MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Your Partner for Wireless Engineering Solutions

Objective

Synchronization and System Identification

Downlink Control Signaling & System Information
Random Access & RRC Connection
Uplink Control Signaling
Uplink Traffic
Uplink Frequency Domain Scheduling
HARQ Procedure

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

LTE Physical Layer - Introduction

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

It provides the basic bit transmission functionality over air

LTE physical layer based on OFDMA downlink and SC-FDMA in uplink direction
This is the same for both FDD and TDD mode of operation
There is no macro-diversity in use
System is reuse 1, single frequency network operation is feasible
No frequency planning required
There are no dedicated physical channels anymore, as all resource mapping is
dynamically driven by the scheduler

FDD

..

Frequency band 1 ..

..

Frequency band 2 ..

TDD

..

Single frequency
band

Downlink

..

Uplink

Cell Search

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

1. PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal

(Time-slot & Frequency synchronisation
+ Physical cell id (0,1,2) )
2. SSS Secondary Synchronisation Signal

(Frame synchronisation
+ Physical Cell id group (1..168) )
3. DL Reference Signals

(Channel estimation & measurements

like CPICH in UMTS)
eNodeB
4. PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel
(MIB DL system bandwidth, PHICH
configuration,SFN)

UE

Find Cell

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Possible planning of the 504 sequences:

3 (orthogonal) X 168 (pseudo-random)
= 504

Physical layer
cell identity
(1 out of 504)

Cells belonging to the same Node-B

get the 3 different cell IDs from the
same group
Cells belonging to different Node-Bs
get the different cell IDs from different
groups
Cell Groups

Cell IDs
0

2 0

167

Time Synchronization FDD

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

10ms Radio frame

2

1ms Subframe

10

SSS
PSS

0.5ms (One slot)

1

Normal CP

Extended CP

PSS and SSS frame and slot structure in time domain in the
FDD case
PSS and SSS are transmitted in the last and the second last
symbol of slot 0 and slot 10 respectively

Time Synchronization TDD

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

10ms Radio frame

1

1ms Subframe

10

SSS
PSS

1 ms TTI (two slots = 20.5ms)

1

Normal CP

Extended CP

PSS and SSS frame and slot structure in time domain in the
TDD case
PSS is transmitted on 3rd symbol of slot 2 and slot 12
SSS is transmitted on last symbol of slot 1 and slot 11

Frequency Synchronization PSS

Zadoff Chu
Sequences are
based on CAZAC =
Constant Amplitude
Zero AutoCorrelation
sequences

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

3 different PSS
sequences
Length 63 Zadoff-Chu
corresponding to 3
Sequence
different cell IDs.
They could be generated
by using a different root
ZCM(0) ZCM(1) ZCM(62)
sequence M for the
Five zeros
Five zeros
Zadoff-Sequences
0 0
0 0

OFDM Modulator
62 subcarriers (d.c. not included)

Cell ID
0
1
2

Root index
(M)
25
29
34

72 subcarriers (d.c. not included)

PSS structure in frequency domain -> only 62 subcarriers out of 72 used. This
is because the length of the Zadoff-Chu Sequence is 63 (d.c. not included)

3GPP TS 36.211

PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Time slot (0.5 ms) syncronization

PSS placed strategically at the beginning and middle of frame
Estimation is vendor specific (matched filtering)
Frame ambiguity of 0.5 ms
Find physical layer cell ID
1 out of 3 sequences sent on PSS
1 to 1 mapping with the physical cell ID (table specified by 3GPP*)
The cell ID group not known yet

eNod
eB

UE

Frequency Synchronization SSS

a , b = two different
cyclic shifts of a single
length-31
binary sequence
The cyclic shift is
Dependent on the
Physical layer cell
ID group (1..168)

Length-31 binary sequence

a0 a1
0

a30 b0 b1

b30
0

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

2 different SSS per cell:

SSS0 in subframe 0 and SSS1
in subframe 5.
SSS0 and SSS1 have the same
structure but are shifted in
frequency domain

OFDM Modulator
62 subcarriers (d.c. not included)
SSS0 in
subframe 0
SSS1 in
subframe 5
72 subcarriers (d.c. not included)

SSS structure in frequency domain

SSS Secondary Synchronisation SignalMobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Frame (10 ms) synchronization

2 different sequences depending on the cell group are sent: SSS0
and SSS1
By observing the combination of pairs SSS0 and SSS1 the UE can
identify either the begining or the middle of the frame
Example: the sequence SSS0-PSS is indicating the begining of
the frame, SSS1-PSS the middle of the frame

Find physical layer cell ID group

Sequences SSS0 and SSS1 are mapped with the cell id group
1..168 (table specified by 3GPP*)
The combination of SSS0 and SSS1 is giving the cell ID group

