Pepe. 20/es (os UL TE ise = Gd 4 ‘TIS! i S =Magredsn is st@ngly liaked with electocity. We ca sicer the current of a Magnauc ci(Cvié to ec (8), ad voltage is curent-tums (NZ) sing they drive Ne flux. “FARADAY 'S LAW In electromagnetic induction the key panda is: “The indued ENUF is popoctional:to the rate of change ux imeage”, or Eor NOPE. -The flux linkage’ isthe prductw¢ and itis obvicusly portional to JEdt. =LEN2'S LAW So changing the magnetic lux peduwesan el- ectric current, but the indued EMF iS always opposiée to the or-flux precuciagié This iS Leaz’s (au. -we centherepore Say & =~ N°Fae degining the vait of FlUK AS Weber (4b) where 1b induces 1V IAaciCuit oF Ttom When genorated or removedin 1S: TEDDYCURRENTS The FUx IAAL IGA Core NAUCS coments (Aa the core which by Lenz's (aw oppose Che flux (reduce it). —This wastes power so you (anzinatethe In to resbicecurent “FLELD STRENGTH ThE Field SLEMGUTIS te FLUX per Uaic area, te B= FA oc in units T= OY. =CIRCOZTS F(Ux (OOPS acuN current and Current (cops wounds lux. a es have 2 (cond and more generally permeability (conductivity) A= Or = MAL, m= permeability, A =penmemce. -sothe fatter the magret;the (orger a, the moreflux per corent-twin. Rut B remans the same: Ken = LA -Youcar combine to give= =m NZ/e =mat (=n) © Teas PoRMeRs =TASLOMELS USC-ENE INCEACEIONS ber efectTr mdmpage " ofasies e Te evise — chap® 2 pnagnatic circuits to allows the stepping up ane down of the Em Foran electrical supply. (Curent does opp. P= wast) AC is used so that the cumae, £-wx and EME wastenty change-Then inthe |’ coilthe changing fe SS current. gires AChangiNg Flax The chang=" 4 Be Ing flax induces an. opposite and eqaal ENF to the one being applied Vp “Np *Ae = ZR hut R&C, é so Vp & Np*Mt. : Tn the 2°coil the Flax is changing giving achanging Ear athe B Vee - asa ene yp x Fhe SING ASAE is the same for hog ceils: | diséibution sine high power losses with large coments, but act with high ENE: Te geneate electacity younged to move the cument tuns wtnin the magnaticgield-The coil cart be wrapped Bound permanent magret of if I£iS Fed wIth_DC aound an elec 6 temagnet This is always the basic idea. ALTERNATORS Very Like t@ASFOrMecs just CAt out a Sec] tOLoe the core “and spin it ia he Jap. But SINCE Mair Svery (ow the flux inthe cituit IS reduced by the gap. =So deSigns work te reduce ha. all gap, pecfammLarne. is also) iapoved by placing the mogret (@bor) inthe centre oF theare (Stator) since this increases flux: —when you spinthe eter the flux altemates Inthe Stator which by Faodays (aw jnduees an ameFintrestator ail —apuase genegrTors Zt you place-the coilsat 120° inter @ als mother etatethe tor ia the middle the Soutputs all differ by 120710 phase: 6ereaally you hook ongend of each cil fo the same ental’ wire: Saves o2 costsmmoaym 20fo5 lo Chap © Full Tem Revise = (Ur ¥* Mowes t =GEneatas and mao areverysimiiac Essentially Chey are opposites. with ageneratormechanical Corre iS input] and electricity s peducd, wit a motor it IS the reverse: -DNTVERSAL AC/DC commutator switt2on OC reveses thecuirent in the toc windings every half tom. The Statec windings remain the Same thOUgn Some tor Poles are always attacted toalign withthe stator poles. Works on AC LOO IF the stator mdrotorcollS weld sees: —Movnne FIELD USING 2 coils ard placing trom at nignt an- gas gives 2 atemating Fielos.shading creates a pase difference b4 faeday's