(palladium) , 46 .

106,42. "Pd". 10, 5 d-block

, 2
.
, 1554,9 C
2963 C.[1]

1803
"" .

, , , , ,
. [. 1] ,
.
,
" ", PGM, Platinum Group
Metals.
,
, .
,

.

.
, ,
, , .

102, 104, 105, 106,
108 110.

William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)

,
, 1803, .[2]
.

1805.[3]
, 1826.[4]
,
(NaOH) .
, (NH4 Cl),
.
(PdCN) , Hg(CN)2 . -

1803[2]
[. 2] (William Hyde
Wollaston). 1804
"". " ",
1

2 - -

.
Pl,
1814 (Jns Jakob
Berzelius) Pa[5]
Pd.
1803 - 1821, o 255 302 ( 89 % w/w) 47000
,[2]

-

. (Royal Observatory Greenwich)
(Edward Troughton)
1812.[2]
(Norton Johnson),
Johnson
Matthey, 1837 80 % 20 % . Pd
.[2]
1840,
(Alfred Smee)
" " .[6]
1866 (Thomas Graham),
, 600


"-".[2] 19 ,
Na2 [PdCl4 ] 2 [PtCl4 ],

-. .
(
PGMs) 19 .
(Thnard) ,

.[2]
20 ,
[4] : 1924 PGMs , 1930
, 1931
Heraeus Kulzer GmbH

. 1970, , .

2 - -

2007[7] (8585000 )

2007, , 50%
, ,
...[7]

. ,
, , .[8]

, '
.


2008 1.600.000 6.100.000
.[9] Pd ""
80 %
96 %.

2.1

PGM , ,

2.3

. -
1 (31,135 g) .
.
PGEs, -
,
- [15]

:
. , ,[4] , Bushveld - ,
PGM. - , 2,1 ,
96.000 Km2 .[10] PGM - , " ".[16] ,
32 % Pd.[11]
PGM,
,
--PGM .
(Taimyr)
(Norilsk) . ,
(Monchegorsk)
. PGM 1500 C, PGM 67 % Pd.[11] ,
.[13]
, .
(Stillwater)
... PGM,
2,7 .
3,14 - ,
100 /, .
() (Sudbury) 1600 C . ,
(Hawk Ridge) , (Manitoba) , "" (matte)
PGMs . matte (Lac des Iles).[14]
, , ,
(Great Dyke) . PGMs.
PGM ( 8.000 ) 2,5
[10]
.
PGM


.
.

(Choco) ,
(Witwatersrand) . .

2.2

. ,
3 7 12

2.3 -
PGMs .
,
. :
PGM (Au) / (Ag) , matte
(AuCl4 - )
(PtCl6 2- )
, H2 PdCl4 . () AuCl3 () (FeCl2 ), -

, Ford, '
,

, 1
75 %.[20]

4
4.1

,(NH4 )2 PtCl6 , , NH4 Cl. H2 PdCl4 .[17] Pd PdCl2 (NH3 )2

(3 ) (HCl). .[12]

Pd,
= 389,07 pm

/
1992 2009 [18]

2014 ( - ) 792 / [19] .
20 ,
.
2000,
PGM 2001

.[4]

956 /. 2001 1090 /.

1981 1553,85
C.[21] 2004 [22]
1552,95 C0,21 K
1554,9 C
23 [1]

. Pd
[23] PGMs.


. , .[8]

( 5s
4d, )
. [. 3] PGMs

4.2

.

: 1721 C
105 Atm 1 Atm 3234 C.
[. 4]
12 %
' . 28 Vickers
.[1] Brinell[. 5] 308,9 MPa.
. 10%, 598,2 MPa.[24] 774,7 MPa
90%.
196 C.[24] 100
nm (=107 m).[8]

Pd 26
0 C 100 C,
74 W/(m.K) 27 C 75.3 W/(m.K), Pt
PGM.[24]
200 C (75 W.m1 .K1 ) 700 C (93
W.m1 .K1 )
,
.[24]

4.2
'
( ) .

d
. Pd 4s2 2p6 4d9
5s1 4s2 2p6
4d10 ,
, PGM.
Pd

.

