PHNG PHP CHUN AXIT BAZ

I. c im.
Dng phng php ny xc nh nng axit, baz.
L phng php phn tch th tch da trn phn ng chun :
H+ + OH- H2O
- Trong qu trnh chun nng ion H+ v ion OH- lun thay i ngha l pH dung
dch thay i.
- ng biu din s bin thin ca pH vi lng dung dch chun cho vo gi
l ng chun axit baz.
- xc nh im tng ng trong qu trnh chun , ngi ta dng cht ch th
axit baz.
II. Cht ch th axit-baz (cht ch th pH).
L nhng cht c mu thay i theo s thay i ca pH.
- Thng l nhng axit yu hu c (HInd) hoc baz yu hu c (IndOH), trong ,
dng axit (HInd; Ind+) v baz lin hp (Ind-; IndOH) c mu khc nhau.
- Trong dung dch cht ch th tn ti ng thi 2 dng axt v baz lin hp c mu
khc nhau:
H+ + Ind-

HInd

(a)

IndOH
Ind+ + OH(b)
- Nu nng ca chng hn km nhau khng qu 10 ln mt ta thy s tn ti ca
c 2 dng mu.
- Nu nng ca chng hn nhau t 10 ln tr ln, mt ta nhn thy mu ca dng c
nng ln hn.
V d: ch th metyldacam l axit yu (HInd) trong dung dch tn ti cn bng phn ly

HInd
H+ + Ind
Vng
Khi pH gim (ngha l nng H+ tng):cn bng chuyn dch v pha tri nng

HInd tng n khi

-

10, dung dch c mu .

Khi pH tng (ngha l nng H+ gim):cn bng chuyn dch v pha phi nng

Ind- tng n khi

10, dung dch c mu vng.

Mt s cht ch th axit baz thng dng

Tn thng dng

Dung mi

Mu dng axt Mu dng bazKhong pH i mu

Metyldacam
(Heliantin)

Nc

hng

vng

3,1 4,4

Bromphenol xanh
Brom crezol lc

Nc
Nc

Vng
Vng

Nu tm
Xanh

3,0 4,6
3,8 5,4

Metyl

Nc

hng

Vng

4,4 6,2

Brom thymol xanh

Phenol

Nc
Nc

Vng
Vng

Xanh

6,2 7,6
6,4 8,0

Thymol xanh

Nc

Vng

Xanh

8,0 9,6

Phenolphtalein

Ru 70%

Khng mu

8,0 9,8

Thymolphtalein

Ru 90%

Khng mu

Xanh

9,4 10,6

III.Chun axit baz

1. Chun n axit mnh bng n baz mnh v ngc li.
a. Chun n axit mnh bng n baz mnh.
Kho st s chun V0 (mL) dung dch axit mnh HA c nng C0(M) bng
dung dch baz mnh BOH c nng C (M), gi s th tch BOH tiu th trong qu
trnh chun l V (mL).
* Phn ng chun :
H+ + OHH2O
* Phng trnh ng chun :
- Trc khi chun : dung dch l dung dch axit mnh HA c nng C0(M).
pH = - lg[H+] = - lgC0
C0V0 CV
V0 + V
- Trc im tng ng: dung dch hn hp gm axit mnh HA d v mui ca n
vi baz mnh BA.
pH = - lg[H+] = - lg
- Ti im tng ng: dung dch l dung dch mui BA (mui c to bi axit
mnh HA v baz mnh BOH).
pH = - lg[H+] = - lg 10-7 = 7
- Sau im tng ng: dung dch hn hp gm BA v BOH d.
pH = 14 - pOH = 14 + lg
V d: Chun 20mL dung dch HCl 0,1M bng dung dch NaOH 0,1M. Hy tnh pH
ca dung dch ti cc thi im:
a. Trc khi chun .
b. Th tch dung dch NaOH tiu th l 19,98mL.
c. Th tch dung dch NaOH tiu th l 20mL.
d. Th tch dung dch NaOH tiu th l 20,02mL.
Gii :
Phng trnh chun : H+ + OHH2O
a. Trc chun : dung dch l dung dch HCl 0,1M
pH = - lg 10-1 = 1
b. Th tch dung dch NaOH tiu th l 19,98mL (trc im tng ng): dung dch
gm NaCl v HCl d.
pH = - lg[H+] = - lg

