488 16. CCHAPTER 12. Simple Linear Regression and Correlation €. Calculate the values of the residuals from the least squares line for the four observations for which temper- ature is 182. Why do they not all have the same sign’? 4. What proportion of the observed variation in efficiency ratio can be attributed 10 the simple linear regression relationship between the two variables? Values of modulus of elasticity (MOE i.e, force per unit area, to strain, i., deformation per unit length, in GPa) and flexural strength (a measure of the abit- ity to resist failure in bending, in MPa) were determined for a sample of eonerete beams of a certain type, resulting in the following data (read from a graph in the article “Effects of Ageregates and Microfillers on the Flexural Properties of the ratio of stress, Concrete,” Magazine of Concrete Research, 1997: 81-98): MOE 298 33.2 32.7 353 355 36.1 362 Strength 5.9 7.2 73 63 81 68 70 MOE 36.3. 37.5. 32.7 38:7 388 39.6 41.0 Strength 7.6 68 65 70 63 79 90 MOE 428 428 435 456 46.0 469 480 Strength 82 87 78 97 74 77 97 MOE 49.3. 51.7 626 698 795 800 Strength 78 7.7 116 113 118 107 a. Construct a stem-and-leaf display of the MOE values, ‘and comment on any interesting features, , Is the value of strength completely and uniquely deter- mined by the value of MOE? Explain, . Use the aecompanying Minitab output to obtain the equation of the least squares line for predicting strength from modulus of elasticity, and then predict strength for a beam whose modulus of elasticity is 40. Would you feel comfortable using the least squares line to predict strength when modulus of elasticity is 100? Explain. Predictor Stdev t-ratio constant 0.6008 5.48 mod elas 0 0.01280 © 8.40 50,8657 Req= 73.8% Regladj) = 72.8% analysis of Variance SOURCE Dr ss ous F P Regression 1 52.870 5) 70.55 0.000 Error 25 18.736 0 Total 26 71.605 4. What are the values of SSE, SST, and the coefficient of determination? Do these values suggest that the simple linear regression model effectively describes the rela- tionship between the two variables? Explain. ‘The article “Characterization of Highway Runoff in Austin, TTexus, Area” (J. of Envi Engr, 1998: 131-137) gave a scatter plot with the least squares line, of x = raingull volume (m*) and y = runoff volume (m*) for a particular location, The accompany from the plot wing values were read 1. 18, x 214 yl4 0 1 x 7 72 y 53 Does a scatter plot ofthe data support the use of the sim: ple linear regression mode!? b. Calculate point estimates of the slope and intercept of the population regression Tine . Calculate a point estimate of the true average runoff vol- ume when rainfall volume is 50. 4. Calculate a point estimate of the standard deviation o. €. What proportion of the observed variation in runoff volume can be attributed to the simple linear regression relationship between runoff and rainfall? No-fines conerete, made from a uniformly graded coarse aggregate and a cement-water paste, is beneficial in areas prone to excessive rainfall because of its excellent drainage properties. The article “Pavement Thickness Design for No-Fines Concrete Parking Lots,” J. of Trans. Engr, 1995: 476-484) employed a least squares analysis in studying how y = porosity (%) i related to x = unit weight (pet) in conerete specimens. Consider the following representa- tive data 99.0 101.1 8 102.7 103.0 1054 107.0 108.7 1108 21.0 252 28 25 29 196 cain 1124 1136 1138 1151 1154 1200 yl 121 189 160 167 130 136 108 Relevant summary quantities are Ex, = 1640.1, By, = 2998, Saf = 179,849.73, Dex,y, 8.59, Sy? = 6430.06. ‘a, Obtain the equation of the estimated regression line. ‘Then create a scatter plot of the data and graph the estimated line, Does it appear that the model relation ship will explain a great deal of the observed variation b. Interpret the slope of the least squares line, . What happens if the estimated line is used to predict porosity when unit weight is 135? Why is this not a good idea? 4. Calculate the residuals corresponding (0 the first two observations. . Calculate and interpret a point estimate of o. f. What proportion of observed variation in porosity can be attributed to the approximate linear relationship between unit weight and porosity? For the past decade, rubber powder has been used in asphalt cement to improve performance. The article “Experimental tudy of Recycled Rubber-Filled High-Strength Concrete (Magazine of Concrete Res., 2009: 549-556) includes aregression of y = axial strength (MPa) on x = cube strength (MPa) based on the following sample data x/1 12.3 97.0 92.7 86.0 102.0 99.2 95.8 103.5 $9.0 86.7 aa sannee 593 578 48.5 487 743 733 680 &, Obtain the equation of the Teast squares Tine, and inter- pret its slope. b, Calculate and interpret the coefficient of determination, ¢. Calculate and interpret an estimate of the error standard deviation o in the simple linear regression model 19. The following data is representative of that reported in the article “An Experimental Corelation of Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions from Power Boilers Based on Field Data” (/. of Engr: for Power July 1973: 165-170), with x = burnerarea libera- tion rate (MBtwhr-£) and y = NO, emission rate (ppm): 122 Estimating Model Parameters 489 DF s Ms F P Regression 1 1.0427 27.94 0.000 Total 12 21, The accompanying data on x = current density (mA/em?) {and y = rate of deposition (mm/min ) appeared in the article “Plating of 60/40 Tin/Lead Solder for Head Termination Metallurgy" (Plating and Surface Finishing, Jan. 1997: 38-40). Do you agree with the claim by the article’s author 100 as 5 Bt ate that “a linear relationship was obtained from the tin-lead fae tate of deposition asa function of current density"? Explain y | 150 140 180210190 320280 your reasoni x | 280 250 300 300 350 400400 x | 20 40 0 80 y | 400-430 440-390 600-610-670 a ‘a. Assuming that the simple linear regression model is valid, obiain the least squares estimate ofthe true regression line », What i the estimate of expected NO, emission rate when bumer area liberation rate equals 225? . Estimate the amount by which you expect NO, emission rate to change when burner area liberation rate is decreased by 50, . Would you use the estimated regression line 10 predict emission rate for liberation rate of 500? Why or why not? 20. A number of studies have shown lichens (certain plants composed of an alga and a fungus) to be excelent bioind cators of air pollution. The amticle “The Epiphytic Lichen Hypogymnia Physodes as a Biomonitor of Atmospheric Nitrogen and Sulphur Deposition in Norway” (Envir Monitoring and Assessment, 1993: 27-47) gives the following data (read from a graph) on x = NO; wet deposition (g Nim?) and y = lichen N (Se dry weight) 05 10 23137. y | 48 55° 48 50 5852 102 «| 58 68 8s y | 86 86 100 88 1.04 1.70 The author used simple linear regression to analyze the data. Use the accompanying Minitab output to answer the fol- lowing questions: ‘a, What are the least squares estimates of 8 and 8? », Predict lichen N for an NO; deposition value of 5. . What is the estimate of o? 4. What is the value of total variation, and how much of it can be explained by the model relationship? 2, Calcium phosphate cement is gaining inereasing attention for use in bone repair applications. The article “Short-Fibre Reinforcement of Calcium Phosphate Bone Cement” UJ. of Engr in Med., 2007: 203-211) reported on a study in which polypropylene fibers were used in an attempt to improve frac: ture behavior. The following data on x = fiber weight (%) and y = compressive strength (MPa) was provided by the auticle's authors. ¥|0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.25 1.25 1.25 y1994 11.67 11.00 13.44 920 992 9.79 1099 11.32 x] 250 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 5,00 5.00 5.00 5.00 y/1229 869 991 10.45 10.25 789 7.61 807 908 10.00 10.00 10.00 50 7.50. 7.50 7.50 10.00 694-702 7.67 663 643 703 7.63. 7.35 a Fit the simple linear regression model to this data. Then determine the proportion of observed variation in strength that can be attributed to the model relationship between strength and fiber weight. Finally, obtain a point estimate of the standard deviation of e, the random devi- ation in the model equation, ». The average strength values for the six different levels of fiber weight are 11.05, 10.51, 10.32, 8.15, 6.93, and 7.24, respectively. The cited paper included a figure in which the average strength was regressed against fiber wi Obtain the equation of this regression line and caleulate the corresponding coefficient of determination, Explain the difference between the 1° value for this regression and the 7? value obtained in (a)