Gw giving an overall etatng Fela =YOU.CaN just Plaw apermarent Magret (ona axis) in aciating fieldfora motor but thare are better designs. =the induction motor places a conducting cylinderinthe eld asthe tar AS the field etates a1 AMF is iNdUwd ia the tor These eddy curents reduce the change pz, acing thent (Lenz) and this i$ done by reducing the relac— ive Motionor the ¢ield/oter That is the etor moreseuw ~The tor MuSt move Slowertran He field So-flux anges %* BACK ELE =The induced Emr ina motor opposes the change of flux that pccuces it. THIS Slowsthe motor andis.a ‘back EMF. —the difference betweanthe EME and the back EME IS the powerto dive tne motor agaist (CSiStAKs- —Gonsioer A Motrin. dAll. When used-pocworthe back EI Freps and powers used vp. But IF daill bi€ ISheld GUC the back EMEIS zero ade resulting large power bums cotta coils inthe dal BackEnralsc entels currents in ‘chokes’2015s UUTE S82 = Mr Careless aap® 4 onpauyen 2 EORCES: TRE OLS CAUSE by maenebe fields act to shoréen or staighten the Flux Lines: Youcaruse dis © expiain the EAM oF A coilLirnaunifo(m magretic ied “Inastaight ength of enductor the fore peoucd by theield sat mheanglas tothe conductor pundthe ¢7el0. This is Flemning’s LEFThand (ule (Fiel0, SeCareng Moticn) —TheforRis: TLB on BV EMF = veg).2/05/06. "Se" _ Ever Revise — parcareless dnp 1 % ELECTRIC FIELDS =Mlikan First showed that chaye cane 12 discrete particles and measured the value 1-6*|O""C: Using a uniforr elactdic Field he watched oil d@ps For ohich & = 7g.He could show that the charge = ae- a ECTRIC FZELDS The strength of an electacal field is tho forte per unit charye, Z= £/7_ (NC) itis also eqwal to the pd per metre sepeation, = Wd (vac). @ = - Work done is fore x distane, so change ia potential enegy is Fd = 4&4 = 7V. - Clearly thon the potencial (v) isthe electrical pctent| jal energy pecunitchaqe (TC). By rearrangement ona particle is the potential energy gad | -EIELDAINES These Show the direction @ positive cha— ge would more if Piaced in the Field, they therefore point Positive © negative potential They cai not c@ss Ane are always perpendicular to the Lines o¢ eynipotents -EQUIROTENTZALS These are “contour” Lines: They mack @ (ines whore the potentialorthe-fieid is constant The closer they are tagether the greater the potental g@o- jent: They must be perpendicular to the Field ines sine Motion along an equipatential requires Nofore Sowa component of the fore along the line must beece- =NON-UNZFORM FIELDS AlLthe Above conside@tions app-| ly tounigonn fields, aoa-uniforT7? fields vary wish aise marom the charge: ZtiS vey ike gravity be re constant: is K= ares: : “The strengch af the electric ¢ield ©) varies with so e@ E= Vrer awdthe electdic potential ().vades with + (ince Wd =fxd) so V= Yarer They're koth per coulomb. Muctiply by 42 where nazcd.mods 2Mosves @ full Te Revise — firCarelgss chap © A > ACCELERATION & DEFLECTION) -HIWEAR ACCELERATORS These arethe MOSE simple oF accalorators in which charged paracles move fom Ore charged piate to qother tensfesing EPE to KE- If you cut a hole in ore plate the pardacles can wntinue tomove ata speed from gV= Amy» ie. v= )3¢F —The particles will never exceed V=C aga ae at a@nsideable Fachons of the speed of light value o¢ @ the A function mems the relLatvist’e effects ave SIgMificng —Frergy and Momentan are act Cimited though which allows particles to have huge