“GENERAL REPORT* ON ROAD RESEARCH IN INDIA, 1969-70" CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Design, Construction and Maintenance Barth Road Flexible Pavement Rigid Pavements Miscellaneous Aspects of Pavements il Mechanics and Related Problems Bridges & Structures Il, Traffic & Transportation 1. Geometries, Economics, Statistics and Safety 2. Transportation INTRODUCTION This is a brief compilation of the road research work done by the various organisations in the country during th 1969- 70. The Report is based on the Annual Reports and other formation received from these organis It is to be observed that use and improvement of soils and inferior aggregate continue to engage the attention of thes laboratories. Efforts are also continuing on the use of puzzolanic materials particularly the fl Work is also continuing on the relative evaluation of diffe- rent types of sub-bases and bases as well as on the usability of pase courses and composite constructions. Work on study of characteristics of bituminous binders and reported, Work on problems of mechanics would also continue on lines similar t sted in the previous y Investigations on landslides and foundations have been reported. * Compiled by the Director, Ceniral Road ReUnder miscel on pavement serviveability ve GeNeRAL Report on ‘ous aspects of pavements, work eported devices foi and. skid riding quality On bridges and structures, studies reported of arch bride tol of geometries, Thi « ve load on abutments. F cities and towr Traffic and transportation has continued to cover aspects accidents and planning of transportation systems General Report has been compiled from the follows Annual Report of the Central Road Research Institute, New Deli 1969-70 Annual Report of Regional! Research Laboratory, Jorhat (Assam) Report on the road research work done by the Control & Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar (Orissa) during the year 1969-70 Brief note of the work done in Andhra Pradesh, Engineering Research Laboratories under road research forthe year 1969. Report on road research’ in the Military Engineering, Services by Engineer-in-Chief's Branch, Ministry of Defence, New Delhi, during he year 196 Report on road research work done in Madhya. Pradesh daring. 1% Report on road research work conducted on Sarsa-Vasad road ia Khaira District, Ahmedabad) Repott on the road research work done by the Uttar Pradesh P.W.D. Research Institute, Lucknow during the year 1969-70 Report on the road research work done by the ing Research Institute during the year 1969-70, Report of work done inthe road re fering Research Station, Krishnarajas G Maharashtra Engineer fh wing of the Mys ar during the yea eral Report on road research work carried out by the Kerala Engineering Research Institute, Peechi during the year 1969-70. Report on road research work done by the B. & R, Research Labor tory, Chandigarh (Panjab), 1969-70. Annval Report of the Highway Research Station, Madras for ! Annual Report of the Concrete & Soll Research Laborat Works Department, Govt. of Tamil Nadu, 9 583 Roap Res#Agcit IN INDIA, 1 rch work done by the Road & Puilding atcutia, West Bengal, during the year 1969-70 (45) Report of the £03 a m research work done at the University of Roorkee during Gi apes on 196-7. : Up nea Report fhe Seca ng Reh Ce Root fee Heute oberved tat the road esearch work fone ee ea vhs dem 3 would be teporting Peergried that many academic isitrins woul Be ere for inclusion in the {uLuce reports. Wiis hopes that, during disusion, the members would Blah ouesuch other ims os could, not be included f9the tasinen 4 go to enhance’ the ‘usefulness ihe reseateh work reported would Fate aucun, ‘Salient poins for dicusi ts ch sub-section. n have been indi- Kated. as usual, at the end of ea DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE 1. EARTH ROADS AND STABILIZATION 4.1, Solt Stabitzation TAA. The repioris'reecived from the Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi, Regional Research Laboratory, Jorhat, an Sia(elUaboratofies of Tamil Nadu, Punjab, U.P, Mysore, West Bengal, Gujarat, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, etc. show that, apart from construction of roads, using mechanical Siabilization and stabilization with lime and cement, work ona few other, aspects of soil stabilization has also been reported. 112. The Central Road Research further progress using lime and gravel stabilization in States as follows has reported different (4) Soil Gravel Stabization, Madhya Pradesh @) Guna-Ashoknagar Road (i) Tarsi-Tigariva Road Gujarat (ii) Vasaa.Sarsa Road584 INERAL REPORT ON Himachal Pradesh (iv) Kandori-tndora Road (). Ghumarwin-Lador Road using lime Anura Pradesh (vi) Merical-Undiyal Road (ii) Sangaredely-Narsapur-Toopran Road (2) Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil with Time Maharashtra i) Asta-Manna Road (ii) Daryapur-Amla Road ii) Achalpur-Kakda Road 1.1.3. The Madhya Pradesh P.W.D. has reported that the work on three roads, about 7 miles long have been completed using different techniques recommended under Central Assess ment Committee. Performanee is stated to be satisfactory. 1.14, The U.P. P.W.D. Research Institute, Lucknow has reported that the performance of 4 miles of road constructed in 1965-67 with 15m soil stabilized base plus 7.5 em thick ase coat of over burnt brick followed by two coat surface dressing/2 cm premix carpet has been satisfactory. The same Institute has conducted research on the harmful effect of pre sence of sodium sulphate and sodium carbonate in soil for sta bilization with cement and bituminous cutbacks. The results indicated that cement, lime and bituminous cutback upto 5 per cent were not effective in stabilizing soil containing 0.5 per cent Sodium Carbonate but 5 per cent lime or 5 per cent cutback can check harmful effect of sodium sulphate upto 0.2 er cent Further work has been planned to see if chemicals like Barium Chloride, Calcium Chloride and Hydrochloric acid can be used to check the harmful effect of these salts when presen: in soil 11.5. The Mysore Engineering Research Station has report ying of field experiments using 5, 7.5 ed and 10 per cent cement in soil for building water bound macadam, and planning of experiments on stabilization of black cotton soil with vary percentages of lime. 1.1.6. The Highway Research Station, Madras, has reported jaying of an experimental stretch of 4 furlongs in the form of _— Xe Roap RESEARCH IN INDIA, 1969-70 58s zh ‘The Laboratory has also conducted research on the effect water both Beare eee the rcensth,cheraciristcs of sca sand stabilized Bass hss eon observed that sen Head pl apd plus} per cent 30/100 bitumen plus 8 percent good fear, Further work isn h is more in case of sea atiization of sea sand with Bath Hae eiacan cxpediacotal Iengih has been provided with 2 Chick nbs of sant-tysine in proportion 706 Pet erate tetaling and 23cm bituminous surfacing. The ee reetal strtch is under observation of the Ht Roesch Sstion. In order to evaluate The Highway Research Station, Madras, has also reported A laboratory investigation to assess sand stabilized with 2 to 3 percent bitumen as base. In addition to C.B.R. value, triaxial shear tests at different temperatures have been conducted. It hhas been observed that C-value of 25 to 3 could be achieved with 3 per cent bitumen at 116 to 118 Ib per ev. ft. density and it was concluded that the material could be used as road base Satisfactorily as per design procedure using triaxial shear test values, The Highway Research Station, Madras, has also reported that work on the behaviour of local inferior aggregate such as Bravel, laterite and Kkankar after mixing with sand, fly-ash and Time was in progress. 