CHUYN BI DNG I TUYN OLYMPIC TIN HC

THUT GII HEURISTIC

Ging vin: ThS. o Quc Thng
Khoa Cng ngh thng tin
Trng H Ngn hng Tp HCM
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Ni dung

Khi nim Thut ton v Thut gii

Thut gii Heuristic
Mt s v d ng dng
Bi tp

Khi nim Thut ton v

Thut gii

Quan im lp trnh cu trc

Algorithm + Data structure
= Program
Thut ton: dy hu hn cc bc

khng mp m v c th thc hin

c, qu trnh hnh ng theo cc
bc ny phi dng v cho kt qu
nh mong mun.
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Cc tnh cht c bn ca thut

ton

Xc nh.
Hu hn.
Tnh ng.

Hn ch

C nhiu bi ton cho ti nay vn cha xy

dng c thut ton.
C bi ton xy dng c thut ton song
khng th p dng c do khng ti
nguyn cung cp.
C th gii quyt mt s bi ton theo nhng
cch khc, thng cho kt qu tt v thc
hin d dng hn so vi thut ton.
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Thut gii

Cc cch gii chp nhn c nhng

khng hon ton p ng y cc
tiu chun ca thut ton.

2. Thut gii Heuristic

L s m rng ca thut ton vi cc

c tnh:

Thng cho li gii tt (nhng khng chc

l tt nht).
Cho php gii quyt bi ton mt cch
nhanh chng, d dng.
Th hin t nhin, gn gi vi suy lun ca
con ngi.
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Cc nguyn l c s ca thut
gii Heuristic

Nguyn l
Greedy).
Nguyn l
Nguyn l
Nguyn l

tham lam (nguyn l

th t.
hng ch (hm Heuristic).
vt cn.

Nguyn l tham lam

Ly tiu chun ti u ton cc (t ra

cho bi ton) lm tiu chun chn la
hnh ng cc b (tng bc/tng giai
on thc hin).

Nguyn l hng ch (Hm

Heuristic)

Cc hm nh gi th, gi tr ph thuc
vo trng thi hin ti ca bi ton ti
mt bc gii, cho php chn la hnh
ng mt cch hp l trong tng bc
ca thut gii.

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Nguyn l vt cn

Bi ton tm kim: c gng hn ch

khng gian tm kim hoc s dng mt
kiu d tm c bit da vo c th
ring ca bi ton nhanh chng i
ti mc tiu.

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3. Mt s v d ng dng

Bi ton hnh trnh ngn nht: ng

dng nguyn l Greedy
Bi ton phn vic: ng dng nguyn l
th t
Bi ton t mu bn : ng dng
nguyn l th t
Bi ton Ta-canh: ng dng hm
Heuristic
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Bi ton hnh trnh ngn nht

Mt ngi bn hng mi ngy phi em

hng t cng ty n giao cho cc i l
trong thnh ph, ri sau quay tr li
v tr xut pht (v li cng ty). Gi s
gia mi cp im (cng ty/i l) u
tn ti mt ng i trc tip. Hy tm
con ng i ngn nht sao cho mi
i l ch c i qua ng 1 ln.
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V d minh ha
1
5

2
3

5
4

2
3

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Bi ton phn vic

Mt cng ty nhn hp ng gia cng n

chi tit my J1, J2, Jn. Cng ty c m
my cng c P1, P2, Pm, trong
mi chi tit my u c th gia cng
trn bt k my no, mt khi gia
cng mt chi tit my th khng th
ngng gia chng.
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V d

Gi s thi gian cn thit gia cng

mi chi tit Ji l Ti, hy phn cng cng
vic trn cc my thi gian thc hin
hp ng l ngn nht.
VD 1: m=3, n=5, T1=2, T2=5, T3=8,
T4=1, T5=5.
VD 2: m-2, n=5, T1=3, T3, T4=2,
T5=2.
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Bi ton t mu bn

Cho mt bn n vng, hy t mu
cc vng sao cho mi cp 2 vng ln
cn phi c t bng 2 mu ring bit
v s mu c s dng l t nht.

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V d: T mu bn
6
8

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Bi ton Ta-canh (tr chi 9puzzle)

Cho hnh vung kch thc 3x3 vi 9

cha 1 trong 8 con s 1, 2, , 8 v 1
trng. Hy di chuyn trng sao
cho cc s c sp xp theo th t
t 1 n 8.

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V d minh ha
3

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4. Bi tp

Bi tp 1
Bi tp 2
Bi tp 3

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Bi tp 1

Cho n loi tin vi cc mnh gi m1, m2, ,

mn khc nhau, trong c mt loi tin c
mnh gi bng 1. Hy biu din s tin N
bng cc loi tin trn sao cho s t tin s
dng l t nht.

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D liu th nghim

n = 4, m1 = 5, m2 = 10, m3 = 2,
m4 = 1, N = 89.
n = 4, m1 = 7, m2 = 10, m3 = 3,
m4 = 1, N = 89.
n = 4, m1 = 6, m2 = 10, m3 = 4,
m4 = 1, N = 89.

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Bi tp 2

Cho n container cng loi v k vt c khi

lng ln lt l m1, m2 ,, mk. Gi s c
th xp ht ton b cc vt trn vo cc
container, hy tm cch sp xp sao cho
chnh lch khi lng gia cc container l
nh nht.
Lp li bi ton trn ci k b sung: s lng
vt trong mi container < l vi k < n*l.
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D liu th nghim

n = 3, k = 10, mi = 5,4, 6, 1, 3, 2, 7,
10, 9, 4 vi i = 1, 2, k, l = 4.
n = 3, k = 10, mi = 2, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2,
20, 10, 4 vi i = 1, 2, k, l = 4.

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Bi tp 3
Cho n xe ti vi ti trng C1, C2, , Cn v k
thng hng vi khi lng ln lt l m1, m2
,, mk, m1+ m2 ++ mk,> C1 + C2 + +
Cn. Hy tm cch sp xp cc thng hng
trn ln xe sao cho tng lng hng sp xp
c l nhiu nht.

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D liu th nghim

n = 3, C1= 10, C2, = 5, C3 = 8, k =

12, mi = 5, 1, 7, 3, 1, 2, 2, 4, 1, 3, 4,
1 vi i = 1, 2, k.
n = 3, C1= 10, C2, = 5, C3 = 8, k =
12, mi = 2, 1, 8, 3, 2, 3, 1, 4, 3, 1, 4.
5 vi i = 1, 2, k.

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