Chapter 3 Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs 3.0 NOTATION a’ Compression face to point on surface of concrete where erack width is calculated ay Centre-to-centre distance between bars or groups of bars ay Point on surface of concrete to nearest face of @ bar Ac Gross area of concrete in a section AL Area of steel in tension AL Area of steel in compression Aw Minimum area of reinforcement at bottom of slab Ay ‘Minimum area of reinforcement at top of slab Aw Reinforcement in y-direction to resist M, about x-axis Ay Reinforcement in x-direction to resist M, about Y-axis Avon Area of inclined shear reinforcement to resist V, Ady Area of inclined shear reinforcement to resist V, Aw Area of vertical shear reinforcement Ane I shear reinforcement to resist V, Ave 1 shear reinforcement to resist V, 6 ‘Width of reinforced concrete section & Width of section at centroid of tensile steel Cin Minimum cover to tensile reinforcement a Effective depth of tensile reinforcement a Effective depth of compressive reipforcement 4 Distance from tension face of concrete section to centre of tensile reinforcement E ‘Modulus of elasticity of concrete E Modulus of elasticity of steel f Characteristic yield strength of steel h Revised compressive stress in steel taking into account depth of neutral Sew Characteristic cube strength of concrete at 28 days te Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement used as links F Coefficient for calculation of cracked section moment of inertia G Shear modulus h Overall depth of slab H Shorter dimension of a rectangular panel of slab for use of yiele-line charts 1 ‘Moment of inertia using as unit width for slab ! Clear span or span face-to-face of support 101102 Reinforced Concret My May My Mb Muss Map Myw Sy Sey Centresto-centre distance between supports Longer dimension of a rectangular pare! of slab for yield caleulations Modular ratio= E/E, Design bending moment per unit width of slab modified to account for axial load Moment per unit width about x-axis Moment per unit width about y-axis ‘Torsional moment per unit width Wood Armer design moment for top reinforcement in y-direction Wood Armer design moment for bottom reinforcement in y-direction Wood Armer design moment for top reinforcement in a-O.Lebd, design as wall (see Chapter 8). My may also be taken equal to M where V=0.Lfeybd and N may be ignored. (Sign convention: Nis +ye for compression.) Ma Sood en dass f(oss-)] «oss Ms __N Os7he 087%, 0.156 when redistribution does not exceed 10% 0.402(y = 0.4) = 0.18(By = 0.4)* when redistribution exceeds 10% ue w A p= <09 where M = moment after redistribution ue ‘moment before redistribution, Note: If Kis greater than K’, increase depth of slab and start from Step 1 unless ss are provided in the zone where steel in compression is used. The links are required to provide lateral restraint to bars in compression, Links in slab should normally be avoided. When K > K’, = fos+ |(os-&)]Note: Step § Step 6 Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs 109 ae ‘Sk 3/4 Section through doubly cat reinforced slab, s d~ 0.45, Osa K = Kfbd? d= a) Kfebd? gy _ osthe “087, I d'ix>0.43x, (K = KY faba? id a’) A where ¢, corresponds to steel sttess fy/Ym, a8 in Section 1.4.2. Follow detailing rules in clause 3.5.3.5 of BS 8110: Part 1: 1988" if analysis has been carried out using Table 3.15 of BS 8110. Design charts in [BS 8110: Part 3: 1985 may be used. Detailing Convert areas of stecl per unit width found in Step 4 to diameter and spacing of bars. Check shear SK 3/5 Plan of a pane of slab showing direction of reinforcement.110 