ng t v th ting Anh

ng t ting Anh c chia thnh cc nhm nh sau:

Lexical think, eat, go, drink,

(Dng th hin hnh ng chnh)

Verb

Primary Be, have, do

Auxiliary
(Dng b sung
ngha ng php hay
sc thi cm xc)

Modal Will/would, shall/should,

may/might, can/could, ...

Trong 1 cu ting Anh c th khng c ch ng (v c hiu ngm), nhng phi c v ng. Thnh phn quan
trng nht ca v ng l ng ng t. Ng ng t c cu to y nh sau:

Verb phrase
Auxiliary
Mood
(will, plan, )

Tense aspects
Perfective
Progressive

Modal

+ Have +

Be

+ inf

+ p.p

+ V-ing

Voice

Be

Lexical

+ p.p

Time (applied to 1st available part)

V d: vi ng t give, ta c th to ra cc ng ng t sau:
o Khng dng tr ng t: Give
o Dng 1 tr ng t: will give, has given, is giving, is given
o Dng 2 tr ng t: will have given, will be giving, will be given, have been giving, have been given,
is being given
o Dng 3 tr ng t: Will have been giving, will have been given, will be being given, has been being
given
o Dng 4 tr ng t: Will have been being given

C th thy l Lexical Verb l phn phi c trong ng ng t trong khi Auxiliary Verb c th khng c. C 4
v tr cho Auxiliary Verb. Mi cch kt hp ca 4 v tr ny tng ng vi 1 th trong ting Anh. Bng sau tm
lc cch to tn cho tt c cc th:

Tense
name

Time

Aspect

Past
Present
Future
Conditional

Simple

Voice

(Active)
Passive
Perfect

Progressive

C th thy rng: Tn mt th ch da trn cc Auxiliary Verb v bao gm 3 phn:

Phn Time: cho bit thi gian din ra hnh ng so vi thi im ni theo quan im ca ngi ni.
o Past: din ra trc thi im ni.
V d: Tom gave Rachel a flower => Khi ngi ni ni cu , tc l i vi ngi ni hnh
ng give xy ra ri.
o Present: din ra xoay quanh thi im ni.
V d: Tom gives Rachel a flower => Khi ngi ni ni cu , tc l i vi ngi ni hnh
ng give ang xy ra quanh thi im ni.
o Future: din ra sau thi im ni.
V d: Tom will give Rachel a flower => Khi ngi ni ni cu , tc l i vi ngi ni hnh
ng give cha xy ra.
o Conditional: dng din t tng lai trong qu kh hay mt thi im mang tnh gi thuyt
hay khng th xy ra.
V d: Tom would give Rachel a flower => Khi ngi ni ni cu , tc l i vi ngi ni
hnh ng give cha xy ra so vi mt thi im no trong qu kh.
Phn Aspect: cho bit ngi ni m t hay mun nhn mnh kha cnh no v din bin ca hnh
ng:
o Perfect: So vi mc thi gian trong ng cnh hin ti, hnh ng hon thnh hay din ra
trong bao lu hay lp li c bao nhiu ln. V d:
Tom has given Rachel a
flower.

Ngi ni mun nhn mnh tnh hon thnh ca hnh ng give

m khng quan tm c th l n xy ra vo lc no.

Tom has given Rachel a

flower for an hour.

Ngi ni mun nhn mnh phn hon thnh th hin qua

khong thi gian din ra hnh ng give. (Khi bn cho ai 1
bng hoa m mt c gi th ng l ng nhn mnh ). Lu l
y, ngi ni khng cho bit chnh xc l hnh ng give hon
thnh hay cha.
Ngi ni mun nhn mnh v phn hon thnh th hin qua s
ln din ra hnh ng give. Tng t v d trn, y ngi
ni cng khng cho bit chnh xc l hnh ng give ht din ra
hay cha.

Tom has given Rachel a

flower 3 times.

o Progressive: So vi mc thi gian trong ng cnh hin ti, hnh ng ang xy ra. V d:

Tom is giving Rachel a

flower.
Tom was giving Rachel a
flower when I came.

Ngi ni mun din t hnh ng give ang din ra vo thi im

ni, cng tc l hnh ng cn ko di n sau thi im ni.
Ngi ni mun din t hnh ng give ang din ra so vi mc
thi gian trong ng cnh hin ti l when I came, cng tc l hnh
ng give cn ko di n sau thi im when I came.

o Perfect v Progressive c th i chung vi nhau din t phn hon thnh ca mt hnh

ng vn ang din ra so vi mc thi gian trong ng cnh hin ti. V d:
Tom has been giving
Rachel a flower for an
hour.

Tom had been giving

Rachel a flower for an
hour when I came.

Ging Perfect, ngi ni mun nhn mnh phn hon thnh th

hin qua khong thi gian din ra hnh ng give. Ngoi ra,
ging Progressive, give ang din ra vo thi im ni. y,
ngi ni cn cho bit l give ang din ra vo thi im ni, tc l
hnh ng cn ko di n sau thi im ni.
Ging Perfect, ngi ni mun nhn mnh phn hon thnh th
hin qua khong thi gian din ra hnh ng give. Ngoi ra,
ging Progressive, give ang din ra vo thi im when I came.
y, ngi ni cn cho bit l give ang din ra vo thi im
ni, tc l hnh ng cn ko di n sau thi im when I
came.

o Simple: khi khng cn c Perfect v Progressive th l Simple. Simple ch yu din t

vic c xy ra ca hnh ng. Nu c nu th thi im xy ra hnh ng phi l thi im
c th xc nh hay c th xc nh.
Tom gives Rachel a
flower.
Tom gave Rachel a
flower yesterday.
Tom gave Rachel a
flower.
Tom will give Rachel a
flower tomorrow.
Tom will give Rachel a
flower.
Tom gives Rachel a
flower everyday.
Tom gave Rachel a
flower everyday.

Tom will give Rachel a

flower everyday.
Tom will give Rachel a
flower everyday until the
end of this year.
If Rachel asks Tom, Tom
will give her a flower.
Water boils at 100

Ngi ni ch n gin ni v hnh ng give c xy ra vo thi

im ni.
Ngi ni ch n gin ni v hnh ng give c xy ra vo thi
im xc nh trong qu kh l yesterday.
Ngi ni ch mun nhn mnh l hnh ng give xy ra.
Ngi ni ch n gin ni v hnh ng give s xy ra vo thi
im xc nh trong tng lai l tomorrow.
Ngi ni ch mun nhn mnh l hnh ng give s xy ra.
Ngi ni ch n gin ni v hnh ng give c xy ra vo cc
thi im xc nh (hng ngy) v vn cn xy ra khng bit n
bao gi mi ht.
Ngi ni ch n gin ni v hnh ng give c xy ra vo cc
thi im xc nh (hng ngy) trong qu kh v khng cn xy ra
na. Ngi ni c th bit khong thi gian qu kh v c th
cng gi nh l ngi nghe cng bit.
Ngi ni ch n gin ni v hnh ng give c xy ra vo cc
thi im xc nh (hng ngy) trong tng lai v khng bit n
bao gi mi ht.
Ging nh trn nhng bit n bao gi th ht .
Ngi ni ch n gin ni v hnh ng give c xy ra vo cc
thi im c th xc nh c, l mi khi Rachel asks Tom.
Nhng quy lut kiu ny cng ni v hnh ng c xy ra vo cc

Cencius degrees.

thi im c th xc nh c => dng Simple.

o Hy phn bit mc thi gian trong ng cnh hin ti vi phn Time. Phn Time th hin
gi tr thi gian tng i so vi thi im ni cn mc thi gian trong ng cnh hin ti l 1
gi tr thi gian c th c cp hoc l 1 hnh ng c thi gian xy ra c th (hay c th xc
nh c) c chn lm chun. Khi phn Time l Present th mc thi gian trong ng cnh
hin ti thng trng vi thi im ni. V d:

Tnh hung
Tom gives Rachel a flower.
Tom gave Rachel a flower.

Phn Time
Present
Past

Tom will give Rachel a

flower.
Tom gives Rachel a flower
everyday.
Tom gave Rachel a flower
everyday.

Future

Tom will give Rachel a

flower everyday.

Future

If Rachel asks Tom, Tom

will give her a flower.

Present - Future

Water boils at 100 Cencius

degrees.
Tom had been giving Rachel
a flower for an hour when I
came.

Present

Present
Past

Past

Mc thi gian trong ng cnh hin ti

Thi im ni
Thi im no trong qu kh (c th ngi
ni bit hay khng)
Thi im no trong tng lai (c th
ngi ni bit hay khng)
Cc thi im xc nh bt u t lc no
trong qu kh v cn ko di n tng lai.
Cc thi im xc nh trong qu kh (bt u
t lc no trong qu kh v kt thc
trong qu kh).
Cc thi im xc nh trong tng lai (bt
u t lc no trong tng lai v tt nhin
s kt thc trong tng lai).
Ask: Cc thi im bt k bt u t lc no
trong qu kh v cn ko di n tng
lai.
give: chc chn xy ra sau ask. Do , nu
ask l Present th give hin nhin l Future.
Cc thi im bt k trong qu kh, hin ti v
tng lai.
i vi hnh ng give l when I came.
i vi hnh ng come l mt thi im no
trong qu kh.

Phn Voice: cho bit ngi ni mun ngi nghe tp trung vo phn no: ch th ca hnh ng hay
i tng b tc ng bi hnh ng?
o (Active): Nu trong tn th khng c phn Voice th l Active. Trong Active Voice, th t
din t l Ch th -> Hnh ng -> i tng b tc ng.
V d: Tom gave Rachel a flower. => Ngi ni ang ni v Tom.
o Passive: Ngi ni mun ngi nghe ch vo i tng b tc ng nn th t c o li l
i tng b tc ng -> Hnh ng -> (Ch th).
Bnh thng, phn Ch th trong Passive Voice hay c b i. V d: Rachel was given a
flower. => Ngi ni ang ni v Rachel.
Tuy nhin, trong 1 s trng hp, phn Ch th ny c nu ra nhn mnh s ch vo c
Ch th. V d: Rachel was given a flower by Tom. => ti chnh l Rachel. Tuy nhin,
ngi ni cng mun cho bit Tom chnh l ch th ca hnh ng give.

By gi chng ta hy th vn dng kin thc trn phn tch th.

V d 1: lp cng thc th Present Perfect Progressive cho ng t build.

Auxiliary
Tense aspects
Perfective
Progressive

Have +
+ p.p

Lexical

Be

+ V-ing

Thi gian Present c p dng cho phn u tin l Perfective - Have

Cng thc l: Has/have been building
V d 2: lp cng thc th Future Perfect Passive cho ng t build.
Auxiliary
Mood
(will, plan, )

Modal
+ inf

Tense aspects
Perfective

Voice

+ Have

+ p.p

Be

Lexical

+ p.p

Thi gian Present c p dng cho phn u tin l Modal Will/Shall

Cng thc l: Will/shall have been built
V d 3: lp cng thc th Conditional Progressive Passive cho ng t build.
Auxiliary
Mood
(will, plan, )

Tense aspects
Progressive

Modal

+ inf

Be
+ V-ing

Voice

Be

Lexical

+ p.p

Thi gian Present c p dng cho phn u tin l Modal Would/Should

Cng thc l: Would/should be being built
V d 4: nhng ng ng t sau tng ng vi th no: will drink, will have bought, would be being sold,
talked, had been talking?
Ng ng t
will drink
will have bought
would be being sold
talked
had been talking

Mu
Modal will + V
Modal will + Perfective + V
Modal would + Progressive + Passive + V
(Past) V
(Past) Perfective + Progressive + V

V d 5: Nn dng th no cho cc tnh hung sau:

1- Ti 8g ti qua th ti lm xong 20 bi tp.

Tn th
Future Simple
Future Perfect
Conditional Progressive Passive
Past Simple
Past Perfect Progressive

2- Anh xe m ang b cng an chn li.

3- n ht thng ny th ngi trng tn ti c 50 nm.
4- Vo m , khi Raph tnh dy th Splinter hn m 2 ting.
Tnh
hung
1

Du hiu

Tn th

Hnh ng: lm
Thi gian din ra: 8g ti qua => Past
Lm xong => hon thnh => Perfective
Hnh ng: chn
Thi gian din ra: thi im ni => Present
ang => ang din ra => Progressive
Anh xe m l ch ng nhng khng phi ch th hnh ng => Passive
Hnh ng: tn ti
Thi gian din ra: cui thng ny => Future
tn ti c xx nm => din ra trong bao lu => Perfective
Hnh ng: tnh dy
Thi gian din ra: vo m => Past

Past Perfective

Present Progressive
Passive

Future Perfect
Past Simple cho tnh dy
Past Perfect cho hn m

Hnh ng: hn m
Thi gian din ra: vo m => Past
hn m 2 ting => din ra trong bao lu => Perfective
V d 6: Cng lc ni v vic Tom tng hoa cho Rachel nhng Bi, Bo, To, T, li dng th khc nhau:
Bi: Tom will give Rachel a flower.
Bo: Tom gave Rachel a flower.
To: Tom has given Rachel a flower.
T: Tom has given Rachel a flower yesterday.
Ai ng? Ai sai?
3 ngi u ng. Bi dng th Future Simple v Bi ngh hnh ng cha xy ra. Bo dng th Past Simple v
Bo ch mun nhn mnh l c vic xy ra v c th Bo bit thi im xy ra hnh ng. To th khc. To
dng th Present Perfect v To mun nhn mnh l vic hon thnh trc thi im ni.
Ch c T sai. T nu thi im din ra hnh ng l qu kh - yesterday nn khng th dng th Present
Perfect c. T c th dng Past Simple hay Past Progressive (trong trng hp Tom tng hoa c ngy hm
qua v qua ti hm nay mi xong )

n y, chc chn bn nm c th v cng hiu c: Th ni ring (v ngn ng ni chung) l phng

tin gip ngi ni m t v hnh ng theo quan im ca mnh. Do , khng c g l khi cng mt hnh
ng c th c din t bng nhiu th khc nhau bi nhiu ngi ni khc nhau hay ca chnh mt ngi ni
vo cc thi im khc nhau.
Hy th t mnh vn dng v phn tch cch dng th ca ngi khc. Bn s thy thm nhiu iu th v lm
y .