Bi 1: i chiu nguyn m VitAnh

1. KHI QUT CHUNG V NGUYN M

1.1 Nguyn m l g?
Trong ting vit, nguyn m l nhng m pht ra ch c ting thanh, khng c ting ng, khi
pht m lung hi pht ra ngoi mt cch t do, c m hng d nghe, m i. (GS. L Quang
Thim)
V d: /a/- mt; /e/- m
Trong ting anh, nguyn m l 1 n v ca m thanh m khi pht m, khoang ming m v
li khng tip xc vi rng hay chm ln pha trn vm ming. (Oxford)
V d: //- hot; /i:/, meet
i chiu: V c bn, nh ngha nguyn m trong ting anh v ting vit tng t nhau. Khi
pht m nguyn m trong c ting anh v ting vit, th khoang ming m, lung hi c pht
ra ngoi t do m khng b b phn pht m nh rng, li cn tr.
1.2 c im chung ca nguyn m
1.2.1 Bn cht m hoc:
1.2.1.1 Nguyn m trong ting Vi t:
Nguyn m ch do ting thanh to nn, c biu din bi m t ng cong tun hon.
1.2.1.2 Nguyn m trong ting Anh
Nguyn m ch do ting thanh to nn, c biu din bi m t ng cong tun hon.
1.2.1.3 i chiu:
Nguyn m trong c 2 ngn ng ting Vi t v ting Anh u ch do ting thanh to nn, v u
c biu din bi m t ng cong tun hon.
1.2.2

V phng di n cu m:

1.2.2.1 Nguyn m ting Vi t:

- L s cng thng ton th kh quan pht m to ra m t m sc nht nh.

- Lung hi cn thit cho s pht m ra cc nguyn m yu v ra ngoi m t cch t do.
1.2.2.2 Nguyn m ting Anh:
- L s cng thng ton th kh pht m to ra m t m sc nht nh.
- Lung hi cn thit cho s pht m ra cc nguyn m yu v ra ngoi m t cch t do.
1.2.2.3 i chiu:
Nguyn m trong c ting Vi t v ting Anh u c to ra do s cng thng ton th kh
quan pht m, v lung hi cn thit cho s pht m ra cc nguyn m yu v ra ngoi m t cc
t do.
1.2.3

i chiu:

Nguyn m trong ting Anh v ting Vi t c bn cht m hoc, phng di n cu m v kh

nng t cu thnh m tit ging nhau.
1.3.1. Phn loi nguyn m
1.3.1.1. Ting Vit

1.3.1.2. Ting Anh

- Nguyn m n

- Nguyn m n

+ di

+ di

+ ngn

+ ngn

- Nguyn m i

- Nguyn m i

- Nguyn m m

- Nguyn m ba

- Bn nguyn m

- Bn nguyn m

1.3.1.3. i chiu
- Ging:

- Khc:

+ u c nguyn m n, nguyn m n u

+ Ting Vit c m m, Ting Anh khng c

chia thnh nguyn m n di v nguyn m

n ngn

+ Ting Anh c nguyn m ba, Ting Vit

+ u c nguyn m i v bn nguyn m

khng c

2. C QUAN CU M
2.1. C quan cu m
- Ting Vit: C quan cu m l b my pht m bao gm ton b nhng c cu sinh l c lin
quan m thanh ngn ng nh mi, rng, li, khoang ming, khoang mi,cng hng
hnh thnh nn m thanh, li ni. Ni cch khc, c quan cu m l iu kin sinh hoc cho vic
to ra li ni, m thanh.
- Ting Anh: The apparatus that produces sound through the vibration of elastic vocal folds (or
vocal membranes); also taking part in sound formation are the air passages and cavities (lungs,
bronchi, trachea). A system of resonators amplifies the sound.
- i chiu: Ging nhau
2.2. Cc b phn chnh
2.2.1. Ting Vit
-

C quan cu m tnh: Rng, Li, Ngc cng

C quan cu m ng: Mi, Li, Ngc mm, Yt hu
o Mi: Trn mi, Khng trn mi
o Li: Cao, Thp & Trc, Gia, Sau
o Ngc mm
o Yt hu: 7cm