117. The Regional Research Laboratory, Jorhat, has Feported, in continuation of the previous reported work, that a Process had been worked out for the rapid determination of Cement requirement of a given soil for producing cement-soil @BBtEKALes of specified aggregate impact value. The process isYe 586 GuNeRAL Revort on based on the aggregate impact value and the corresponding compressive strength of the soil-cement compositions. It h: also been reported that investigations are in pr facture coarse aggregate fro n lime-fly-ash and sand mixes, A study on the use of water-proofing cement construction has also been reported by the laboratory It has been observed that with the addition of 2 per cent of water-proofing compound on the basis of cement content of soil, the saturated compressive strength could be 30 per cent more and percentage w reduced from 10 to 2-3 per cent. It has been mentioned that for 18 ke per sq.cm.saturated compressi h of asoil—cement mix with 1.5 gm per c compound in soil- ater absorption was streng density, 20 per cent cement was required and with 0.3 per cent water-proofing compound, the cement could be reduced to 15 percent. The saving thus effected was of the order of 10 per The Regional Research Laboratory, Jorhat, has,reported also a study ou the dilfereut curing methods of soil-lime specimens such as seven-day curing with carbon dioxide, wax coating and 24-hour steam curing. It has been observed that carbon dioxide curing values were three times of wax curing and 3/4 of those obtain pressure sd with 24-hour steam curing at atmospheric 118. The Engineering Research Laboratory, Andhra Pradesh, has conducted a laboratory investigation on the use of slack coal waste of size 25mm to powder with clay to be used in road construction. It has been reported by the laboratory that increase in clay content increases the density but he: compaction has little effect on densi 11.9. The Central Road Research Institute the construction of soil stabilized road using soi with soft ea of hi eported as reporte The same Institute has. also r hat the performai of specifications laid in the past using local sand stabilized with bentonite in sub-ba: and base in desert areas was satisfactor The Central Road Re that a laboratory study has been conducted on the utilization of earch Institute has reported further Roap RESEARCH IN,INDIA, 1969-70 387 pte Hone (Slat) from Himachal Pradesh and it showed that Piattfishaving about 30 percent fines could be stabilized with cement Bee asic tas sported a method of sucwing Mirren: for subititaton of rol or improving MMMM Gstsance ot soil to. wetting, drying, eezng MM ts based on the measucncats of volumetrie BU sexe abot ia tas so-coment nines when surpended Pe pcrccotaze roquiced forthe sabilization of part oe. The Central Road Research Institute has also couducted fa study on the use of low temperature tar for the stabilization Of black cotton soil. The study is reported to have indicated as Follows: (1) Low temperature tar bindets are more effective than the standard binders ike RT-3 and RC-3 with respect to the stability and water y ofthe treated sol water soluble trivalent salts fort improve these properties Further work is in progress. The Central Road Research Institute has reported a laboratory study to find out the extent to which higher degree @ffineness would affect the development of strength of black Gotton soil stabilized with the lime, The black cotton soil with different degrees of fineness was compacted at optimum moisture With} Percent lime of known purity. It was observed that if the soil was at least 50 per c 3/16 in. sieve the strength Attained was practically the No.8BS, Sieve,” Studies have aiso influence of the soakir limit of clays, nt passi me irrespective of fraction passing n reported by the Institute about time for the determination of liquid Tthas been observed that in case of light tex- tured soils, Raving liquid limit upto 30 per cent there is no effect of Soaking On the resultant liquid limit or plastic limit. The Petiod of soaking has, however, significant effect on the resultant— Ne 588 Genera Revort ow values for soils having liquid limit above 40 per c highly plastic soils, the indicated period of soaking hours. In case of is upto 24 Such soils require also a minimum of 4 hours of soak c period even for correct determination of plastic limit. The soaking time required for a soil is reported to have a direct relationship with the free differential swell The Central Road Research Institute has also reported laboratory work on the effect of variation in soil moisture and texture on th back-scatterin clusions e de ermination of soi techniques density of gamma and have drawn the following (@) Thecount rate decreases with the Tovels of moisture content @ TH a reases in dry density at all ‘ount rate (CR) dry density (DD) relationship is different for 3 soils at all moisture content G) There isa dofinite trend in which CR-DD curves a he variation in sil moist @) For the same dey density, the count rate he which the count rate remains practically the same for a considerable range of moisture, L110. The University of Roorkee has reported laborat work on the effects of delay in compaction on soil cement mixes. tive effort needed to retain the desired ath and density values after different delay periods were estimated for five soils. The use of lime as additive for cour acting the detrimental effects of delayed compaction 150 been studied. The effects of mixing temperature, mixi temperature jd on the cutback using th period, aeration and aeration pe Properties of soil- mixes have also been investigated in the laboratory Modified Hubbard Field Test The University of Roorkee has improvement of strength and locally available soil with lime-fly-ash mixture. With suitable proportioning (1:2.3:10), the mix is found to satisfy the minimum strength requirement of 28 kg/em* for base courses as per the modified British test criteria, Laboratory study on the rh eported a study on thi durability characteristics logical Roap Researcit in INDIA, 1969-70 1.2, Study of Materials The 12 km and Pradesh eespectively. 1¢ has been reported 12. feported that use of locally saving in road 422. The Road & Building Research Institute, P.W.D. (Goud), West Bengal, has reported that survey of | locally Available materials such as stone, bricks and sand is being ‘conducted. 123. The Building and Road Research Laboratory, Chandigarh has reported work on the assessment of the properties ‘of'stones from different quarries of Haryana State. 4. The Highway ted work on the prepara also the engineering properties of various soils rock for Madras City and surrounding Research Station, Mad 4 has repor- of general soil profile depicting from surface to 125. The Central Road Research Institute has reported, in continuation of work reported last year about the location of Kankar deposits of aicphoto interpretation, that a total area of 15,000 sq. kilometres of Western Rajasthan has been Field checking has revealed that about 75 per cent of the likely Kankar-deposit sites located on the basis of pattern developed, confirmed the findings of the interpretation technique. assessed. 1, Subgrade Moisture C.B.R. relationship studies 13.1. Thie Highway Research Station, Madras, has rep that a field study on twenty roads with different environments And climatic conditions in different parts of the State had been €onducted for seasonal moisture variation under the pavement Swell as at the berm and natural ground to check the validity OFCBR. method of design as per saturated conditions and to590 GoneraL Rerokr of make use of existing highest moisture instead of the satura condition, ia 132. The Building and Road Research Laboratory Chandigarh, has reported ‘a hat, in order to assess the approxima C.B.R. values of different soils for designin cn a road, the soils of varying plasticity index and compacted at different densities and were test at different moistures to the thickness of d for CBR. value From the data collected, it was possible sess the approximate CBR. of a soil. The also collected data for arriving at ar table, m lationship between water: sture content and subgrade soil in the region. It has been reported that knowing the highest water-table and the soil characteristics in the particular area, th subgrade ultimately likely to be attaine: and the C.B.R. at the moisture for accurate design moisture coni 1.3.3. The University of Roorkee has reported work on the development of an electrical resistance type of moisture cell with copper electrode and rubber insulator be satisfactory for the m The cell is said to asurement of subgrade moisture over a SALIENT POINTS FOR DISCUSSION 1, Lime stabilized soil bases. 2. Subgrade moisture movement and its role in pavement des Use of inferior aggregates and gravel by stabil BIBLIOGRAPHY 1, Annual Report of the Ce 1969-70 Road Research Institute, New Dei 2 Annual Report of the Regional Research Laboratory, Jorhat (Assam 1967-68. 