.
'
d-block ( d
diffuse ).[25]
( KJ/mol) Pd+ Pd10+

Pd,
"" :
7p

7s
6s

6p

6d

5f

5d

4f
5p

5s

4d
4p

3d

4s
3p

3s
2p

2s

1s

54 % 67 %.[24]
, Pd
, ,
.
' ,

: Pd2+ + 2e- Pd
, - (+ 0,987 V)
. 25 C (1107 S/m) ,
24 .[1] (. )
1 % .
(Te), 1,661107 ,
S/m 1 % ' , .
(Au) 1,54108 S/m . -
. Pd - (Pd-H). Pd.[24]
. 107
105 cm, 900
.[8] , '

.

20 C, [24]

20 C, .

260
C

Pd

Cl2 :
40 %,
[24]
36 %, 96 %.
Pd + Cl2 PdCl2 ()
100 C, 36 %,
60 % HBr/Br2 500 C :
96 %.[8]

Pd + Br2 PdBr2 ()
"" PdF3 Pd2+ PdF6 2- :
(PdCl2 .2H2 O)
.
2Pd + 3F2 2PdF3 ()
.
[24]
.
(1 , 410 C,
, 100 % 2 ), 8 cm2 Pd 3,6 g NaOH,
, 5 g. 25 % 20 % 2 , NaOH
8 cm2 Pd 1 410 C, 7 g . NaOH 350 C ,
1,92 mg Pd/cm2 .
[24]
(NaOCl), (CN) () (CuCl2 ),
100 C. CN 700 C , 320 mg Pd/cm2 , PGM.
(Na2 CO3 ) 920 C 1,08 mg/cm2
. (KHSO4 )
4,32 mg Pd/cm2
440 C. (Na2 O2 ) 3,6 mg
Pd/cm2 350 C.
2
2 (PdO):[12]
2Pd + O2 PdO ()
700 C 870 C.[26]

Pd [26]

PdF3 F2 300 C PdF4 ,

Pd4+ :
2PdF3 + F2 2PdF4 ( )
,[24] ([F]) 900-1700 Pa :
Pd + 6[F] PdF6 ( )
PdF6 [26]
Pd
20 C.

4.3

,
, 10
' . :
C-C.
, .. C=O, OH.
.
.

, .
.

7

Lindlar.[27]

1952 H. Lindlar
(CaCO3 )
.
, , cis-.

Pd2 (dba)3 .
A Heck ( Mizoroki - Heck)[28][31]
Pd(PPh3 )4 ,
PdCl2 (CH3 COO)2 Pd .
Tsuji - Trost.[32]
Pd(PPh3 )4 ).
A Suzuki ( MiyauraSuzuki).[28][30]
Pd(PPh3 )4 .
Hiyama.[33] "" sandwitch

()(),
3 C3 H5 )2 Pd2 Cl2
Sonogashira.[34]
Pd(PPh3 )4
PdCl2 (PPh3 )2 .
Negishi.[30] Pd(PPh3 )4
.
Buchwald-Hartwig.[33][35] Pd2 (dba)3 .

5
Pd(PPh3 )4

Pd
""
CO.[28]
..
(coupling reactions, )
(Tsuji) (Trost)
.[28] 2010 (Richard Heck, 1931-) Delaware (Ei-ichi
Negishi, 1935-) Purdue
(Akira Suzuki, 1930-)
Hokkaido, Nobel

[29] :

102 ( 1.02 %), 104 (11.04 %),
105 (22.33 %), 106 (27.33 %), 108 (26.46 %) 110
(11.72 %). 110 Pd ( >61015 )
107 Pd
6.5106 . 100 Pd,
101
Pd 103 Pd
(Rh)
, 107 Pd, 109 Pd,
- (Ag)
111 Pd, 112 Pd 111 Cd 112 Cd .[36]

6 -

Stille
(
Kosugi-MigitaStille)[30] 6.1
Pd
()(0),

.
,
.

,
.


