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    States and Social Revolutions A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (OF FRANCE, RUSSIA, AND CHINA THEDA SKOCPOL Haroard Univers CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ‘CAMBRIDGE LONDON NEW YORK — MELBOURNE iy he i Cambie iPr for Bill er ae fo fa Come en Pr 179 ‘ip fon op hn Ae Mga Pe Sconces tt on ney ong Clg Pein Da tose Contents List of Teles ond Maps Preface Ineroducton 1. Explaining Socal Revolions:Akrntves to Exiting Theorie (A Strctural Perspective Intemational snd Wort-bstoial Contexts “The Peel Autonomy ofthe Sze A Comparative Hira Method ‘Why France, Rass, and China? Pare Gass of Socal Revaltons Fone, Rusia, and Chins 2. Old Regime Sates in Cis ‘Old Regine France: The Contradictions of ‘Bourbon Absolrsm Mancha Chinas Bom the Celestial Empire to the Fall ofthe Impenal Stern Imperial Rows: An Underdeeoped Gres Power Japan and Passi as Contrasts Agrarian Sercrares and Peasant Insertions Peasants Agast Seigneur inthe Pench Revaison ‘The Revolton of the Obshchinat: Peasant Radia i Rania ‘Two Couttrpints: The Absence of Peasant Reval In the Engh snd German Revoltions Peasant Incapacity and Gentry Valmet in China 1% » & ” s @ rH 9 m2. ue ns 40 Contents Par Ontcomes of Socal Revoluions in France, Russia, and China 4. Wha Change and How: A Focus on State Bling Poilcal Leadersips ‘The Role of Revolutionary Heoogies 5. The Binh of “Modem State Ec in France ‘A Bourgeois Reoluson? ‘The Etec ofthe Social Revolatonary Crise of 1789 ‘War, he Jacobi, and Napoleon ‘The New Regine 6. The Emergence ofa Dict Fay State Raia “Th Elie ofthe Sonal Revoltonary Cs of 1917 ‘The Bolshek Stage wo ale ‘The Saline "Revlon fom Above” ‘The New Regine 7. The Rise of Mats Moining Pry Stat in China “The Soi Revoludonary Situation afer 1911 ‘The Rie and Desine of the Ubsn-Baed Koominang, ‘The Communists andthe Pests ‘The New Regine Concsion Notes Bibliography Inder 18 16h 174 181 15 196 206 mn 20 a» 3s 26s aes 351 201 Tables and Maps Table, Causes of Soil Revolution in France, asia and Chine (Outcomes of Soda Revolutions in France, Russa and Chia Maps Major Administrative Divisions of Old Regine France The Main Regions of European Russa The Deparment of France Ralloads and Mor Indastial Ares of ‘Eropean Russ. The Province of Chi Ratloads and Major Indastial Aree of China Iss a2 8 1b 180 2s 248 Preface ‘OME BOOKS PRESENT fresh evidence others make arguments that ure the reader se ld problems it new ligt Ts work Is Azciddly of the later sort Te fers a fame of reference for analyzing {otiletolitionaytraawornasonsm modern world histor. And Ses Somparatve history to work out an explanation of che atses and out ‘Sime ofthe French Revolution of 1757-100, the Rutan Revlon of| 917-1921, apd the Chinese Revoluion of 1911~1949. Developed through cra efecto on assumptions and tyes of explanation com> Inon fo mow renived theres of revolon, the petals of snags ‘kethed i these chapter ofthe book ae meant wo eorent oar sens of trhat i characte of-and problemade abot-revoltons at they ac tually have osured historical. Then the remainder of th book attempts to make the program of Chapter 1 alin for new kinds of explanatory Igumens, come sve in applition. In Pr I, he eats of revautonsr frie and confcts Pane, Russ and China are eacl though anal- {scr of the state and clase sactates a the international tations ofthe Bocchon, Turis, snd Inpenal Od Regimes, Parcelr emphasis placel "pon the ways in which the old-egime stats came ino ers and upon the emergence of pesent isurecons dung the revlaonary iter sums ‘Then, i Par I the Revolutions themade ae traced tom the ral outbreaks through to the consoldation of relaely sable and “dvincvlysractared New Regime: the Napleoic im France, the Star lini io ssa, a the haraertialy Sino Communist afer the mid 1950s in Chins Here spa arteion pa the wate buling efor of cevoluonary lsderhips, and t the structures and sce of new fate onganiatons within the tevoltonaed societies In their road ‘seep fom Old to New Regine, the French, Resian and Chinese Rev Ions are treated ap thre comparable Isances of single, coherent secialetlutionarypaen. Av res oth the ia and the ind Preface vidual feature ofthese Revelation are highlighted and explained in ways Somewhat diferent fro previous dheoreteal or hisorcal dacoasons Books grow in wigue ways out ofthe expercaces oft authors and this ane ng exepom The et fork geome dui my ane a ee sent iad Usey ey 1 Tat weve une he echoes now iad period of poll engagement for