2.2.2. Ting Anh

-

C quan cu m tnh: Rng, Li, Ngc cng

C quan cu m ng: Mi, Li, Ngc mm, Yt hu
o Mi: Trn mi, Khng trn mi, B dt
o Li: Cao, Thp & Trc, Gia, Sau
o Ngc mm
o Yt hu: 8 cm

2.2.3. i chiu

Ging
Cc c quan cu m u c chia thnh hai loi: Tnh v ng
Mi, Li l hai b phn nh hng nhiu n s pht m cc nguyn m
Khc
Ting Anh c nguyn m b dt, Ting Vit khng c
Yt hu ngi Anh (8cm) di hn yt hu ngi Vit (7cm)

5. HNH THANG NGUYN M CHUN

5.1 Ting Vit

5.1.1 nh ngha: hnh thang nguyn m chun trong ting vit: l s th hin y ca cc
nguyn m chun tiu biu trong cng mt biu quy c nht nh.
Cu to: hnh thang nguyn m trong ting vit c th hin di hnh tam gic ( hnh

5.1.2

4- trang 83), v ngi ta da vo 3 tiu ch xc nh nguyn m, 3 yu t l: v tr

ca li, m ca ming, hnh dng ca mi.
- 3 vch ng: biu th 3 nguyn m hng trc, gia, sau
- Bn tri vch ng dnh cho k hiu nguyn m khng trn mi, cn vch ng
bn phi biu th nguyn m trn mi
- Trn vch ng t trn xung ln lt ghi cc nguyn m cao-thp hn-thp
5.2 Ting Anh
5.2.1 nh ngha: hnh thang nguyn m chun trong ting anh l s th hin y cc
nguyn m chun tiu biu trong cng mt biu quy c nht nh
Cu to: hnh thang nguyn m trong ting anh c biu hin di dng hnh thang, v

5.2.2

ngi ta cng da vo ba tiu ch phn loi v xc nh cc nguyn m l: v tr

ca li, m ming, hnh dng ca mi.
- 3 vch ng: biu th 3 nguyn m hng trc, gia, sau
- Bn tri vch ng dnh cho k hiu nguyn m khng trn mi, cn vch ng
bn phi biu th nguyn m trn mi
- Trn vch ng t trn xung ln lt ghi cc nguyn m cao-thp hn-thp
5.3 i chiu

Ging:
- hnh thang nguyn m chun ca ting Vit v ting Anh u c nh ngha
ging nhau
- Cu to ca hnh thang ca TA v TV cng tng i ging nhau: u da vo 3
tiu ch, v c cng ngha biu th
Khc: nu nguyn m chun trong ting Vit c m t bng hnh tam gic, th ngi

ta li s dng hnh thang m t nguyn m trong ting Anh

6.1.1. Nguyn m ting Vit

Ting Vit c:

13 nguyn m n
3 nguyn m i
2 bn nguyn m
1 m m

STT

NGUYN M

V D

1.

/i/

Tin, kin, suy ngh

2.

//

ng, mng, tng bng

3.

/u/

Tung, hung, du

4.

/e/

Mt, tn, m

//

M, ln, hn

/o/

T, mt, cng cng

//

Em , thm, em

8.

/a/

Ta, mang, lan man

9.

//

Xoong, mooc, tooc

10.

//

Tn, cn, thn

11.

//

Anh ch, sch canh

12.

//

Ay, rau ay, au

13.

//

Ong c, tc, vng

14.

/ie/

Hin, min, tin

//

Hu, hng, hng

16.

/uo/

Ung thuc, la a

17.

/u/

Tung, hung, du

/i/

Tin, kin, suy ngh

5.

9 nguyn m di

6.
7.

13 nguyn m n

4 nguyn m ngn

15.

3 nguyn m i

2 bn nguyn m
18.
19.

