( : Rhdium)

45
102,9055. "Rh"
9 ,
5 d-block, 2
.
1964 C 3695 C.[1]
""
"" ,
.
,
" ", PGM, Platinum Group
Metals PGE, Platinum Group Elements.

, , , .

, . ,


Na3 [RhCl6 ].12H2 O.[6] ,

.[4]
O .
-
, 1820
. ,
-
.
PGM
(Humphry
Davy) 1817,
.[4] , (The'nard) --
.
,
, ,
.[7]
1908, (Sir William Crookes)
Johnson Matthey , , .
Crookes
, ,
.[4]

, , , , ,
.
1803
. PGM
,
.
-
[2]
: 1 Kg
80.000 2010.
,
, . .
, 103 Rh.

,
.

1803[3] (William
Hyde Wollaston),
[4] . , , .[5]

, ,
, NH4 Cl, ,
(NH4 )2 PtCl6 . ,

2 - -
2009
22 (719.000 )
15,5 (542.000
).[8]
2007 2.470 .[9]
1

2 - -

(Great Dyke)[10] PGM ( 8.000
).[16]
PGM

.
(Choco) , (Witatersrant) . .

2007 (25,5 822.000 )

2.1

PGM , , ,
.
, .
, , PG,
:
Bushveld[10]
(>
80%).
7 % Rh.[11]
--PGM
(Taimyr)
(Norilsk)
(Monchegorsk)
. 3
% Rh.[11]
.
(Stillwater)
... 1987.[12]
(Sudbury)
,
. (Hawk Ridge) (Manitoba).[14]
Sudbury
,
.[15]

PGM, . Rh ""
65 % 90 %.

2.2


20 .[12]
PGM . .

,
, , . '
,
4 7 .[17] ,
" ",

PGM,
, .
100
1000 .
.
,
,
, . , 1400 ,

.
1500 C

2.4

, : 2(NH4 )3 RhCl6 + 3H2 2Rh + 6NH4 Cl + 6HCl

. . - 2.4
, Stillwater ... 850.000
,
15,5 PGM[18]
,
100 /, 1600 C ,
, "" (matte)
PGM . matte , , ,
MBq[. 1] /g PGM
PGM.

2.3

PGM
.[17]
, .

: PGM (Au) / (Ag)
. (Pt), (Pd)
Au. . (Ru),
(Os), (Rh), (Ir) Ag .
(Pb)
(HNO3 ) Ag
Pb (AgNO3 ) (PbNO3 ).
Ru, Os, Rh, Ir.
(aHSO4 ) ,
(),
Rh2 (SO4 )3 ,[13] (Ru, Os, Ir) .
(NaOH), (), Rh(OH)3 , (HCl) , H3 RhCl6 . (NaNO2 ) (NH4 Cl),
(NH4 )3 [Rh(NO2 )6 ]. HCl
,
(NH4 )3 RhCl6 .[19] , 1000 C

. Ru. Pd 107 Pd, Rh

.

()
3 % w/w 235
400 g . ' 102m Rh 2,9 20
, 2,9
50 %.
,

1 Ci[. 2] . , 8,1 Ci/g
5 8 4,1 Ci,
11 2,2 Ci, 14
1,1 Ci, 17 0,55 Ci
20 0,27 Ci/g. 30
, 0,00027
Ci,
. 102m Rh ( 3,68109 g/Kg
) .
,


,
.[20]

.
(13 ) (19
),[22] ,
,
[23] , Ir, ,
PGM.
0,9 .[13]

.

: 2015 C
105 Atm 1 Atm 3724 C.

.
20 2013 8.00 ( ), 1.265 / 30.670
/Kg.[21]
2010 2.645
/ 1,6 , 2,4
150 .
1992
2004 940 /,
2005
19 2008 10.100
/.[21]
2008 ,

3 2009 1.950 - [. 3]
/, -
2010.[21]
,
Wall Street .[24]
' 196 C. (Young)
. - Ir
- Pt Pd.
' .

4
4.1

0 C 100 C,
145 W/(m.K).[24]
PGM.

76 % 82 %.[24] ,
PGM.

.
PGM Ir
. 8
.

4.2

Rh
= 380,4 pm

' . d
.
Rh

-

4.2

.