.
, , ,
.
, . ,

,

.
.
, (PdCl2 ),
0,065 g [37]
, , , ,
.
,
.

Pd.

6.2

7
(
)

,

. ,
.[25]
Pd+2
Pd+4 "" :
+2 +4.
-
+3, Pd
+2 +4. ,
+6.
:
, PdH.
Pd . PdH,, PdH,. H:Pd
= 0,83:1.
A2 PdH4 (A = Rb, Cs) A3 PdH5
(A = K, Rb, C).[26]

.
0,4 ppm.
3
ppm.[37]
. PGMs .
- ()
. ,

(
)

(),
(CH3 COO)2 Pd.
PGMs (International Platinum Group
..
Metals Association - IPA) .
, , ,

,
[26] .
.[38]

7.1

(CH3 COOCH=CH2 ) .

O2 .

9
1015 % mole ( ) 0.1 % mole ( ). '
, PdSiO, ,

(SiO).[28] Pd69 (CO)36 (PEt3 )18
Pd145 (CO)(PEt3 )30 .[28]

PdCl2

(), PdCl2 .
PdCl2 (CH2 =CH2 ) (,
CH3 CHO) 19 .[28]
, PdCl2
. PdCl2 . ,

.

(CO)
Pd.

[17] : PdCl2 + CO +
H2 O Pd + CO2 + 2HCl.

.[39]

7.1

19
[Pd(NH3 )4 ]PdCl4 (Vauqelins salt)[26] 1813,
, , L.N. Vauquelin.
,

Pd(PPh3 )4

0.
PdCl2
Pd(PR3 ) P
, n = 2, 3, 4 R
Bu, Et, cy, Me, Pr, bz, Ph.[. 6][26]

()(0),
Pd[P(C6 H5 )3 ]4 , Pd(PPh3 )4 ,
PdP4 ,
, [28]
.
[PdCl4 ]2- , (), Wacker
Hoechst-Wacker 95
% 50-130 C 3-10 tm.[4] .

.

4 .[28]
Tsuji - Wacker '
PdCl2 .[40]

10

8 -

, . , 8.1
Ag-Pd. (
. 50 %)
[41]
HIC.
' . To Pd
Diesel - () - . ,
Pd Pt.[4] -
Pd . ,
1970, -
.
. 1980 2005
. ,
- 8.3

,
, ,
- 1939
( -
.
, Al2 O3 ).
Pd
C-C C-F.[42]

8.2

( 15 %)
.
,
.
,
.

(MLCC).[41] ' ,
( Pd
Pd-Ag) .
1990, MLCC 1997
, ,
.

(HIC).

,

" ".[41] ' ,
" ", .
2001
[43]
.


2004 .
, -

8.5

11

, 2005, . , 21 % - 90 %
.[44]
. 103 Pd
[45]
Royal Palladium

[48]
125
,

.
1800, 2+
Pd .
, , E.coli.[49] 2+
, Pd , E. coli
. ,
, - .
, .

8.4

8.5 -
2001 ,

,
.[46] 1980,
Pd .
1996 - 2003, . ,
2010
Pd .

, .

. ,
,
"" .
PGMs .[4]
Pd ,

20 % Pd.
" kinpala"[47]
90 % .
. () 103 Pd
.

, .[4]
-

. Pd , ,
.[4]
. PdCl2

.

. 1904, .
' .

300 mg . 1968 ""
' PGMs.

, [50]
900
.[. 8]

.[51] , ,
Norilsk Nickel ,
2003 [52]
.
, .

12

- (TCE, ClHC=CCl2 )
- (PCE, Cl2 C=CCl2 ) , . , , . ,
.
,


.[4]
(> 1
mg/L),[53] in situ
( ) , , TCE PCE
, : ClHC=CCl2 + 42 CH3 CH3 + 3HCl
Cl2 C=CCl2 + 5H2 CH3 CH3 + 4HCl. 99 %. 1,1,1-, 1,2 ,
.[53]

8 -

1885 Robert Louis

Stevenson. : 36,90 x 29,20 cm.

