5

1AR
2
Burg
3

UESTC

2010/4/19

5.1
5.1.1
u (n 1)

u (n )

Z
z -11

u (n M )

u ( n 2)

i i i

Z
z -11

Z
z -11

w0

wM 1

w1

i i i

d (n)

e (n)

5.1.1 M

UESTC

2010/4/19

5.1.1

u (n 1), u (n 2), ", u (n M )

d (n) = u (n)
u (n 1) u (n 2) u (n M ) u (n)

M Linear Prediction
LP ( M )

UESTC

2010/4/19

5.1.1

u(n) = u (n 1) u (n 2) " u (n M )
T
w = [ w0 w1 " wM 1 ]

u(n) R = E {u(n) uH (n)}

u (n 1)u (n 1)
u
n
1
u

(
)
( n 2)

u (n 2)u (n 1) u (n 2)u (n 2)
R = E

"
"

u
n
M
u
n
u
n
M
u
1

(
)
(
)
(
)
( n 2)

UESTC

u (n 1)u (n M )

" u (n 2)u (n M )

%
#

" u (n M )u (n M )

"

5.1.1
2010/4/19

5.1.1

r (0)
" r ( M 1)
r (1)

r (1)
" r ( M 2)
r (0 )

R =

"
"
%
#

r (M + 1) r (M + 2) "

r
0
(
)

u (n 1)

u ( n 2)

p = E {u (n) d (n)} = E
u
n
(
)

u (n M )

p = r (1) r (2) " r (M )

UESTC

2010/4/19

(5.1.2)
5

5.1.1

M -
Rwo = p
-

LP ( M )
J min = p wo = r (0) w0 r (1) " wM 1r ( M )
2
d

UESTC

2010/4/19

5.1
5.1.2 AR
Rwo = p
R wo = p

5.1.15.1.2
r ( 0)
r (1) " r (M + 1) w0

r (1)
" r (M + 2) w1
r ( 0)

"
"
%

r ( M 1) r ( M 2) "

r (m) = r (m)
UESTC

2010/4/19

#
r ( 0)

r (1)

r (2)

=
# #

w r ( M )
M 1

5.1.5
7

5.1.2 AR
r ( 0)
r (1)

r (1)
r ( 0)

"
"

r ( M 1) r ( M 2)

" r (M + 1) w0 r (1)

" r (M + 2) w1 r (2)

=
# #
%
#

r (0) wM 1 r ( M )
"
5.1.5

AR ( M ) Yule-Walker
r ( 0)
r (1) " r (M + 1) a1

r (1)
r ( 0)
" r (M + 2) a2

"
"
%

r ( M 1) r ( M 2) "

UESTC

r (0)
2010/4/19

r (1)

r (2)

=
# #

a r ( M )
M

5.1.6
8

5.1.2 AR

5.1.55.1.6

ai = wi1

5.1.7

AR ( M )
M

u (n) = ak u (n k ) + v (n)

5.1.8

k =1

U ( z)
1
H AR ( z ) =
=
V ( z ) 1 + a1 z 1 + a2 z 2 + " + aM z M
UESTC

2010/4/19

5.1.2 AR
M

u (n) = ak u (n k ) + v (n)

5.1.8

k =1

5.1.1 LP ( M )
e (n) = u (n) d (n) = u (n) woH u (n)

wo u (n) 5.1.7
e(n) = u (n) + a1u (n 1) + a2u (n 2) + " + aM u (n M )

5.1.85.1.10
e ( n) = v ( n)
UESTC

2010/4/19

5.1.10

10

5.1.2 AR

5.1.10z
E (z)
H LP ( z ) =
= 1 + a1 z 1 + a2 z 2 + " + aM z M
U ( z)

H AR ( z ) H LP ( z ) = 1

M LP ( M ) M AR AR ( M )
5.1.2
UESTC

2010/4/19

11

5.1.2 AR
v ( n)

v2

AR ( M )

u (n )

LP ( M )

e (n)

J min = v2

5.1.2 AR ( M ) LP ( M )

v (n) v2
AR ( M )
v2 = r (0) + a1r (1) + " + aM r (M )
LP ( M )

J min = d2 p H wo = r (0) w0 r (1) " wM 1r ( M )

UESTC

2010/4/19

12

5.1.2 AR

J min

J min = J min
= r (0) w0r (1) " wM 1r ( M )
= r (0) w0r (1) " wM 1r (M )