enargies iN. some acakei — Frese = MC? can beused to give Masses i eV. Fee Pc To maximise the EPE transpered a series of hollow tbe elactrades are used at colliders (ike SLAC They ace alterrately charged ardthe ACsupply switches OS Ho parties Move of (tubes increase in Gngth so t=A). -Youcanthen derect the partials witha veratal Freld CIRCULAR ACCELERATORS Using magnetic Fieles to @ defect particles they @rbemaceto Move i a circu- ar path. Tho fort iS ZLB or By andit gives a @atri— petal Pome, so: BgV = W4- -- C= 68 = 48 =Cyclobens use hol(ecd D-shaped electieses In animagnet- ic field The AC Supply switches asthe pargcles c@ss FeM Oe D to the other “The (dIUS Increases BS pincreases sothey pial outwaes. = SYyNCHOUNs VOU HE MOLLE ATED SrNGIT ©. MMAR dina wnstart Gains even wher v (erp) increases: ~You have © make these things ethararge Since @ acleated charges adiate, the tighter He circa the greatethe acweation and therefore ho qeaten he ere@y lost theugh adratonmayor l * 20/04 106. TULLTeIm kevise = 70 for chap 1 K: RI RING “Alpha (ec) particles are the quclei op 2He atoms, they coribe used to measure the distance of Closest a toa nucleus censidenng electnc potential eneryq. -CALOULATION The Kinetic energy that is (cst equals the electnc potential energy gained since KE=o at cest. 20? = ZB onece Gi = QE, Fax (PrtO“s)xe- AS (ong asT (not eV) are used, [= closest appeact © 10 ir “SCENARIOS Slowercr particles are scattered (nore, ie. tre change in angle ts greateg asthe particle has the pepulsion exertedon it for tonger Nuclei with more pets also deflect the paacle More since the poouctarthe charges @nd-~ repulsion) is greatec| IMPROVEMENTS THis ONY gives He closest appeach distance which 7s an upper bound to the AUCeUs size. - Particles get closer if nuclei used are smaller butas the repulsion beames (ower the pardide could be captyred bythe steng quclea-force. Lets use electrons instead. 3 ELECTRON SCATTERING Whilst x particles con only see thenudeusas a poiat positive charge, electens (or B pardicles) dont feel the po quelearforasocan map the. charge dista bution withi -MOse electens pass though without interaction but sore | do suger deflection via petea attactian. ~ DIFFRACTION The results g@ph Shows a Aiffractior pattem as well asthe relationship Sead. With of Particles: “ThiSis due to the Wave nature oF & (de Begiie) d= PYp, where b= Plaack’sy, p=awv: “you caly see the FISE MiniNA but using sine= '?*YaamoKyen e *. STRUCTORE BB /0LLOS full vise—r Fira. a thisis enough and d giv'es the onderof a PGIONS dia =CoOwoTTIONS To get asmall enough d the electrons must be ofhignenegy. Since PXAE, AX NTE so with say “300MeY the results suggese ~ 10° "mn. —By repeating electron scattering expedments with various dements wefind reg ANS A= Mass n2, where the constant of poportionalidy IS theadiuser a single nucleon. =the calulatins then suggest 2n Immense density of the. occerar |0'%kg In each cubic metie. PARTICLES \Jucleans are Made OF QaKS And the ‘up’ noe hasa +26 chage,the down -13, the antiue-%s and antidewn +/3. Patons ae Uud, Neubons Uda and their antiperidles are. UU and add respectively. _ =Mesons have 2 quarks, |W" ud, T= dU, 7°: udj/dad- =colour Baryons are porades Chat are ‘Coloucless" With| Squarksthis means having red, green & blue and for 2 rks @ colouc/anticlour @mbination is needed. These ‘are. “Mmass—eype” parcas: —Bosons however are ‘force-type" particles