inf.
perfective
past
simple future
60

The use of the ASPECTS OF THE VERB (general table)
imperfect
perfect
1. :
___
1) / ?
2) / ( )
3) (? ?)
2. :
, 2
?
,
?
3. :
, , ,
, ;
4. :
:
perfect
_________
_________
+ (im)perfect
2
finish
past: perfect + perfect

future: 1) perfect + perfect
2) perfect + imperfect
IMPERATIVE:
positive perfect
negative imperfect
+ INFINITIVE perfect
+ INFINITIVE imperfect
61
The use of aspects of the verb in the infinitive form

modal word / verb + inf. to express the necessity, desire, possibility, intention or advice
, , , ,
modal words
, - it is necessary, need
- must, have to
- it is possible / may?
- it is impossible / it is not allowed
verbs
- to want
- to be able to do / can
- to ask
- to advise
- to recommend
imperfective
perfective
1. The action without indication of its limit.

By the meaning it is near the general fact.
1. The main thing is the result of the action.

.
.
.

, .
2. The action as a process /

.
3. The repetition of the action.

.
2. A single, non-repeated action.
, ().
, , . its stuffy
.
to air
-.
4. Start of the action with the meaning
its time to do smth.
.
with the modal words:
- its time to
, - it is necessary, need
- it is possible
.
! () !
. () !
? May I come in?
5. After verbs expressing:
3. After perfective verbs:
1) The beginning, continuation or the end of action.

, , .
- to have enough time / to be (make) it in time

- to forget
- to manage, succeed
( , )
- to be left
( , )
- - to begin, to start
(= ) - to begin
- - to continue
- - to finish
- - to finish
- - to stop
- - to stop
- - to give up doing
.
.
.
. .
62
imperfective
5. After verbs expressing:
2) The ability, the skill, the habit and the practice to realization of action.
, , , .
- to be able / to know how to do

() - to learn
- - to get into the habit of doing
3) Feelings /
.
.
() - to love / () - to like
- to hate
4) The exhaustion or the negative attitude to an action.
- - to get tired
- to no longer want to do
- - to get tired
- to decide not to do
- - to bore
- to change ones mind
( , - to be fed up)
- to forget how to do
- to avoid
- - to grow out of the habit of
- love no longer (stop loving)
, - to dissuade
6. With the words meaning the general permission, the right for action:
, , :
- - to be allowed
- may
- to have the right (to)
- duty (responsibility)
.
.
.
infinitive in the negative:

with the word (it is impossible, it is not allowed) and without it
imperfective
perfective
The action is not allowed, not recommended or

not necessary to do.
Physical impossibility to fulfill an action.

.
,
( ).
, .
, .
, .
, .
,
.
, . , .
() , .
= , ,
after words:
/ - need not (one should not)
- should not, ought not /
- is not worth / - its not time
- not necessarily
- it is useless / - it is harmful
- it makes no sense
- one must not / - one ought not
- I dont suggest you
() - to have no wish
() - I would not like
- /
not be allowed, to forbid .
/ / - it is enough
.
63
= , ,

= it is impossible
The use of the aspects of the verb in the imperative

Imperative forms may express: a request to do something, advice, a recommendation,
an inducement to an action, a command, a demand, an invitation.
(, , , , , , )
imperfective
perfective
1. The speakers attention is centered on the 1. The main thing is the result of the action.
action itself, on the process: how? - ?
.

, ( ). :
- , , ?
, , / .
- , .
.
, , .
2. The action is single, not repeated;

expresses a request to do something,
a demand, a command or advice.
. .
, .
- At the doctors:
, , , .
, ,
, , .
.
2. The action was repeated;
expresses recommendations.
, , . (request)
, . (advice)
/ , , . (request)
3. An inducement to an action.
.
, .
, .
1) The invitation to make an action.

.
, , 10 .
, .
- Having visitors:
:
(command)
, , , , - , , .
; , .
- / .
- .
2) The permission to make an action.
- , .
.
- .
- , , .
? - .
3) The suggestion to begin or continue an action

immediately: do it now!
( )
.
- At home:
- (), , .
- () .
- () () .
- () .
- () .
(), .
() .
(), .
, .
, , .
. .
? - .
64
IMPERATIVE IN THE NEGATIVE

imperfective
perfective
as a rule imperfective
The exception: the situations when the speaker

is
afraid that an undesirable action may occur.
The request not to make an action or the
prohibition to make an action.
:
.
.

+ words: , - look out!
.
()! - Dont talk!
()! - Dont forget!
() ! - Dont open the window!
, ()! - Dont break!

() !
! - Dont worry!
, ! - Dont fall down!

, .
Dont catch a cold!

()! - Dont get sick!
() ! - Dont be late!
() ! - Dont lose the keys!
, !
Dont fall asleep!
65
Verbs which have no aspectual counterpart
1) imperfective aspect
to be
to love
to sit
to call
to work
to be different from
to be situated
to be glad
to stand
to be called
to study
to cost
to have
to be bored
to lie
to have a name
to serve
to weight
to possess
to feel very sad
to grow
to teach
to belong to
to miss
to command
to be
to want
2) perfective aspect
1. The starting point of an action

prefix to start
prefix =
to begin to do
prefix - (... -)
verbs of motion (group I):
to start walking
to start driving
to start flying
to fall in love
to feel
to like
to start pouring
to blow
verbs of motion (group II):

=
to begin to walk; to pace the room

to begin bustle
to begin to speak
to begin to sing
to begin rustling
to begin shouting
to stop talking
to begin laughing
to begin weeping
to fall ill
to become / grow sad
to become interested
to begin to work / start working
to get angry
to burst into tears
to start laughing
66
2. The actions of short duration (the actions are limited in time)

prefix = /
for a short while
to walk
to run about
to fly
to swim
to go for a (short) walk

to sleep
to sit
to lie
to stand
to play
to read
have a talk/ talk a little/ talk for a while
make a bit of a noise
to keep silent
to stay (for a short time)
to stay (for a while)
3. A certain period of time was taken up with the action

prefix for a certain time:

- for a long time
- all day
- whole evening
2 - hours / 3 - days
4 - years
- during a week
- until evening
to spend the time in walking / to walk

to run about
to be swimming / to be sailing
to spend / to run through
to stay / to remain
to speak / to talk
to spend the time sitting / to sit
to spend the time lying / to lie
to spend the time working / to work
to spend the time reading / to read
to sleep
to be ill
4. Single actions, actions, performed on one occasion only

