(osmium) : 184 s, 187 Os, 188 Os, 189 Os, 190 Os

76 192 Os .
190,23. "Os".
8, 6 d-block
, 3 - 1
..

1803 "",
, ,
,
. , ,
, , ,
.
.[. 3]

(Smithson Tennant)
1803 (William Wollaston).

PGMs.
"" ( " ") 17 (Choc)
.[7]

, 1748.[8] ,
.
,
(Joseph Louis Proust) .[9] 1803, - (Victor Collet-Descotils),
(Antoine Franois) (Louis Nicolas Vauquelin) .[9]
,
(Smithson Tennant)[. 4] (Smithson Tennant)
. , [10]
.
ptene "" ().[11]

, .
,
. , cis-[Os(OH)2 O4 ]2- OsO4
. ,
OsO4 , . , .[11]
, -

.
3033 C (4 )
5012 C (4 ).

.[5]
:
22.590 (22,59 ).
,
" ", PGMs, Platinum Group
Metals.

(VIII), OsO4 ,
.
.
, , . (OsS2 )
74,78 % Os.[6]
,
PGMs, ,
,
, .
,

2 - -

21 1804.[12]
1828 o Berzelius
.
.
20 1828, , Wollaston
OsO4 .
19 , OsO4
.

.
1897 (Carl von Welsbach)

, 20 ,
[13] (Fritz Haber)[. 5]
[14] , .

.[11]

- -

( ). 15 - 40 %
80 - 50 % .[15]
. (
100 Kg )
.[16]

2.1

PGM , CuNi. , , ,
PG
Bushveld PGM
1 % Os[18] --PGM (Norilsk)
1 % Os.[18]
.,[19] Choco

.[20]

2.2 -

PGM . .

, , , .
' , 4 7 .[21]
, " ",
PGMs,

, .
100 1000
. .
-
,

, , .
, 1400 ,

.
1500 C
,
. . , Stillwater ... 850.000
,
15,5 PGM.[22]
,
100 /, 1600 C ,
, "" (matte)
PGMs . matte
, ,
, PGMs.[21]

2.3

PGMs
.[21]
, .

, , [23]
[24]
: (Au) /
(Ag) .
(Pt), (Pd)
Au. . (Ru), (Os),
(Rh), (Ir) Ag
. (HNO3 )
(Pb) Ag Pb
(AgNO3 Pb(NO3 )2 ).
Ru,
Os, Rh, Ir. (aHSO4 ) , (), Rh2 (SO)3 ,
(Ru, Os, Ir) , (Na2 O2 )

IrO2
Ru Os RuO4 2 OsO4 2- .
RuO4 OsO4 . RuO4 Ru
NH4 Cl . '
OsO4 ,
Na2 [OsO2 (OH)4 ]. (NH4 Cl) OsCl2 O2 (NH3 )4 .

: OsCl2 O2 (NH3 )4 + 3H2 Os + 2NH4 Cl
+ 2NH3 + 2H2 O

x 1000 USD/Kg

90
80
70

98,7

60,6

60

50

43,4

40

30
20

10

18,5

22,7
13,4

4,9 8,5

0,7

0 Rh Pt Au Pd Ir Os Re Ru Ag
15 2010

. 1930 1998,
:
1930 1946, 57
/, 1947 1964
109 / 1965 1998
346 /[26]

4
4.1

(spot)[. 6] 25 2016 380

/.[25]

99 %. , . - Os,
, = 273,44 pm
PGMs. , c = 431,73 pm

4
.

.
(22,59 g/cm3 ),
272,49
C.[27] ,
Pr3 Os4 Ge13
257,15 C.[28]
.
PGMs : 2889 C 105
Atm 1 Atm 4983 C.

Os.[32] , .
60 nm .[33]

Os . 19 4 PGMs ( ,
).[34]

[23] :
f
,
15



.
"".
6 .
,
(19,25 g/cm3 ), (21,02 g/cm3 ),
(22,56 g/cm3 ), (21,45 g/cm3 ),
(19,25 g/cm3 ) .