snany sens, myself mcadds The Used tts mas bay at war {ais he Vemamexe Reoliton, wile at home movement ing for "lal osc nd for snes ca oe fren may alee Sfalengl the capac frgood snd elo nt atonal oil ye Themes cry simulta ny otra nundersardag revlon) ‘hange fod wa daring these yas shat ay sitet to damoune Socal idea matured, Yerit wou be a miake tp that Sates nd Snel Revohton sprang inca fom dy so-day pole prscon atone dit lead developed inthe cate “voy tone uch, ‘fhe bry andthe std. As padate adn, pasta sas a ‘mactosoclogcl choy ad in compare socal nd pall Hoy. ‘ites kee enetig st he rc fs of sia My ates «fort ane 9 ole on Ben alow ses roaght that consoled me tough many Sage fora ‘othe agement and nasa sow embodied here “ “Ther was foronc ingyen lta odonaon with he ese ‘South Ae The history of tha anhapy nd stk eo an obi teaton af Panonan stocunefancloaie explanaons of soca re acl chane, aa a opersble lege to commonplace and omforing prediions that mast dacoment would lead to reveluion Stains the bata opresieaparted rine Liber use, teen, Ai oe neta eam Mari ci sais greed me os mach tmore uel than sractte-nctoslnn lave depvaon eon for nde standig the aon of he noms nous Ra an dear ing the longterm eens of wsoecnom change. Bat working sy in ters of ca nay man luo conogalics ke ane ae Stary explain, te sracre of he South Alcan nate sad the poli fol ofthe Akanrs Yet thee seemed o be the hee to why wo al ‘ol loo i son won Suh Se “Another formative experience was» lcnihy, indepth explrton of the Iisa! gin of te Chine Reston Yo stature my prose of sy I computed sod ogi epi th sae scenes en ars fhe Taping Rebetion, the Kuomintang Natonait movemer ad he ‘chins Comment Pa, lenkng a all the overeat tb sar callchanging over contest of Chinese oy Dep fsa ate Yr Preface Ips and mers Chi care say rm ths eersh pooony Siepua sow he appa (> hi and pape ier agian Siw wel) af rotred encdciaie cera sachs cad Eat be ada Talo became sonnel da tects frelon oul oly be undrsaed by looking he spec nteraton fel Sd ste recreate complx ner oner ne of Smet nd iMtenadenl deopment. Tmo ote sre of comparative revlon have mone, 5029 speay fen he Wott the Est tesproig the Rane Reon {Sie ofthe Fenchyo he Chinese nee oe Reman tee ‘St journy har ben the ster way srond he lobe Aer Rt ne fing Cia, Tes and about Fane apr of general program of Roles onthe comparnv pla devclpmant of Weta Europe Al hough eae! tout rane war “roped the Tike Engg, her Shoolaia Oi Regins scl in many ays 0 Imperal Chin {Ei deciphered bu artes in th Foch and Che retloonry procenee Soh of which wee Inch by landed appr dat eal Nes sbi monarch and both of which involved peat ea 25 cuninatl tn more sealed nd ureancrate New Regimen, tlh, came tsps cldsepie and verlusonary Roa he same ajc tame that Thad wowed ou for Cha ad France. Abd te phason agaran sucess at bulig seamed il wa {endear ot thsplaian revlon ser 1917, hou DAT and eh ay 1950 “Tete wae anther peasy mot ating about my indo ito sytem secsch on seslone Unie mom anlage who wor Tete ued 4 god deal shoo the Hrs of cual reolons before trad wy extcnaeh ne ocala eerore tht papors to explain revlions thoes, Wn 1 i may ths rare thik Iecme arated with The svelatonay process wat SSvsged in ways tat congue tery poorly the hares kee SS he cal plnaons Sere one eter cleat fu pla ‘rong ve what bad nme shot the sss and ierencen of ‘Sumter hn hay wens those that alae expend eons foe long deed omy own osama what he nda: tena re ws Sosal wie tone eve hei explanaons of ‘elas fm ode of bow pit poten apd change were eal Spposed to orn iberstdoneree oe capa sects Thos nom Mas het wed evap rvs a peice nd {csogs vasa of the opi sal relor movement and Marts Saw them at cle atoms pend by the burger the prota ENO onaie sade pec hr the theo fr ten Preface Inno the cass and accomplishments of eitios in peony ‘euian uncharted ee soc ordre rom ths mélange of ileal expences a posible project, dr tne to calinat nhs book, peated il to es Use Comp ies sperma ann nd Chr ony nd ne of tht cses wo oer ours 0 cay my cg of oe inadequaces, of existig theo of rein, td devcop an seenane heel Approach and explanatory Myotis Abou | soc the ump ts and anne gue fe hore clo et ol had the ue to cl the ger loge aI seme wa wr cos the dies stated major evolutions I had sade Comparative ls tol anal secmed sl way pred. “To my ged forms the thee Reta ee wanted wince my compara analshad ben xen tscarched oy bso and area specs larg eng ssc my be a ban fo te spel whe est make new contain bas por peau unserer Aderenplated primary ender Bt orb