.
' d-block ( d
diffuse ).[25]
( KJ/mol) Rh+ Rh9+ [13] Rh,
"" :
7p

7s
6s

6p

6d

5f

5d

4f
5p

5s

3p

3s
2p

(NaOCl).
(CN) 700 C 11 mg Rh/cm2 ,

(Na2 CO3 ) 920 C
0,48 mg/cm2 . (KHSO4 ) 440 C 11 mg Rh/cm2
.[24]

4d

3d

300 - 1000 C, 2 (), Rh2 O3 ,

1000 C:[28]

4p

4s

NaOH,
, 10 g.[24]

2s

1s

4Rh + 3O2 2Rh2 O3

(IV), RhO2
400 C 900 C 2
' , 3500 Atm:[28]
: Rh3+ + 3e-
Rh (+ 0,8 V)
Rh + O2 RhO2
,
RhO 1000
(. )
C, Rh2 O 1100
.
C.
, [28]
, . Rh 400
C 6 Atm :
.
2Rh + 5F2 2RhF5
.

[26] (RhF4 , RhF6 ) .

2---.[27] () :
800 C :

Rh

(
2Rh + 3Cl2 2RhCl3
, , )
. - 45 % HBr/Br2 400 C
100 C HBr 60 Br2 :
% H2 SO4 96 %.[24]

2Rh + 3Br2 2RhBr3 ()

. (1 , 410 C, , - 400 C :
20 % 100 % 2 ), 8 cm2
2Rh + 32 2Rh3 ()
20 30 mg -

.
(), RhCl3 , , . LD50 [. 6]
RhCl3 Sprague-Dawley 198 mg/
kg
215 mg/kg. , .[36]

, 103 Rh.
101 Rh, 102 Rh, 102m Rh 99 Rh 3,3 16,1 . .
' 1
.
-
102m Rh 101m Rh.
103

Rh , .
, '
103 Ru - -
103 Pd .

7
6

, .


.[29]
[30] 5 ppm , .
1993 2008

.[31]
OSHA,[. 4] 0,1 mg/m3[32]
0,001 mg/m3 ,[33]
8 , 40
.
NIOSH,[. 5]

100 mg/m3 ,[34]
2 mg/m3 .[35] , 30
.[32]

20 C.

. .

(
)
,

. ,

.[25]
Rh+3
Rh+4 ,
"" :
+3 0 (
.. 0 Rh2 (PF3 )8 )
+6. ,
.
(), Rh2 O3 (IV)
(RhO2 ) (RhO2 xH2 O). (V)
-, Sr3 LiRhO6 -, Sr3 NaRhO6
..
() , RhCl3 , ,
RhCl3 .32 ,[. 7] (IV), RhF4 , (V), RhF5 (VI),
RhF6 .
Rh(H2 O)6 3+ ,
(.. RhCl(H2 O)5 2+ ).
Rh(OH)3 .3H2 O Na3 RhCl6 .

7.2

7.1

Wilkinson

7
,
- , Rh2 Cl2 (C2 H4 )4 , RhCl3 .3H2 O.[28] Rh+3 [Rh(NH3 )5 Cl]Cl2

.[28]

( )
.
.
- 7.2
+1, +2, +3 +4 d : d8 , d7 , d6 d5 .

Wilkinson

Wilkinson

Wilkinson

()()
RhCl(PPh3 )3 Ph
, C6 H5 . Ph3 P
.[39]
Wilkinson
RhH(CO)(Tppts)3 [. 8] -
.

() , .. .
- [19]
- .
trans--() (), transRhCl(CO)((PPh3 )2 - 7.3 Monsanto
-()

(),
RhH(CO)(PPh3 )3 .
, (C6 H5 )3 P PPh3 ), cis---, cis, .[37]
[Rh(CO)2 I2 ]- ,
().[19] , CH3 OH,
, CH3 COOH. Monsanto.[40] () - 99%
6[19][. 9] .. 3060 Atm [RhF6 ]3- .
150200 C. Monsanto

0.