3. Annual Report of the Highway {Research Stat year 1959-70, Madras, for the Roap Restancit wx inpta, 1969-70 591 report on road esearch work done by the BAR Research Labora: a tory, Chandigarh (Punjab), 1969-70. Report onthe road rs Bearer ucknow, during the yar P, P.W.D. Research h wing of the Mysore Engine ring Research Si i during the year 1969-70. srt ofthe roa research work done by the Roads and. Bul Teper pnitat, Catan (Wes Renal) rig the year 196-7. port of work d en n, Krishnarajasa; Deport on road research work conduct Rebsira District, Ahmedabad Control & Research Report on the road research wrk done by the Canal & Laboratory, Bhubaneswar (Orisa) during th Jo. Report on road research work done in Madhya, Pradesh during 1969-70. a Pradesh he year 1969. gineering Research {ie Brief note of the work done in An Laboratories under road research fo 2, FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. Design New pavements ign is being Tn general, the CBR method of pavement d IAdopicd all over the country. To facilitate uniformity in the design procedure, tentative guid based on C.B.R. have been formulated by the Indian Roads Congress However, in order to obtain a judicious and economical design for crust thickness, refinements are being attempted to assign realistic CBR values for the subgrade taking into account His density, moisture content and water-table conditions etc, Work inthis connection is being done and continued in the Central Road Research Institute as well as in the Buildings and Road Research Laboratory, Chandigarh. Attempts are being made to obtain graphs correlating CBR valu Properties such as density, moisture content and plasticity index. fh simple soil 21.2. Strengthening done of the Work in the Central Road Research Institute is bei f0 evolve a suitable rational method for quick evaluationHy 393 Gunerat Rerorr of structural adequac of pavement structure by using B beam deffections. Field data from various investigation all over India are being analysed for correlating substad strength values (together with field moisture and density teristics) with the deflection value in order to obtain { tional thickness required for different traffic ease of factory roads subjected to heavy crane loadings, th Procedure suggested by the Central Road Research Institute iq to work out the equivalent single wheel load for the different cases and then to calculate shear stress induced at different depths which in turn is correlated to. the subgrade strength in terms of the CBR value and then to determine the extra thicks ness of pavement required, nkelman Projects intensities. In the ‘Test Tracks an Field Experiments 2.2.1. Base courses In order to study the efficacy of various type courses as regards their load carrying capacity, an mental test track has been constructed on the Mathura Road by the Central Road Research Institute. 35 different specifications were laid each to a li About wath of 150 fect and width of 22 ft. They consist of : (i) WBM with IRC grad ings 2 and 3 using non-plastic and plastic filler and thickne varying from 2 in. to 6 in. (ii) built- with thicknesses of 2 in, 24 in. and 3 in. (ili) penetration macadam to a thickness of 2 in., 24 in. and 3 ing and (iv) bitum nous macadam with thicknesses of 2 in, 24 invand 3 in, Data such as Benkelman Beam deflection values, etc., are being col ed periodically to obtain quantitative informatior the base course PSPray grout specifications non each of der normal prevailing traffic conditions. To study the relative performance of different types of WBM, an oval test track is reported to have been con by the Central Road Research Institute. The constructions consist of 3 in. and 6 in. thick WBMon 9 in, specifications for the WBM were adopted usin plastic blindage mat gradings of the aggr are being colle: loaded truck, soling. Different ial as well as with di d strength data ular repetitions of fates. Deflection, at intervals with Rov Reseance 1N Invra, 1969-70 593 9.2.2. Sub-base courses c in the form of a loaded for comparing the 2.23, Overlays The U.P. P.W.D. Research Institute, based on a full scale Test track, advocates the use of built-up spray grout as a flexible Overlay over rigid pavements with advantages such as reduced Hime Of closure to traffic and high smoothness of resulting surface. Data from a test track undertaken by the Central Road Research Institute on National Hi T near Hyderabad Tostudy the suitability of various types of flexible overlays con- sisting of different thicknesses of asphaltic concrete, bituminous Macadam and water bound macadam are said to indicate that, for the conditions obtained on the road, the most satisfactory Specification was of 6 in. WBM with ? in. seal coated premix sur- facing. The specification next in order is said to be that of 3 in WBM of 3 in. bituminous macadam with 1} in. asphaltic concrete, nway No. 7 n 22.4. Dense tar surfacings Based on the design prepared by the Central Road Research Institute, the E-in-C’s Branch (M.E.S.) has laid a dense tar surfa ing Of a taxiway of one of the airfields. The tar used was RT-4 With a processed styrene pitch asa dope. The design for the Mixture was based on Marshall's method. The surfacing is Teported to be performing satisfactorily, for the past four years, 22.5. Rubberised bitumen The Kerala Engineering Research Laboratory SxPerimental test track completed wit 0 mm thick pre504 GeneRAL Rerort oN chipping carpet using rubberised bitumen. T entage by) weight of rubber solution added to bitumen varied from 4 toy per cent. The test track is under observation 2.3. Laboratory Research 23.1. Tar bitumen mix A detailed investigation on the properties of tar bitumen mixed has been completed by the Cen Road Research Insti tute. It is reported that the miscibility is governed by the nnthracene oil and asphaltene content of the tar and bitumen respectively. This mixture was found to have improved qualities such as better adhesion to ates, improved resistance tg fuel solvent action and improved temperature Low ductility bitumen The Central Road Research Institute is continui ax content on the rheological and_ st ns and bituminous mixtur the effect of petties of waxy bitume The Road Research Laboratory at Jorhat also reports the ¢ size distillation plant for petroleum pron Lakwa fields, the fabrication of a 1a duel s. Using erude oil from Rudrasagar and jous products are being studied. 3, Aged bitumen The Highway Research Station at Madras reports the work done on the charcte ged bitumen, Aged bitumen with rubber pulvatex in the proportion of 1.0 to 5.0 per cent was studi values decrease with the increase in rubber upto 4 per cent but beyond 4 pet cent the penetration values the softening nt but stics of and it was no that the penetration point increases with the rubber percentage upto 4 per decreases beyond 4 per cent. cteristies 3.4, Fatigue char Highway Research Station, Madras reports work doné Itie concrete mixes under repeated The sub ent was simulated by supporting ‘he eel leaf and th lexture. grade beneath ‘beam specim! ed by determining its modulus of rupture. The findii fatigue failure was detect” ind Roap Researct Nv invta, 1969-70 595 fatreduction in strength when the specimen is subjected ‘ umber of repetitions. Mixes with higher binder increased Ho iatrind dense grading are said to have etter fatigu I inser beams were found to withstand higher repeti- sie pun ticker ones fora piven deflection, a ti 235. Shear strength characteristics of bituminous mixtures he shear strength of bituminous mixtures under different Yates of loading and different temperatures has been completed bby the Central Road Research Institute. A regression analysis forunconfined compressive strength and deform hhas Been done. As anticipated, the exp al find feats an elastic behaviour of the mixture as temperature is Towered and as the rate of strain is increased. 