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3c3 Strategy TestSeries - Stu PDF
3c3 Strategy TestSeries - Stu PDF
We now have several ways of testing a series for convergence or divergence; the problem
is to decide which test to use on which series. In this respect testing series is similar to integrating functions. Again there are no hard and fast rules about which test to apply to a
given series, but you may find the following advice of some use.
It is not wise to apply a list of the tests in a specific order until one finally works. That
would be a waste of time and effort. Instead, as with integration, the main strategy is to
classify the series according to its form.
1. If the series is of the form
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
In the following examples we dont work out all the details but simply indicate which
tests should be used.
EXAMPLE 1
n1
n1
2n 1
EXAMPLE 2
n1
sn 3 1
3n 4n 2 2
3
n 32
1
sn 3
3n 3
3n 3
3n 32
EXAMPLE 3
ne
n 2
n1
Since the integral x1 xex dx is easily evaluated, we use the Integral Test. The Ratio Test
also works.
EXAMPLE 4
1
n1
n3
n 1
4
EXAMPLE 5
k1
2k
k!
EXAMPLE 6
n1
1
2 3n
Since the series is closely related to the geometric series 13 n, we use the Comparison
Test.
Exercises
17.
1 2
n
1n
18.
n1
134
1.
n1
3.
n1
5.
n1
7.
n2
9.
n 1
n2 n
1
n n
2
2.
1
nsln n
8.
n2
13.
n1
15.
n0
16.
10.
n1
n1
n2 n
2 k k!
k 2!
ne
14.
21.
n1
23.
n1
22n
nn
tan1n
25.
20.
22.
24.
27.
28.
k1
1
33.
5k
3 4k
32.
sin1n
sn
34.
n1
1n1
sn 1
k5
5k
sn 2 1
n 2n 2 5
3
cosn2
n 2 4n
n2 1
5n
e 1n
n2
n1
30.
k1
n1
tan n
n sn
31.
n1
k ln k
k 13
n1
26.
n1
k1
n!
2
en
n1
n
n 2 25
ln n
sn
n1
29.
n
n2
sin n
n1
2 n 3
1
1
1
n n cos2 n
3nn 2
n!
19.
n1
n1
12.
n2 1
n3 1
k1
1 n1
n ln n
n!
2 5 8 3n 2
n1
k1
11.
n1
6.
1
n1
3
2 3n
k
n1
n2 n
4.
n1
2 k
n1
1
j1
n2
sj
j5
1
ln nln n
(s2 1)
n
n1
Answers
S
1. D
15. C
27. C
5. C
7. D
9. C
11. C
13. C
19. C
21. C
23. D
25. C
31. D
33. C
X
n2 1
1 1/n2
n2 1
=
lim
=
1
=
6
0,
so
the
series
diverges by the Test for
2
n n + 1
n 1 + 1/n
n2 + 1
n=1
1. lim an = lim
n
Divergence.
1
P
P
1
1
1
, a p-series that
< 2 for all n 1, so
converges by the Comparison Test with
2 +n
2
n2 + n
n
n
n=1
n=1 n
converges because p = 2 > 1.
n+2
an+1
3 23n
23n
= lim (3)
5. lim
n
an n 23(n+1) (3)n+1 n 23n 23 n 23
8
n+1
X
(3)
is absolutely convergent by the Ratio Test.
23n
n=1
3.
. Then f is positive, continuous, and decreasing on [2, ), so we can apply the Integral Test.
x ln x
"
# Z
Z
u = ln x,
1
Since
dx
=
u1/2 du = 2u1/2 + C = 2 ln x + C, we find
x ln x
du = dx/x
Z t
Z
it
dx
dx
= lim
= lim 2 ln x = lim 2 ln t 2 ln 2 = . Since the integral
t 2 x
t
2
x ln x
ln x t
2
X
1
diverges.
diverges, the given series
ln n
n=2 n
7. Let f (x) =
9.
X
k2
. Using the Ratio Test, we get
ek
k=1
k=1
"
#
2
ak+1
(k + 1)2 ek
k+1
1
1
1
k2 ek =
(1)n+1
P
1
> 0 for n 2, {bn } is decreasing, and lim bn = 0, so the given series
converges by
n
n ln n
n=2 n ln n
the Alternating Series Test.
n+1
an+1
(n + 1)2
n+1
n!
3(n + 1)2
= lim 3
=
lim
13. lim
= 3 lim
= 0 < 1, so the series
n
n n2
an n (n + 1)!
3n n2 n (n + 1)n2
X
3n n2
converges by the Ratio Test.
n!
n=1
an+1
(n + 1)!
2 5 8 (3n + 2)
= lim
15. lim
n
an n 2 5 8 (3n + 2)[3(n + 1) + 2]
n!
n+1
1
= <1
= lim
n 3n + 5
3
X
n!
so the series
converges by the Ratio Test.
2 5 8 (3n + 2)
n=0
11. bn =
17. lim 21/n = 20 = 1, so lim (1)n 21/n does not exist and the series
n
n=1
ln x
2 ln x
ln n
19. Let f (x) = . Then f 0 (x) =
< 0 when ln x > 2 or x > e2 , so is decreasing for n > e2 .
2x3/2
x
n
X
ln n
1/n
2
ln n
= lim = 0, so the series
(1)n converges by
By lHospitals Rule, lim = lim
n
n 1/ (2 n)
n
n
n
n
n=1
the Alternating Series Test.
n
(2)2n
p
P
P
4
4
= 0 < 1, so the given series is absolutely convergent by the
=
. lim n |an | = lim
21.
n
n n
nn
n=1
n=1 n
Root Test.
1
1
23. Using the Limit Comparison Test with an = tan
and bn = , we have
n
n
an
tan(1/n)
tan(1/x) H
sec2 (1/x) (1/x2 )
= lim
= lim
= lim sec2 (1/x) = 12 = 1 > 0.
= lim
n bn
n
x
x
x
1/n
1/x
1/x2
P
P
Since n=1 bn is the divergent harmonic series, n=1 an is also divergent.
n2
an+1
(n + 1)n! en
n+1
(n + 1)! e
=
lim
2
2
n
n e
an n e(n+1)
n! n en +2n+1 n!
lim
X
n!
converges.
n2
e
n=1
t
ln n
P
ln x
ln x
1
H
dx = lim
(using integration by parts) = 1. So
converges by the Integral Test,
27.
2
2
t
x
x
x 1
n=1 n
2
P
k ln k
k ln k
ln k
k ln k
= 2 , the given series
and since
3 <
3 converges by the Comparison Test.
3
k
k
(k + 1)
k=1 (k + 1)
Z
29. 0 <
/2
tan1 n
1
/2 P
P
< 3/2 .
=
which is a convergent p-series (p =
3/2
3/2
n
n
2 n=1 n3/2
n=1 n
3
2
> 1), so
tan1 n
P
converges by the Comparison Test.
n3/2
n=1
Thus,
k=1
33. Let an =
3k
k
k
3
5
5k
(5/4)k
k
=
[divide
by
4
]
lim
=
0
and
lim
= .
=
since
lim
k (3/4)k + 1
k 4
k 4
3k + 4k
5k
diverges by the Test for Divergence.
+ 4k
X
sin(1/n)
sin(1/n)
sin(1/n)
an
1
= lim
= 1 > 0, so
and bn = . Then lim
converges by
n bn
n
1/n
n
n n
n
n=1
1
(p = 3/2 > 1).
3/2
n
n=1