PSS and SSS

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

5 ms repetition
period

6 RBs 72 subcarriers = 1.4 MHz

(minimum LTE Bandwidth)

Frequency

PSS and SSS Frame in Frequency and Time Domain for FDD Case

Time

10 ms Radio frame

One subframe (1 ms)

SSS

PSS
Reference signals
Unused RE

DL Reference Signals

Used for:
1)
2)
1)
2)
3)

DL channel quality measurements

DL channel estimation for coherent demodulation at the UE
Too many signals reduce the DL capacity
Too less signals may be not be enough for channel estimation
Easy to be found by UEs

Like CPICH (Common Pilot Channel) in UMTS

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Frequency

DL Reference Signals
First slot

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Second slot

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
In Frequency: 1 reference symbol to
every 6th subcarrier

In one RB (resource block = 12

subcarriers): every 3rd subcarrier

Reference signal

*Normal CP (cyclic prefix) assumed

In Time is fixed: 2 reference symbols

per Time slot (Sy 0 & Sy 4)

Time

Frequency

Different Reference Signals FrequencyMobileComm

Shift Professionals, Inc.

Shift = 0

Shift = 1

Shift = 5

Time
Reference signal

Cell-specific Reference Signals in CaseMobileComm

of Professionals, Inc.
Multi-Antenna Transmission

Antenna port 0
Reference signal

Antenna port 1
Unused symbol

PBCH Design Criteria

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Detectable without the knowledge of system Bandwidth

mapped to the central 72 subcarriers

over 4 symbols
during second slot of each frame

Low system overhead & good coverage

Send minimum information only the MIB (Master Information Block)

SIBs (System Information Blocks) are sent on PDSCH

MIB (Master Information Block) content:

DL system Bandwidth
PHICH configuration (PHICH group number)
System frame number SFN

PBCH Mapping

SSS
PSS

Reference signals
Unused RE
PBCH

Frequency

Slot
1

6 RBs 72 subcarriers = 1.4 MHz

(minimum LTE Bandwidth)

Slot
0

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Time

First subframe (1 ms)

PBCH Repetition Pattern

72 subcarriers

one radio frame = 10 ms

Repetition Pattern of MIB = 40 ms

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

PCFICH

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

CFI = control format indicators

Indicates how many OFDM symbols per subframe are for PDCCH: 1, 2 or 3
symbols
The CFI is carried by 32 bits of information
16 RE Resource Elements distributed in frequency
Sent in the first 3 symbols of the subframe

PCFICH Structure

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

2 input bits are enough to signal the PDCCH size: 1, 2 or 3 symbols

4

Rate 1/16
block code

32 bits

32 bits
Scrambling

QPSK
modulation

16
symbols
4

D.C.

One Resource
Element Group
(REG) = 4 RE

72 subcarriers

2 bits

PCFICH resource elements

Resource elements reserved for
reference symbols

Time

PDCCH Resource Adjustment from PCFICH

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Second subframe
(1ms)

12 subcarriers

Frequency

First subframe (1ms)

Time
Control region 1 OFDM symbol

Control region
3 OFDM symbols

Indicated by PCFICH

PDCCH Design

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Several PDCCHs could be transmitted in one subframe

One PDCCH contains DCI = DL control information
DCI could indicate:
Uplink scheduling grants for PUSCH
Downlink scheduling assignments for PDSCH
TPC command for PUSCH and PUCCH

The DCI may have different size (depending on the information e.g. scheduling or power
control command different formats possible)
The number of bits for one PDCCH may change based on channel conditions:
UE at cell edge more bits per PDCCH
UE close to BTS less bits per PDCCH

Size of the PDCCH Region

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Frequency

Subframe 0 Subframe 1 Subframe 2 Subframe 3 Subframe 4 Subframe 5 Subframe 6

PDCCH region
1,2,3 OFDM symbols
in the beginning
of the subframe
not allocated by PCFICH,
PHICH

Slot No.

10

11

12 13 14

Time

PDCCH Size

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Allocation for UE 1

PCFICH

PHICH
PDCCH

UE 1

Frequency

Allocation for UE 2

Time
REG = Resource Elements Groups
RE = Resource Elements

UE 2

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

Contain the actual user data from DL-SCH

Use the available Resource Elements
Allocation is signalled by PDCCH

UE
eNodeB

Also used for:

SIBs (System Information Block) of the system information
Paging

Physical Downlink Shared Channel

SSS

PSS

Subframe 2

Subframe 1

Subframe 4 ..

Subframe 3

Frequency

Subframe 0

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

PBCH
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH

Reference signals
PDSCH UE1

PDSCH UE2

Slot No.