1 m m

/u/ (u,o)

6.1.2 Nguyn m ting Anh

12 nguyn m n:
+ 5 nguyn m di: /i:/, /u:/, /:/, /:/, /a:/
V d: easy, school,.
+ 7 nguyn m ngn: /i/, /e/, //, //, //, //, //
V d: sit, men,

on kt

8 nguyn m i: : /e/, /a/, /i/, /i/, //, /e/ , /o/, /a/

V d: eye, boy,

Nguyn m i l nguyn m gm 2 nguyn m nhng pht m nh 1 N n.

5 nguyn m ba: /ei/, /a/, /i/, //, /a/

V d: their, hair,

L s trt t nguyn m ny sang nguyn m khc v n m th 3, tt c din ra

nhanh v khng lu lp
Nguyn m 3 thng kh pht m v kh nghe.
2 bn nguyn m: th hin qua ch vit y v w
m c th lm chc nng nguyn m hoc lm chc nng ph m tu v tr ca n
trong m tit.
V d: study - young, war - saw

6.1.3. i chiu nguyn m trong ting Vit v ting Anh v s lng

Ging:
1.
2.
3.
4.

u c nguyn m n v nguyn m i, bn nguyn m

Trong nguyn m n chia ra l nguyn m n ngn v nguyn m n di
S lng nguyn m n di gn bng nhau: ting Vit 13, ting Anh 12
Cc nguyn m n ging nhau: a , o , u

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

S lng nguyn m trong ting anh l 25 cn ting vit l 16

Trong ting anh c nguyn m ba, ting vit khng c nguyn m ba
Trong ting vit c m m, ting Anh khng c
S lng nguyn m i trong ting Anh l 8, nhiu hn ting vit l 3
S lng nguyn m n di trong ting vit l 9 nhiu hn ting vit l 5
S lng nguyn m ngn ting anh l 7 nhiu hn nguyn m trong ting Vit

Khc :

l 4
7. Nguyn m c trong ting vit nhng li khng c trong ting anh:..
8. Nguyn m c trong ting anh ,m khng c trong ting vit:.
6.2.1 trm bng
6.2.1.1 trm bng trong ting Vit
Tiu ch:
- Nguyn m bng: Hng trc, khng trn mi
- Nguyn m trm va: Hng gia
- Nguyn m trm: Hng sau, trn mi
- Thanh iu lm thay i trm bng
- m m lm trm ha m tit
Phn loi:
- m bng: i, e, , ?
- m trm va: , , ?, a,
- m trm: u, o, , ?
6.2.1.2 trm bng trong ting Anh
Tiu ch

- Nguyn m bng: Hng trc, khng trn mi

- Nguyn m trm va: Hng gia
- Nguyn m trm: Hng sau, trn mi
- cng, lng ca li
Phn loi:
- m bng: i, e, , i:
- Trm va: , 3:
- Trm: , u, a, , :
6.2.1.3 i chiu
Ging:
- Tiu ch: u phn chia hng trc/ hng sau v hnh dng mi ( trn mi/
-

khng trn mi)

Phn loi: u c m bng, trm va v m trm

Khc:
-

Tiu ch:
+Thanh iu v m m nh hng n trm bng ca nguyn m ting Vit.
+ cng/ lng ca li nh hng n trm bng ca nguyn m ting Anh
m bng: Ting Vit c m , ? m ting Anh khng c. ting Anh c m ,

i: m ting Vit khng c.

m trm va: Ting Vit c m , , m ting Anh khng c.
m trm: Ting Vit c m m ting Anh khng c. Ting Anh c m a
m ting Vit khng c.