23.6. The Highway Research Station, Madras reports work done ‘On bituminous sand mixes using about 2 to 3 per cent of bitumen indicating that a bituminised sand with 3 per cent of bitumen and compacted to 116 to 118 Ibper cu, ft. can be used satis Tactorily as a base course. ‘The Central Road Research Institute Feports a laboratory study on the use of tar instead of asphaltic bitumen in sand carpets. Lean sand-bi e sd mixes 23.7. Soil-cement-emulsion stabil The Central Road Research Institute reports work on the Stabilisation of soils using both cement and bituminous emulsions An small quantities so as to take advantage of both the materials from the point of improved water proofing qualities as well as strength properties. SALIENT POINTS FOR DISCUSSION 1. Deflection as a criterion for pavement evaluation 2. Aged bituminous binders. a: Soil-cement-emulsion abilization. BIBLIOGRAPHY Guidelines for the £ Indian Roads Congres ible Pavements, "Published by the el596 3 3.1.1, Impact effect om ri In continuation of the analytical ani reported prinei irregular corner of a rigid pavement slab (@) Generat Report oN Annual Report of tho Central Road Research Institue, New Del 1969-70, ‘ Cama Mahe te recommendation of the Cement and Concrete Sectional Com- page 1:15, 1:18, 1:21 and 1:24 with fine: coarse aggregate ratios mittee of LS.L has been reported by the Concrete and Soil varying between 1:2 to 1:3:5 were studied. Compressive strength Research Laboratory (P.W.D.), Madras. ‘The purpose was (0 yafyes ranging from about 25 to 40 kg/sq. em. in the ease of 1:24 detcrmine the optimum grading for Enndre sand thet was nearer MEM gpoue co, 1u 80 kg/sq. em. in the case, of 1:15 mix. were tothe Rilem Cembureau grading and would yield not only Mgigined while the corressponding flexui higher mortar strength, but also higher yield from quarty-4gigq em. and 9 to 12 ke/sq. em. respectively for Chemical analysis of Fnnore sand showed that the silica content ges, was high, between 97.80 per cent and 99.56 per cent. The sand wos equi-granular and the shape of grains was sub-rounded and sub- 3.315. Use of blast furnace slag angular, Organic impurities and other deleterious minerals were ‘The Control and Research practically absent. Based on preliminary studie 3.3.13. Regradi | strengths were 4 to 1:24 and 1:15, oratory, Bhubaneswar, repor- three gradingsteda study on the use of blast furnace slag from Rourkela Steel were finally selected for trial (all passing 2 mm and retained onPlant in cement concrete. Two varieties were received from the 90 micron sieve), Grading A (1 mm 33-1/3 per cent 500 microns pla, one greenish black in colour and as hard as granite stone and 1 mm 33-1/3 per cent; 500 microns 33-1/3 per cent) grading ‘B’anithe other yellowish grey and porous and soft. The harde: (1:mm 33-1/3 per cent, 500 micron and 1 _mm 3-1/3 per cent-vaiety was used in cement concrete mixes of different propor- 150 and $00 microns 21 per cent, 150 microns rest)—eloser totiOms and the strengths compared with those of similar mixes Rilem Cembureau grading and granding C (existing 1S. 650-using one sample of granite aggregate. The strengths of con- 1955). With these gradings mortar cubes with water conten‘etetes with the blast furnace slag. aggregate were higher com- P/4+3.25, + 3.50, + 3.75 and briquettes with water conten‘ alfed to the concretes with granite aggregate at ages of 3 and 7 P/5+2.25, + 2.50, 2.75, where P is the water requirement fordays, Tests for 28 and 90 days strengths were reported to be in normal consistency, were prepared and tested. Mortars with pfogress. grading ‘B’ gave the highest strength values but the difference | 33,16, Suitability of manufactured sand for making quality between grading ‘B’ and ‘A’ was not higher than 5 per cent concrete e However, grading ‘B’ consists of 4 fractions compared to gradin, +A’, which has got 3 fractions only. Considering manufacturin, CAR.R.L reported a study on the use of crusher dust (manu-620 Genzeat Report on Roap REsPAnci IN INDIA, 1969-70 621 fuotured sand) a8 alternate fine aggregate in quality cong view of the high cost of the quarried Badary yur sang rh of the material inspite of being. permitted is ning Ue Standards has been on adhoc basis in absence o| "a matic study on the material. Study was.earried out on crusher dusts available around Delhi. From. gradat it was observed that most ofthe crusher dust samples fain grading zones It and IIL of 1. 3831963 excepting than material passing. I: 75 mieron sieve was found to be Lag Per cent while the permissible limit was 3 per cent. AN Samples passed the requirements of the sulphate soundness The drying shrinkage of the crusher dust concretes say between 0.063 per cent and 0.091 per cent compared to 0.9m cent in ease of concrete made with Badarpur sand. jocks of sides 25 cm long with appropriate jointing eplacement and. interlocking dling, placement, replacement and. inte (Ome type of blocks had straight vertical edges, Of conjunction with each. other bad ppm, weed (0 conjunction wit bere tices sides with straight vertical edges on the etait the other bad. recesce on all sides. ‘The Be Gisutaccired trom Mis Hindusten Housing a vith The load feonstruction and effect of different foundation strengths Studied. The effect of foundation strength was very With the first type blocks, under § tonne loading flection increased from 0.19.cm to 0.35 em when the K- the sub-base was reduced from 11.0 kgjem* to 5.5 kg/ fas also observed that the block pavement neither be- [as Figid nor as flexible pavement and therefore, it has ested by the Institute that a procedure for design of ment might be to fix the capacity of such pavements in allowable deflection and design the dowels co provide fred degree of rigidity for load transfer, the deflection @ be laid down being such as to take into consideration and the subsequent recovery. 3318. Non-destructive testing of concrete Gthe U.P. P.W.D. Research Lostitute, Lucknow reported fn the use of ultrasonic apparatus and rebound hammer ity control of concrete. Concrete cube samples of several Beams of the extension building of Vidhan Bhawan and Building within the Institute were tested after 28 days € With ultrasonic apparatus and rebound hammer and sub- Subjected to the crushing strength test, ‘The ultrasonic Snd rebound hammer gave fairly good approximation augth of in situ concrete and for more reliable results Hite'Siggested calibration of the apparatus for the type Tal actually used. also comparable. The ab tests and compressive and flexural strength tests conducted coneretes made with crusher dust and the cost calculations j dicated that crusher dusts having F.M. in the range of 1b could be used satisfactorily in making quality concrete. It slo reported that the use of crusher dust having F.M. highel than 20 might prove to be somewhat (6.8 per cent) cheaperil concrete costs of paving works, The investigation further indi cated that the present 1.8. limit for percentage passing 75 micros might be raised from 3to 10 percent in the case of crush dust. 3.3.17. Precast cement concrete pavement The CR.R.t. reported studies on precast concrete paw ] ments. ‘The precast conerete pavement construction would Bl of considerable use in case of emergency; road and runways where normal curing ete., could not be allowed in forward and desert areas where: materials for normal to construction were not readily available within reasonable lead im city roads where service lines pasing underneath need constant maintenance ete. Apart from quickaens of consti ton, cae of repairs to. damaged areas ete, such consul ensuted the concrete quality since casting was done cent and greater control and uniformity could be acheived. i eontiniittion of studies reported last year, the Road mB Research Institute, P.W. (Roads) Directorate, ick To start with, the design of three types of 15cm tieCaleutta reported that though the rebound suite the conventional craig tran ap ofthe compreuiv strength of eoneet oul and tha he hanimer wold be most wa a son conerete prepared with same coats asgreysie 10. - Report of Road Research work done during 1965-70, Universi tions, rid ity et ions, riding quality etc. Roap Research 1N INDIA, 1969-70 623 GuneRat Report on 44. MISCELLANEOUS ASPECTS OF PAVEMENTS Riding Quality of Pavements enous devices for the measurement and eT could) Approximate y 4. e had theref y.1. Indig of surface evenness he work reported last year, the C.R.RuL evices viz. the Unevert control making comp jon of t fer progress on the three ds ofilograph and the Automatic Road Unev “fn continuati ceported furth Tndicator, the P' ‘Tester. ‘The Unevenness Indi wyice performance. kage system SALIENT POINTS FOR DISCUSSION Admixtures in concrete. icator was subjected further tests for Tn the light of this work, improvements ‘and the colour spray valve. AS ‘economic study for commercial exploitation fe manufacture was also undertaken, The poration is now processing Accelerated testing of con: Semi-rigid bases. made in the lin! of the techno~ this unit, pilot seal onal Research Development Cor} lease for its commercial manufacture, BP gimnitar follow up work on the other two units is said to be Prestressed concrete pavements, Continuously reinforced concrete pavements. BIBLIOGRAPHY Report on the Road Research work q esearch work done by the U.P. search Institute, Lucknow, 1965-70 oe RM rogress. Gaz! The Highway Research Station, Madras has reported f riding quality of National High= in the State of Tamil Nadu. The Tria Was statistically analysed and the following criteria are Report on the Road Researc Remarc Laboratory, Chdigahie.900 07 n Gegenicd for arriving at priorities for surface improvements i Ppa’ stretch to get highest priority and ‘good’ the lowest) : Report onthe Road Research work dane hy the Laboratory (R&B), P.W.D., Bhubaneswar, Ors, 12370, Report on the/Road Research work : fesearch work done by the Mahara Engineering Research Institute, Nasik, 1969-70, Report of the Road Research work dk earch work dove by the Road and Build : Research Institute, Public Works (Roads) Di ie Works (Roads) Directorate, Govt. of evenness Index ae ‘Annual Report ofthe Highway Research Station, Madras, 1969-1 a fae Madras, 19670 oo F, Anoual Report of the 230-270 ne Report of the Concrete and Soll Research Labora 3. 