, ( )
suffix -
- once
to jump
to wave
to cry / to shout
to knock / to bang
5. The result (limit) of the action

()
prefix to finish
to finish reading
to finish writing
to finish playing
to fry
to eat up
to drink up
to smoke
67
/ Formation of the Imperative
I. SECOND PERSON
singular
plural
(polite form) +
stem of the verb () ending in:

VOWEL
- - -
() to read
CONSONANT
form of the verb ()
accent in the ending
- - - - -
() to write
2 CONSONANTS
- - -
() to remember
accent in the stem
- - - - -
() to get up
Special cases /
singular
plural
- / to beat
- / to pour
- / to drink
- / to sew
3)
- / to eat
4)
- / to lie
5)
verb with prefixes
from the stem -
1) / / + suffix -
- / to give
- / to get up
- / to recognize
2)
--
/ /
/ /
6) - - / to go out
- - / to study
! - - / to take out
/ /
after consonant -
after vowel -
- - - -
- -
- - - -
- -
/ to get dressed
/ to get undressed
/ to study
/ to wash
no imperative
verbs:
, , ,
____
____
68
II. Joint action: the speaker invites one or several persons to do something together
: ( )
-
forms
1)
singular:
plural:
- lets
imperfect - infinitive
perfect - verb , future
!
!
!
!
()
!
()
!
!
!
/
!
2) verbs of motion (group I):

verb , present
3) verb , future, perfect
()
() !
!
() !
!
!
!
!
!
/ !
4) verbs with the meaning

to start, to begin:
!
!
!
____
verb , past
III. 3rd PERSON: a command or permission is addressed to some third person

-
1)
- let him, her, them + verb: imperfect - present
perfect - simple future
( )
()
() .
() .
() . ()
.
2)
appeals and congratulations

( / )
is used in journalistic writings

( )
69
!
Long live to peace!
/ Verbs of motion without prefixes

Group I
Group II
Verbs of unidirectional
motion
Verbs of non-directed or
variously directed motion
imperfective
to go, to walk
( - on foot)
to go, to drive
- by vehicle:
, ,
, , ,
, ,
to run
to fly
- by plane
- by helicopter
to swim, to sail
, - on a ship
, , - on a boat
to carry (in ones hands)
to carry (in a vehicle)
to lead
to drive a car
to trudge, to drag oneself along

to roam, to wander
to climb
to crawl
()
()
to carry, to drag (a heavy thing)

to trudge along (-)
()
()
to drive fast, to drive (animals)

to pursue (-)
()
leisure activities
not for the purpose of
transportation
to roll, to wheel (-)

to pull a sledge, to push a pram
to take smb. for a drive (for pleasure)
to go for a ride
( , ) - to ski
, - to skate
- to toboggan
- to cycle
- to ride a motorcycle
- to ride a horse
- to go for a drive
, , - to go boating
If there are wheels () you must use the verbs - and - .
70
/ The use of the Verbs of motion
past
present
future
group I: - (verbs of unidirectional motion) imperfective

() ,
() (imperfect) .
() ,
() (perfect) . - was going
movement in one direction

while the other action takes place
(2 actions at the same time)
/ .
process: movement in
one definite direction
at the moment of speech
,
(imperfect) .
,
(perfect) .

- /
? How long did it take you to get to ?
- () / 20 .
- ( )
/ ?
- / 25 .
- ( )
/ ?
- / 30 .
period of time
period of time
period of time
group II: - (verbs of non-directed or variously directed motion) imperfective

( () )
() / () .
repeated movement
there and back
() / () .
single movement there and back:

? direction - Acc. - went
= () .
? place - Prep. - was
() / () .
round: the non-directed action
(different directions)
/
- every day
- usually
- always
- often
- seldom
- sometimes
- never
/
,
repeated movement
there and back
repeated movement
there and back
/ .
the non-directed action


group I: - (start of motion) perfective

- ( )? subject (-, -)
- / .
start of motion + ?- set off
subject ,
[past verb]
!
() () /
() .
() / ().
2 actions: one after another

(result - perfect + start of motion)
,
.
,
.
in speech
start of motion in a minute:
/ .
/ .
/ .
intention to go somewhere
/
.
- will go
2 actions: one after another
(result - perfect + start of motion)
I am (we are) leaving.

Bye! Im off.
beginning of a new stage of movement
group I: - (to come, to arrive) perfective

/
8 .
/
9 .
group II: - (to come, to arrive) imperfective

() /
() 10 .
/
. = .
.
/
9 .
71

/
9 .
past
present
future
group I: - - (verbs of unidirectional motion) imperfective

.
.
.
/ ,
(perfect) .
- was taking

/
.
.
process: movement in
one definite direction
at the moment of speech

, .
group II: - - imperfective

(verbs of non-directed or variously directed motion)
( () )
() / () .
- every day
- usually
- always
- often
- seldom
- sometimes
- never
repeated movement
there and back
/
.
repeated movement
there and back
() / ()
.
- took
.
single movement there and back

/
.
round: the non-directed action
repeated movement
there and back
/
.

group I: - - / - - perfective
- ()? subject (-, -)
8 :
- / .
- .
- /
-
start of motion + ?- has taken
- /
start of motion
- .
- will take
to take something or someone
to the required place
group I: - - (to bring, to carry, to take) perfective

/
.
.
/
.
.
group II: - - (to bring, to carry, to take) imperfective

/
.

12 .
/
.
/
.
/
.

15 .