, ,
[55] 100 nm. 8.6 '

,
. 70
. ( ) 1800 1910
.[4]
Pd
1917. Pd () , 25 1970. '. 31,1 g
31/8/1989 12.000 .
. To - "" ISO 4217. - .[56]
"" , 1966
5 -
.[54] , - , , -
, , , , ... .. , (),[57]
.

13
[58]
, CD player, .

11
[1] WolframAlpha : Palladium

10

[1] What is a Troy Ounce?. ,

(troy ounce, ozt),
.
1 ozt = 31,1035 g. (ounce, oz) 1 oz = 28,3495
g
[2] William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
. 1801
. .
[3]
.
[4]
(malleability) (ductility).

.

.
[5] Brinell .

[2] W. P. Griffith (2003). Rhodium and Palladium - Events

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[6] Alfred Smee (1841). Elements of electro-metallurgy,
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[6] Me = (CH3 -), Et= (C2 H5 -),

Pr= (C3 H7 -), Bu= (C4 H9 -),
cy=
(-C6 H11 -),
bz=
(C6 H5 CH2 -), Ph= (C6 H5 -)
[7]

[8] (Gerhard Ertl),

Nobel 2007,
Pd, Pt Ni

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, & http://users.uoa.gr/~{}econom/pdf/PGE.pdf.
.
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[14] ., . (2006). P.G.M
. , . 1-23. http://www.geo.
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14

[15] Stillwater Mining Company

[16] Mining PGMs
[17] .. (1983). . 2. ,
, . 474.
[18]
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[22] F. Edler, M. Khne and E.Tegeler (2004). Noise
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[23] C.R.Hammond : THE ELEMENTS
[24] The PGM database
[25] ... . .
[26] Cotton S.A., Chemistry of Precious Metals, New York,
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pg=PA67&dq=Sharpless+reaction&cd=10#v=
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[39] .. (1986). .
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Restorative Dentistry : Superior physical properties
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to profit from major market moves. John Wiley &
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kinpala+alloy&source=bl&ots=LwbsuK31MR&sig=
gbdbCxcxX8RnSBUKx_v5QKF7pcs&hl=el&ei=
gc7dS7SrK5jYmwPNq6jSBw&sa=X&oi=book_
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v=onepage&q=kinpala%20&f=false.
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15

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Metallotherapeutic
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pg=PT446&lpg=PT446&dq=Palladium+in+
medicine&source=bl&ots=xoyq61OGA-&sig=dP4K5_
uLKQzh0LvZTPJBa7DJRvk&hl=el&ei=qXzgS_
ywONT2OeusrcAI&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&
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Palladium%20in%20medicine&f=false.
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uri=link=3100006~{}!1065714~{}!3100001~{}!
3100002&aspect=subtab13&menu=search&ri=
2&source=~{}!uoi_library&term=%CE%9F%
CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%
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CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1&index=
ALTITLE. 23
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ISBN 978-96043-1754-7.

13

Mining Glossary
National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) : Kinetics Database Resources
Chunks, leaf, catalytic converter
Mineral Species containing Palladium (Pd )
The periodic table of videos
Collection of 14 structures for the element Pd
24-hour Spot Chart - Palladium
The platino-palladiotype process
jewelpedia

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14
14.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

: https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF?
oldid=5571419 : Geraki, Templar52, YurikBot, Gerakibot, Aurilios, Dead3y3, Kostisl, Escarbot, Thijs!bot, JAnDbot,
Magioladitis, VolkovBot, Idioma-bot, TXiKiBoT, YonaBot, SieBot, Sotkil, AlleborgoBot, MARKELLOS, , Xhmikos,
DragonBot, Ttzavaras, Alexbot, BodhisattvaBot, MelancholieBot, Nikosguard, Costas78, Luckas-bot, ArthurBot, , JaadesA,
Medium69, Xaris333, Cleanthis, MastiBot, C messier, Xqbot, KamikazeBot, GrouchoBot, EmausBot, ManosHacker, ChuispastonBot,
HRoestBot, Movses-bot, MerlIwBot, Yobot, Rezabot, Vagobot, Spiros790, Dexbot, Pantis Anton, Francois-Pier, Gts-tg
: 3