270—310 ae Bad 4 More than 310 4.13. The Highway Rese P.W.D., Madras, 1966, larch Station, Madras has also\ Erted work to study the effect of various factors influencing Misnance cost of road pavements. Data for past figures has “Annual Report ofthe Central Road Research Testu, New Di Seneollecied for analysis. Preliminary analysis is reported te see: ie fiave indicuted that the expenditure on individual road sections f= Bt necessarily related to trafic volum Annual Report of the Regional Research Laboratory, Jorbat, 1967 Road Research ip the MES—1 Defence, New Delhi, 1969-70, eport by Kin-C, Minist e, subgrade and rainfall Roorkee, Roorkee, U.P.624 Generar Report on 4.2. Skid Resistance of Pavements The Highway Research Station, Madras has report on skid resistance of pavements. id resistance of veneah road pavements was determined with the portable iad, eae study the effects of vehicular traffic and seasonal changes the frictional properties for both cement conerete and asphalg concrete surfaces. It is indicated that lowest skid. ermal is obtained during the summer’ months. ‘The skid reeau is found to improve after a heavy shower which’ w the thin film of dust ete Sicitiociete A Had chattel oF Vid feicance eck HicHENG? Be Be bata Wet bartcs of Coal Bridge Acid tretoieat i indicated to be unstable Tor seep Mal poliued ‘il ealbatb-eadalOOh autre fee desl teatneat i ale 1235RER Be Guiana) & hoa Era aii eraeirniesiesasiesiecisitniins oa pei Tsanucetcianende wateiete cia Bei) tattiag. of reeves lougitically aecrlly or el 4.3. Pavement Serviceability 4.3.1. Deyelopment of serviceability indices for rigid and flexible pavements Last year CRRI had reported work on pilot study carried out at Delhi, as part of the LR.C. Road Tests Project, towards the development of relationships between serviceability rating of pavements and ground measurements on pavements uneven ness and extent of cracking and patching etc. The Institute now reports completion of comprehensive studies in Maharashtra State in the Western Zone and in Andhra Pradesh in the Southern Zone with the cooperation of the respective State P.W.D’s. In Maharashtra State, about 220 lane-kilome black-topped and cement conerete roads in different conditions of serviceability were studied. The total length studied in Andhra Pradesh was about 275. lane-kilometers. Work is reported to have been planned for northern and eastern zones. Uttar Pradesh reports on completed zonal studies have beet compiled. es of 1969-70. Slurry ww ExpiA, 1969-70 2s [SALIENT POINTS FOR DISCUSSION teria for the improvemen Roap Research 1 tof paver ding quality oti rent surfaces. fatments for improvint 1 skid resistance of pavements BIMLIOGRAPHY v cn cnr ond Ramsc. Imt, New nh ons Madea forte yar a Highway Research sition, nat Report ‘pe. bn. MacuANscs AND RELATED PROBLEMS Landslides (is The Central Road sti PAW.D. Rescate 1 pesvra lanides involving a ewe adetions conceraing correct Fe gactant landslides investizated PY apd in the following Paras ‘ Toe Zi De ac ens "en toops with thirteen hair below Beenie rt ede se Be ree, aoa pasre Ch, along, the Doane Be wea which conattute the “Rone, Tons 26 iso suse o ond between ZBSNO: 70 G5 mot igs had been experiencing § 65 Cost ttc re crtg” e e Peeeded wx “cariiiow". The predominant cause wat fo be cultivation of the paddy fields nitute and the Uttar 4 ve reported work ability esis of ape stab eave measures. Somme of he GRRL ate Research te, Lucknow, ha" Rishikesh Joshimath Road, Uttar Pradesh or landslides have been occurring MS fing the past fow years. In September je took place involving the complete O fon the entire 1,000 ft length of rom km L47 of this 1969 a major dislocation of nich subsided627 626 Gus JENERAL REPORT ON Roap RESEARCH IN INDIA, 1969-70 of 0:4 gal./sq. yard, and establishing observa vertically by about 10 ft anc ly by about 10 ft and moved laterally by about ‘and amount of displacement of River Alaknanda which flows below the road tak ' au the sate curve below the affected area. Th 5 aie is area. The causes were deter See ate as (1) toes of rengthidue to the: softenit ‘of the Ain polar selected points laterally and vertically. A similar alternating with eds of erased quarzte as cel ofl Feseasdatins were ade concen vet ee ee Sea ad ieee 2° earthquake disturbariges.” AS an alternative to subs ‘ © to subsu phema National Highmay 39, Nagaland drainage by horizontal drain, it was ecom Riot slag iat tie Made abovarcslcacalos cou Continued. 'A lined catch water drain was recomn poviil al along i peipuey of taecicdlcee: All nowy etch estment nat be sven ovr the ding rock surfaces both uphill and downhill of the road. 7 of timber piles, staggered with respect to each other, plac Beene coat ke eat be a aiaas © al loping Erste eurtacey | Parindle Gbrverigas, arc. bold with respect to the effectiveness of the treatment, —s Imphal Road forms part of N-H. 's of communication between Nagaland and land= he Dimapur-Kohime- ferves as the only land and Assam on iron the other. Th ‘the one hand and ¢ road had experienced many Pigh fad assumed serious proportions in recent He mile stretch between Kohima and Piphems aligned Mirough clayey soils and hillwash material compres ate of shales. Extensive paddy cultivation 0 being sere both on the uphill as well as on the downhill side of proads which aggravates the problem. The C.R.R.I. under- Mayas of the landslides with a view to estimating te cost fection and to evaluating the economic feasibility of Hagan alternative alignment. The clayey. shales, Govan Mirinis area give a deceptive impression of strength in &7y ft whereas upon saturation, t istency. Besides the water from the paddy fields gradual ing the shear strength of the m Bree geverat subsidences and slips on tbe toad. The The C.R.RL team frst took up investigations for vl Het tuum investigated all the landslides and subsidence iindsridec an wuld iu7] aha taiie 1s SHEE BSE” the famsotnting to more than 32 in umber) all along the rove Hiealdses rere tebsenciendedeo"A fe tHINOC landslides oll Ber rereaial mcasures for each so af to estimate the Tee ne iras) wrnd/aba warden Seanad Waa cs Eegtof the treatment. Asa result of the detailed anal Puakt ceearrones aha wolas? pongial iretibstal abanutes eiriicaltcmnative solutions, it bas been recommended mended on. the basis of the investigations. Th Fealignment of the road would be good PrOPOSiLON- Occurrence of the landslides at Kadra Dang-are: indastan-Tibet Road Genetally peaking, the geslogie formation is eran oatare and the material encountered on = hil Sandy material, Landslides have taken place not only due the sutace erosion by water but due to high velocity winds nil Mc eas slog the fad can te. ie mixed with boulders of all sizes. a ar) ae hey slake into clays of very soft falling directly’ o& the slopes, ly seeps"intoottie substrata faterial below the slopes eestcn dua ta mntenand (2) cariecsteronaa Cwatt h BA. The Uttar Pradesh P.W.D. had undertaken work on Triads Theievkediat saeasiseh mctaded AO proc sion of 8 IMady of landslides on Rishikesh-Tehe-Unartoen™ lined catch water drain alon; 1e provision MM riiecea at several places, landslides sites on the Dehra vicinity, treating the slopes with bituminous emulsion uphill 8 mee re gcudses whee ee aay628 GeneRAL Rerort on Roap Reseanci In INDIA, 1969-70 29 52. Road and R The Central Road brctently engtged: on programas f'n Stability of oad and rat octane sete riser Ba gan moe They are highly compacted and aa ela mateal, The proces bas been reported pave been tried out experimentally in certain localities and J to besuccessful. granular fill materials fy oylindrical masses of granul Gerable strength and -rigidity- Research Institute is reported eld investigations ge ay involving the » for ensuring the ail tracks in situ dover and fail tracks on soft clay of 60 f 4 tion ofthe permeability ratio forthe es MS tof. a Preventing the intrusic ue Simple type of sett this test tack for purpoves to be in progress. ae BAL Aap figbon ere sl had Possible correlation, Highly plasticclay sp. specially pespare