DIAGRAMS AND APPARATUS

10

1. Bridge
2. 12.5mm diameter pipes
3. The inlet 3-way valve
4. Pitot tube
5. Orifice
6. 9.0mm diameter pipes
7. tank
8. outlet valve
9. Outlet hose
10. Pedals

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
1.1 General Start-up Procedures
1. The study bench on the hydraulic bench was placed.
2. The inlet and outlet hose was set up.
3. The stand of the equipment was adjusted to reach the horizontal position.
1.2 General Shut-down Procedures
1. The valves was closed and the pump was switch off.
2. The orifices, paddle and other accessories from the cylindrical vessel was removed.

Experiment 1: Free Vortex

Procedures:
1. The general start up procedures was performed.
2. An orifice with diameter 24mm was selected and was placed it on the base of cylinder
tank.
3. The output valve was closed and the inlet 3-way valve was adjusted to let the water
flows into the tank from two pipes with 12.5 mm diameter. The water was flow out
through the orifice.
4. The pump was switch on and the control valve on the hydraulic bench was opened
slowly until the tank limit. The water level water was maintained by adjusting the control
valve.
5. When water level was stable, the vortex profile was collected by measuring the vortex
diameter for several using planes the profile measuring gauge.
6. The profile measuring gauge was pushed down until the both of sharp point touch the
water surface.
7. The measured height, h was recorded which (from the top of the profile measuring
gauge to the bridge). The value of a (distance from the bridge to the surface of the water
level (bottom level of the cutout)) was obtained.
8. The pitot tube was used to measured the velocity by sinking it into the water at the depth
of 5mm from the water surface. The depth of the pitot tube in the water, H was
measured.
9. Steps 3 8 was repeated for another three orifice with different diameter 12mm, 16mm
and 8mm respectively.
10. The coordinates of vortex profile for all diameter of orifice in graph was plotted and the
gradient of graph was calculated as shown below.
X = profile measuring gauge whole length (330mm) - h a
Where:
x = the pressure head/depth of the pitot tube
h = height (mm)

a = distance from the bridge to the surface of the water level (mm)
11. The graph of velocity which is calculated from the pitot tube reading versus the radius of
the profile was plotted.
V = (2gH)0.5
Theoretically, the velocity was calculated by using the following equation:

V=

K
r

Experiments 2: Forced Vortex

Procedures:
1. The general start-up procedure was performed.
2. A closed pump was placed with two pedals on the base of the cylinder tank.
3. The output valve was closed and the inlet 3-way valve was adjusted to let the water
flows into the tank from the two pipes with 9.0 mm diameter. The water was flow out
through another two pipes with 12.5mm diameter.
4. The water flow was flow out from the tank with the siphon effect by raising the hose to
above the water level in the tank.
5. The outlet hose was fill with water before to let the water to flow into the sump tank in the
hydraulic bench.
6. The angular speed of the pedals was measured by counting the number of circle in a
certain times.
7. The surface probe was pushed down until the sharp point touch the water surface.
8. The height, h0 (from top the measuring gauge to bridge) was recorded.
9. The step 4-8 was repeated with different volumetric flow rate.
10. The coordinates of vortex profile was plotted for different angular velocity.
11. The calculated vortex profile was plotted in the same graph as they related as
h = h 0 + r2
Both experimental and calculated profile was compared.

REFERENCES

APPENDICES