15 .
= ,
.
72
verbs of motion without prefixes - group II

, , .
.
. .
Ability, skill, usual means of locomotion.
.
.
.
Movement as a persons permanent occupation.
INFINITIVE
.
.
.
, , (), + group II
.
.
the name of the movement

(without concrete movement): group II
/ .
/ .
positive - intention: + prefix /
/ .
/ .
negative: + without prefix /
/
/
present: now or plans (without prefix )

future: prefix
IMPERATIVE
/ () !
/ !
/ !
(* ) / .
/ .
/ ! // / !
/ ! // / !
* / !
(special case)
! / !
= ()!
[past verb: ]
+ / !
[future verb: ]
73
positive - group I:
Go!
Bring it!
Take it!
negative - group II:
Dont go!
Dont bring it!
Dont take it!
invitation: Come to see me! - group II

Lets go! now; We are off.
suggestion: Lets go somewhere together.
/ TENSE AND MOOD FORMS OF THE VERBS OF MOTION
infinitive
(-)
II
to go on foot
II

(-)
to go by transport
to arrive
imperfect
present:
()
past:
imperative:
/
to come
I
II
I
II

perfect
future:
infinitive
to run
to fly
II
(-)
to swim, to sail
arrival by swimming
imperfect
present:
()
past:
imperative:
/
infinitive
II
to carry in (ones) hands
imperfect
II
to carry in a vehicle
to lead; to drive a car

/
74
II
imperfect
present:
()
past:
imperative:
/
to go, set off
imperfect
II
(-)
infinitive
to climb
to climb into
II
to crawl
II
to roam, to wander
imperfect
present:
()
past:
imperative:
/
II
(-)
infinitive
to carry, to drag
to drag in(to)
II
I

to drive
II
/
(-)
to roll, to drive / to skate
imperfect
present:
()
past:
imperative:
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
future imperfect: + infinitive
tense
present
()
past
()
group I:
group II:
+
+
+
+
+
+
() + ()
() + ()
() + ()
() + ()
() + ()
() + ()
75
,
Verbs of motion , with prefixes indicating spatial relations
prefix
(-)
meaning
examples
Movement into smth.

The distance is not far from the entrance.
.
to enter
.
Movement from within:

- for not a long distance
- for a short while.
Gen.
We came to Moscow.
He came to the office / to the
doctors.
/ .
I came from England.
. - Gen.
When is he going to come?
/ ?
/ ! Come to see us! Come to visit!
Acc.
? different areas / :
?
Dat.
Gen.
Departure: ( - )
Gen.
/ .
for a long distance / for a long time.
Acc.
Its not necessary to say the purpose of the

, ( ).
? movement.
Acc.
?
, :
.
/ .
. / ?
Dat.
Approaching (near, close by).
(-)
.
().
?
.
same area / :
He left on a business trip.

When is he going to leave?
I went (up) to the cash desk
/ .
Moving away from an object for a short

().
The teacher approached the

blackboard.
The bus approached the bus
stop.
Dat.
distance.
(-)
He left the office / the doctors.

My brother is not in, he has left
to work.
. and bought a ticket.
exit
Acc.
. - Acc.
Arrival: ( - )
.
entrance
He came into the house / room.
The car drove into the garage.
May I come in? - Come in!
He went out of the house /

to the balcony.
/ .
Are you getting off (out)?
: ?
The doctor is not in, he is out,
, , . wait for him please.
?
, :
?
-
- .
/ . - Acc.
.
? - !
Come here / to me.

Gen.
The teacher stepped aside from
. the blackboard.
The bus went away from the

bus stop.
departure
The moment of departure of a means of
transport.
() 19 The train (the bus) leaves at 7
oclock p.m.
.
.
A short visit to smb. (some place).
We called on you for a moment.
Acc.
Movement performed while on the way
We popped (dropped) into a
somewhere.
shop on the way home.
.

.
Instr.
( I fetched my friend (and we left

together).
).
Dat.
?
?
Movement into smth. = prefix Arrival = prefix Movement behind smth.
( ). I called on my friend (and left alone).

/ .
He came into the house / room.
.
I will come to you tomorrow.
Come to see us (me)!
/
( , ) ! Come to visit!
Acc.
He turned the corner of the house.
Movement deep into smth.

(inside, upwards / downwards).
- Acc.
to walk far into the wood
to climb a tree /
to get under the cupboard
/ , / .
76
prefix
meaning
Movement past smth.
examples
- Gen.
. - Acc.
-
We walked past the theatre.
We went through the forest.

to drive through a tunnel
Let me pass!
Go into the room.
Movement over a definite distance.
() . - Acc.
() - Acc.
!
/ .
15 .
/
.
Movement through smth.
() -.
passage
We drove / covered 15 kilometres.
How much is a journey on the

metro.
() . - Acc. We crossed the street.
Movement across smth.
We crossed to other side of the
- .
street.
.
crossing
My friend moved to another city /

Acc.
. to a new flat.
() /
move
.
Movement from one place to another.
Gen.
Movement up to a definite place or object.
= Reaching a limit.
.
We reached (walked as far as)
Characterisation of the manner in which .

the distance was covered.
- ?
the theatre and stopped.

We reached the park by car.
- How do you get to the office?
( - - You have to go on the metro

).
to Arbatskaya station.
.
- ? - .
- How was your journey? - Fine.

(Did you reach us alright?)
() ?
How was your flight?
He reached (by car) the corner

of the street and turned left.
.
Indication of the time needed to cover it.
, .
.
Movement round smth.

(-) .
- Gen.
. - Acc.
We reached (on foot) our home

in half an hour.
We walked round the theatre.
Movement round an object obstructing

the way.
(, ) - Acc.
to drive round the mountain

(hole, puddle)
,
.
detour
Movement over the whole of the object

or over all the places.
- Acc. plural
to tour all the shops
()-
Upwards movement.
- Acc.
to drive uphill
to go up to the second floor
to run upstairs
- Gen.
to drive downhill
to come down from the second floor

( )
to run downstairs
()
()
/
to go, to run
to ones respective homes /
in different directions
()
()

to come, to run to one place
(-)
Downwards movement.
.
?
()-
Diverging movement.
+ particle
.
-
()+ particle
-
?
Converging movement.

.
77
, ,
Verbs of motion , , with prefixes indicating spatial relations
prefix
meaning
Arrival:
to bring
to deliver -
Departure:
-
- for a long distance

- for a long time
to take away
to lead off (away)
1. Movement into smth.:

the distance is not far from
the entrance.
to carry (bring, take) in
examples
.
.
.
, , .
, , .
.
() .
.
.
.
,
.
, , .
.
.
2. to pay money
3. to introduce new rules
.

(, ).
Movement from within:

- for not a long distance
- for a short while
to carry (take) out
Approaching (near, close by)
- to bring up to
to take up
- to give a lift
1. Taking an object or a
person to the required
place:
to take smb. (smth.) to

2. Moving away from an
object for a short distance:
.
.
, , .
.
().
, .
( ).
.
.
.
().
.
( ).
Put everything in order. / Tidy yourself up.
He took my book with him.