7. NGUYN M V S TH HIN BNG CH VIT TRONG TING VIT- TING

ANH
7.1 Ting Vit
7.1.1 Nguyn m ting Vit
Loi nguyn

S cch

th hin

Nguyn m di

m v

Cch vit

Quy tc v v d

//

ng, mng, tng bng

/u/

tung, hung, du

/e/

mt, tn, m

//

m, ln, hn

//

em, thm, em, p

/a/

ta, mang, lan man

/o/

t, lng bng

/i/

, k, l; ngy, suy

Cc trng hp cn li: im, i, thinh,

nn

Moi trng hp: b, lo, con

oo

moc, boong

//

tn, cn, thn

//

Trc /, k/: sch, xanh, mch

//

Trc /, k/: vng, tc, bc

Nhiu trng hp: m, n mn, tng,

//

1
Nguyn m
ngn
2

/uo/
2
//
Nguyn m i

m m

/ie/

//

/i/
Bn nguyn m

lng, mng

//

2
//

Trc /u, i/: au tay, rau ay

ung, thuc

ua

la, ma

ng, bng

a, cha

uyn chuyn, yu

tiu iu, tin tiu

ia

chia, ma

ya

khuya

ton, hoa

qu

ti

tuy

nu

sao

7.1.2 Cch th hin

-

Nguyn m c 1 cch th hin ch vit://, /u/, /e/, //, //, /a/, /o/, //, //, //
Nguyn m c 2 cch th hin ch vit: /i/, //, //, /uo/, //, m m //, bn nguyn m

/i/ v //
Nguyn m c 4 cch th hin ch vit: /ie/

7.2 Ting Anh

7.2.1 Nguyn m ting Anh

Loi nguyn m S cch

th hin

m v

Cch vit

Quy tc v v d

//

cat, bad, map, bank

//

dot, stop, rob

fish, miss, win, bit

Tip u ng be-, de-, em-, re- nh begin,

/i/

become, decide, email, employ

/e/
3
//

Nguyn m
ngn

//

//

Nguyn m di

/a:/

/:/

/i:/

men, pedal, ten

ea

heavy, head, ready

many, anyone

put, pull, push

oo

foot, look, wood

ou

could, should, would

come, nothing, brother

but, cup, gun

ou

enough, touch, couple

oo

blood, flood

ago, sofa, banana

mother, sentence, open

random, continue, handsome

ou

famous, dangerous

ar

car, hard

aunt, father

er

serve, verse, merge

ir

stir, girl, bird

or

worm, work, word

ur

curtain, burn

ear

earn, earth, search

be, she, evil

ea

tea, easy, heat

ee

free, see, tree

/:/

/u:/

Nguyn m i

/i/
2
/a/

/i/

/e/

//

ei

receive, ceiling

ie

believe, relief

ese

Vietnamese, Japanese

small, fall, call

au

daughter, launch, audience

aw

law, draw, awful

or

born, lord, corn

oar

soar, board, roar

ore

core, adore, more

rule, blue, flu

oo

too, cool, taboo

ew

screw, crew

ou

route

remove

oe

shoe

oi

oil, soil, coil

oy

soya, boy, destroy

ou

mouse, cloud, sound

ow

vow, gown, vowel

ear

fear, clear, beard

eer

beer, sheer, peer

ere

mere, here

are

care, share, fare

air

air, fair, stair

ear

bear, pear, swear

eir

heir, their

ere

there

oor

poor, boor, moor

our

tour, dour, gourmet

ure

sure

oe

doer

ue

truer

go, so, home, gold

oa

load, road, coat

oe

foe, toe, Joe

ow

bow, low, show

ose

rose, nose, close

ou

Shoulder, though

cane, face, ache

ai

tail, bail, paid, sail

ea

great, break, steak

ei

eight, weight, freight

ey

prey, they, obey

ay

may, clay, say

cry, fly, sky

ui

guide, quite, require

find, kind, night

ie

die, lie

ei

either, neither

uy

guy, buy

/ei/

ayer

player, layer

/i/

oyal

loyal, royal

//

ower

lower, mower

ia

denial, trial, liar

ir

fire, tire

ower

power, tower

our

hour, our

//

/ei/

/ai/

Nguyn m ba

/ai/
2
/a/

7.2.2 Cch th hin bng ch vit

Nguyn m c 1 cch th hin ch vit://, //, /ei/, /i/, //

Nguyn m c 2 cch th hin ch vit:/i/, /a:/, /i/, /a/, /ai/, /a/
Nguyn m c 3 cch th hin ch vit:/e/, //, /i/
Nguyn m c 4 cch th hin ch vit://, //
Nguyn m c 5 cch th hin ch vit:/:/, /e/, //
Nguyn m c 6 cch th hin ch vit:/i:/, /:/, /u:/, /ei/, /ai/, //