5.1.7 r (m)
J min = v2

LP ( M ) AR ( M )

whitening filter
UESTC

2010/4/19

13

5.1.2 AR

H LP ( z ) = 1 w0 z 1 w1 z 2 " wM 1 z M
d (n)
d (n) = wu (n 1) + wu (n 2) + " + w u (n M )
0

M 1

z
D ( z ) = ( w0 z 1 + w1 z 2 + " + wM 1 zM )U ( z )

D ( z )
H PR ( z ) =
= 1 H LP ( z )
U (z)
UESTC

2010/4/19

14

5.1.2 AR
u (n)

d (n) = u (n) :

1 H LP (z)

e ( n) :

5.1.3

5.1.2
5.1.4
u (n )

LP ( M )

e (n)

v (n)

AR ( M )

u (n )

J min = v2

5.1.4 LPC
UESTC

2010/4/19

15

5.1.2 AR

u (n) LP ( M )
e (n) v2 = J min
LP ( M ) M wi

a
=

w
i

i1 AR ( M )

v (n) v2 = J min AR ( M )

AR ( M ) u (n)

UESTC

2010/4/19

16

5.1.2 AR

LPCLinear Predictive Coding

u (n) LP ( M ) wi J min

wi J min ai = wi1 AR ( M )
2
v
n
(
)

v = J min

AR
u (n)

UESTC

2010/4/19

17

5.1
5.1.3 AR
u (n) AR ( M )
v2
SAR ( ) =
j
j 2
jM 2
1 + a1e + a2e
+ " + aM e
u (n) N LP ( M )
LMS
2

J
=

a
=

w
i
v
i1 min
2
a

AR i v
UESTC

2010/4/19

18

5.2
5.2.1 FBLP
+
u (n )

e (n)
f
M

+
+


w

u ( n 2)

z 1

z 1

w0
df (n)

u (n 1)

d f (n)

M 2
w

 M 1
w

db (n)

i i i

d b (n)

u (n M )

z 1

wM 1

w1

eMb (n)

i i i

i i i

5.2.1

UESTC

2010/4/19

19

5.2.1 (FBLP)

1 FLP

u(n) = u (n 1) u (n 2) " u (n M )

T
wf = [ w0 w1 " wM 1 ]
n
u (n)
d f ( n) = u ( n)
UESTC

2010/4/19

20

5.2.1 (FBLP)

FLP-
Rwfo = p

(5.2.4)

wfo
r ( 0)
" r ( M 1)
r (1)

r (1)
" r ( M 2)
r ( 0)
H

R = E {u (n) u (n)} =

"
"
%
#

r (M + 1) r (M + 2) "

0
r
(
)

p = E {u (n) d f (n)} = r (1) r (2) " r (M )

UESTC

2010/4/19

21

5.2.1 (FBLP)

2 BLP

ub (n) = u (n M + 1) u (n M + 2) " u (n)

T
0 w
1 " w
M 1 ]
wb = [ w
n M
u (n M )

UESTC

d b ( n) = u ( n M )
2010/4/19

22

5.2.1 (FBLP)

BLP-
Rb wbo = pb

(5.2.7)

w bo
r ( 0)
r (1)

r (1)
r ( 0)
Rb =
"
"

r ( M 1) r ( M 2)

pb = E {ub (n) d b (n)} = r (1)

UESTC

" r (M + 1)

" r (M + 2)

%
#

"
r (0)

2010/4/19

r (2) " r ( M )

23

5.2.1 (FBLP)

FLPBLP
Rb = R ,

pb = p

(5.2.4) (5.2.7)

wfo = wbo
FLPBLP

UESTC

2010/4/19

24

5.2.1 (FBLP)

w fo w bo

w o = ( w fo + w bo
)
2
w o w fo
w bo

UESTC

2010/4/19

25

5.2.2 FBLP
5.2.1 m FLPm = 1, 2,", M

wi1 = ai(

m)

ai(m) m AR
m

m
e (n) = u (n) u (n) = u (n) w u (n i ) = u (n) + ai( )u (n i )
f
m

i1

i=1

i=1

m 1 FLP
m1

emf 1 (n) = u (n) + ai(

m1)

u (n i )

i=1

e (n) e
f
m

f
m1

m1

(n) = am u (n m) + ai(m) ai(m1) u (n i )

