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Chuong 5 PDF
Chuong 5 PDF
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5.1 nh lut Newton v lc hp dn v tr
5.1.1 nh lut Newton
Hai cht im c khi lng m v mcch nhau mt khong r s ht nhau bng
nhng lc c phng l ng thng ni hai cht im , c cng t l thun vi
hai khi lng m v m v t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch r.
F = F, = G
mm'
r2
(5 1)
F'
G
r
m'
Hnh 5-1
Vi G l h s t l, ph thuc vo h n v v gi l hng s hp dn v tr.
Trong h n v SI, thc nghim cho ta gi tr ca G:
G = 6,67.10-11 Nm2/ kg2
Ch thch:
a. Cng thc (5-1) ch p dng cho nhng cht im. Mun tnh lc hp dn v tr
gia cc vt c kch thc ln ta phi dng phng php tch phn.
b. Ngi ta chng minh c v i xng nn (5-1) cng p dng c cho trng
hp hai qu cu ng cht. Khi r l khong cch gia hai tm ca hai qu cu
.
5.1.2 Vi ng dng
a. S thay i ca gia tc trng trng theo cao
Lc ht ca qu t ln mt cht im khi lng m (lc trng trng) chnh l
lc hp dn v tr (hnh 5-2).
m
G
P
h
R
Hnh 5-2
52
P0 = G
Mm
R2
(5-2)
Mt khc:
P0 = mg0
g0 l gia tc trng trng ti mt t.
T (52) v (53) suy ra:
g0 = G
(5-3)
M
R2
(5-4)
Mm
= mg
(R + h) 2
(5-5)
M
(R + h) 2
(5-6)
R+h
Nhng:
2
1
h
R
= 1 +
=
2
R+h
R
h
1 +
R
h
Ta ch xt cc cao h<<R do << 1 , v ta c th vit gn ng:
R
h
1 +
R
1 2
h
R
g = g 0 1 2.
R
(5-7)
Cng thc ny cho ta s ph thuc ca gia tc trng trng theo cao h. theo
cng thc , cng ln cao g cng gim.
b. Tnh khi lng ca cc thin th
T (5-3) ta c th tnh khi lng M ca qu t:
g 0 .R 2
M=
G
53
M=
9,8. ( 6,370.106 )
6,67.10
11
6,1024 kg
MM '
R'2
(5-8)
v2
R'
(5-9)
2
R'
R' T
54
G
dL
=M
dt
G
(F
)
O
G
Nhng F l lc lun lun hng tm O nn M
G
L = const
G
G
dL
= 0 suy ra:
O (F) = 0 v
dt
(5-11)
G
L
G
F
G
k
m
Hnh 5-3
P
G
r
G
F
H
Q
G G
r+dr
Hnh 5-4
G
55
OP = r
th OH OQ = r + dr v PH = dr . Vy:
dA = - Fdr = G
G
Mm
dr
r2
rB
rA
rA
A AB = - Fdr = G
Mm
dr
r2
Mm
Mm
- G
A AB = - G
(5-13)
rA
rB
G
Kt lun: Cng ca lc hp dn F khng ph thuc vo dng ng i, ch ph thuc
Ti v tr B:
Mm
+C
rA
Mm
+C
rB
Mm
+C
r
(5-14)
mv 2
Mm
+ ( G
) = const
2
r
56
(5-15)
v0 < v
M
v0 = v1
Hnh 5-5
Nu t mt im A no trong trng hp dn ca qu t ta bn mt vin n
khi lng m vi vn tc ban u v0 (hnh 5-5) th l thuyt v thc nghim chng t
rng ty theo tr s ca v0 c th xy ra mt trong nhng trng hp sau:
a. Vin n ri tr v qu t;
b. Vin n bay vng quanh qu t theo mt qu o kn (trn hay elip);
c. Vin n bay ngy cng xa qu t;
5.3.1 Tnh vn tc v tr cp I
Vn tc v tr cp I l tr s vn tc ban u v0 cn thit vin n bay quanh qu
t theo mt qu o trn.
Gi thit vin n bay cch mt t mt khong h<< R. Lc hp dn chnh l lc
hng tm:
m.v 2
Mm
GM
= G 2 vI =
= g0R
R
R
R
57
C nng ca vin n ti v tr u:
m.v 02
Mm
+ ( G
)
2
R
C nng ca vin n ti v tr xa :
m.v 2
Mm
+ ( G
)
2
V
suy ra
m.v 2
0 nn
2
v0
m.v 02
Mm
G
2
R
2GM
R
m1 m
r12
m2m
r22
Theo gi thit, ta c F1 = F2 v r1 + r2 = r, tc l:
G
Suy ra:
m1 m
m m
= G 22
2
r1
r2
(1)
r1 + r2 = r
(2)
m1 m 2
=
r12 r22
(1)
r1 + r2 = r
(2)
Thay cc gi tr vo (1) v (2) ta tm c: r1 = 345600 km, tc l im cch tm
tri t 345600 km
V d 2: Mt qu cu khi lng m1 t cch u mt thanh ng cht mt on bng a
trn phng ko di ca thanh. Thanh c chiu di l, khi lng m2. Tm lc ht ca
thanh ln qu cu.
58
Gii
Chia thanh thnh cc on nh dx sao cho cc on l cc cht im (hnh 1).
Lc ht ca phn t dx ln cht im m1l:
dF = G
m1dx
(l + a - x) 2
l+a-x
dx
Hnh 1
Lc ht ca thanh ln qu cu l:
a
F=
l +a
mm
m l
m1dx
= G 1 =G 1 2
2
a(l + a)
a(l + a)
(l + a - x)
BI TP
1. Tm lc ht ca mt tri ln mt vt c khi lng m= 1g nm trn b mt qu t,
bit rng khi lng mt tri l m=1,97.1030kg v khong cch trung bnh t mt
t n tm mt tri l: r= 149.106km.
p s: 5,9.10-6N
2. Khong cch gia qu t v mt trng l 38400km. Khi lng ca qu t l
5,96.1027g v ca mt trng l 7,35.1025g. Xc nh v tr ca im ti lc ht
ca mt trng v lc ht ca qu t cn bng nhau.
p s: Cch tm qu t 345600km
3. Mt v tinh nhn to ca qu t cao trung bnh h=1000km. Coi v tinh ch
chu nh hng lc ht ca qu t v cao trn, lc cn ca khng kh l
khng ng k. Cho bn knh ca qu t l R= 6370km. Tm vn tc di ca v
tinh.
p s: v=7,34km/s
4. Hai hnh tinh quay xung quanh mt tri vi cc qu o coi gn ng l nhng
vng trn bn knh ln lt bng R1=150.106km; R2=108.106km. Tm t s vn tc
di ca cc hnh tinh .
p s: v1/v2=0,85
5. Khi lng mt trng nh hn khi lng qu t 81 ln, ng knh mt trng
bng 3/11 ng knh qu t. Hi mt ngi trn mt t nng 600N th ln mt
trng s nng bao nhiu?
p s: P=100N
6. Nh mt tn la, v tinh nhn to u tin ca qu t c mang ln cao 500 km.
a/ Tm gia tc trng trng cao .
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