fort d then subsequently ‘ried. a eee teduced tothe shrinkage lial with i ater in all directions, th ‘over the central portion of ti diffrent surcharge loads, 's solidation.ring and consolidation aay under proctssng 54.7 "Stone-Skeleton Piles The Road & Building Resea have reported about some expe: piles’. It is ee rr are lo ratio for the deposi ive Soils dies S55. Sear srength and settee ) 5.5.1. On the basis of soil investigations, the Concrete and pil Research Laboratory, P.W.D., Madras, have reported that a Gece correlation between the laboratory shear strength and dynamic penetration of soil is possible although such a correla- not the subsoil into nai panei origin tne case of excessively sandy sll Ths CBR ae eee ae Buiinotconsideres tes the shear sength of a soil (0 be eas been fanny feported that a TMMgfpmined even without undisturbed sampling. On Whe Suet measuring the settlement of the SFanother investigation, the correlation between the values of es ae he clay content and t! results of fement structure, The test Besetccrpecise on eo G52, The Urtar Pradesh P.W.D. Research Institute has Bepheiied that settlement on sandy soils as calculated by E.De HBeer'é method are appreciably less than those ealeulated by iiatts given by Terzaghi and Peck. It has also been observed Stat settlement is the governing factor in the case of sandy soils ther than shear failure. Yet another point brought out is that, in the case of clayey soils, the settlement takes a long time (baci so that the overburden pressure can be calculated on Bike basis of normal scour as the river remains mostly in that state, ance of janket course with as, has report- and. field condi until the moisture am the swell pressure test was d. 2 le specimen over ty Similarly 4 small area under laboratory” model swell lation test a eviaits The data obtained” are reported ms be radesh P.W.D. oils under two der the load D553. studies are reported by the Utar Pi Research Institute on consolidation of clayey s P aifferent conditions viz. saturating the specimen und auivalent to overburden pressure and saturating the specimen Siper 1S method, As per the IS method, the sample is first Psstirated to free swell and then brought to original thickness iid then loading for the test is started. On the other hand, Jin order to simulate the field conditions, the sample ought to be HP subjected 10 saturation under a load. equivalent to the over- Iota of Wes Bengal Proves whereby stone skeletons ae bait ee631 RESEARCH IN INDIA, 1969-70 tures under different Pet 630 Gennrat REPORT ON Raa centages of burden and then tested after releasing the load. The possible difference in the two methods was the object of the study. The results indicate that for the same loads, the void ratios in case of IS method are somewhat higher than those that occur when the specimen was saturated under load equivalent to the overs burden pressure. This means that the specimens remain com- paratively more compacted in the case of the latter method. The results also indicate that the values of compression index are lower in the case of samples saturated under existing overburden load than those in the case of IS method, which means that under the field conditions, the settlement will be comparatively less than that indicated as per the IS method, et clay 100 faire loads peated ona Stuais 02 Sel ce have ep sresity of RoOTk pose be ine or applying reneatd tendo i ests were carried 0! Se ce te of repetitions, mesh arin 8,20 on enti of equency. Sweneth 300 peated tndings a= PON! aly aubjested 101 bens previous} inder study. o differ iv 1 Specimens fed on the d2vSlOP™ ison sil spec- ” compacted srros evel ye DISCUSSION 554. The Highway Research Station, Madras has reported [SALIENT POINTS FO! a detailed study concerning the creep behaviour of soils under constant loads under different confining pressures, A simple creep test apparatus was set up. With Oi) Investigation of landslides foundations on sand strata GRAPHY remoulded 3.75 cm dia. and 7.5 em height specimens and cant dn with a lateral pressure of 10 p.s.i., the creep behaviour was ee : studied under different vertical constant loads ranging from 0.l TO pon en ae i A Road Research to O8 of unconfined compresive strength values. ‘The creep FG Anal Repro strength was noticed to be at 45 to 50 per cent of U.C. strength oa 1969-10. value. Also same amount of strain was observed for all tests ) Annual Report of (! irrespetive of time taken for failure or magnitude of failure ie at as oy loads, The tests were conducted, with different sizes of the (a) Report ft ron ea eg Dea) suring he 38 specimen. Further texts by changing the moisture content but Hen ti ret and Sols Reser Aor keeping the same density value are in progress. aad the Central eas for the Year he Highway Research station, Madras oad and Building ir 1969-70. story, Public ar apr fhe Coen Sle Bes i. Mane Dee oe o se University of Roorkee during fo repo nem ° ‘the year 1969-70 5.5.5, The C.R.R.I. has reported that certain studies indicate eek cen th ‘the dtrongth’ of a doll macs it telated tothe rate of defor mation which depeads on vatious factors. The influence of the sfrueturo Of cliy on croop Gehaviour Waa etisdlod./Sail aa roples a 6 mripaes As {ai fi creer tet apo'ondnttad sewer onuitabesontse's, O° © gts lea tnvestigtions imuich Below ‘the optimum molature-and the other above the optimum moisture so as to impart a flocculated and a dispersed biructha\ reapectively.. ‘The. tamplee were then soaked ad the Uibteaaee ines p tare oeiiactte esbarqpeatizsiaionas heorS that samples with a flocculated structure bad a higher shea strength and failed ata lower atraln compared tosimilar sample having a dlspecsed structure. Further’afudy tn stated to be in progress 10. determine the, creep behaviour of sll sample with 1p STRUCTURES 6.1.1. Pile foundations Paigas ot e data on the Bear yne avaad! four rae Nee ee cih he Bae eee ee Bie amas being come and OO gs yale es ican vamcen vate Beretta ised cox specications and rel <2 on atsdeas has 00H i behaviour of severalcrt ww INDIA, 1969-70 635 ou ran aoa ROAD RESEARE seria ara, : See Bh eRe Wen a Bi iongspen, bridees. Dislerent structural sehemes. are Pepin (Lessee Pore those civen by Uimmmeansered- TRE seC0ne ese fps retearch programme ) The governing actor in determining hell ats of the behaviour of neoprene ads sandwiched Peer rather ey sce Hate (ii) In ity based on shear failure, — 6. oratory Investigations Gal. Weldebitity of ribbed bars Be uP. Pw.D. Resear’ Institute, Lucknow has "sen welded forate6t ARDEP org vor welding.” Weis eparted FFAS brand of cold trwisted ase of clayey soils th to occur and therefore th i ieee ae NLT tons bial senuletel Tsien all f io Bpried laboratory tes! he Toss in strength Hreonsiderable loss of strensth on 2 2m Ritject bars and it has been suggested that the allowable Mr dhe joint should not exceed 196 permissible stress for Brest, in the case another brand of hot rolled medium Bieirrengtn ribbed bars, there was n0 27 loss provided the ing was done with Feron-5 Nisetrode after prerheating the per manufacturer's recommendations silt factor for ob well foundation, eS rere ous dation, the siltometer method is bet a ie capillarimeter method. gi 62, Desien 621 sect TS Cen Rnd Rene tse, New De bus oot fret work oi ide de viened ig In continuation to th dant sal design charts hav Seta tate i iavdibean prepleed feeFhealaltgite tancal moments in the slab bridge fo Ee acre ce ea aceec aa Ca 465.2. arth pressure due to live Toad 08 abutment ithe Central Road Research Institute, Wat reported to have Maken up a study on earth pressure ndue to live load on abutment ils, WRC. Code of Practice and Standard Specification ges sis metres approach slabs or SiN equivalent earth Prgharge toads for various heights oF abutments. Along with it modified Spangler’ Formula is give" 1% calculate the earth ereknre, ‘The formula is mot correc! dimensionally. TO Peeve correct values, the Central Road Research Institute Be eitatea onrth pressure for various placite of class AA & iiaings on single lane and double lane bridge abutments “from modified Boussinesa’s © ing walls. These ficulations show considerably lower overturning moments iiipated!to the Code requirement and the worst care is J Founded to be double train of class A loading. 