Cativa,[41] [38]
:
-,
Rh2 (CO)8 ,
-
Rh6 (CO)16

. ,
Rh4 (CO)12 -
.[37]
.[37]

8
8.1

2006 2007, 80 %[42]

. Rh


()
: 2NO xO2 + N2 .
. 2007,
5,7 . 22 , 1/4.[42]
Rh
..
( Monsanto),
[. 11]
,[43]
[44] ..

8.2

" "
.
"
".
""[. 12]
, Ag2 S
, H2 S .
,

,
.[45]
, , , .. ,
(, ,
) .
(Guinness Book of
World Records), 1979 K
(Paul McCartney)[. 13]
.[46] , , " " " " .

8.3

.
, , ,

.[47]
:
[48]
,
.
87 % 13
% , 1000 C - 1650 C.[49]
, [50]

.

" "

, ..

,[51]
- .

9
Graf
von Faber-Castell[52] Caran dAche,[53]
.

. 1936 Amaldi
Fermi
[54]

.

[1] Becquerel (Bq) SI.

1 Bq = 1 /s. 1 MBq = 106 Bq
[2] 1 (Ci)
1 Bq . 1 Ci = 3,71010 Bq .
3,71010 /
[3]
(malleability) (ductility).

.

.
[4] Occupational Safety and Health Administration. ...

.
[5] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
" " ... ,
,
, .
[6] , ,
LD50 ,


. LD50
,
.
[7] ()

[8] : -() (). Tppts

PPh3 SO3 - Na+

[9] ligands . , , ()
, .
[10] Rh
[11]
[12] 92.5% w/w
7.5% w/w .
925 .
[13] Sir James Paul McCartney (1942-) ,

10
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[3] William Hyde Wollaston (January 1, 1804). On a
New Metal, Found in Crude Platina. Phil. Trans. R.
Soc. Lond 94: 419-430. http://upload.wikimedia.org/
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[4] W. P. Griffith (2003). Rhodium and Palladium Events
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[8] Platinum 2009 Interim Review, 17th November 2009
[9] O'Connell, Rhona (13 Apr 2007). Gold mine
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10

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10

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yzQSy7fThCQ&cd=1#v=onepage&q=cativa%
20process&f=false.

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2008-09-16.

11

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and Catalysis Letters 48: 547. doi:10.1007/BF02162706.
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through World History). Greenwood Press. ISBN
978-0-31333-507-5.
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Inorganic chemistry. Pearson Education Limited.
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[52] Guilloche luxury pen range by Graf von Faber-Castell

[53] Caran D'Ache Ecridor Type 55 Rhodium Fountain Pen
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11

Brooks, Robert R. (1992). Noble Metals and

Biological Systems: Their Role in Medicine, Mineral

Lide, David R. (2004). CRC Handbook of

Chemistry and Physics: A ready-reference book of
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chemistry%22&source=bl&ots=EF4qHL8__-&
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ved=0CGkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=false.
28 2014.

12

13

Miller, Ron (2004). The elements: What you Really

want to know. Lerner Publishing Group. ISBN 07613-2794-0.
Morrison, Robert Thornton. Boyd, Robert Neilson
(1988). (3 ) (4 ).
. ISBN 0-1364-3669-2.
http://195.251.197.63/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=
1390175V69YV8.102099&profile=clib-$-$1&
uri=link=3100006~{}!1065714~{}!3100001~{}!
3100002&aspect=subtab13&menu=search&ri=
2&source=~{}!uoi_library&term=%CE%9F%
CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%
B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CF%87%CE%B7%
CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1&index=
ALTITLE. 28
2014. (: , ;
, .; ,
.; ..).
, . (1994).
. : . ISBN 960-343-272-5.
M, .. . .
Pauling, Linus (1988). General Chemistry (3
). Dover Publications. ISBN 978-048665622-9.
Schwartz, Mel (2002). Encyclopedia and Handbook
of Materials, Parts and Finishes (2 ). CRC
Press. ISBN 978-15667-6661-6.
Smith, Warren J. (2007). Modern Optical
Engineering: the design of optical systems (4
). McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN
978-007-147-687-4.
Sowa Jr., John R. (2005). Catalysis of Organic
Reactions (Chemical Industries) (1 ). CRC
Press. ISBN 0-8247-2729-0.
T, . (2001).
. : .
ISBN 978-96043-1754-7.