and are te exchange partides for intemctions 4- photoas /g(uons). —QUONS Gluons are the exchange particles forthe Steg -nudeat force: They hold quarks together in nucleons: ~ Quarks move around iN. Nucloons giving 2 blur | yet relativity mewsto mn aceaated © | the nucleus appeavs pancake Like with the oa avks moving Slowly within rt: = is means the Inteaction is with just 1quwk - When Efom m€ is added @ a gluen field it strengthens it unt the E required (2mc*) for & meson is ees 7) ‘mmoaysrn a HOS (06. e U Terr = Chap®) 3 available, when a mesonis created. Torts to happen ‘if relies of gluons being Ableo Absorbjemit other gluars and requires thee to be af an appepnately small » and have enough £ foc the meson creation. 3K CREATION AND AWNTHZLATZON — Both of these pResses Occur With pairs oF pevticles so = that crage, enegy andmorentum are casesved. @ -PETSCANS Posit@A-emission tomog aphy uses &* decay andthen annihi@tion to detemeine ushere respiat— jon iS occuring. Oxyger— IS Ts wSed- 80) Bs, 1B 4 2 ~Thatis aa vp quark tums into . a 1B adown quark releasing e* eT+e > 25 —_- within a mm the positien [testes annihilates withen & giving abust of X ays. Detectow® place metabolic adivity. = Quantum Quatum Field theory povides ar alternative viewon fores with the Field creating jdestroying partides e > Quantum FIELD THEORY sHere the exchange particles (photer, gluon )erensrer enemy, charye Wd MomantAm: The Field Creates Che port= jeles at one plae, they move (all paths) teasremng their action, tran they are 2d. FORCES A pair of charges Gansrer photoas which tensfer enegY end morentwn-The result is até@ction or repulsion: ~Bosons Exchange parades co existin the same flac -andtime (ond phase) to result Ina Geer amplitude. @ —Theynave a ‘spin state” of arinteger multiple o Nar: FERMIONS These cant do Uus. They obey Pauli's exclusion panciple ~ that iS: 2 particles cant Share a Q. State 4("%n)mony ul 02/05/06. @ tw Tem Revise -mc for chap ® 4+ * BDECAY =Studles into Bdecay Showed thatthe enegy distrbuticn OF B particles tailed off before the expecta) emeay change =To_maintainenre@y conservation a nelatano mast exist NEUTRINOS These ae (QPtOrS and in K—decay aa onti- poutine (7)is pedwced (in BY Vis PeIA@s) ~Ztis ndrwvgss, weakly inteacting Wit Mass and has AZewO (or new Ze) PeStMaSS @ -K50NS Kdecay iS due to the Weak Nuclear fork AW acts; thug boson exchange: Here there are 8: A) wt andZ? - TRE POS then becomes: N> P+ W—rGB +V octha same with Wtpoc BF decay. Neutanos can interact with atoms, Knocking € out: 2°7S ivolved here: % MOveLs OF THE ATOM =E kp Since momoatum is bath My aad")n, and E=tai?| then reorangemont gives: Ex e'/% (forcensiant mass) TEZINA Rox THISiSAVEY Simple model. __ZONZSATZON _ @ -Cavpaadinstandingwares ia tho atoms’ electric potendalwell. g,= —Anode iS required a eitherend so aie only some discrete Ovals Ae allowed. g,= ths : =SiINW \,=2d2 > AXA? but 12 cE reality Eo Vaz so itis a foor model: = =EMeROvED Move Really the sides of the box 37% are not Seaignt - itis aelectric potertial well ~Ex relates ye and Er by just YF There iS A bane involved. AESOMe places Ex=Ep, & @ stayher-ZprIS ery small Exh, Cout. ZpAIS Ved ae Exd and Ep is bigge, & in. Higher avels > chemisty. —pHoToys changes 1€ layels result in photon em/ab. Ue E=hf:oma” otlesfoe Ful vise = co cia 3K HALE THrcKNess =Agiven thickness cp Maternal requcees the number (sointensity) o¢ Kay /S ay prdons by a CAstantfac; =Sothe intensity decreases exponentially with Gik— Nose 7, = CU oc, = Lae a =pris a prpety of a mateaal whore /A@20 >Meacrete. ~The photons (ose erergythiough ionising acs, scattering fone; or eet peouction: RADIATION (MEASUREMENTS Activity measures the number or decays pecs«ond and has the unié 84. ZAteMs of damage tt is the eregy of the adiation and ionisation that is av issue = soa sensible ies the Gay whichis Tkg- ebode) —frleven better unit iS the Sievert (Sv) which accounts for the type of adiation @nd the issue = quality faces — dose in Sv = dose ia gay x ality factor —Stada annual: 2OoQuSv, 3% is CAG Lisk with 1Sv. e #* NvceaR Spagi/TTy =Nudei with equal aumbers af petons and Aout as tend be stable . Both potoas and neubons are Felmions soexasses of either protons orneutons must use higher enegu states loading to instability. When qucleons move ene (ovels the probrsate highe (2/x). Some More massive quelei Nave More NEuUcrons haa poms which Ailute’ the pewmrPpotea repulSioa @ * Bwdine EwERcy -How Eigrrty the nucleons ave held in Me nuckus is Measured by the binding enegy. ZEIS how) much enereyamoung Chere are more potons Bnd NeuUkans Sothe SONG Nuclear ALLOCHON iAcreases- The binding ene@y therefore gets More negative 763. —Beyond a certain point (Fe) the gmwing repulsion FON more Poteas makes the Nuclei More UASALa so the bindingerargy gadually gets less negative. 2K EXssIOn =The gentle slope seen jathe binding energies bey- 1 ond Ions tansversed by of decaying nuc&i tremall SLEpS: FISSION JUMPS CONN The slope much faster and ASHe binding energy decreases, he Edifferne is released. THIS 1S a (St of energy inasial) sampa- —when a U-285 nucleus captures aneutonthe Ur-2Z36 oscillates (ike a Uquid de@p and cansplit t0.2- —This fission peducts (i00, 1S3) are created + 2aeuts| —CHAIN REACTION The aeutens pwdUced MighE esape| or they might beabsorded. Crudally a third option ischat they ae absorbed AND theycause more —__ fission. This allows foc a chain reaction: =The BMOUNESF NEULRNS tat escCAPe IS. proportional tosurfaczaren and the amount adsorbed is peporGonal t volume. Depending on the design you cat haveaman e % Fusion) ~The othecstopecf the binding eneray gaphis much ES cajos/es Full Term Revise. = (1 ford aep@ isub-cngcal’ (all diesout), ‘critical’ (steady) oc ‘Sope-—ca tical’ (teo pid) reactions. Genoallly the ato Of Volume: SA_ING@easss withsize (tends fosperciéal) =PRACIICAL U@NiUis geneally U-238, with lass Chon I%*OFIE being the fissile U-DSS. So enrichment ia a centrifugeis essencial First. ~The noutons also need slowing down to inkeack, here a moderator (ke water or gaphite rs cequired. POWER STATIONS The pressurised water reactor uses water asthe Mode @tor AND the Mediu Ca7Ty ereny| Amant the reactor core to. geno.@te Steam. ~ 8h of eharyy FOr eacn FISSION IS KE > heatenagy, and poducts are & emitters which increases eregy. —lWNEN U-23B AbSODS NQUHONS, PLULSAUNT IS POCAwD For} WoRapENS or ew reacters. Uagortunately we _eemuch More) WwaSe Cra We KNOW What to do win. steeper Fusion uses Gris. At yey hightempeatces small nuclei collide endfuse releasing ererey, =This POSS is tacky though since Pots repel each other 2nd upon m2cGng one preten MUSE decay by /S* onthe Sun: Ste ie Hog Sate Hes poee Of fee see oe ate > Otel ry Hd He ®B + 2 + Q--> stort. =0r on Earth: en e+ & On : HB Toe ee ee ee: