:

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) (a 0

ax + b = 0

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.

x2 + 1 = 0
x .
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x 2 + 1 1 > 0 x
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.
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 i ) imaginary( - 1

a + ib b, a
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(a + ib )(. c + id ) = ac + ibc + iad + i 2 bd
) = (ac - bd ) + i(bc + ad
) (a + ib ) / (c + id x + iy

() a + ib = (c + id
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)a + ib = (cx - dy) + i (dx + cy

y, x dx + cy = b, cx - dy = a .
.

bc - ad
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=y

ac + bd
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=x

. c = d = 0

a + ib ac + bd
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= 2
+i 2
2
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c + d2
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.

 a ib
a + ib 17 m2 21o C x 2 + 1 = 0
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. -

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a b
a + b :

: A1 : a + b = b + a a , b
: A2 :

a ,b
) ( a + b ) + c = a + (b + c

: A3 : 0
:

a + 0 = 0 + a = a,

 : A4 : a a
:

a + x = x+ a = 0

- a .
. II
b, a
ab :
: M 1 :
: M 2 :

ab = ba a , b
(ab)c = a (bc) a , b , c

: M 3 :

a .1 = 1.a = a ,

: M 4 : a a 0 x
:

ax = xa = 1

1 / a a -1 .
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a (b + c ) = ab + ac , a , b , c
.
R . Q
.

 a + ib b, a .
. b, a
.
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) (c, d ), (a , b . b = d , a = c
) (c, d ), (a , b :

) (a , b ) + (c , d ) = (a + c , b + d
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:

. : ) (a , b ) = (a , b ), (a , b
.

(a , b ) = (c, d ) (c, d ) = (a , b ) :

(a , b ) = (c, d ), (c, d ) = (e, f ) (a , b ) = (e, f ) :

. C
.
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) (a , 0 ) (b , 0 ) = ( a b , 0
) (a , 0 ) . (b , 0 ) = ( ab , 0
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(b , 0 ) b
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b, a . ) (a ,0
a .
.
) (0,1 .

(0,1)2 = (0,1)(. 0,1) = (- 1,0) = -1

) (0,1 - 1

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(0,1) = i ) (a , b

) (a , b ) = (a ,0 ) + (0, b ) = (a ,0 ) + (0,1)(. b,0

a + ib.
i .

) (a , b

a = (a , b ) = a + ib

a a a b
a a .

 0 . 0
. .
a = (a , b ) = a + ib (a ,-b ) = a - ib a
a a .
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a b =a b
ab = a .b

) (b 0
a -a
2i

= a

a a
=
b b

a +a
2

= a

( a , b ) a = a + ib

aa = a 2 + b 2
.
a a .

) a = a 2 + b 2 = (aa

1/ 2

a = 0 . . a = 0
2

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a = 0 a2 +b 2 = 0

 b 2 0, a 2 0 b, a

a 2 + b 2 = 0 a 2 = 0, b 2 = 0
a = 0, b = 0
a =0
b, a .
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a 2 + b 2 = 0 a = 0 . b = 0
:
a a , a , a = a
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ab = a . b

) ( b 0

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b
b

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b = 0 ab = 0 a = 0

ab 0 a 0, b 0
.

ab = 0 ab = 0
a .b =0

 b , a

b = 0 a . b = 0 a = 0
b = 0 a = 0

. ab = 0 a 0
b 0 b ,a .
C .
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2 2
a b

a,b,c,d
c d

. .
a b a b a + a b +b

+
=

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.
=

c d c d cc + dc cb + dd

o o
o=

o o

o 1
3 4

o
o
o 2
o o


o 1 3 4
= o
.

o 2 o o

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C .


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a .x n + a1x n -1 + ... + a n -1x + a n = 0

n 1,.a o o, (k = 0,1, 2,..., n ) a k .

) n ( a o o .
:
. n n .

 . z 3 + i = 0 .
. (u ,v ) , z = u + iv

(u + iv )3 = u 3 + 3iu 2v - 3uv 2 - iv 3

u 3 - 3uv 2 = 0

2
3
3u - v + 1 = 0

u (u 2 - 3v 2 ) = 0

u = 0 u 2 - 3v2 = 0
u = 0 :

(v - 1) v 2 + v + 1 = 0

v3 - 1 = 0

v2 + v + 1 0 v .\ z = i, v = 1 . u = 3v u - 3v 2 = 0

) n -n 3 + 1 = 0
2

3 3n 8n 3 + 1 = 0

\ ( 2n + 1) 4n 2 - 2n + 1 = 0
4v2 - 2v + 1 0 v v = -1 / 2

 3 -i
2

=z

u=m

3 -i
2

z = i,

. ) ( - .
:
.
C
.
) ( .