Reinforced Concrete Note: Find the following parameters at critical sections for shear. Ve 2 = 5g = 08 Vfou = SN/mm % 0. SNit Fg = 08 Vion = SN 1O0As, bd 1004, ba Find v., and v., from Figs 11.2 to 11.5, depending on strength of concrete. If vy< vee and ¥y< vey, M0 shear reinforcement is required. I vcc< Ve = (Yor + 0.4) OF Vey <¥pS (Vey+ 0.4), nominal links are required in the zone where v, or vy is greater than ver OF Yey Tespectively. Find nominal links: Sux,Su Asyx\Totl ares) §K 3/6 Plan of unit area of slab showing shear reinforcement by Tinks ADS. O87, Single vertical bars may be used instead of closed links provided proper anchorage bond length is available. Hf van < Me < Wer + 0.8) and Vey < vy < (vey + Od) ‘nominal links in both directions are required Assume Syc= Soy = Sys 0.8 5, An = O8mf,Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs 111 Asy (Total Is, NLT MLOTH SK 3/7 Plon of unit area and section showing shear reinforcement by single vertical bars Provide single vertical bars with proper anchorage over the whole zone at ‘a grid spacing of 5, AE (vee + 0.4) < vy = 0.8 Vfoy = SN/mm? or (vy + 0.4) 078a, >|o7ss_, > 0.754 4 ee = —- pemuerer Ut | Foxes ie. 0754 "| 0756 156 hy FAILURE ZONE?" Leenmeren Uz ‘SK 3/13 Typical shear reinforcement for concentrated load on slab. where Ay, is summation of areas of all shear reinforcement in a failure zone and «is the angle between the shear reinforcement and the plane of the slab. If vis greater than 2ve then redesign slab with increased thickness or increased tensile steel or a combination of these parameters. It has been observed in tests that shear reinforcement in slabs does not work effectively if v>2y6. ‘Shear reinforcement in second failure zone =e "Ud where Uz = 2 (a + b + 9d) for rectangular loaded area, or perimeter at 2.25d from face of loaded area. If ¥z=vq, no shear reinforcement is required and no further checks are necessary If vp = 1.6 ve, wad _ OAUsd O87f, ~ O87f, 11.6

4OKN/m? Alternatively, S(Myy + Mup)(3L ~ x) "PBL ~ 4x) — 3650+ 31.463 x 6.3 = 2.2) “433 x63 — 4% 22) = $8.23kNim? > 40KN/m? from Table 3.2 ‘The values of My, Mvp. Mun and Muy could be readjusted to arrive at r a close to 40kN/m? as possible. Designed by the results of elastic analysis the slab panel has a large reserve of strength because the failure loading is 58.23 kN/m” against design ultimate loading of 40kN/m®. Similarly, designed by the results of the BS8L10Step 2 Step 3 + Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs 123 method of analysis, the panel of slab has a small reserve of strength because the calculated collapse loading is 46.3kN/m?, To check crack widths and deflection due to service load the BS8110 coefficients may not be used. Always use the elastic analysis results, Determination of shear at supports Use BS8110: Part 1: 1985, Table 3.16.!! Shear coefficients 0.44 and 0.33 Vz, = 0.44 x 40x 4.3 75.7KN/m, V, = 0.33 x 40 x 4.3 = 56.8kN/m Refer to Table 3.4. By yicld-ine principle: assuming r=40kN/m?, y, = 34H = xl) 2G - x/L) _ 3x40 x 4.3 x (1 ~ 0.35) - 26 — 0.35) .3kNim Brx_ 3% 40x22 3 5 52.8kN/m Draw diagram of panel of slab See diagram with moments and shears marked on the panel (in Step 1). Determination of cover Assume diameter of main reinforcement = 12mm Maximum size of aggregate = 20mm Condition of exposure = mild Grade of concrete = C40 Minimum cement comtent = 325 kg/m? Maximum free water/cement ratio =0.55 Fire resistance required = 1 hour ‘Nominal cover, as per Tables 11.6 and 11. Effective depth, d,= 150—20-6= 124mm Effective depth, dj = 150 -20—12-6= 112mm kay ‘SK 3/21 Section through