Time

System Information

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

System Information ( )

MIB
Sent on PBCH!
40 ms repetition

MIB: Master Information Block

SIB: System Information Block
SFN: System Frame Number

UE

eNodeB
SIB 1

Fixed repetion 80 ms
Indicates the allocation of the other
SIBs 2...11

SIB 2

SIB 3

SIB 4

SIB 11

System Information
SIB 1

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

- Cell access related information (PLMN, cell identity, Tracking Area code etc.)
- Information for cell selection
- TDD configuration
- Information about time-domain scheduling of the remaining SIBs

SIB 2

- Access barring information

- Radio resource configuration of common channels (e.g. PCCH)
- Frequency information (UL UARFCN, uplink bandwidth)

SIB 3

- Cell-reselection information that is common for intra-frequency, inter-frequency

and/or inter-RAT cell re-selection.

SIB 4

- Neighbor cell related information only for intra-frequency cell re-selection.

SIB 5

- Inter-frequency cell re-selection like E-UTRAN related information

- Inter-frequency neighboring cell related information

SIB 6

- UTRA FDD and TDD frequency information for cell reselection

SIB 7

- Information relevant only for cell re-selection to the GERAN

SIB 8

- Information relevant only for cell re-selection to the cdma2000 system.

SIB 9

- Home eNodeB identifier

SIB 10

- Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) primary notification

SIB 11

- Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) secondary notification

DL Transmission

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Process description:
The eNodeB is broadcasting the Reference Signals (like CPICH in UMTS)
The UE is performing measurements on Reference Signals
Based on the measurements the UE is generating the CQI

The CQI is transmitted to the eNodeB

UE Proposes eNB an optimum MCS so BLER is on target

DL Transmission

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

The Node-B scheduler should decide based on CQI:

The number of UEs to be scheduled
The allocated resource block (time & frequency)
Modulation and coding scheme
MIMO used or not
The decision is sent to the UE in the Control Channel Region of the subfame (1ms) (on PDCCH)
together with the allocated resource blocks
The actual user data is sent to the UE on the remaining subframe Data Region (on PDSCH)

UE
eNodeB

DL Transmission

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

1. DL Reference signals
2. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)

(CQI based on DL reference signals measurements)

3. PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
(How many symbols (1,2,3) in the beginning of
the sub-frame are for PDCCH)
4. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel

(Downlink assignment for PDSCH:

Modulation & coding, resource blocks)
5. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
eNodeB

(user data -> initial transmission)

6. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)
(ACK/ NACK for HARQ)

7. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(user data eventual re-transmission)

UE

PHICH Structure

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

PHICH carries the HARQ ACK/NACK, which indicates whether

the eNodeB has correctly received a transmission on the
PUSCH
HARQ Indicator

Repetition coding

Walsh
spreading

+1 -1 +1 -1

PCFICH resource elements

Reference symbols
PHICH resource elements

+1 -1 +1 -1

D.C.

+1 -1 +1 -1

Random Access-Initial Access

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Random access procedure handled by MAC and PHY Layer through PRACH (in UL) and
PDCCH ( in DL)
RACH only carries the preambles and occupies 6 resource blocks in a subframe

Random Access-Initial Access

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Initial Access

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

1. PRACH Preamble

2. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(Random Access response, ID of the received
preamble, UL resources for TX,
C-RNTI)
3. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

(RRC: RRC Connection Request,

C-RNTI,
eNodeB

TMSI or random number)

4. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(Contention Resolution,
C-RNTI & TMSI)

UE

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

PRACH Preamble Received at the eNodeB

PRACH slot duration

GT = Guard Time
UE close
to the
eNodeB

Other
users

CP

Preamble

Other users

Observation interval
UE at the
Cell edge

Other
users

CP = Cyclic Prefix

CP

Preamble

Other users

It can be seen that the UE at cell edge is

using almost all Guard Time

PRACH Formats and Cell Ranges

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

1 ms

CELL RANGE

800 s
Format 0

C
P

100 s
14 Km

G
T

Preamble

2 ms
684 s
Format 1

CP

800 s

520 s

Preamble

GT

77 Km

2 ms
203 s
Format 2

1600 s
Preamble

CP

200s
Preamble

29 Km

GT

3 ms
684 s
Format 3

CP

1600 s
Preamble

720 s
Preamble

GT

100 Km

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

PRACH Formats

Four Random Access (RA) preamble formats are defined for Frequency Division Duplex

(FDD) operation.
Each format is defined by the durations of the sequence and its Cyclic Prefix CP

Preamble Format

TCP (s)

TSEQ (s)

Typical usage

103.13

800

Normal 1 ms RA burst with 800 s preamble

sequence, for smallmedium cells (up to 14 km)