12

13
Theodore Gray : Elements Display
Pictures of Rhodium, its minerals and applications
Mineral Species containing Rhodium (Rh )
The Periodic Table of Videos : Rhodium
KITCO Rhodium Prices Charts
Library of Inorganic Structures : Rh

13

14
14.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

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TXiKiBoT, YonaBot, SieBot, BotMultichill, Sotkil, Loveless, PipepBot, Xhmikos, Ttzavaras, BodhisattvaBot, CarsracBot, JAn Dudk,
Nikosguard, Costas78, Luckas-bot, ArthurBot, , Xaris333, Xqbot, TjBot, GrouchoBot, EmausBot, Materialscientist, HRoestBot,
Movses-bot, MerlIwBot, Vagobot, Spiros790, JYBot, Dexbot, Francois-Pier, Gts-tg, Jim Vallianos : 4

14.2

Images

:Activity_of_pt_group_metals_from_uranium_fission.png : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/
3b/Activity_of_pt_group_metals_from_uranium_fission.png : Public domain : Transferred from
en.wikipedia to Commons by Vinhtantran. : Cadmium at Wikipedia
:Aufgeschnittener_Metall_Katalysator_fr_ein_Auto.jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/
Aufgeschnittener_Metall_Katalysator_f%C3%BCr_ein_Auto.jpg : CC BY-SA 2.0 : Originally from
de.wikipedia; description page is (was) here : User Stahlkocher on de.wikipedia
:Commons-logo.svg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg : Public
domain : This version created by Pumbaa, using a proper partial circle and SVG geometry features. (Former versions
used to be slightly warped.) : SVG version was created by User:Grunt and cleaned up by 3247, based on the earlier
PNG version, created by Reidab.
:Cubic-face-centered.svg
:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg
: CC-BY-SA-3.0 : Cubic, face-centered.png: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Cubic,_face-centered.png'
class='image'><img
alt='Cubic,
face-centered.png'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/d/d7/Cubic%2C_face-centered.png/32px-Cubic%2C_face-centered.png' width='32' height='30' srcset='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cubic%2C_face-centered.png/48px-Cubic%2C_face-centered.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cubic%2C_face-centered.png/64px-Cubic%2C_face-centered.png 2x'
data-file-width='145' data-file-height='135' /></a> Lattice face centered cubic.svg: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg' class='image'><img alt='Lattice face centered cubic.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg/32px-Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg.png' width='32' height='29'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg/48px-Lattice_face_centered_
cubic.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg/64px-Lattice_face_
centered_cubic.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='399' data-file-height='359' /></a> : Original PNGs by Daniel Mayer
and DrBob, traced in Inkscape by User:Stannered
:EcRh.svg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/EcRh.svg : Public domain : : Xhmikos
:Greek_wiktionary_logo.png : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Greek_wiktionary_logo.png
: CC BY-SA 3.0 : File:Wiktprintable.svg, Transferred from el.wikipedia to Commons by MARKELLOS using
CommonsHelper.
: meta:User:Smurrayinchester, ::Assassingr
:LinkFA-star.png : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/LinkFA-star.png : CC-BY-SA3.0 : ? : ?
:Pd_supply_2007_(822000_oz).png
:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Pd_supply_2007_
%28822000_oz%29.png : Public domain : :
Xhmikos
:Presious_metals_price5.svg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Presious_metals_price5.svg
: Public domain : : Xhmikos
:RhCatalystAnimation.gif : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/RhCatalystAnimation.gif : CC BY-SA 3.0 : : Daniele Pugliesi
:Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Rhodium_powder_
pressed_melted.jpg : CC BY-SA 3.0 de : : Alchemisthp (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Alchemist-hp' title='User talk:Alchemist-hp'>talk</a>) www.pse-mendelejew.de
:Rhodium_prices.png : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Rhodium_prices.png :
Public domain : : Xhmikos
:Transparent.gif : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Transparent.gif : Public domain
: : Edokter
:White-gold--rhodium-plated.jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/White-gold--rhodium-plated.
jpg : CC BY-SA 3.0 : : Schtone
:Wilkinsons-catalyst-2D.png : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Wilkinson%27s-catalyst-2D.png
: Public domain : : Benjah-bmm27

14.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0