slab Showing effective dep, fe tas = 20mm124 Reinforced Concrete Sep 4 Design of slab =S0kNm/m Over continuous long edge, xe 50x 10° Seb” 40% 1000 = 128 z= dos f(o2s—&)] 090-60 o.081 = 27.5mm x Os M 50x 10" = 120mm"fm O.g7h2 0.87 x 460 x 1116 = 40kNim/m. Over continuous short edge, x-—™ 40 x 10° Febd 40 x 1000 x 12® 0.94 = 100.8mm 08 x= 249mm Ay = 992mm%/m, Positive midspan moment in short direction M = 31.4kNmv/m K = 0051 = 165mm Ay = 673 mm%/m, Positive midspan moment in long direction M = 19.9kNm/m Step $ Over long edge 12dia. at 100 centre-to-centre (top) (1131 mm?/m) Over short edge 24a at 100 centretocentre (top) (1131 mm*/m) Short direction at midspan I2dia, at 150 centre-t-centre (bottom) (754.mm*/m)Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs 125 SK 3/22 Plan of panel of slab showing design stee! requirement. Long direction at midspan 12dia. at 200 centre-to-centre (bottom) (565 mm?/m) ‘Step 6 Check shear stress V, _ 75.7 x10 Ve _ 157 X10 «ogi nimmt bd, 1000 x 124 ASEN/omn! Me 8X1 stm? ° Ba ~ 000 x 112 ~ ON 1004. _ 100 x 113: bd, ~ 1000 x 124 100A, _ 100 x 1131 bd, 1000 x 112 From Fig. 11.5, P= = 0.1% Ds 1.0% Vex = 0.97 Nimm? > vy = 0.61 N/mm? No shear reinforcement required. Step 7 Check punching shear stress Not required. ‘Step 8 Modification due to holes Not required. ‘Step 9 Minimum tension reinforcement A, = 0.00136! = 0.0013 x 1000 x 150 = 195mm?/m satisfied Step 10 Torsional reinforcement Not required,126 Reinforced Concrete Step 11 Step 12 Check spanteffectve depth bee _ 43.10? TC a7 Basic span/effective depth ratio= 26 from Table 11.3 4 By M7259 121 here M' = moment after redistribution; M = moment before redistribution £(=)(1) 6 ARNG, 3 OTS Ta = 212N/mm? M314 x10 ba?” 1000 x 128 From Chart 11.5, Modified span/effective depth ratio = 26 x 1.33 = 34.58 <34,7 Code deflection limits have been exceeded slightly. May be ignored. Curtailment of bars na pave oy 6128 2091 = Rey q Feral Sore one Se mr Sree i ocam fester | Ledennene 2@a00rr 42001 |_g12@4c0(e) Lera@zcomnta2cc ‘SK 3/23 Plan of panel of slab showing arrangement of reinforcement.Step 13 ‘Step 14 Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs 127 0.20 ey = 0.20 6. tion {, — top reinforcement 12dia, @ 100 c/e to 800mm from centre of beam (top) L2dia. @ 200 cle to 1500mm from centre of beam (top) Direction J, — top reinforcement 12dia. @ 100 cle to 1100mm from centre of beam (top) I2dia. @ 200 c/e to 2100mm from centre of beam (top) Elsewhere use 12dia. @ 400 c/c (top) both directions (282 mm") Direction J, ~ bottom reinforcement 12dia. @ 150 cle up to 800mm from centre of beam (bottom) I2dia. @ 300 cle over beam (bottom) Direction J, ~ bottom reinforcement 12dia. @ 200 cle up to 1200mm from centre of beam (bottom) I2dia. @ 400 cle over beam (bottom) Spacing of bars Percentage of reinforcement in slab = 1% Maximum clear spacing allowed = 160.mm ‘Actual spacing used = 100mm — OK Maximum spacing of bars in tension = 3d = 3 x 112 = 336mm ‘Maximum spacing used for designed bars in tension = 200mm — OK Maximum spacing of nominal reinforcement to control early thermal crack’ (Check thermal cracking For suspended slab, R=0.3 assumed 7 = 12°C assumed for 150mm thick stab = 12 x 10° per degree C 8 Ta = 08 x 12 x 12 x 10-* x 03 34.56 x 10°¢ &128 Reinforced Concrete 20mm + 12mm — (dia. of bar) 32mm (direction {,) /2 assumed = 112/2= 56mm (direetion 1,) = V(200? + 38%) — 6 = 197.6mm 4 2197.6 ~ 32) (50 = 56) = 0.0045mm < 03mm OK Step 15 Check minimum reinforcement to distribute eracking bh _ 1000 x 150 2° 2 Ay = 0.0035 A, = 262.5mm2/m Ay provided = 12dia. @ 400 cle (282 mm?