,
,
( Brinell Young) . 20 % Pt 80 % Os
578 HV
(560 HV).[28]

395 GPa 462 GPa
(443 GPa).
.[29]
.[35][36]
[11]
Pd 22.5870.009 g/cm3 22.562 0.009
Pt PGMs.[30]
g/cm3 .
20 g/cm3 .

4.2

(Os),
99,99%

. (n) (400 nm - 700 nm)
n 4,05
3,76[31] -

' ( ) .
d .
Os

.

.
d-block ( d
diffuse ).[37]
( KJ/mol) Os+ Os8+ Os,
"" :

7p

7s
6s

6p

6d

5f

5d

4f
5p

5s

4d
4p

3d

4s

Os:[15] Os
+ 2O2 OsO4

3p

3s
2p

2s

1s

Os

' ,
: Os2+ + 2e- Os
(+ 0,85 V) ,
(. ) .
,
,
,
.[24] Os 25 C. 100 C , , .[15]

+3.[24]
: OsF7 ,
OsF8 .[39] (V),
OsF5 , . , (VI)
.[24] (VI) 250300 C : Os + 3F2 OsF6
: () . (IV) OsCl4 . , 700 C : Os + 2Cl2 OsCl4
: () . (IV) OsBr4 330 C 120 Atm,
470 C 10 Atm : Os + 2Br2 OsBr4
: (), OsI3 ,
.

, H2 SO4 , , HF,
, HCl.
HCl 36 % HBr 36 % 100 C.
, HNO3 62 %
. Os ,
20 C 100 C.[3]
: 187 Os, 188 Os, 189 Os, 190 Os
192 Os. , 184 Os 186 Os,

, (KOH) - . 187 Os 187 Re ( OsO4 .2KOH[38]
4.56x1010 ) - -[40] 187 Os/188 Os. ,

187 Re/187 Os, (NaOCl) .[3] .
2
.
o Os(V), Os(VII) ,
Os(VI) OsO - .
4

OsOCl4 . (IV), OsO2 , OsO4 .[39]

(VIII), OsO4 , ,
300 - 800 C -

( )
- ( ),
65 .[41]

.
.[42]

OsO4 .
.[42]
OsO4
. ,
,
.[43] (VIII) , .[44]
OsO4 , ,
OsO2 ,
,
.[45]
.

,
M2 OsH6 (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)
Li4 OsH6 .[24]

OsF8 , - Os+8 ,
OsO2 F4 OsO3 F2 .[24]
(VIII), OsO4 ,
" ".[15] .[49]

Os(IV) (OsO2 )
. OsO4 , .
,
,
. ,
-C60 .[50] 1,2-,[51] :

(
) 7.1
,

. ,

.[37]
, , ,
: +8.[46]
Os +2 ([Os(CO)6 ]2+ ),
+3 (OsI3 ), +4 (OsBr4 ), +8 (OsO4 ). +1 (OsI), +5
(OsF5 ), +6 (OsF6 ), +7(OsOF5 ). 1 2 , Na2 [Os4 (CO)13 ] Na2 [Os(CO)4 ] ,
(cluster) .

.[47][48]
(IV), OsS2 .[38]
,

Os3 (CO)12

0 : Os(CO)5 , Os2 (CO)9 , Os3 (CO)12 , Os4 (CO) (x =

14, 15, 16), Os5 (CO) (y = 16, 18, 19), Os6 (CO) (z =
18, 21), Os7 (CO)21 , Os8 (CO)23 Os10 (CO)26 .
Os(II)

[Os(NH3 )5 (N2 )]2+

7
(3 ).
, 2
Os
NN OsNNOs, 2 .
,
.
2
3

3 .[52]
Os(VII) Os(VII) .. [Os(N)O3 ]
. , Os(VI) .. OsO2 X2 (PR3 )2
( = Cl, Br PR3 = PMe2 Ph, PEt2 Ph, PPh3 ,
[. 7] . ,
[OsO2 (OH)4 ]2 . d2
, ' +6.[15] cis-
(VIII),
OsO4 . , K2 [OsO2 (OH)4 ], OsO4 (KOH)
Sharpless[53]

.[54] -
OsH6 (PR3 )2 , OsH4 (PR3 )3 OsH2 (PR3 )4 , .. Os(NO)2 (PPh3 )2 , ,
-, - ..
() OsO4 ()

1897 , (Carl von Welsbach), , 1902.

,
.[11]

,
PGMs,

, , .
90 % 10 %


.[56]

OsO4 . . , C-C ,
-
-
. , , ,[59]
, 78 ,
- 45 33
.[55]

10

.[63]

9
[1] 630 KJ/mol
[2] 0 C 81,2 nm
[3] (troy ounce) . 1 =
31,1035 g 1 g = 32,1507 troy oz
[4] (1761-1815) .
1796 , , . 1804

[5] Fritz Haber (1868 - 1934). .
1918 " "
[6] spot
, . , ()
("")
[7] Me = = CH3 -, Et = = CH3 CH2 -)

Os, Ag, Au ()
() .
.[57][58]

(contrast)
.[60]
, (OsFeCN),
.[61]
, .
. ,
.[62]
( 100
nm)
(UV)
. .
-

10
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2&source=~{}!uoi_library&term=%CE%9F%
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, .; ,
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Theodore Gray : Elements Display

Mineral Species containing Osmium (Os)
Library of Inorganic Structures : Os
Pictures of Osmium, its minerals and applications
Molecule of the month : OsO4
BBC News Online. What is Osmium tetroxide

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14.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

: https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF?oldid=5994509 : , Templar52, FocalPoint, Gerakibot, Aurilios, Dead3y3, Kostisl, Escarbot, Diamond~elwiki, Magioladitis, FlaBot, VolkovBot, Domo
Arigato Misuta Roboto, Synthebot, TXiKiBoT, YonaBot, SieBot, Sotkil, AlleborgoBot, Loveless, MARKELLOS, Xhmikos, PixelBot,
Ttzavaras, Alexbot, BodhisattvaBot, MelancholieBot, Nikosguard, SilvonenBot, Costas78, Luckas-bot, Ptbotgourou, ArthurBot, Xaris333,
MastiBot, C messier, Xqbot, RedBot, TjBot, GrouchoBot, Nataly8, EmausBot, Alchemist-hp, Divineale, WikitanvirBot, HRoestBot,
MerlIwBot, Vagobot, Spiros790, Dexbot, SamoaBot, Francois-Pier, Gts-tg, Jim Vallianos : 3

14.2

Images

:Commons-logo.svg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg : Public

domain : This version created by Pumbaa, using a proper partial circle and SVG geometry features. (Former versions
used to be slightly warped.) : SVG version was created by User:Grunt and cleaned up by 3247, based on the earlier
PNG version, created by Reidab.
:EcOs.svg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/EcOs.svg : Public domain : : Xhmikos
:Greek_wiktionary_logo.png : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Greek_wiktionary_logo.png
: CC BY-SA 3.0 : File:Wiktprintable.svg, Transferred from el.wikipedia to Commons by MARKELLOS using
CommonsHelper.
: meta:User:Smurrayinchester, ::Assassingr
:Hexagonal_lattice.svg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Hexagonal_lattice.svg : CCBY-SA-3.0 : Crystal stucture : Original PNGs by Daniel Mayer, traced in Inkscape by User:
Stannered
:LinkFA-star.png : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/LinkFA-star.png : CC-BY-SA3.0 : ? : ?
:NASAmirroroxidation.jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/NASAmirroroxidation.jpg
: Public domain : NASA : NASA
:NFPA_704.svg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg : Public domain
: : User:Denelson83
:Os3(CO)12.png : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Os3%28CO%2912.png : Public
domain : : Smokefoot
:OsStaining.jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/OsStaining.jpg : CC BY-SA 3.0
: : Materialscientist (talk) at en.wikipedia
:Osmium_cluster.jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Osmium_cluster.jpg : CC
BY 3.0 : : Periodictableru www.periodictable.ru
:Osmium_crystals.jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Osmium_crystals.jpg :
FAL : : Alchemist-hp (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
User_talk:Alchemist-hp' title='User talk:Alchemist-hp'>talk</a>) (www.pse-mendelejew.de)
:Oso4mechanism.gif : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Oso4mechanism.gif : Public
domain : [1] : en:User:Lkosci3
:PGMprices15-5-2010.svg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/PGMprices15-5-2010.svg : Public domain : : Xhmikos
:Transparent.gif : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Transparent.gif : Public domain
: : Edokter

14.3

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