He took old things to the dacha.
In the summer he took his family out of
town.
It started the rain and the father took
the children home.
Take the dishes away, please.
The removal men carried the sofa into
the room.
Suppliers imported the goods into the
country.
The secretary led me into the
directors office.
The client paid (put) money into
customers account.
The government introduced new tariffs
(taxes, rules).
The removal men carried the sofa out
of the room.
They took away unimportant things.
He took the dog for a walk.
Please, take out the rubbish.
He carried things up to the car.
He gave me a lift to work (home).
Give me a lift, please.
He walked me to him (to the car).
He took the things to the car.
He took the shoes to be repaired.
Take the clothes to the cleaners.
He drove me to the airport (home).
Take these documents to the office.
He walked his son to school (to the doctor).
to take (lead) smb. aside

to lead away
( ).
He took me to the side.

He moved me away from the window.
Movement up to a definite
place or object: to reach
.
.
().
, .
() .

().
/ ,
.
().
/ .
He carried the things home.
to take smb. (smth.) to /

as far as
1. to take into =
2. to bring =
He brought me a book.
He brought the groceries from the
shop.
He brought his son from school.
Please, bring me sugar.
Please, bring me some souvenir.
Bring him to me.
3. Movement performed
while
on
the
way
somewhere:
to drop smth. off to smb.
4. Movement deep into
smth.
( ).
5. Movement behind smth.
78
He walked him to where he needed to go.
He drove me to the metro (to work).

Drive me to the metro, please.
They took the sofa into the house.
The porter took the luggage into the
room (upstairs).
Bring me the documents, please.
He delivered the groceries to mum.
He did not take us to the right place.
He led them deep into the forest (a
swamp).
They put things round the corner.
prefix
meaning
1. Movement across smth.
to take (transport) smth.
or smb. over / across
2. Movement from one

place to another:
to move
3. to reschedule
4. to transfer money
5. to translate
1. Movement past smth.
2. Movement through smth.
to carry (take)
past / across / along
3. :
to see smb. off

4. to spend time
examples
.

.
.
, .
()?
.
.
!
/
.
.
20
( ).
().
, .
( , ).
?
Diverging movement:
1. to deliver
to serve (up) ()
2. to separate
3. to get divorced
Converging movement:
to gather
Upwards movement
Downwards movement:
to take (drive, lead) down
/
(, ) .

.
.
(= ).

.
(
).
/
.
/
.
- / Prefixes - antonyms:
He took (led) his son across the road.

He took the computer into another
room.
He moved the sofa to another flat.
Move my things, please.
Can you reschedule the lesson?
We transfered money into your
account.
The translator translated the letter.
- translation
Translate these documents, please!
He walked / drove us past the
monument.
He carried the things through the
turnstile (gate).
He carried 20 kilograms of goods on
the plane (across the border).
He walked him through the park.
Show him around the office, please.
I will see you off (home, to the caf).
How did you spend your holiday
(vocation)?
The courier delivered the orders to the
clients.
The school bus took the children
home.
The negotiations should help to
separate warring sides (opposites).
They got divorced.
- divorce
The world summit gathered (brought)
the leaders together.
He brought all the goods to one
warehouse.
He took things upstairs / to the second
floor.
He took things downstairs / from the
second floor.
- , - , - , () - (), -
79
Verbs of motion with non-spatial prefixes (perfective)

prefix
MEANING
The start of motion.
Its necessary to say the purpose of the
movement.
group I -
EXAMPLES

.
.
An intention to do smth.
(future tense)

Acc.

Dat.
.
, . .
( )
The start of motion

Dat.
.
He began pacing the room.
The movements are limited in time.

=

(- ).
A certain period of time was

completely taken up with movement.
group II -

(- ).
- for a long time

- all day
- whole evening
- during the week
2 - 2 hours
Dat.
.

. Dat.

.
A single brief movement there and back

.
Instr.
1) With the purpose to get (to receive) .

smth.
.
-
-.
Acc.
2) With the purpose to be somewhere.

-.
.
- ()?
- .
()
.
The achieving of the intensity of motion

(... - )
,
.
, , , .
The prefixes , , , may have spatial or non-spatial meanings.
80
Synonymous constructions of verbs of motion

present imperfect = future perfect
- / ?
- / .
- When are you leaving?

- I am leaving tomorrow.
- / ?
- / .
- When is he coming / arriving?

- He is coming / arriving on Friday.
EXAMPLES
prefix
/ .
Tomorrow Im leaving (going) on a

business trip.
/ .
He went (left) on a trip.
/ ( , ).
He came into the house (flat, room).
/ ( ), .
Please, come in.
/ .
The car drove into the garage.
/ .
The removal men carried the things

into the room.
/
/
Come to see me (us)! Come to visit!
, / !
/ .
I will come to you tomorrow.
/ , .
Please, bring me the documents.
/ , , .
Please, bring me the report.
- ?
= ?
- How is it possible to reach Arbat?
- () .
- You need to go on the metro to

Arbatskaya station.
/ .
You need to take your son to the

doctor.
/
.
I want to take the children on holiday to

St. Petersburg.
Figurative meaning of verbs of motion

(, ).
() .
().
().
.
.
() .
.
() ().
(, ) .
() ().
- to suit
() / / .
(, ) ?
(, )?
(, ).
.
.
.
.
().
81
/ Figurative meaning of verbs of motion
/ .
- to keep a diary
- to conduct a war
- to keep notes
- to lead a fight
- to run a business
- to issue propaganda
- to run a household
to behave
- to hold a conversation
- to carry on an dialogue
- to conduct (lead, hold) a debate
- to correspond
() / -
- to chair a meeting
- to chair a session
- to work
- to hold a rehearsal
- to built a road
- to lead (teach) a course

, - to give (teach) a lesson
- to conduct a campaign
- to carry out a policy
- to carry out an operation
- to conduct research
- to make an observation
- to carry on (hold) negotiations
- to conduct elections
- to implement a reform
+ Acc. / + Prep.
() (). = () ( ).
to wear
()
to be lucky
Dat. (, , , ) + - present / () - past / - future
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
to mislead smb.
to bring smb. up-to-date with events
to marry, get married to

to lose ones temper
smb. cant bear (stand) someone
He cant take difficulties.
to fly out
smth. has slipped my mind
-
- to drive smb. mad
to exasperate smb.
to start
to get (all) wound up
to get
to carry through to the scandal
to see smth. through to the end
to reduce smb. to tears
to let down
to sum up
to treat
to take

()
. =
/ , .
.
.
.
() / .
.

