References/Bibliography

HarvardStyle

BasedonStylemanualforauthors,editorsandprinters
revisedbySnooks&Co.2002

ReferencingwithHarvard
Whenwritingassignmentsyoumustacknowledgethesourceofyourideasandquotesinsufficientdetailsothatthosereadingcanlocatetheitem.
Referencingisimportanttoavoidplagiarism,toverifyquotationsandtoenablereaderstofollowupwhatyouhavewrittenandlocatethecitedauthors
work.TheHarvardstyleisagenericauthordatestyleforcitingandreferencinginformationused.Therearemanystyleswhichfollowtheauthordate
convention,includingtheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA)andtheChicagoManualofStyle.ThisguideisbasedonanAustralianstylemanual
(AGPSstyle)nowrevisedbySnooks&Co,2002.

Note: Beforeyoucreateyourlistofreferences,checkwithyourlecturerortutorforthebibliographicstylepreferredbytheSchool.
Keepinmindthefollowingpoints:

Writedownallthecitationdetailsofasourceasyouuseit.

Placequotationmarksaroundadirectquoteandincludepagenumber(s)whenquotingdirectly.

Insertbriefcitationsattheappropriateplacesinthetextofyourdocument.

Compileareferencelistattheendofthedocumentthatincludesfulldetailsofallreferencescited.

Intextcitations:

Inanauthordatestyle,intextcitationsusuallyrequirethenameoftheauthor(s)andtheyearofpublication.
Apagenumberisincludedifyouhaveadirectquote,paraphraseapassageoryouwanttodirectthereadertoaspecificpage.Pagenumbersmay
alsobeincludedifyouarereferringtoalongworkandthepagenumbersmightbeusefultothereader.

Howtocreateareferencelist/bibliography

Areferencelistcontainsonlythebooks,articles,andwebpagesetcthatarecitedinthetextofthedocument.Abibliographyincludesallsources
consultedforbackgroundorfurtherreading.
Areferencelistisarrangedalphabeticallybyauthor.Ifanitemhasnoauthor,itiscitedbytitle,andincludedinthealphabeticallistusingthefirst
significantwordofthetitle.
Ifyouhavemorethanoneitemwiththesameauthor,listtheitemschronologically,startingwiththeearliestpublication.

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Contents
Book.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3
Chapterinabook.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................5
Conferencepaper........................................................................................................................................................................................................................5
JournalArticle..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................6
Thesis...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6
Webpage.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8
Table,ImageorDiagram..............................................................................................................................................................................................................9
OtherInternetsources.................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
Patent.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................10
Standard.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................10
Map............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................11
DVDorVideo..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................11
Dataset.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................12
LectureNotes.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................12
Personalcommunication...........................................................................................................................................................................................................13
Indirectcitation..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
Directquotation.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................14

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Book
Elementsofthecitation
Author(s)ofbookfamilynameandinitialsYearofpublication,Titleofbookitalicised,Edition,Publisher,Placeofpublication.

Referencetype

Intextexamples

Referencelistexample

EndNote
referencetype

Singleauthor

Sophisticatedsearchingtechniquesare
importantinfindinginformation(Berkman1994)
OR
Berkman(1994,p.25)claimedthat
OR
Berkman(1994,pp.3035)agreesthat
fromanengineeringperspective(Cengel&
Boles1994)
OR
CengelandBoles(1994)found
aspreviouslydemonstrated(Reid,Parsons&
Green1989)

Berkman,RI1994,FindItfast:howtouncoverexpert
informationonanysubject,HarperPerennial,NewYork.

Book

Cengel,YA&Boles,MA1994,Thermodynamics:an
engineeringapproach,2ndedn,McGrawHill,London.

Book

Reid,DH,Parsons,MB&Green,CW1989,Staffmanagement
inhumanservices:behavioralresearchandapplication,
CharlesC.Thomas,Springfield.
Jull,G,Sterling,M,Fallah,D,Treleaven,J&O'Leary,S2008,
Whiplashheadacheandneckpain:researchbaseddirections
forphysicaltherapies,ChurchillLivingstone,Edinburgh.
Be,know,do:leadershiptheArmyway2004,JosseyBass,San
Francisco.