= 4,3

c. Th tch dung dch NaOH tiu th l 20mL (ti im tng ng): dung dch ch
cha NaCl.
pH = 7
d. Th tch dung dch NaOH tiu th l 20,2mL (sau im tng ng): dung dch
gm c NaCl v NaOH d.
pH = 14 pOH = 14 + lg

= 9,7

v ng cong chun dung dch HCl 0,1 M bng dung dch NaOH 0,1M ta nn
tnh pH ti cc thi im theo bng 1.
Bng 1:

ng chun HCl

0,1M
pH
bng NaOH 0,1M
+

VNaOH(mL)

%q

[H ]

0,00
18,00
19,80
19,98

-100
-10
-1
-0,1

10-1
5.10-3
5.10-4
5.10-5

pH
1
2,3
3,3

4,
3
20,00

10-7

20,02
20,20
22,00

+0,1
+1
+10

2.10-10
2.10-11
2.10-12

9,7
10,7
VNaOH

11,7
40,00
+100
3.10-13
12,5
* Nhn xt:
- ng chun l ng cong khng u trc v sau cch xa im tng ng
dc ca ng cong rt nh (ngha l pH t ph thuc vo th tch dung dch chun cho
vo), cn ln cn im tng ng dc ng cong ln (ngha l pH ph thuc
nhiu vo th tch dung dch chun cho vo ).
- Khong pH thay i t ngt khi lng dung dch chun cho vo t thiu n tha
0,1% c gi l bc nhy pH ca ng chun (tng ng vi khong pH t
4,3 n 9,7)

ng chun HCl bng NaOH vi cc nng khc nhau

* Nhn xt:
- Khi chun axit mnh bng baz mnh vi cc nng khc nhau th im tng
ng lun pH =7.
- pH ph thuc vo nng ca cc cht phn ng: nng cng ln bc nhy pH cng
di. Trng hp dung dch qu long, bc nhy pH ca ng chun ngn chnh
xc chun gim .
* Cch chn cht ch th:
V nguyn tc, ta ch chn cht ch th thay i mu ng im tng ng (pH = 7)
nh Bromthymol xanh (6,2 7,6), phenol (6,4 - 8), nhng nu chp nhn sai s chun
0,1% ta c th chn cc cht ch th c khong i mu pH nm trong bc nhy
pH.
b. Chun n baz mnh bng n axit mnh:
Kho st s chun V0 (mL) dung dch baz mnh BOH c nng C0(M) bng
dung dch axit mnh HA c nng C (M), gi s th tch HA tiu th trong qu trnh
chun l V (mL).
* Phn ng chun :
H+ + OHH2O
* Phng trnh ng chun :
- Trc khi chun : dung dch l dung dch baz mnh BOH c nng C0(M).
pH = 14 + lgC0
- Trc im tng ng: dung dch hn hp gm baz mnh BOH d v mui ca
n vi axit mnh BA.
pH = 14 - pOH = 14 + lg

- Ti im tng ng: dung dch l dung dch BA.

pH = - lg[H+] = - lg 10-7 = 7
- Sau im tng ng: dung dch hn hp gm BA v HA d.
pH = - lg
V d: V ng chun trong trng hp chun 20 mL dung dch NaOH 0,1M
bng dung dch HCl 0,1M

ng chun NaOH 0,1M bng HCl 0,1M

Ch :
- Trong khong i mu ca cht ch th c mt gi tr mu ti mu ca cht ch th
thay i r nht, gi tr ny gi l ch s chun (pT) ca cht ch th. V vy qu trnh
chun kt thc ti pH = pT.
- Gi tr pT ph thuc vo bn cht cht ch th v cht chun . pT cng gn pH im
tng ng th cng chnh xc.