. () / .
. =
.
.
-
-
, .
What did he think of your suggestion?
to suffer from an illness

to under go an operation
smb. cant stand smb. / smth.
to react badly to
to convert
to change the subject
to pass
All troubles will come to an end.
This too will pass.
to demolish
, -
. / .
- antibiotics, - flying
,
to go mad
- .
, .
, =

to drive smb. mad
to give
to horrify
to be in use / to harm
.
/
82

ASPECTS OF THE VERBS OF MOTION with prefixes indicating spatial relations
- / - / - / - / (...) - (...) / / / / /
imperfective: The action is (will be) named only, the result is unimportant.
, .
1. Find a fact: the action in general. The general fact
: , .
/ ?
Was there any action or not?
Will there be any action or not?
past
compound future
- ?
- ?
- , . / , .
- , () ( ). /
- , () ( ).
2. The specification of the details of the action (as a fact, person, place, time),
which had already been or will be. The individual fact
( , , , ), .

- / ? - 15 . present
future
- ? - , .
perfective: The action in a definite situation. The definite / concrete fact

. -
- ? - . past
- ? - 9 .
imperfective: group II
/ + prefix
/ /
/
1. The action continued (will continue) for
some time. The process.
( ). .
perfective: group I
/ + prefix
/ /
/
The action is (will be) completed and finished.
The result (limit) of the action.
, .
.
? / + - already / + + () - yet, still
- ? present
- , () . / , .
2. The action was (will be) repeated many times.

,
( ).
- ?
- , . past
- ?
- , 20 . simple future
The action is single, not repeated.
,
( ).
- usually / - always
- sometimes
- often / - seldom
- many times
/ - every time / day
- on Sundays (every Sunday)
.
present
7 .
present
,
9 .
past
8 .
,
8 . compound future
9 .
simple future
83
past
imperfective: group II
/ + prefix
perfective: group I
/ + prefix
One action which produced a result took
place after another, which was also
completed with a result.
3. Both actions take place simultaneously.

.
,
. present
.
1
,
. past
1
2
3
finish
4.
,
compound future
imperfect
/
perfect
/
. past
, , . imperative
The action which began and finished while
the other action was taking place has
perfective aspect.
, ,
, .
5. The result of the action is no longer valid at

the moment of speech. (past)
The result of the action is still valid at the

moment of speech. (past)
-, -, - + - , -
- , -
. ( + )
(= , )
.
(= )
- ?
- , , 6 .
6.
IN THE NEGATIVE /
The absolute absence of an action.
1. Physical impossibility to fulfill an action.
:
( ).
= (past)
+ inf.
, .
, .
, .
2. The absence of the result of an action.
.
, .
.
Prefix does not have the meaning of the process of an action.
84
Formation of the aspectual pairs of the Verbs of motion
imperfective: group II () + prefix
perfective: group I () + prefix
- / - / - / - / - / -
- / - / - / - / -
- / - + suffixes -, - / -
imperfective
perfective
imperfective
perfective
group II + prefix
group I + prefix
group II + prefix
group I + prefix
present
present
simple
future
compound: + inf
past
past
future
compound: + inf
85
simple
- / Verbs with the particle -

All these verbs are intransitive: they are never followed by an Accusative noun or pronoun without a
preposition.
: ()
( 4) .
MEANING
1. Truly reflexive verbs.
VERBS
EXAMPLES
() - to wash (oneself)

/ - to wash (hands and face) (= ).
- to bathe

The action is directed at the agent
(it reflects on the subject).
() - to shave
(= ).
/ - to dry oneself
/ - to comb ones hair
( ).
(= ).
/ - to dress

/ - to undress
subject = object
.
() - to prepare

- = (myself, himself ...)
/ - to get ready to do;
.
to assemble, gather
.
/ - to defend oneself .
() - to introduce, make the acquaintance

- . / - to meet
.
() - to meet, see each other
One action is being done by two or
(= ,
/ - to part

.)
several persons together, with each
person being the agent and at the () - to greet
same time the object of action.
() - to say good bye (to)

.
2. Reciprocal-reflexive verbs.

.

.
? 5 Instr.
/ - to embrace
() - to kiss
(= ,
.)
- to correspond
() - to consult
- to whisper
() - to quarrel
() - to swear
() - to be reconciled, make up
/ - to arrange matters
? - agreed?
- to fight
- to compete
- to trade, haggle
/ - to unite, join hands
some verbs
with the meaning of reciprocity
do not have the particle -C

-
- to be friends
- to speak
- to talk
- to argue
- to know
- to love
- to hate
- to respect
- to trust
- to help
- to disturb
- to write
86
5 Instr.
?
with somebody
4 Acc.
each other
3 Dat.
3. Generally reflexive verbs.

.
The particle -, while making the -, ,
verb intransitive, does not change .
its principal meaning.
1) Various changes in motion, - to move

condition or state.

,
.
/ - to set off; start; leave
/ - to stop, pause
/ - to rise
/ - to descend, go down
/ - to land
/ - to open
/ - to close, shut
/ - to return
/ - to turn
/ - to turn to look at smth.
/ - to bend
/ - to increase
/ - to decrease
/ - to shorten, reduce
/ - to gain strength
/ - to weaken
/ - to improve
/ - to worsen
/ - to change
() - to hide, conceal oneself

.

9 .

.

.

5 .
() /
.
expense / income
Involuntary actions, which take / - to catch cold .

place under the influence of outer () - to break
reasons.
/ - to hit, strike (against) .
,

.
nly animate subject
/ - to burn oneself
/ - to break
() - to break, burst, tear
- to have a good time
() - to be glad / happy
/ - to be pained, to grieve
- to be sad
/ - to be confused,
to be embarrassed
- to be worried
- to worry
- to get anxious
/ - to calm down
/ - to be surprised
- to be irritated
- to be angry
/ - to be indignant
/ - to admire
- to be interested
() - to learn, study
2) The beginning, continuation / - to begin
and end of action.
/ - to continue
/ - to end
, / - to finish
.
/ - to stop
/ - to conclude
87
.
.