6.2.2. Deflections of fi ns of flexural members With a view a S.E.R.C,, Roorke computi 0 proving guianee o engine, te cores hs reported 9 fave developed a metho computing shoe and longterm dafestos of restane sams for use in limit states design. ee 62.3. Des “en SERC. Roses has epertd anu 10 ai jesigning rectangul: oy thd ssoomies of hi ular reinforced. slabs by the slartisa ve i nd Hillerborg’s strip vd aspect ratios. methods ofr oreed concrete slabs .quation for Fetaini snare a Sate 1964. The sav iI b ing will be 12-30 per ce arate. }0 per cent if Hillerborg’s striP 623. Fifect of bar cut-off in R.C.C, beams Be rhe Central Rod, Research Institute has reported to have Brag esiudy onthe effect of bar cutot int R.C.C, beam: BE cctes of the size: 15 om x20,cm * 180 Cm Oe tested for Be ere tead.s crnese beams had main reinforcers through Mout the length of the beam and some had ext‘ short bars. Tt 6.2.4. Long span bridges The SER. Roorkee has also reported the taking up of #636 GENERAL REPORT ON i Roab Reszanch iN INDIA, 1969-70 637 is reported to be observed that the effect of the additional g off bar is to induce extra shear at the point of bar cu: val the beams with cut-off bars failed in shear while the | 63:7. Elastomeric joint sealers The Highway Research Station, Madras has reported to Ne conducted compression and weathering. tests on neoprene Moses its useability as joint sealers in bridge decks. t-off ang others iq 6.3.4, Remedial measures for skiddy surface on bridges The Highway Research Station, Madras has reported tp have carried out remedial measures to eliminate the skid. hazard over the skiddy and slippry cement concrete surfacing on the Coleroon Bridge deck near Chidambaram by usi ment and chiselling. 1 6.3.8. Creep and pressure behaviour of R.C.C. beams In continuation to work reported last year, the Highway march Station, Madra rrative study of R.C.C. beams having (i) Plain mild-steel bars (ii) ‘Torsteel" bars (iii) Tistrong bars. The investigation made Twere on creep deflection under sustained load and strain gradient land deflection under the load till failure, hhas reported further work on com= g acid treat 6.3.5. Strengthening of bridges by post-tensioning WG) RCC. beams with deformed bars A.stady on|srengthening’ of bridgen ty. post-caso h hf ar . ae e Structural ingineeriny esearch Centre, Roorkee, has ben taken up bythe Ceti! Rosd Revere Tite: Th ces, Rat Goi toe study is to develop a method of post-tensioning a bridge and to SRT ine Sharncteriaties (OF bears reunion e oa ‘moment region was measured by a microscope. At the same can be increased, so that the existing bridges can be strengthened ae id ri. cag orld TS oa aa eee to carry present day heavy and fast moving Lrallic sete o crs ceuii ati for Deane ore B a eon With deformed bars was 25 per cent less than that for companion Micrel, ye tcso also sbowed that athe aa BE eieinioic tcc stcce, which ts Soper cent higher for deformed bars, the maximum crack width was only 10 per cent BMS The routs stowed that the CED. formula aca the formulae duc to Kaar and Mattock and Gergely and Lutz can be Bay ced to predis rack widths h ultimate load carrying 6.3.6. Model study on arch bridges The Highway Research Station, Madras has reported further studies on the models of a masonry arch bridge made from micro concrete. The models of base arch and with full components were tested to failure. It was observed that (i) the arch bridge behaved elastically and re-gained its shape on removal of the load The Centre (S.E.R.C.) has reported also that tests were in Progress on beams reinforced with deformed bars to establish the SN diagram for the three types of deformed bars presently Manufactured in India Gi) there was continuity in multi-span arch bridge showing Positive deflections in loaded span and negative deflections ia unloaded (adjacent) span, (iii) the various components of arch bridge also contributed to the load carrying capacity of the arch bridge but exact percentage was not in agreement with the proto” type, (iv) the load carrying capacity obtained for 0.05 in, deflee” tion of prototype was in ment and (v) the arch brids Possessed reserve strength but the strength obtained from model Was not in agreement with prototype due to difference in pro” perties of model and prototype material. SALIENT POINTS FOR DISCUSSION 1. Expansion joint designs for bridge decks. 2. Earth pres ures due to live load on abutment BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Annual Report of Highway Research Station, Madras, 1960-70 Annual Report of Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 1969-1970,638 Gen ERAL REPORT oN, 3. Report on Road Resea tute, Lucknow 1968-70, 4 Annual Report of Kerala E; 1969-70, >. Annual Report of Road West Bengal, 1969-7, ch work done by U.P, p. neering Research Institue Building Research Institute, p.w. MT TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION GEOMETRICS, ECONOMICS, statistic 1.1. Geometries 1 S AND SArEry 1-1. Geometries of hair-pin bends isties of bends on 25 are reported to have been carried out Seni gt¥Pes of commercial vehicles by the Highway Research Station, Madras. After detailed studies improvements were HS beatin ee nait-pin bnidk" ‘Sisilay Buldlos ane Proposed to be carried out for all the al Highways in the State of Tamil Nadu. hat road Nation 1.1.2, Road intersections Improvement plans for have been finalised for near Research Statio tute, Toad intersections are reported to ly 50 intersections by the Highway Ma tadtat, | This ‘Ceétitral Read "Redearch race New Delhi has reported that studies were undertaken for exc improvement of road and road intersorn Caleutta, Chandigarh, Delhi and Tarn Taran ions in Amritsar, 14.3. Parking geometrics for indigenous yehicies A Study is reported to have been carried out by the Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi, Bcometrics of different types of indig. Stall, aisle width and area required for of vehicles for parallel and 90 deg: with the help of field studies can for working out parkin enous vehicles. Parking Parking of different types © parking were worked out ried out in Delhi, 114, Ident speed ‘ation of sub-standard geometries for design He ABS ABI Teporied sto, have -beonlieatiied. it by thd Nighway Research Station, Madras in a Jeep long the existing W.D., Reseach ng ® ea (Roady sections for manoeuverability of Roa Restancit i INvin, 1969-70 9 ct which ational Highway 47 to identify ows Mao the eign pedo 80 silometis pes host an imine the fe ped ofeach of sh cues. The ses en uggested. for detailed geometcie survey nt. ee, Delhi. Similar details are being colle: om becelt enalyats 1d out by the Central Asay reported to bave Ben cared ou by the Central Te ect eee RN cess cece corsets tata (ait ucts BIE ocd cad'vcrodel fox siesibc cont boned anes weritically reviewed an: ihaye been evolved. 13. Stati 1d Safety 13.1. Trac estimation Ps Fuster othe work reported lat yen by the Cental Row Bi Tascis e methodology evolved earlier Delhi, and is being analysed 1.3.2. Driver study ie rag 2 oreere, azote satiny she Ceara pe Research Institue, a study was conducted to det es formance of drivers with and without drinking aie Gifferent psycho-physical tests. The sie re | drinking drivers was found to be better than the drinking habits. 1.3.3 ing at traffic signals bias Bir erect rin tea “onl eratatcaitoy And traffic delays at signalised intersections by the Central Ro640. GENERAL Report on Research Institute, New D. extended to multi- formance. i, investigations have now been Phase signals to compare the relative per. Highway Research Station, Madras, has also repos. ted to have carried out saturation flow studies mum timing of signals, to arrive at opti- and has suggested revised signal timings Magra w cxisting intersections. Highway Research Station, Madras has also reported to have taken up synchronisation of signals, at two intersections on Mount Road. ‘The Central Road Research Institute has worked out a scheme of synchronisatio Of the intersections on a stretch of G.T. Road in Amriteae 1.3.4, Regulation of bi cle traffic A study on the regulation of the bic vole tratlic is reported to have been carried out by t e Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi, for assessing the magnitude of the eycle problem including the causes of cycle accidents and for suggesting suit. able measures to improve safe and efficient flow of cycle trafic Besides accident data, about 7500 cyclists were interviewed on roadside on important roads to find their factual data repos. ding socio-economic “details, travel pattern, riding habits and also knowledge of traffic rules and regulations etc. 1.3.5. Accident analysis Highway Research Station, Madras, has reported that com. Puter programme is being developed for the analysis of road accident data in a number of Districts in Tamil Nadu State fo the period 1965 to 1967, 1.3.6. Speed and delay studies {tis reported by the Highway Research Station, Madras, that programme is being developed to establish relationship between traffic volume, composition of trafic and speed vehicles. The data collected earlier ona few single lane and double lane road sections in a few districts. is being utilised fo this analysis. It is proposed to collect such data on a few more road sections. 