Book

2authors

3authors

4ormore
authors
Noauthor

July2014

neckpaincausedbywhiplash(Julletal.2008).
OR
Julletal.(2008)haveargued
alreadymentioned(Be,know,do:leadership
theArmyway2004).
OR
InBe,know,do:leadershiptheArmyway(2004)
thereisaninterestingexample

Book

Book

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Multipleworks
bythesame
author

geologyofQueenslandsnationalparks
(Willmott2004,2006).

Multipleworks
bythesame
author,published
inthesameyear
Twoormore
worksby
differentauthors

geographicallyspeaking(Dawkins1996a,
1996b)

rockformations(Dawkins1996;Willmott
2004)

Bookbyan
inthecaseofaninstitution(Australian
organisationor
GovernmentPublishingService1987)
institution
DifferentEditions themeaningofeducationalresearch(Pring
2004)

Editedbook

somefindings(Sjostrand1993)
OR
opticsdefined(Pike&Sarkar1986)

BookSeries

IndefiningpermutationgroupsBhattacharjee
(1998)

eBook

Thenumberofmolecules(Kamal2010)

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Willmott,WF2004,Rocksandlandscapesofthenationalparks
ofsouthernQueensland,GeologicalSocietyofAustralia,
QueenslandDivision,Brisbane.
Willmott,WF2006,Rocksandlandscapesofthenationalparks
ofcentralQueensland,GeologicalSocietyofAustralia,
QueenslandDivision,Brisbane.
Orderchronologicallyinthereferencelist.
Dawkins,R1996a,ClimbingMountImprobable,Viking,
London.
Dawkins,R1996b,RiveroutofEden,Phoenix,London.
Orderalphabeticallybytitleinthereferencelist.
Dawkins,R1996,ClimbingMountImprobable,Viking,
London.
Willmott,WF2004,Rocksandlandscapesofthenationalparks
ofsouthernQueensland,GeologicalSocietyofAustralia,
QueenslandDivision,Brisbane.
AustralianGovernmentPublishingService1987,
Commonwealthprintingandpublishingmanual,2ndedn,
A.G.P.S.,Canberra.
Pring,R2004,Philosophyofeducationalresearch,2ndedn,
Continuum,London.
Theeditionstatementisplacedafterthetitleofthework.
Thisisnotnecessaryforafirstedition.
Sjostrand,S(ed.)1993,Institutionalchange:theoryand
empiricalfindings,M.E.Sharpe,Armonk,N.Y.
Pike,ER&Sarkar,S(eds.)1986,Frontiersinquantumoptics,
AdamHilger,Bristol.
Bhattacharjee,M1998,Notesofinfinitepermutationgroups,
Lecturenotesinmathematicsno.1698,Springer,NewYork.

Kamal,AA2010,1000solvedproblemsinmodernphysics,
SpringerBerlinHeidelberg,Berlin,viewed3April2014,DOI
10.1007/9783642043338,(SpringerLink).

Book

Book

Book

Book

Book

Editedbook

Book

ElectronicBook

Addthenameof
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EntertheDigitalObjectIdentifier(ifavailable)intheDOI
field.
IfthebookwasaccessedviaafreewebsiteputtheURLin
theURLfield.

theproviderof
theelectronic
versionin
parentheses.

Chapterinabook
Elementsofthecitation
Author(s)ofchapterfamilynameandinitialsYearofpublication,Titleofchapterinsinglequotationmarks,inEditor(s)familynameandinitials
(eds),Titleofbookitalicised,Edition,Publisher,Placeofpublication,Pagenumbers.

Referencetype

Intextexamples

Referencelistexample

Chapterinan
editedbook

Bernstein(1995)explainedintelligenttraffic
flows.

EndNote
referencetype
Bernstein,D1995,Transportationplanning,inChenWF(ed.), Booksection
Thecivilengineeringhandbook,CRCPress,BocaRaton,pp.
23161.