(m)

i=1

UESTC

2010/4/19

26

 m BLPm = 1, 2,", M
(m)

w
=

a

w
=
w

i1
i
m

(m)
b

em (n) = u (n m) u (n m) = u (n m) ai u (n m + i )

i=1

= u (n m) + ai( ) u (n m + i )
m

i=1

m 1 BLP
m1

b
m1

(n) = u (n m +1) + ai(m1)u (n m +1 + i )

i=1

m1

emb 1 (n 1) = u (n m) + ai(

m1)

u (n m + i )

i=1

UESTC

2010/4/19

27

5.2.2 FBLP

Toeplitz3.2.2
ai( ) = ai(
m

e (n) e
f
m

f
m1

m1)

+ am( )am( i )
m

m1
m1

(n) = am u (n m) + ai(m) ai(m1) u (n i )

( m)

i=1

m1

m
m
m1
= am( )u (n m) + am( )am( i ) u (n i )

i=1

( m)

m1

u (n i )

= am u (n m) + ami

i=1

m1

( m)
(m1)
= am u (n m) + ak u (n m + k )

k =1
(m1)

( k = m i )

= am( )emb 1 (n 1)
m

UESTC

2010/4/19

28

5.2.2 FBLP

e (n) e
f
m

f
m1

( m) b

(n) = am em1 (n 1)

emf (n) = emf 1 (n) + memb 1 (n 1)

(5.2.18)

( )


a
m
m AR ( m) m
m

emb (n) = emb 1 (n 1) + m emf 1 (n)

(5.2.19)

(5.2.18) (5.2.19)
UESTC

2010/4/19

29

5.2.2 FBLP

emf (n) = emf 1 (n) + memb 1 (n 1)

(5.2.18)

emb (n) = emb 1 (n 1) + m emf 1 (n)

(5.2.19)

emf (n) 1 m emf 1 (n)

e b (n) m 1 eb (n 1)
m1
m

m = 1,2,", M
(5.2.20)

(1.5.1)
UESTC

2010/4/19

30

5.2.2 FBLP

FBLP
e0f (n)

u (n)

e1f (n)

e ( n)

z 1

e ( n)
b
1

z 1

emf (n) 1 m emf 1 (n)

e b (n) m 1 e b (n 1)
m1
m

eMf -1 (n)

eMf (n)

i i i

1
b
0

e2f (n)

e ( n)
b
2

b
M -1

(n)

M
z 1

eMb (n)

m = 1,2,", M

e1f (n) 1 1 e0f (n) 1 1 u (n)

, m =1
e b (n) 1 1 e b (n 1) 1 1 u (n 1)
0

1


UESTC

2010/4/19

31

5.2.3 BurgAR

m FBLP

emf (n) = emf 1 (n) + memb 1 (n 1)

emb (n) = m emf 1 (n) + emb 1 (n 1)

{
= E { e
= E{ e

= E e (n)
f
m

f
m

f
m1

f
m1

(n) + e (n 1) e (n) + e (n 1)
b
m m1

b
m m1

(n) + m emf 1 (n)emb1 (n 1)

+ e

b
m m1

UESTC

f
m1

(n 1)e (n) + m e (n 1)
f
m1

2010/4/19

b
m1

(5.2.22)
2

}
32

5.2.3 BurgAR

{
= E{

= E e (n)
b
m

b
m

(5.2.23)

f
m1

(n) + m emf 1 (n)emb1 (n 1)

b
m m1

+ e

(n 1)e (n) + e (n 1)

2
m

f
m1

b
m1

J m = mf + mb
UESTC

2010/4/19

33

5.2.3 BurgAR

(5.2.22)(5.2.23)

J m = 1 + m

A E e

f
m1

A + 2m B + 2m C
2

} {

(n) + E e (n 1)
b
m1

B  E {emb 1 (n 1)emf 1 (n)}

C  E {emf 1 (n)emb1 (n 1)}
m = m + jm

J m
J m
= A 2m + 2 B + 2C ,
= A 2m + j 2 B j 2C
m
m
UESTC

2010/4/19

34

5.2.3 BurgAR

J m
J m
= A 2m + 2 B + 2C ,
= A 2m + j 2 B j 2C
m
m
J m
J m
J m
+j
J m = 2 =
m m
m
= 2(m + jm ) A + 4C = 2 Am + 4C