V d: dng phnolphtalein lm cht ch th khi chun axit bng kim pT = 9, ngc

li, kim bng axit pT = 8. Nu dng metyldacam chun axit bng kim pT =4,4,
ngc li, kim bng axit pT = 4.
2. Chun n axit yu bng n baz mnh v ngc li
a. Chun n axit yu bng n baz mnh
Kho st s chun V0 (mL) dung dch axit HA c nng C0(M) v hng s axit
Ka bng dung dch baz mnh BOH c nng C (M), gi s th tch BOH tiu th trong
qu trnh chun l V (mL).
* Phn ng chun :
HA + OHA- + H2O
* Phng trnh ng chun :
- Trc khi chun : dung dch l dung dch axit yu HA nng C0(M) v hng s
axit Ka.
pH = - lg[H+] = (pKa lgC0)
- Trc im tng ng: dung dch gm axit yu HA d v mui ca n vi baz
mnh BA nn dung dch l h m pH.
pH = - lg[H+] = pKa - lg
CA =
CB =
- Ti im tng ng: dung dch l dung dch ca mui c to bi axit yu v
baz mnh BA nn c tnh baz. pH ca dung dch c xc nh theo cng thc tnh pH
ca dung dch baz yu A- c hng s baz Kb =
.
pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - (pKb lgCB)
CB =
=
- Sau im tng ng: dung dch gm baz mnh BOH d v baz yu A- nn pH
ca dung dch c th tnh gn ng theo cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch baz mnh
pH = 14 - pOH = 14 + lg CB
CB =
V d: V ng chun trong trng hp chun 20 mL dung dch CH3COOH
0,1M; hng s axit Ka = 10-4,75 bng dung dch NaOH 0,1M.
Bng 2:
3COOH 0,1M

ng chun CH-

bng NaOH 0,1M

VNaOH(mL)
0,00
18,00
19,80
19,98

%q
-100
-10
-1
-0,1

[H ]
1,33.10-3
1,98.10-6
1,80.10-7
1,78.10-8

pH
2,9
5,7
6.7
im
tng
ng
7,7

20,00

1,88.10-9

8,7

20,02
20,20
22,00
40,00

+0,1
+1
+10
+100

2,0.10-10
2,0.10-11
2,0.10-12
3,0.10-10

9,7
10,7
11,7
12,5

b. Chun n baz yu bng n axit mnh

Kho st s chun V0 (mL) dung dch baz yu BOH c nng C0(M) v hng s
baz Kb bng dung dch axit mnh HA c nng C (M), gi s th tch HA tiu th
trong qu trnh chun l V (mL).
* Phn ng chun :
H+ + BOH
B+ + H2O
* Phng trnh ng chun :
- Trc khi chun : dung dch l dung dch baz yu BOH c C0(M) v hng s
baz Kb.
pH = 14 (pKb lgC0)
- Trc im tng ng: dung dch hn hp gm baz yu v mui ca n vi axit
mnh nn dung dch l dung dch m pH.
pH = 14 - pOH = 14 (pKb lg

CB =
CA =
- Ti im tng ng: dung dch l dung dch ca mui c to bi baz yu v
axit mnh BA nn c tnh axit. pH ca dung dch c xc nh theo cng thc tnh pH
ca dung dch axit yu B+ c hng s axit Ka =
pH = - lg[H+] = (pKa lgCA)
CA =
=
- Sau im tng ng: dung dch hn hp gm axit mnh HA v axit yu B+ nn pH
ca dung dch c th tnh gn ng theo cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch baz mnh .
pH = -lg[H+] = - lg CA
CA =
V d: V ng chun trong trng hp chun 20 mL dung dch NH3 0,1M; hng
s baz Kb = 10-4,75bng dung dch HCl 0,1M
ng chun NH3 0,1M bng HCl 0,1M

Nhn xt:
- ng chun l
ng cong khng
u gn im
tng ng dc ca ng cong chun ln, to nn bc nhy pH ca ng
chun .
- Bc nhy pH ca ng chun cng b nu axit (hoc baz) cng yu v ngc li.
Nng dung dch chun cng b bc nhy cng b v ngc li.
- pH ti im tng ng khng trng vi im trung tnh m n lch v pha axit (vi
baz yu) hoc kim (vi axit yu) nu Ka hoc Kb ca axit hoc baz cng yu cng ln
th pH ti im tng ng lch v pha mi trng baz hoc axit cng nhiu.

Da vo ng cong chun ta c th chn cht ch th thch hp cho qu trnh chun

axit yu bng baz mnh v ngc li.
V d: Khi chun dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M bng dung dch NaOH 0,1M c bc
nhy pH trn ng chun t 7,7 n 9,7 th ta ch c th chn cht ch th PP (c
khong pH i mu t 8 - 10) lm cht ch th m khng th dng metyl da cam (c
khong pH t 3,1 4,4) lm cht ch th c v khong pH i mu ca cht ch th
khng nm trong bc nhy ca ng chun .
Kt lun: Qua bi hc ny chng ta bit cch:
- Xc nh nng ca axit, baz.
- Xc nh bc nhy pH ca ng chun chn cht ch th thch hp trong qu
trnh chun axit - baz