684.38

800

2 ms RA burst with 800 s preamble sequence, for

large cells (up to 77 km) without a link budget
problem

203.13

1600

2 ms RA burst with 1600 s preamble sequence, for

medium cells (up to 29 km) supporting low data
rates

684.38

1600

3 ms RA burst with 1600 s preamble sequence, for

very large cells (up to 100 km)

MobileComm
Professionals, Inc.
Multiplexing of PRACH with PUSCH and
PUCCH

PRACH slot
Duration( e.g. 1ms)

Total UL Bandwidth

PUCCH

PRACH

PRACH
bandwidth
(1.08MHz)

PRACH
PUSCH

PRACH slot period

PUCCH

Time

UL PRACH is orthogonal with the data in PUCCH and PUSCH (reserved resources)

Reserve resources for PRACH preambles

Frequency: 6 Resource Blocks x 180 KHz = 1,08 MHz
Time: 1 ms

PUCCH and PUSCH Multiplexing

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Total UL Bandwith

PUSCH

12 subcarriers

Frequency

PUCCH

PUCCH

1 subframe = 1ms
Time

PUCCH contains UCI = UL Control Information

UCI could indicate:
Scheduling requests
HARQ ACK/NACK for DL transmission
CQI = Channel Quality Indicator

PUCCH Formats

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

1a

Modulation scheme Number of bits perType of information

subframe
N/A
Scheduling Request
N/A
(SR)
1
ACK/ NACK
BPSK

1b

QPSK

ACK/ NACK

QPSK

20

CQI

2a

QPSK+BPSK

21

CQI + 1 bit ACK/ NACK

2b

QPSK+BPSK

22

CQI + 2 bits ACK/

NACK

PUCCH
format
1

UE
eNodeB

Uplink Reference Signals

Demodulation
Reference
Signals

Associated with transmission

of uplink data on PUSCH or
PUCCH
Used for channel estimation
for coherent detection and
demodulation (both PUCCH
and PUSCH)

Sounding
Reference
Signals

Not associated with UL data

transmissions
Used for estimation of the UL
channel quality to enable the
channel dependent scheduling

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

UE

eNodeB

MobileCommDRS
Professionals, Inc.
Design of Demodulation Reference Signals

Position of DRS
Time domain:
For PUCCH: the number and the exact position of the DRS is dependent on the format (1/1a/1b
or 2/2a/2b) used
For PUSCH: every 4th symbol in every time
slot (the 3rd symbol for the extended cyclic
prefix)

Frequency domain:
DRS has the same bandwidth like
the UL transmission of the terminal

Uplink DRS Multiplexed with PUCCH

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

PUSCH

12 subcarriers

Frequency

Total UL Bandwith

PUCCH

PUCCH

1 subframe = 1ms
Time

ACK

ACK

DRS

DRS

DRS

ACK

ACK

ACK

ACK

DRS

DRS

DRS

ACK

ACK

CQI

DRS

CQI

CQI

CQI

DRS

CQI

CQI

DRS

CQI

CQI

CQI

DRS

CQI

ACK = Acknowledgment
CQI = Channel Quality Indicator
DRS = Demodulation Reference Signals

Simbol number (normal CP)

Intra-Cell Interference

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

How can multiple terminals perform

random access attempt at the same time
without collision?

eNodeB

UE1

UE3
UE2

Solution ?

64 different orthogonal Preambles available

in each cell obtained by cyclic shift of a
Zadoff-Chu sequence
If however collision is happening (2 UEs
using the same preamble) -> contention
resolution process

Sounding Reference Signals SRS

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

The SRS can be used for:

initial Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) selection

initial power control for data transmissions

timing advance

Frequency dependent scheduling for the UL

UE
eNodeB

Sounding Reference Signals SRS

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Subframe 0

The demodulation reference signals are only

sent on the transmitted bandwidth!

We need an estimation of the whole spectrum

so the SRS may cover a different, often larger,
frequency span than for example PUSCH (if
they are transmitted together).

The SRS is not necessarily transmitted together

with any physical channel

Slot 1

PUSCH

Slot 2

DM RS

36 Subcarriers

Why Demodulation References Signals cannot be

used instead of SRS?

SRS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Normal CP

UL Transmission

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

1. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)

(UL scheduling request)
2. UL Sounding Reference Signal
(used by Node-B for channel dependent scheduling)
3. UL Demodulation Signal
(UL channel estimation, demodulation,
Like DPCCH in UMTS)
4. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
(UL grant capacity allocation)
5. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

eNodeB

(user data initial transmission)

6. PHlCH Physical HARQ Indicator Channel

(ACK/ NACK for HARQ)

7. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
(user data eventual re-transmission)

UE

HARQ Procedure

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

HAPPY LEARNING
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
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