J m = 0 Burg
2E {emf 1 (n)emb1 (n 1)}

2C
m =
=
2
2
f
b
A
E em1 (n) + em1 (n 1)

UESTC

2010/4/19

}
35

5.2.3 BurgAR

u (n)
N
N
1
E {emf 1 (n)emb1 (n 1)} emf 1 (n)emb1 (n 1)
N n=1
m m + 1

N
1
f
b
E {emf 1 (n)emb1 (n 1)}
e
n
e

m1 ( ) m1 ( n 1)
N m n=m+1
UESTC

2010/4/19

36

5.2.3 BurgAR

{
E{ e

E emf 1 (n)
b
m1

UESTC

N
2
1
f

em1 (n)

N m n=m+1

(n 1)

N
2
1
b

em1 (n 1)

N m n=m+1

2010/4/19

37

5.2.3 BurgAR

2E {emf 1 (n)emb1 (n 1)}

m =

f
m1

E e

(n) + e (n 1)
N

2
m =

b
m1

emf 1 (n)emb1 (n 1)

n=m+1
N

f
m1

(n) +

n=m+1

b
m1

(n 1)

n=m+1

m Burg
Burg
UESTC

2010/4/19

38

5.2.3 BurgAR

5.1Burg
1

m = 0 e0f (n) = e0b (n) = u (n)

m = 1

a1(1) = 1 =

2 e0f (n)e0b (n 1)
n=2

e ( n)
f
0

n=2

+ e (n 1)
b
0

n=2

e1f (n) = e0f (n) + 1e0b (n 1)

e1b (n) = 1e0f (n) + e0b (n 1)
UESTC

2010/4/19

39

5.2.3 BurgAR

3 m = 2,3,", M
N

2
m
am( ) = m =

emf 1 (n)emb1 (n 1)

n=m+1
N

f
m1

(n) +

n=m+1

b
m1

(n 1)

n=m+1

emf (n) = emf 1 (n) + memb 1 (n 1)

emb (n) = m emf 1 (n) + emb 1 (n 1)
( m)

(m1)

ai = ai
UESTC

(m1)

+ m ami , i = 1, 2, ", m 1
2010/4/19

40

 4 m = m + 1 3 m = M
(M )

5 ai i = 1,", M

SAR ( ) =

1
M

1 + ai e

( M ) j i

i=1

UESTC

2010/4/19

41

5.2.4 Burg

x (n)
3

x (n) = Ak exp ( j 2 f k n + jk ) + v (n)

(5.2.32)

k =1

A1 = 1

A2 = 1

A3 = 0.5

f1 = 0.1

f 2 = 0.25

f 3 = 0.27

SNR 1 = 30 dB

SNR 2 = 30dB

SNR 3 = 27 dB

k [0, 2 ]
v (n) 0 2 = 0.001
UESTC

2010/4/19

42

5.2.4 Burg

(5.2.32) N = 256
5.1Burg
5.2.3
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0
0.1
2

0.2

0.3 0.4

0.5

(b) M = 16

(a) M = 8

5.2.3 BurgAR
UESTC

2010/4/19

43

5.3

(1)
(2)ISIInter Symbol Interference
(3)

equalization

UESTC

2010/4/19

44

5.3.1
v (t )
s (t )

s (n)

u (t )

c (t )

g (t )

u (n)
t = nT

5.3.1

s (n)

s (t ) =

s (l ) g (t lT )

l =

UESTC

2010/4/19

45

5.3.1

g (t )
T
c (t )

u(t ) = s (t ) c (t ) + v(t ) =

s (l ) h(t lT ) + v(t )

l =

v(t )
h(t ) g (t ) c (t )
UESTC

2010/4/19

46

5.3.1

h(t ) g (t ) c (t )
h(t ) = g (t ) c (t ) =

g ( )c (t )d

c (t )

1 T u(t )

u (n) = u(nT ) =

s (l )h(n l ) + v(n)

l =

u (n) =

h(l ) s (n l ) + v (n)