.
,
.
.

.
.

.
.
10
.

2 .
7 .
3) Permanent characteristic of an - to bite

object.
- to scratch
. - to bend
- to prick, sting
/ - to smile at
4. Verbs that are never used
without -.
() - to laugh
- to admire
,
/
-.
.
.
.
.
.
:
.
- to fall in love
- to be
/ - to appear
- to become
- to need
() - to take care
- to treat
() () - to hope (for)
- to be proud of
- to doubt
/ - to agree
- to be afraid
() - to try
() - to try
- to strive
/ - to be occupied
- to work
- to be
- to lie down
/ - to stay
5. Impersonal verbs denoting - it happens
condition that does not depend on - it gets dark
any person.
+ 3 Dat.:
:
, . - he thinks, it seems to him
- want, would like

() - to like

12 .
.
() .
(ompare:
, .)
.
.
I cant sleep.
.
Sleep is sound toward the morning.
- he feels unwell
()
(ompare: ,
.)
()

Work is going well today.
.
She did not feel like working.
.
He hates staying at home.
.
He cant stay long in one place.
6. Imperfective verbs with passive
Nom.
Instr.
meaning.
+ +

.
7. Intensity of subjects action, - to knock

often taking place with some aim. - to aim (at)
(?) - to threaten
,
/
- .
- to scrutinize, to take a good look
/
- to fall to thinking, to be / become thoughtful
88
.
.
- .
.

.
.
/ PARTICIPLE (bookish construction) ?

- adjective: gender, number, case / verb: time (present - past), aspect (perfect - imperfect), active - passive
- it expresses some temporary quality of an object linked with a certain action

1 Nom.
Active Participle = (- / - / -) + verb

?
present - imperfect
- - to read
- - to write
verb []
,
-
- to have a lesson
suffix
(= )
/ - I conjugation - - to love
.
- to hear
/ - II conjugation
- - to study
past - (im)perfect
?
() - ()
()
- to read
verb []:
-
- - to die
! () - to come
,
(= )
- - suffix
.
- - suffix
4 Acc.
Passive Participle = + verb (transitive)

?
present - imperfect
verb []
(= ).
?
,

- - to read
suffix - I conjugation - - to love

- II conjugation
-
past - perfect
- - to see
suffix , ,
-
(= ).
Instr.
person, who is doing smth.
- suffix
/ - suffix
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
drop / +
verbs with roots / / : drop
- to finish
verb []:
-
-
-
-
Interchange of consonants:
- to open
- to close
- to kill
- to forget
- to start
- to take
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
to meet
to return
to find
to hurt, offend
to win
to liberate, vacate
to depict, portray
to invite
to throw
to lower
to look for
to use
to buy
to put
to leave
to rule in columns
to crush
to paint - - , to dance - -
to sell - - , to get up - -
89
/ VERBAL ADVERB
- adverb: does not change for gender, number and case; has no tenses / verb: aspects
- predicate (verb) - the principal action, verbal adverb - the action of secondary importance
- predicate and verbal adverb relate to one and the same agent
/ Formation of the verbal adverb
the RULE
- - - to read
- - - to sit
- - - to go
- - - to hear
- -
stem of present: verb []
verbal adverb
imperfect
suffix
suffix - after , , ,
suffix / - verb with
- - to read
- - to write
- - to put
- - to start laughing
stem of inf. perfect
verbal adverb
perfect
suffix
suffix - verb with
EXCEPTIONS
verbal adverb perfect
stem of future:
verbs of motion with prefixes:

, , ,
verb
verb []
- - -
- - -
- - -
- being + 5 Instr. ()
- -
- - to see
- - to hear
suffix
2 forms of verbal adverb perfect

verbs imperfect:
, , , ,
verbs with roots -, -, and suffix -
there is no verbal adverb

- to give
- to find out, to learn
- to get up
-
- ,
-
- ,
suffix +
imperfect verbs -
-
1) TIME (?)
MEANING:
verbal adverb imperfect + verb imperfect

verbal adverb imperfect + verb perfect
1
,
.
,
.
2
finish
verbal adverb perfect + verb perfect

verbal adverb (im)perfect + verb imperfect
2) Cause (?)
=
3) Condition
=
4) Despite the fact that
=
5) ? =
, .
() , .
, .
= , .
, .
= , .
, .
= , .
, .
90
/ PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
Active construction
1 Nom. (subject)
4 Acc. (object)
Passive construction
5 Instr. (person, who is doing smth.)
1 Nom. (subject)
1.
Nom.
verb imperfect
Instr.
Nom.
Acc.
Nom.
Instr.
2.
Acc.
Nom.
short past passive

participle
Instr.
( / )
perfect verb [] +
suffix - / - (- /- /-)
.
Nom.
.
Acc.
Nom.
.
Nom.
Instr.
- / Indefinite Personal Constructions
1. no subject
2. verb - form
:
, - they say, it is said
(),

(),
(),
(),
(),
, - I was told that + ? 3 Dat.

- I was asked + ? 4 Acc.
? + 6 Prep.
.
.
.
91
- it was reported (informed)

on the radio / on TV + 3 Dat.
/ Constructions of time (? - When?)
1
2, 3, 4
5 - 20,
Nom.
Acc.
Gen.
singular
Gen.
plural
hour
minute
day
week
month
year
time
exception
nouns - 2 Gen. - of
nouns - 1 Nom.
time:
1) () ?
? - fact
adverbs:
? - in
What time is it now?
2) ? = ? - event
? At what time?
morning
afternoon
evening
night
()
at
1 - 12
4 - 11
12 - 4
5 - 11
12 - 3
a.m.
p.m.
in the morning
in the daytime
in the evening
at night
() ? What time is it now? informal style: 1 - 12

Nom. + + ordinal numeral (Gen.)
+ Gen. + Nom.
16.05
16.10
16.15
()
16.20
16.55
16.50
16.45
16.40
()
16.30 = ()
ordinal numerals (neuter)

1 Nom.
2 Gen.
fact: ?
event: ? = / ?
What date is it today?

, , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,

On what date?
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
/ 2014 -
1 Nom.
fact: ?
What month is it?
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
2 Gen.: of
/
?
date +
1 - 31
92
6 Prep.: in
event: ? =
? In which month?
in
[v]
[f]
[v]
[v]
[v]
[v]
[v]
[v]
[f]
[v]
[v]
[v]
fact:
nouns - 1 Nom.
?
adverbs
event: ? - in
?
What season is it?
autumn
winter
spring
summer
In which season?
in autumn
in winter
in spring
in summer
? In which ?
6 Prep.
event: ?
6 Prep. / 5 Instr.
()
this
last
next
future
2015 ()
fact: - 1 Nom.
?
event: ? - 4 Acc.
? - on
What day (of the week) is it today?
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
-
day(s) off - week-end
on
m
f
n
pl
this
last
next
()
on
On which day of the week?

