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Protein (KEP)
Definition
Pathologic condition that cause chronic failure and cumulative
physiological needs of energy and protein.
Type:
Etiology
Primary: lack of consumption due to inability to provide food
Secondary: lack calories-protein cause by illness (eg: infection, kidney,
liver, heart, lungs etc.)
Cause
Pathophysiology
Imbalance between nutrient supplies and requirements.
Protein deficiency and lack of immune mediators is responsible for
immunologic deficiency in the humoral and cellular subsystem, which
predisposes a child with PEM to infections.
Carbohydrate deficiency can lead to abnormal lipid metabolism which
may manifest as marked reduction of adipose tissue in a child with
marasmus.
Lack of a substrate (tyrosine amino acid) and coenzymes required for
the synthesis of pigments in the hair and skin result in changes in the
hair colour and hyperpigmentation of the skin in marsamickwashiorkor and kwashiorkor.
Presences of aflatoxins and protein deficiency have been implicated in
the aetiology of oedema in kwashiorkor.
PEM is usually associated with infections such as measles, acute
respiratory tract infection, malaria, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis.
Scoring of PEM
Classification
KEP Sedang
KEP Berat
Edema simetris
Tidak
Ya
Kwashiorkor
BB/TB*PB (Z-skor)
Anak
>5
tahun,
BB/TB ganti BMI/U
-2 to -3 SD (kurus)
<-3 SD
Marasmus
(sangat kurus)
TB/U (Z-skor)
-2 to -3 SD (pendek)
<-3 SD
(sangat pendek)
Clinical Manifestation
Complication
Prone to infection
Diare
Hypothermia
Hypoglycemia
Anemia
Electrolyte imbalance
Diagnosis
Anamnesis
Physical Exam- penyakit yang mendasari, tanda-tanda klinis defisiensi
makro dan micronutrient, antropometri
Lab and Supporting Exam
Darah: Hb, leukocyte, erythrocyte, Ht, apus darah tepi, albumin,
creatinin, protein total, ureum, kolesterol total, HDL, tryglyceride,
Fe, electrolyte, glucose
Urine: routine, culture
Apus rectal: parasite
Foto Rontgen toraks
Effect and Prognosis
Penatalaksanaan
a) Fase stabilisasi (1-7 hari)
b) Fase transisi (minggu ke 2)
c) Fase rehabilitasi (minggu ke 3-7)
Tata Laksana Rawat Inap Kep Berat/Gizi Buruk
A. Prinsip dasar pengobatan rutin KEP berat/Gizi buruk (10 langkah
utama)
1.
Atasi/cegah hipoglikemia
2.
Atasi/cegah hipotermia
3.
Atasi/cegah dehidrasi
4.
Koreksi gangguan keseimbangan elektrolit
5.
Obati/cegah infeksi
6. Koreksi defisiensi nutrien mikro
7.
Mulai pemberian makanan
8.
Fasilitas tumbuh-kejar (catch up growth)
9. Lakukan stimulasi sensorik dan dukungan
emosi/mental
10. Siapkan dan rencanakan tindak lanjut setelah sembuh.
1.
Atasi/cegah hipoglikemia
Anak sadar
Glukosa 10% atau larutan sukrosa 10%, 50mL bolus (1sdt gula dalam 5
sdm air) p.o/NGT
Larutan yang sama setiap 30 menit selama 2 jam (25mL/jam)
Antibiotik: 5 hari + 5 hari
Makan setiap 2 jam
2.
Atasi/cegah hipotermia
Pemantauan
Selimut
Pencegahan
3. Atasi/cegah dehidrasi
Pantau :
Nadi
Pernapasan
10
Frekuensi BAK
Turgor
Membran mukosa
11
Vaksinasi campak bila usia anak > 6 bulan dan belum pernah diimunisasi
Memberikan metronidazol
Memberikan preparat besi (Fe) saat anak mau makan dan BB mulai naik
(biasanya sesudah 2 minggu)
(Zn) 2 mg/kgbb/hr
(Cu) 0,25mg/kgbb/hr
< 80 kkal/kgBB/hari p.o, bila tidak habis sisa diberikan lewat NGT
Pantau :
Pertambahan BB>10g/kgBB/hari
Keterlibatan ibu
C. Kegagalan Pengobatan
Penilaian kenaikan berat badan :
Baik : >10 mg/kgBB/hari
Sedang : 5-10 mg/kgBB/hari
Buruk : <5 mg/kgBB/hari
Penyebab kenaikan berat badan buruk
Pemberian makanan tidak adekuat
Defisiensi nutrien tertentu
Infeksi yang tidak terdeteksi
Masalah psikologis