(5.3.6)

l =
UESTC

2010/4/19

47

5.3.1

h (n)  h(nT ) =

g ( )c (nT )d

h (n) L + 1
h (n)
h(n) = {h0 , h1 ,", hL },

(5.3.6)

n = 0,1,2", L

u (n) = hl s (n l ) + v (n)
l =0

(5.3.8)

u (n) = h0 s (n) + hl s (n l ) + v (n)

l =1

UESTC

2010/4/19

48

5.3.1
L

u (n) = h0 s (n) + hl s (n l ) + v (n)

l =1

n
h0

s ( n)

z 1
h0

z 1
h1

z 1
......

z 1
hL1

hL

v (n)
u ( n)

5.3.2
UESTC

2010/4/19

49

5.3.1

g (t )

g (t ) = g1 (t ) g1 (t )
v (t )

s (t )

u (n)
g1 ( t )

g1 ( t )

c (t )

u (n)

u (t )
t = nT

5.3.3
UESTC

2010/4/19

50

5.3.2

s ( n)

u ( n)

{hk }

{ }

s (n)

5.3.4

(5.3.8)

h (n) = hk (n k )
k =0

w( n ) =

wk (n k )

k =
UESTC

2010/4/19

51

5.3.2

f ( n ) = w( n ) h ( n ) =

k =
L

wk hnk = wnl hl

(5.3.13)

l =0

f (0) = w l hl
l =0

n
s (n) =

wku (n k )

k =

(5.3.8)
s (n) =

w
k hi s (n k i) +

k = i=0
UESTC

2010/4/19

wkv (n k )

k =
52

5.3.2

l = k + i
L

s (n) =

w h s (n l ) +

i=0 l =
L

li i

k =
+

= w h s ( n) +

i i

i=0

wkv (n k )

w h s (n l ) +

li i

i=0 l = ,l 0

wkv (n k )

k =

= s (n) w i hi + wli hi s (n l ) + wkv (n k )

i=0
l = ,l 0 i=0
k =
+

= f ( 0) s ( n ) +

s (n l ) f (l ) +

l = , l 0

wkv (n k )

k =

s (n)

UESTC

2010/4/19

53

5.3.2

(peak distortion)

D(w ) =

f (n) =

n= , n0

w
nl hl

n= , n0 l =0

D ( w ) = 0 w(n)
f (n) =

wh

k nk

k =

z
W ( z) =
UESTC

k =

= (n) =

n=0
n0

(5.3.19)

F ( z) = W ( z) H ( z) = 1
L

wk z k , H ( z ) = hk z k
2010/4/19

k =0

54

5.3.2

W (z) =

1
H (z)

(5.3.22)

H ( z )
W ( z )
H ( z )
(5.3.19) (5.3.22) {wk }

UESTC

2010/4/19

55

5.3.2

2 FIR
u ( n)

z1

z1

M +1

......

z 1

......

z1

M 1

s ( n)

s (n)

e ( n)

5.3.5

s (n) =

w m u (n m) = w H u (n)

(5.3.23)

m= M
UESTC

2010/4/19

56

5.3.2

u(n)

u(n) = u (n + M ) u (n + M 1) " u (n) " u (n M )

w FIR

w = w M

w M +1 " w M

w (n) =

w k (n k )

k = M

UESTC

2010/4/19

57

5.3.2

(5.3.13)

f (n) =

w khnk =

k = M

M +L

f k (n k )

(5.3.27)

k = M

n = M ,M + 1,",0,"M + L 1, M + L

f = fM fM +1 " f 0 "
(5.3.27)
f = Cw
UESTC

2010/4/19

f M +L1

f M +L

(5.3.29)
58

5.3.2

hk = 0

k <0 k > L

L > 2 M C
h0

h1

h
2 M 1
h
2M
h
2 M +1
C = #
h
L1
h
L

0
UESTC 0

0
h0

0
0

"
"

0
0
#

h2 M 2

h2 M 3 "

h0

h2 M 1

h2 M 2 "

h1

h2 M

h2 M 1 "

h2

hL2
hL1

hL3
hL2

" hL2 M
" hL2 M +1

hL

hL1

" hL2 M +2

"
02010/4/19

#
"

hL
0

0
h0
h1
# ^( L+2 M +1)(2 M +1)
hL2 M 1
hL2 M

hL2 M +1

hL1

hL
0
0

59

5.3.2

T
2 M + L+1)1

s (n) = s (n + M ) " s (n) " s (n M L) ^(

s (n) =

M +L

f m s (n m) = f T s (n)

m= M

s(n) = s (n)

f d = [0 " 0 1 0 " 0]

( M + 1)
UESTC

2010/4/19

60

5.3.2

C (5.3.29)
w

f = Cw

UESTC

2010/4/19

(5.3.29)

61

5.3.3 MMSEFIR

MMSE w o
w o

UESTC

2010/4/19

62

5.3.3 MMSEFIR

T
2 M + L+1)1

s (n) = s (n + M ) " s (n) " s (n M L) ^(

T
u(n) = u (n + M ) u (n + M 1) " u (n) " u (n M )

v (n) = v (n + M ) v (n + M 1) " v (n M )

u(n) = Hs (n) + v (n)

UESTC

2010/4/19

(5.3.37)
63

5.3.3 MMSEFIR

H Toeplitz
h0 " hL 0 " 0

0 h0 " hL " 0
(2 M +1)(2 M + L+1)

^
H=

%
%

(5.3.38)
0 " 0 h0 " hL

s
n
=
w
u
n

m
=
w
u(n)

( ) m (
)
m= M

e(n) = s (n) s(n) = s (n) w H u(n)

2
2
2
H
J ( w )  E e (n) = E s (n) s (n) = E s (n) w u (n)

UESTC

} {

} {

2010/4/19

64

5.3.3 MMSEFIR

MMSE-

T
1

wo = wo, M wo, M +1 " wo, M = R p (5.3.41)

(5.3.37)
R = E {u(n) u H (n)}

= E ( Hs (n) + v (n))( Hs (n) + v (n))

E {s (n) s (n)} = I
H

UESTC

E s (n)

2
s

2010/4/19

= s2
65

5.3.3 MMSEFIR

R = H E {s (n) s H (n)} H H + E {v (n)v H (n)}

= s2 HH H + v2 I ^(

2 M +1)(2 M +1)

(5.3.44)

v v (n)

p L M
p = E {u(n) s (n)}
= [ H ]M +1 = [ hM
2
s

2
s

hM 1 " h0 " 0]

[ H ]n H n

UESTC

2010/4/19

66

5.3.3 MMSEFIR

J min = J ( w o ) = s2 w H R1w
= s2 w oH p
= s2 s2

(5.3.46)

w o, m hm

m= M

{hl }l=0
L

(5.3.41)-
(5.3.46)
UESTC

2010/4/19

67

5.3.4

d ( n)
u (n )

d (n)

s (n)

e (n)

v (n )

5.3.6

s (n)
+1 1s (n) 0
1v (n) v2 = 103

UESTC

2010/4/19

68

5.3.4

5.3.7

0.72

(a)

(b)
0.72
0.21
0.07

0.04
0

0.03

0.00
-0.05

0.07
10

-0.21

-0.05

(c)
UESTC

2010/4/19

5.3.7

69

5.3.4

(a)raised cosine
1

n
n = 0,1,2
+

1
cos
1

(
)

h ( n) = 2

0,
W
W = 3.5 R
max
( R) =
min
max min R
UESTC

2010/4/19

70

5.3.4

5.3.7(a) 11
(5.3.38) (5.3.44)
( R) = 46.8216

J min = 0.0044

5.3.8

UESTC

2010/4/19

71

5.3.4

5.3.8 (a)
UESTC

2010/4/19

72

5.3.4

(a)LMS
= 0.050 0.025 0.010LMS

w (0) = [0 " 0 1 0 " 0]

T = 500
1 T 2
MSE (n) = ek (n)
T k =1
ek (n) kn

UESTC

2010/4/19

73

5.3.4

5.3.9(a) LMS

UESTC

2010/4/19

74

5.3.4

MSE

(a)5.3.10LMS

5.3.10(a)LMS
UESTC

2010/4/19

75

5.3.4

5.3.7(b)(c)
31

( R) = 2445.9556 20.7303

J min = 0.0988 0.002

LMS
= 0.025 0.010

LMS5.3.11
UESTC

2010/4/19

76

5.3.4
10

-1

(b) = 0.025

10

MSE

(b) = 0.010

-2

10

(c) = 0.010
(c) = 0.025

-3

10

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

5.3.11(b)(c) LMS
UESTC

2010/4/19

77

5.3.4

5.3.125.3.7
LMS
SER

5.3.12
UESTC

2010/4/19

78

5.4

1
2
3

......

UESTC

2010/4/19

79