Conferencepaper
Elementsofthecitation
Author(s)ofpaperfamilynameandinitialsYearofpublication,Titleofpaperinsinglequotationmarks,Titleofpublishedproceedingswhichmay
includeplaceheldanddate(s)italicised,Publisher,PlaceofPublication,Pagenumber(s).

Referencetype

Intextexamples

Referencelistexample

Published
Bourassa(1999)emphasised
conferencepaper

Unpublished
July2014

estimatingpartnerchange(Bowdenand

Bourassa,S1999,Effectsofchildcareonyoungchildren,
ProceedingsofthethirdannualmeetingoftheInternational
SocietyforChildPsychology,InternationalSocietyforChild
Psychology,Atlanta,Georgia,pp.446.
Bowden,FJ&Fairley,CK1996,EndemicSTDsintheNorthern

EndNote
referencetype
Booksection

Conferencepaper
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conferencepaper Fairley1996)

Territory:estimationsofeffectiveratesofpartnerchange,
paperpresentedtothescientificmeetingoftheRoyal
AustralianCollegeofPhysicians,Darwin,2425June.

JournalArticle
Elementsofthecitation
Author(s)ofjournalarticlefamilynameandinitialsYearofpublication,Titleofjournalarticleinsinglequotationmarks,Titleofjournalitalicised,
Volume,Issueornumber,Pagenumber(s).

Referencetype
Print/Online
Journalarticles
withpage
numbers
Onlinejournal
articlewithout
pagenumbers

Intextexamples

Referencelistexample

Huffman(1996)expandedonthetheory
OR
usesforwheyprotein(Huffman1996).
thedisciplineofarthistory(DonahueWallace
&Chanda2005)

EndNote
referencetype
Huffman,LM1996,Processingwheyproteinforuseasafood Journalarticle
ingredient,FoodTechnology,vol.50,no.2,pp.4952.

DonahueWallace,K&Chanda,J2005,'Acasestudyin
integratingthebestpracticesoffacetofacearthistoryand
onlineteaching',InteractiveMultimediaElectronicJournalof
ComputerEnhancedLearning,vol.7,no.1,viewed30January
2009,<http://imej.wfu.edu/articles/2005/1/01/index.asp>.

Electronicarticle
inEndNote

Thesis
Elementsofthecitation
AuthorofthesisfamilynameandinitialsYearofpreparationofthesis,Titleofthesisinsinglequotationmarks,Award,Institutionissuingdegree,
Locationofinstitution.

Referencetype

Intextexamples

Thesis

Exelby(1997)describedtheprocess

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Referencelistexample

EndNote
referencetype
Exelby,HRA1997,Aspectsofgoldandmineralliberation,PhD Thesis

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OR
processinggold(Exelby1997)

thesis,UniversityofQueensland,Brisbane.
Thetitleisnotitalicisedandisplacedinquotationmarks.

Report
Elementsofthecitation
Author(s)ofreport(personororganisation)YearofPublication,Titleofreportitalicised,Reportnumber(ifavailable),Publisher/Institution,Placeof
publication,(vieweddate,URLifaccessedelectronically).

Referencetype

Report

Intextexamples

Referencelistexample

inQueenslandwaterways(Mortimer&Cox
1999)

Mortimer,M&Cox,M1999,Contaminantsinmudcrabsand
sedimentsfromtheMaroochyRiver,Environmenttechnical
reportno.25,QueenslandDepartmentoftheEnvironment,
Brisbane.

EndNote
referencetype
Report

Usetheinstitution
fieldforpublisher
name

Reportwith
corporateauthor

(AustralianInstituteofHealthandWelfare2010)

AustralianInstituteofHealthandWelfare2010,Child
protectionAustralia200809,Childwelfareseriesno.47.Cat.
no.CWS35,AustralianInstituteofHealthandWelfare,
Canberra.

Report
Usetheinstitution
fieldforpublisher
name

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Webpage
Elementsofthecitation
Author(s)ofpage(personororganisation)Year(pagecreatedorrevised),Titleofpageitalicised,Publisher(ifapplicable),Placeofpublication(if
applicable),vieweddate,URL.

Referencetype
Intextexamples
Referencelistexample
EndNote
referencetype
Webpagewith
thisagreement(Albanese2009)
Albanese,A2009,Fairercompensationforairtravellers,
Webpage
author
mediarelease,29January,MinisterforInfrastructure,
Transport,RegionalDevelopmentandLocalGovernment,
viewed30January2009,
<http://www.minister.infrastructure.gov.au/releases/2009>.
Webpageno
(Behaviourmodification2007)
Behaviourmodification2007,Viewed31August2011,

author
<http://www.educational.org.uk/behaviour.html>.
Webpagewith
(QueenslandHealth2009)
QueenslandHealth2009,Sunsafetyandphysicalactivity,
Webpage
institutionalor
viewed31August2011,

organisational
<http://access.health.qld.gov.au/hid/SkinHealth/SunSafety/su
author
nSafetyAndPhysicalActivity_ap.asp>.

Webpagewith
ithasbeenarguedthatemotionalintelligence Bliss,SEn.d.,Theeffectofemotionalintelligenceonamodern Webpage
nodateof
isacombinationofcompetencies(Blissn.d.)
organizationalleadersabilitytomakeeffectivedecisions,
publication
viewed10February2008,<http://eqi.org/mgtpaper.htm>.

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Table,ImageorDiagram
Elementsofthecitation
Author(s)ofitemfamilynameandinitialsYearofpublication,Titleofitemitalicised,Edition,Publisher,Placeofpublication.

Referencetype
Intextexamples
Referencelistexample

(Newton2007)

Referencesareplaceddirectlyunderthetable,
diagramorimage.

Newton,AC2007,Forestecologyandconservation:a
handbookoftechniques,OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford.

EndNote
referencetype
Book
Usetherelevant
referencetypefor
theitemyouare
citing.

OtherInternetsources
Elementsofthecitation
Author(s)Year,Titleitalicised,Typeofmedium,Publisher(ifapplicable),Placeofpublication(ifapplicable),Vieweddate,URL.

Referencetype Intextexamples
Referencelistexample

EndNote
referencetype
Audiovisual
material

Podcasts

(Williams2011)

Williams,R2011,NewlabforancientDNA:ScienceShow,Podcast,
ABC,viewed31October2011,
<http://www.abc.net.au/rn/scienceshow/stories/2011/3345448.htm>.

BlogPost

(ONeill2011)

O'Neill,I2011,CouldKeplerDetectBorgCubes?WhyNot,AstroEngine, WebPage
viewed5October2011,

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YouTubevideo

(UniversityofQueensland2010)

<http://www.astroengine.com/2011/05/couldkeplerdetectborg
cubeswhynot/>.

Usethe
publisherfield
forblogname

UniversityofQueensland2010,UniversityofQueenslanddugong
conservationresearch,onlinevideo,viewed3December2012,
<http://youtu.be/m03Xii0ew>.

WebPage

Patent
Elementsofthecitation
Author(s)ofpatentfamilynameandinitialsYearofissue,Titleofpatentitalicised,Numberofpatentincludingcountryofissue.

Referencetype
Intextexamples
Referencelistexample
Patent

gasinsulatedtransmissionsystems(Cookson
1985)

Cookson,AH1985,Particletrapforcompressedgasinsulated
transmissionsystems,USPatent4554399.

EndNote
referencetype
Patent

Standard
Elementsofthecitation
CorporatebodyissuingstandardYearofpublication,Titleofstandarditalicised,Numberofstandardincludingidentifierofissuingcountryorbody,
Publisherofstandard,Placeofpublication.

Referencetype
Intextexamples
Referencelistexample
EndNote
referencetype
Standard
steelsareclassified(InternationalOrganization InternationalOrganizationforStandardization1982,Steels
Standard
forStandardization1982)
classificationpart1:classificationofsteelsintounalloyed
andalloysteelsbasedonchemicalcomposition,ISO4948
1:1982,InternationalOrganizationforStandardization,
Geneva.

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Map
Elementsofthecitation
IssuingbodyYearofpublication,Titleofmapitalicised,Series(ifavailable),Publisher,Placeofpublication.

Referencetype
Intextexamples
Referencelistexample
Map

readingthismap(DepartmentofMinesand
Energy,Queensland1996)

DepartmentofMinesandEnergy,Queensland1996,
Dotswood,Australia1:100000geologicalseries,sheet8158,
DepartmentofMinesandEnergy,Queensland,Brisbane.

EndNote
referencetype
Map

DVDorVideo
Elementsofthecitation
Author/Producer/DirectorYear,Title,Typeofmedium,Publisher,Place.

Referencetype
Intextexamples
Referencelistexample
DVDorVideo

(Smith2009)

Smith,S2009,Excellenceinteaching:lessonplanning,DVD,
SunburstMedia,Plainview,NY.

EndNote
referencetype
Audiovisualmedia
AddDVDtothe
Typefield.

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Dataset
Thebelowgeneralelementsmaybeincludedwhencitingdata.Manyrepositoriesalsoproviderecommendationsonhowtocitedata.
Investigator(s),Year,Titleitalicised,Version(optional),Producer,Placeofpublication,DataType(optional),DOIorURL

Referencetype
Intextexamples
Referencelistexample
Dataset

Thedatathatgoeswiththisarticleisavailable
(Adams2011)

Adams, T 2011, Wastewater treatment systems, 2005-2009, Plant

Systems, Brisbane, Data file, http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/SYS5425.

EndNote
referencetype
Dataset

LectureNotes
Elementsofthecitation
Nameofauthor(s)ortheinstitutionresponsible,use&formultipleauthorsYearofpublication,Titleandsubtitleofpublicationitalicised,Typeofmedium,
Nameofinstitution,Locationofinstitution.

Referencetype

Intextexamples

Referencelistexample

Lecturenotes

(Johnson2008)

Johnson,A2008,Week3Pipes,PowerPointslides,University
ofQueensland,Brisbane.

EndNote
referencetype
Book

AddPowerPointslidestotheSeriesTitlefield.

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Personalcommunication
Elementsofthecitation
Informationobtainedbyinterview,telephonecall,letteroremailshouldbedocumentedinthetext,butshouldNOTbeincludedinthelistofReferences.

Referencetype
Personal
communication

Intextexamples

Referencelistexample

Wheninterviewedon15June1995,DrPeter
Jonesexplainedthat
OR
Thiswaslaterverballyconfirmed(PJones1995,
pers.comm.,15June).

DonotincludeintheReferenceList

EndNote
referencetype

Indirectcitation
Anindirectcitationiswhentheideasofoneauthorarepublishedinanotherauthorstextbutyouhavenotreadoraccessedtheoriginalauthorswork.
InthelistofReferencesprovidethedetailsoftheauthoroftheworkyouhaveread.

Referencetype

Intextexamples

Referencelistexample

EndNote
referencetype

Indirectcitation
orsecondary
source

Miller(citedinAgrios2005)found

AgriosGN,2005,Plantpathology,5thedn,Elsevier,
Burlington,MA.

Book

itwasfound(MillercitedinAgrios2005).

July2014

Usetherelevant
referencetypefor
theitemyouare

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AddcitedinmanuallyusingEditCitation
option.

citing.

Directquotation

Adirectquotationreproduceswordforwordmaterialdirectlyquotedfromanotherauthorswork,orfromyourownpreviouslypublishedwork.
Ifthequotationisfewerthan40words,incorporateitintoyourparagraphandenclosethequotationindoublequotationmarks.
Ifthequotationcomprises40ormorewords,displayitinanindented,freestandingblockoftext,withoutquotationmarks.Attheendofablock
quotation,citethequotedsourceandthepagenumberinparentheses,afterthefinalpunctuationmark.
Ifyouhavedirectlyquotedwordsfromasource(ininvertedcommas,orinanindentedparagraph),providetheauthor,year,andspecificpage
numberforthatquotation.(Formaterialwithoutpagenumbers,givetheparagraphnumber.)Includeacompletereferenceinthereferencelist.

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