[f]
[va]
[f]
[f]
[f]
[f]
[v]
[v]
-
? - 4 Acc.
, , /
, ,
- this day / - the next day
m
f
n
pl
all
whole
every
without a preposition - 4 Acc.
, , , / , ,
/ , , / , ,
// /
+ 4 Acc.
+ 2 Gen.
+ 5 Instr.
+ 2 Gen.
+ 2 Gen.
/ / / / /
/ / / /
/ / /
/
/
/
/
()
, , , , , , , ,
, , ,
2 /
/ 3
prepositions
in, within
after
just before
before
till, until
during
+ 2 Gen.
from ... to
+ Gen. ... + Gen.
within: result
for: to stay
+ 4 Acc.
+ 4 Acc.
93
/ Direct and Indirect Speech

type of the sentence
DIRECT speech
INDIRECT speech
conjunction
Affirmative sentence
Question with a question word
:
.
Direct Question
Indirect Question
conjunctive words: , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
/ - to ask?
? + 4 Acc.
/ - to answer
? + 3 Dat.
,
.
:
,
? .
particle - whether
Question
without a question word
The word containing the question

takes the initial position.
The particle is placed immediately
after that word (verb).
alternative:
2 answers - or
:
?
,
.
(= or )
:
?
,
.
():
?
, .
doubt, uncertainty:
, .
,
().
,
.
, .
I wonder, if
Dont use the conjunction .

conjunction
Request / Advice / Command

predicate - imperative
predicate - past tense (2 subjects)
() :
.
,
.
:
.
,
.
:
.
,
.
verb /
()
to advise smb to do
()
+ inf.
to ask to do
/
to order smb to do
( ) .
: / /
94
words are dropped
/ COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH CONJUNCTIONS

meaning
conjunction
examples
post position
,
.
result + cause
,
.
cause + result

.
cause + result
,
() .
cause
- because
? - why?
pre position or post position
result
- therefore
condition:
?
- on what condition?
1) real
2) unreal
despite the fact that

?
- in spite of what?
- since
..., () - if then
+ future / present
,
+ past
- although, ( - but)
( - even though)

- in spite of, despite the fact that
words which intensify the construction:
/ - /
,
.
, ()
.
,
.
, .
- still, all the same, nevertheless
time
? - when?
- when
1)
, .
2)
, .
3)
1
- while
- until
before:

- after
purpose
? - what for?
?
?
in the indirect speech
(instead of imperative):
- a wish
- a request
- a command
- a demand
- advice
- necessity
- as soon as
, .
+ infinitive - in order to
, ()
.
,
.
, .
, .
,
.
=
.
, ()
.
= ()
.
1 subject
+ past - so that
2 different subjects
I want smb. to do smth.
verbs: () - to want
() - to ask to do, to request
() - to command
/ - to tell
() - to demand
() - to advise
/ - need, necessary
predicate + () ,
information:
speech, thoughts,
knowledge, emotions
? / ? - about what?
,
.
,
.
,
.

, .
,
.
,
.
,
.
that
what
verbs: / - to say
/ - to answer
() - to know, find out
() - to think
() - to remember
() - to feel
() - to see
/ - to understand
95
, 10 .
( ),
.
, .
it seems to me
question
with a question word
explanation + attribute
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, that - what
inanimate
, that - who
animate
attribute
? - what?
m - - which / who
f -
n -
pl -
gender / number
case
noun, verb
() ,
? / ? /
? / ? / ?
, .
, .
, .
,
-
-
-
- 2
-

- .
,
-
-
-
- 2
-
- .
,
-
-
- 3
- 3
-
- .
1) indirect question
without a question word
alternative:
2 answers - or
The word containing the question
takes the initial position.
The particle is placed
immediately after that word (verb).
particle - whether
= - or
is impossible to use
2) doubt, uncertainty
comparison
[degree of comparison of adj. / adv] , .

- than
, .
, - as
to join /
1) simultaneous actions - 1subject
2) consecutive actions
3) cause + consequence
+
- and
to contrast -
- but
(II part - unexpected result)
to juxtapose (compare)
to join two sentences:
A begins a question
,
-
-
-
-
-
- .
1) : ?
, .
(= )
: ?
, .
(= )
2) , .
= , .
: , .
, .
, .
1) .
2) , .
3) .
, .
, .
, .
a - but
, .
? ?
a - and
,
, .
- not only but also
, .
96
/ The main meanings of prepositions

meaning
question
case
place: in, at
? where?
6 Prep.
location of an object:
in
time: / /
in
time: - on
direction of movement:
to
clothes
game
? where?
6 Prep.
? when?
6 Prep.
? when?
4 Acc.
? where to?
4 Acc.
?
?
6 Prep.
4 Acc.
place: in, at
? where?
6 Prep.
location of an object:
on
to
? where?
6 Prep.
? where to?
4 Acc.
transport: by
? / ?
to go by what? / how?
6 Prep.
time:
? when?
6 Prep.
a certain period of time

(to stay some time): for
musical instrument
starting point
of movement: from
starting point of
movement: from behind
bad cause:
because of
4 Acc.
6 Prep.
? where from?
2 Gen.
()

? where from?
2 Gen.
- ? why?
2 Gen.
starting point of
movement is a person:
from
? where from?
=
? from whom?
2 Gen.
moving away from an

object for a short distance:
? where from?
2 Gen.
? why?
2 Gen.
preposition
from
...
cause (not under control):

because of
a part of the way:
from to
together with:
1) joint action
2) emotional state
3)
- appearance
- food
- buildings architecture
- content
4) question about the
health of a person
... ... ?
2 Gen.
? how?
5 Instr.
/ ?
97
-
-
-
-
-