14.2

Images

:25_rubles_palladium_1989_Ivan_III.jpg
:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/25_rubles_
palladium_1989_Ivan_III.jpg : Public domain : [1] :
:Commons-logo.svg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg : Public
domain : This version created by Pumbaa, using a proper partial circle and SVG geometry features. (Former versions
used to be slightly warped.) : SVG version was created by User:Grunt and cleaned up by 3247, based on the earlier
PNG version, created by Reidab.
:Cubic-face-centered.svg
:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg
: CC-BY-SA-3.0 : Cubic, face-centered.png: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Cubic,_face-centered.png'
class='image'><img
alt='Cubic,
face-centered.png'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/d/d7/Cubic%2C_face-centered.png/32px-Cubic%2C_face-centered.png' width='32' height='30' srcset='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cubic%2C_face-centered.png/48px-Cubic%2C_face-centered.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cubic%2C_face-centered.png/64px-Cubic%2C_face-centered.png 2x'
data-file-width='145' data-file-height='135' /></a> Lattice face centered cubic.svg: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg' class='image'><img alt='Lattice face centered cubic.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg/32px-Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg.png' width='32' height='29'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg/48px-Lattice_face_centered_
cubic.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg/64px-Lattice_face_
centered_cubic.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='399' data-file-height='359' /></a> : Original PNGs by Daniel Mayer
and DrBob, traced in Inkscape by User:Stannered
:EcPd.svg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/EcPd.svg : Public domain : : Xhmikos
:Greek_wiktionary_logo.png : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Greek_wiktionary_logo.png
: CC BY-SA 3.0 : File:Wiktprintable.svg, Transferred from el.wikipedia to Commons by MARKELLOS using
CommonsHelper.
: meta:User:Smurrayinchester, ::Assassingr
:LinkFA-star.png : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/LinkFA-star.png : CC-BY-SA3.0 : ? : ?
:NFPA_704.svg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg : Public domain
: : User:Denelson83
:Palladium(II)_acetate.jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Palladium%28II%29_acetate.jpg
: Public domain : ? : ?
:Palladium(II)_chloride.jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Palladium%28II%29_chloride.jpg
: Public domain : ? : ?
:Palladium.jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Palladium.jpg : CC BY 3.0 : http://images-of-elements.com/palladium.php : Jurii
:Palladium_1-noReflection.jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Palladium_1-noReflection.jpg
: CC-BY-SA-3.0 :
File:Palladium 1crop.jpg : Materialscientist (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Materialscientist'
title='User talk:Materialscientist'>talk</a>)
:Palladium_Plated_Belt_Buckle.jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Palladium_Plated_Belt_
Buckle.jpg : Public domain : ? : ?
:Pd_supply_2007_(8585000_).png : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Pd_supply_2007_
%288585000_%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%82%29.png : Public domain : : Xhmikos
:Robert_Louis_StevensonJune_1885.jpg
:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Robert_Louis_
StevensonJune_1885.jpg : Public domain : National Galleries of Scotland on Flickr :
Albert George Dew-Smith (1848-1903)
:Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0).PNG : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Tetrakis%
28triphenylphosphine%29palladium%280%29.PNG : Public domain : No machine-readable source
provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). : No machine-readable author provided. H Padleckas
assumed (based on copyright claims).

18

14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

:Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0).jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Tetrakis%
28triphenylphosphine%29palladium%280%29.jpg : Public domain : No machine-readable source
provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). : No machine-readable author provided. Walkerma
assumed (based on copyright claims).
:Transparent.gif : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Transparent.gif : Public domain
: : Edokter
:Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Wollaston_
William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg : Public domain : Scan from Platinum Metals Review, 2003, page 176
: John Jackson (17781831) - the artist
:__Pd_1992-2009.PNG : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%CE%94%CE%
B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8E%CE%
BD_Pd_1992-2009.PNG : Public domain : :
Xhmikos

14.3

Content license

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