1.3.7. Study of road signs Seven different designs of alphabet series recommended by various authorities are reported to have been tested by the e Roap Reseancn 1n INDIA, 1969-70 oa Institute in the field to determine cad Research Gaparative legibility distance ofeach of the alphabet series, 19.8. Road marking standards and materials Miinettg se work reported earlier by the Central’ Rond Futtber tothe studies reported earliee by the Central Road RRetearch Institate, New Delhi, data on spot speeds of fast PARitep on five National tiighways around Delhi was ansiysed forthe values of seed parameters are ako reported to have been made, 130, Study on travel characteristics The Central Road Reseach ntiats New Delhi eo Bie acre ca sve! chara Data for Delhi Urban reais repored to have been collested and the preliminary Analysis carried out. travel characteristics eported to have Highway Research Station, Madras, is report collected data on travel habits of the staff working in Madras Post Trust and analysis also carried out to determine the break up of journeys according to modes of transport 13.11. Traffic and 1 ‘The Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi, is repor- ted to have taken up a study to establish the relationship between different land uses and traffic. Delhi urban area has been selected for the case study and field studies are being carried Out f0 collect the necessary data. Asa part of compr hensive traffic and transportation studies of Delhi, parking642 GueRaL Revort on demand of different land uses have been assessed with @ view to recommend suitable zoning regulations for parking in Delhi, Highway Research Station, Madras, is reported to have determined parking requirements based on the field studies for the land use such as cinema theatres, department stores, multi- storeyed office building, recreation halls and schools. 1.3.12, Travel pattern of goods traffic The Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi is reported to have undertaken a study on the travel pattern of goods traffic in cities. The required data has been collected on sampling basis at 47 points on road system in Delhi. Prelimi- nary analysis has been carried out and detailed analysis is in progress. 1.3.13, Study om adequacy of commerci port vehicles passenger trans- ‘The Central Road Research Institute is reported to have taken up a study on the adequacy of commercial passenger transport vehicles. Systems analysis and market research tech- niques ate being used to develop the model. 13.14, Pla of road network for industrial townships A study on planning of road network for industrial town- ships has been reported to have been undertaken by the Central Road Research Institute with a view to establish suitable standards for road network for. such townships. Field studies were carried out at townships of Nangal, Bhopal, Bhilai and Ranchi. 1.3.15, Study on pedestria jovement in urban area Study on pedestrian movement at two signalised intersec- tions in Madras are reported to have been carried out by the Highway Research Station, Madras. The results have been utilised while revising signal phase designs at the intersections. Walking speeds for the various age and sex groups at the two intersections have also been computed. As a part of comprehensive traffic and transportation studies of Greater Bungalore, investigation was conducted on the Ap RESEARCH IN a3 s pwota, 1969-70 6 Roxb RESEARG redestrians (in siltes available (0 P sn a vulnerable non-vebicul: ae ; est in fact constitute "non-venicul Barve ene ca pt, ieee, For his purpose, Sorous all the important fonds My fase rsa tar sailabilty of adequate facili de walks and zebra crossing. ibe Avaieruce, level and type of side Ae ane a siaies facilities for pedestrians, We a the basis of these stud seer hon en ie Py Gyorked out in & comPreeTT TY cide. walks, location of FOE whole. Besides adequate \' 24 bridges pedestrian malls 1 Brg nero cee age ean Se a ee aS ‘been suggested: count ities 16. Rate of growth of traffic 5 imber of intersections on er TRANSPORTATION and ‘Lranspostation Studies of Comprehensive Tratli Greater Bangalore. affic in Bai dust. Study on cyele trai crises of A study on the ware ne ben carriad out by CRRA 1 are cies tne ban a ae tackle the problem © en he ae ai Bee at celine Fae ne comprehenive way fr tested) oe ara whole and this plan FOS 2 Pa eer The proposed Dl of eye tach so mata imme seen up aftr a nd ee rasetc acts aticr a peviod of 10 year Sacer amet ti ae pec incr sage yyele traflic tracks az volume of cycle etches of cycl of certain stretebeoa GENERAL REPORT ON 241.2, Road lighting ceuatisl ues om roud isting conducted on importa ‘ ads in See has shown that the existing level ef lilueina ion on many roads is lower than that of the’ recommendations Geese SedWdasae tascuation.” Kesplapr Wi sla Me tate requirements, the lighting levels were suggested for these ros Ee 23, ‘Terminal study were classed into three categories vi Hey carehtatutrnes: terminals and road terminals. ibrarad acltiad werk dong Co'seodhasoastaMul ching agi teitetemnbe ct sittevag yee ob Wells eg tegaegubove 22. Comprehensive Trafic and 7 y ‘Studies of Greater Delhi. TG : . Further to the work c ork reported by the Central Road Reeaich Institute, New Delhi, the following studies ser : jucted in connection with the ¢ E portation planning studies of Delhi : : (4) Totra-cty travel survey by home interview f @) Inter () Shay fee tc Bot by ld os seed (7 Ta and at (8 Ole suvey shaw study (10) Parking survey (11) Terminal study (12) Intersection and area improvement study (3) Trafic (14) Mass transportation study ulations es Uk Ot nostalana hw ay atee aka lcaaiced for the study was 12,500 households. Trip data analysis for the 645 Rosy ReseARCH IN INDIA, 1969-70 7 i area under fhe area in South Delhi including the ; iri Municipal Committce showed that 25 Pes cent of Bios were performed by cycles, 26 Per cent by bus and Baiby carsand also that the work (Tips accounted for of the total trips. ‘Bus Transit Study re reported to have been carried out by the May Research Station, Madras, to study (he frequency and fing of buses at all important loading poin's of the twelve IPE terminating at Triplicane io Madras) ducing peak Report on two routes have been finalised and the feof the data collected from the remaining routes. said Fin progress. Beeiiie purpose of improving the mass transportalin® SPiailities in an ficient manner and to make optimam of the Meeting sate’ a study wes wndertaken by the Consrat Road Dpesseeh Insiatc to investigate the coe layed by the cit Miiice in carcring to the needs of mast Btetasteies From the analysis of the basic data on pascee Be etgdisilthe routes pertaining to asingle normal wouds Bday, the characteristics of both supply and demand were Were Deh. About one-third of total passenger load was carried by the Be during morning and evening peak periods of two hee! Miuiation cach. It was observed that route pattern of the sevice Reptile of multiple short routes in common directions, A% Peliste, not only the element of diversification in route sysich © Taking but also almost all the routes tend to converge at Ge 0 Bete of the three principal bus terminal points which 5% Givated in the heart of the city. Of the principal sussenicn yorked out in detail, the significant ones referred to the link UP Hieavion and merger of existing 133 regular routes into @ much Tower number. ‘The basis of reorganisation was the considcry: ion of several aspects such as route length and journey time ey cad ranges of trips per hour as welll as per day. 400 Dasiengcr lond carried and carrying capacity made available (Other recommendations suggested include measures relating. % system of ticket issuing and checking, utilisation of transportation in646 GeneRAL Report on ROAD Researcit 1N INDIA, 1969-70 fleet and personnel through proper distribution of depots and pots and introduction of telescopic fare sub: system SALIENT POINTS FOR DISCUSSION 1. Comprehensive traffic and transportation studies for towns and citie BIBLIOGRAPHY 1) Annual Report of the Highway Research Station, Madras, for th ‘Annual Report of the Central Road. Research Institute, New D