700

? with whom?
(-, -, -)?
examples

/ 2015-
/ I-
/

()
()

()

/

-
-
-
- ?
- .
()
starting point of
movement: from
...
time: from ... to
?
where from?
()
2 Gen.
? when?
?
2 Gen.
4 Acc.
4 Acc.
movement through smth.
? when?
? where to?
?
?
movement through smth.
4 Acc.
()
object of speech or
thought: about
time: in
verb perfect
place:
? ?
6 Prep.
time: within
movement across smth.
1) behind
about whom / what?
?
?
? where?
4 Acc.
4 Acc.
5 Instr.
2) outside
3) at
1) behind
? where to?
4 Acc.
cause: for
4 Acc.
purpose of motion (to

bring, receive smth.): for
? what for?
5 Instr.
place (person): at
? where? =
? at whom?
2 Gen.
place: by, near
? where?
2 Gen.
possessor of smth.
?
/ ?
?
/ ?
2 Gen.
2) out (of)
3) at
absence: without
purpose: for
place: near
direction of movement
is a person: to
approaching: to
(same area)
what for?
? where?
?
? where to?
? to whom?
2 Gen.
2 Gen.
2 Gen.
3 Dat.
? where to?
3 Dat.
motion along a surface
? where?
3 Dat.
attributes formed from

the subjects of education
?
?
noun + noun
means (way) of
communication:
by, on
? how?
3 Dat.
98
3 Dat.

()
(, , )
()
()
() /
()

2
/ / / /
1)
( )
2) ()
3)
1)

2)
()
3)

()

(, )

/

()

()

()
()
()
, , ,
( )
(e-mail)

time: before
movement: to reach to
? when?
?
how to reach (get) to?
2 Gen.
()
2 Gen.
time: just before
? when?
5 Instr.
place: in front of
? where?
?
5 Instr.
(, )
time: during
? when?
2 Gen.
()
time: after
? when?
2 Gen.
place: above
? where?
5 Instr.
place:
under // near
? where?
5 Instr.
direction of movement
? where to?
4 Acc.
2 Gen.
(, )
starting point of
movement:
from near, from under
(, , )
where from?
//
()

-
-
-
place: between
? where?
5 Instr.
()

place:
near to, close by
? where?
5 Instr.
place: around
? where?
2 Gen.
movement around smth.
/
?
2 Gen.
place:
to the right (left) of
? where?
2 Gen.
place: opposite
? where?
2 Gen.
place: not far from
? where?
2 Gen.
place: near, close to
? where?
2 Gen.
place: in front of
? where?
2 Gen.
place: behind
? where?
2 Gen.
place:
in the middle of
? where?
2 Gen.
movement past smth.
2 Gen.
place of motion:
along
2 Gen.
()
despite the fact that
?
in spite of what?
4 Acc.
comparison:
unlike
good cause:
thanks to
object of speech or
thought: about = ()
to oneself (silently)

/ ?
(why?)
/ ?
/ ?
about whom / what?
2 Gen.
3 Dat.
4 Acc.
4 Acc.
99

.

.
(, )

()
()
Kuzmina Natalia
RUSSIAN GRAMMAR IN TABLES
__________________________________

Please contact the author with any comments and questions by e-mail at knatalya@list.ru
www.russianforeveryday.ru
Special thanks to Mrs. Wendy Soucy
30.11.2015.
.
, 117342, .
, .
, . 17- ,
./
: (495)334-82-65;
. (495)336-03-11.
E-mail: flinta@mail.ru; WebSite: www.flinta.ru
. 324.
Kuzmina2-2.qxd
08.10.2013
0:13
Page 1
..
Russian Grammar in Tables

Natalia Kuzmina
In 1991, Natalia graduated with Honors in Russian Language and Literature
from the Lenin Moscow State Pedagogical University.
In 1992, she completed a course in Teaching Russian as a Foreign Language at
the Pushkin Institute of Russian Language.
Natalia has considerable experience in teaching foreign students and businessmen.
Since 1993 she has taught adult students at the Gnesins Russian Academy of Music
as well as at the British International Language Academy, Polyglot.
She also has extensive experience through her association with the following
international companies: Philips, Mars, Merloni, Procter&Gamble,
Danone-Bolshevik, TNK-BP, BP, and Baker Hughes.

..
RUSSIAN GRAMMAR
IN TABLES

Russian for foreigners

1kuz Mina N V Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya Grammatika V PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1kuz Mina N V Russian Grammar in Tables Russkaya Grammatika V PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

____________________________________________________________________________________

RUSSIAN GRAMMAR IN TABLES

The uses of cases:

The declension of nouns:

Mobile vowels in nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Formation of nouns in the plural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nouns with the singular or plural form only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The use of prepositions and in the Prepositional expressing place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Generic endings of adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The declension of adjectives:

The declension of nouns and adjectives (general table) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The declension of pronouns:

Formation of interrogative, negative and indefinite pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Indefinite pronouns and adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Numerals: cardinal, ordinal, collective, fractions, decimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The declension of numerals:

Formation of degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives and adverbs of manner . . . . .

Complete and Short-form adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The conjugation of verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Consonant interchange in verb stems in the present tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Aspects of the verb:

Formation of the imperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Verbs with the particle - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The verbal adverb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Indefinite Personal constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Constructions of time (when?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Direct and Indirect speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Complex sentences with conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The main meanings of prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

/ The gender of nouns

/ The uses of cases

1. The place of an action

/ The Accusative case ( 4)

3. Direction of motion (action) / - in, at, on

2) A certain period of time

/ The Dative case ( 3)

the person (object) experiencing

5. The person who is the aim

8. The attributes formed from

9. Way (means) of communication

/ The Genitive case ( 2)

name of owner - Gen.

5. Measure and quantity

1) Exact number of persons or ardinal numerals + Gen.

3) Part of the whole

5) A set of objects or persons

uncountable noun: singular

countable noun: plural

3) The beginning and the end ... - from ... to

7. The place from where the

8. Place where a person (object) - at / by, near

10. A part of the way

? / The Accusative or the Genitive?

II. after the verbs:

if the action involves

if the action involves

buying some individual items,

buying provisions (),

III. if the transitive verb

cold, ache, hunger

/ The Instrumental case ( 5) ? ?

compound predicate with the verbs:

1) Interests and occupation