/m) c 75000 mm* Step 16 Assessment of crack width in flexure ‘SK 3/24 Section through slab over ‘beam for erack width caleulaions. Service load on stat By elastic analysis, ‘maximum bending moment over long support 0.075 x 25.75 x 4.3% 25.75 kim? 35.7 kNemaim A,=U3lmm?/m Abd = 9.12 x 10-3 b= 1000mm 124mm m= 10 = EJB. Aj = neglected = dl((mp)? + 2-mp)} ~ mp] = 43mmDesign of Reinforced Concrete Slabs 129 24 — > = 109.7 mm 3 35.7 x 10° , Tis x 1997 788N/mee 14d x 10-8 = (t=). - (8249). hase x 10% a= (So = (ES) tex w= 19x00 Sa oy gt opeenot oh 8 a age = bX 10 - 1000150 — 43) 3X 200% 10" x 131 x (Iza — 43) = 1.69 x 107 Coin = 200m fee = V6 + 50) = 6 = 50mm - Baer Em 2a = Cos (hx) 016mm < 03mm OK it130 Reinforced Conerete 3.8 FIGURES AND TABLES FOR CHAPTER 3 TE conditions and Toading diagrams Biase Taos resistance fe resistance. top P Ry Li2 Lia aM 9 2 ‘ q P 16My u u u 12Mty . oom au . a —-| 4 P My Re Lr uy L b+ __| ' , 2 Pe R - U3 3 Fig, 3.1 Elastic and elasto-plastic unit resistances for one-way elements,Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs 131 Edge conditions and loading diagrams Support reactions, V, Ry 2 Sr Sal Lireaction = R reaction 2 8 8 L 1 7 Sky reaction * —R. reaction 8+ 16 won 6 lk Ry 2 nb Re _————— Ry B ig. 3.2 Support shears for one-way elements (to be read in conjunction with Fig 30),132, Reinforced Concrete vA ui Z sopo os pure pousoddns 19819 1us9v{pe UE POX po 240 yin 1DUH9)9 Kea- Ont papeoy suuioytun 30) swuaag}%0> TORDSUEP PU IURUON FL ‘vonsayp pus WOWOW $f “Bd oy Hg mg ee oe PRE RE GREGG & Keg geny 38 993 S089 OM put poxy sedpa Waoeipe owt qs aways Aes-owy ‘apy Ktuuoytun 40) SUD!UI>09 UwondagDP PUP IUDWOYN ¢° “BEDesign of Reinforced Concrete Slabs 133 ve 4H wy 20 = woo 3 tq o> ep = 2 * oe = n'2805 289 auO pur paxy ‘223 98po ouo pue partoddns 1a(29438p9 ao pur poxy pa ou 8 Aiduns 980 Aids sepa atita quia Iuai9[9 Aeon) ‘aysoddo on wewaye demons 10319}209, 1904)302 ‘uon>2yep pur MWOHY SE “Bl UonDayop pur WwoWOW, Lf Sha134 Reinforced Concrete wt He 4 = ba as 00+} cs = ~ * ; Eee | f wa |" wf fer 4 to : 20 : (ik | IF}: Cr : n\'2944 98p9 200 pur pory 28po aud “payodiins fds sop uaoelpe oi yi WOU} em-oH 28p2 suo pur pauoddn sopo 2a yim N9U2I9 ‘papeoy Kiwsoyun 40} Siw ‘Wonsayap ue IU2WOWY ousoyop ue Lu2WOHY LIE SaDesign of Reinforced Concrete Slabs 135 thas sth bd HL uuu CH 7 a el Hy e385 aeeee eee bs aR gG F singe atbae Gibb HUE aie f3ag8 5b8 Se FRE RE SEE EE t ume “ serge sthdd abla GHEE T overs vee ee SHEEE HEDGE E ota 'gm0136 Reinforced Concrete 7) ve aging x “te ° : x eo ae wypoxy wy Popoddns yD2woddns Syduas 28p2 uo puv pouoddns sds {dys $289 011 pu poxt soHp> sao ye que wouoy> Sea-om poprot Aiwioytan so} 5 uonDo42p Pur WDWOW $1 wonD2yop pue w2woWy LIEDesign of Reinforced Concrete Slabs 137 1 oar Fig. 3.18 Location of yield lines for two-way element with two adjacent edges supported and two edges free (values of x). pay Fig. 3.19 Location of yield lines for two-way element with two adjacent edges Supported and two edges free (values of y).!138 Reinforced Concrete Fig. 3.20 Location of unsymmetrical yield lines for two-way element with three ‘edges supported and one edge free (X/X; = 1.0)!" sores] Fig. 3.21 Location of symmettcal yield lines for two-way element with three edges supported and one edge free (value of v)Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs 139 Vass of 97 acti)” Bi. 822 Location of smell es or ran men with our des supported.!*! ae ig. 3.23 Location of unsymmetrical yield lines for two-way element with three edges supported and one edge free (Xo/X; =0.1)."140 Reinforced Concrete wal ti tthe” Fig. 3.24 Location of unsymmetrical yield lines for two-way element with three edges supported and one edge tree (XaIX,=0.3)." 4 i ao 7 i T Fig. 3.25 Location of unsymmetrical yield lines for cwo-way element with three cadges supported and one edge free (X3/X,= 0.5).Design of Reinforced Conerete Slabs 141 shel” Fig. 3.26 Location of unsymmetrical yield lines for two-way element with three edges supported and one edge free (X/X, =0.75)."" Fig. 3.27 Location of unsymmetrical yield lines for two-way clement with three ‘edges supported and one edge free (X/X; = 1.25)142 Reinforced Concrete 32 shod Se Fig. 3.28 Location of unsymmetrical yield lines for two-way element with three edges supported and one edge free (X,/X,= 1.5)!"Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs 143 a atta)” Fig. 3.30 Location of unsymmetrical yield lines for two-way clement with three edges supported and one edge free (Xq/X,= 2.0). ry oe TT [tse ate en Fig. 331 Location of unsymmetrical yield lines for two-way element with three ‘edges supported and one edge free (values of y) I14 Reinforced Concrete Hl I 4 ¥ Fig. 3.32 Location of unsymmetrical yield lines for two-way element with four ledges supported (values of X;). 1 sr Fig. 3.33 Location of unsymmetrical yield lines for two-way element with four edges supported (values of ¥,).!"Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs 145 owl, 15. 015k 015 £ 245) zs 100%, | pao I o2? | 02k Exfective Span Z tive Span_£ Continuous Slab : Approximate equal spans Equivalent_|_ 40% , Ree é mr “wom 1 ist Ettective Span, ‘Simply Supported Stab Cantilever, Stab Fig. 3.34 Simplified detailing rules for stabs.146 Reinforced Concrete ‘Table 3.1 Graphical summary of two-way elements to be used in conjunction with Figures 3.3 to 3.17 (oil Wo Fig. 3.6 Fig. 3.7 2 a_i? TI IL] 1 Fig. 3.9 Fig. 3.10 Fig. 3.11 4 ite 04 a, © e Fig. 3.12 Fig. 3.13 Fig. 3.14 TL) ie? 13 Legend: Edge conditions faze 1 Free Simple FixedDesign of Reinforeed Concrete Slabs 147 sts a qn ee (= HOT « I yp Lg pauoddns: Cen ine” Os s8fpo ino r= zo, EP Exe Few + ER es 7 r rol Epi ite ee - é a weet __ yy egg ke aay} apa uo C= HH + ny” On OHS ppue pauoddns Oy - TH to x tee ed ‘s08p aout wort Tews We NEW)S 7 ae Ag Ee (WoT ues eo oy Ow — ns) Hs ON SWS * s28p2 oma pur Ot- TWH a f Pov spe E i” ges “4 waoe(pe Om, 2 — ns) + Nw 19 ly + SEW) Be suompU0D sues yun et snr] suoreaoy 20m pata spa {EVE 01 8I°E SBI YH UoNUN{uED UL pasn aq 0%) (SOUIF-PIONK jes¥OWNUAS) syuOM}> Kem-OaK 10} SOUEIISAE HUM EWI TE AL,148 Reinforced Concrete (A= Mz—HO =) AR ~~ HO) eX xk = HOW = I) EA ME +) H B (an oes °° my Sa ; fee Fe bempmh t pre Ss * Ns BS 7 i ret pauoddns yg i __ peasy s34po 1nog (Ee SS HN tl, EES xe e- WW) xe) 7 eR Gee — TO AW)” ee TN «1g Tae ME bo (z= HOME =D, A= HO aptap C= HN eC NN + HH) n=6 io 2015 spa 240 (xe - 9-70 10 x ppue pauioddns Pano + + eH OND 2, Rag spo aay, ao 7 et it i + Rs Oi + HS Ves < 204 nse sap om pur 7 jae, uy sv owes | pouoddns s38p9 dee fesessten, wapeipe Om we ouvir yon eu ‘uone2or auy pK swoRpuED apa 1€E°€ 07 81°€ SLY YaHM VONDURIUOD UE pasn 34 03) (S=UNF-PI>KK jwoUNoUUAUAGUN) syUoMIa|> Kem-oM) 40) S9UESISDE UN 21eDesign of Reinforced Concrete Slabs 149 ‘Table 3.4 Ultimate support shears for two-way elements (symmetrical yield-ines) (to be used in Table 3.2). ‘conjunction Edge conditions Yield line locations Limits Horizontal shear, Vasy_ Vertical shear, Vay Two adjacent ‘edges supported ‘and two edges free ‘Three edges supported and fone edge free Four edges supported150 Reinforced Concrete 5 Hao z s tox 4 we Re 4 ; «nm Seep we ware wer WUASUN) SUDWI!2 KeM-OM 40) SIEaYS OddNS AIEWIIA SE ITE