compare sealaps iis the teal ton. Iesabl, broadly once compara Boral Boj daw thar eidence simon etiny fom “oda eure {hatin om suc monograph sly pled bok {rjomatartle form bythe sean Rata or atreares seca ‘The comparative hitnan'stak~an portal dsncve slay com Seton ey aot in even ew ata shu pata sect of he arg tie peas and dene pcs svelte companve many, Bt fae esablshing the inret an pine fase vay ofan vel ‘Seumen sou nl este aco the vanour fsa ese The ermparaist hs nate the ine or lla) he apropos theory eseatch hat eave coats age amount theo ‘esta ape nth comps se web te eo ‘mut conceate yon seahing out and systray sein spec is pablo tha da wth he nes dora he Salcopseratons andy theloge of compete anal Thas hfe ‘2s th pos debated by spas sts polar isons epockor ‘ent arenoe excl theo tht eo inporan fom competi erect then the comparative anja mut be pared to alap the Since pres in the wos fhe speci osc purpose sme ‘that tangential 9 thon they opal snvingds And te compara that be stems pobein etching oe information on these tops fom cave to case, ven hough te pei ly cpa \aring pics nthe eearch and ple fom on coy net Phin se work ofthe compares oly besos pol afer arg Pinay erste abn ul py apc. On the cn he ope Fr Preface ais hae to nd tes sme marc elven each ic hat mas ‘rhe soning othe dts of he ope clan eumen that he o she aemptng to desl "Rte ography forts Bok mea 1 indict, Ree Ben be to dew exten pon ich lertre sou rane, Rasa nd China. Ech rear hm grat ph sd cope and ech len many books {nd aces eigaly plied nor assed ito) Engh sod Fech ‘de ewo lngunges thar I read mo easy With ocanonal exceptions ‘teil otc tines of tere abo parts ops oe {ovale rant, the calengesI hove ced Rare not bee de fe ifcunes of Ending base information. Rather they have been cal tages of suing hag havc rears and appropnaty wens td sng th Gontcbetons of splat in oder 0 develop + coherent fomparatve hicocalanumen: How wellThave mt thee calenges i. {Erteador (cling btonane and ats spent dpe for em fees For nse, [sal be ssbed f hit book serves a some sal Senco pronoke debate and npr ter invengatons, bth among onl ttl in one paar rovleon oF nother nd. arene Fronleconcmel fo undesand modern revlatoos in general, hr pax {iis sad scomglatments adh Ture pomp. Compara tory gos out ofthe neplay of hear aod sur, nd isboud in cum ‘Suunbute te frther ences of tach ‘Working an reworking the agument ofthis bok ove the as fe yeas ts oft fl ike an uncing lonely sug with 2 gant ji pose ann actualy, aay people have lene # hand, helping neo see beter the veal desig and pming ou where paral pieces t,o do no. ‘My mos fundamental chlacly dabei eo Baring Moors Jee was inp staing of ha Socal Ongine of Dicttorebip and Democraay whe 1 SiS dent ot Mon Se Ue ha oie The vo the magnicat scope of comparative hizory and aght me hat iaan statues and conics offer imporane key to the patters of Inoderm police Moreover, the graduate Seminars Took fom Moore at Harvard were the cucbles within which my capacities o do comparative nly were forged, even a war alowed the space vo develop my OW imerpreatons, Moore st sgorous tasks and reaed with tellng cot ‘Simm Ard iene fellowship inthe seminary provided »supporte and ‘nelly Iieyatmovphere In fc, wo feds amoog flow stents ‘3 Moon's uma, Moanira Chard and John Mollenkop, have given ‘eencourgemet aod ahce through all stages ofthis projet on compare Sve realtone ‘Aner cru, longstanding ince hasbeen Een Kay Tembere ie became sere af er inde work om "evluins from abowe™ Preface Japan and Turkey in 1970. And, ever sins, Kays Hots, comments and Inendship have helped me enormously to develop my analysts of Franc, Rosia and China Like many fest books, this one ha an eter incarnation a doctoral dissertation. That phase of the projet was eerily the mom painful, becuse Pundertook too mache sore tine, Neverthe i eto sect it was worth i for s “hig they however imps, fers more Potential forthe sobsoqeac development of» peblthable book than = ‘note plied aero diseraton. For encouraging me to andere the set possible, Lome thanks to Dane Bel who slo ade detailed and Provocative commen on the thesis dat Te daueration was formally Mbised by she good apd admirable George Caspar Homann who are ‘uel feedback and exened unrenieing peste forme ofsh guy ‘The remaining member of my these committe Seymour Martin Liste, made aut sgaesions from begining 0 ed and wat hind ough not to bold agaist me when the thes took longer to complete ta] had ‘tgnally planed, Financial support dung my final year of P.. work ‘ime foc a Danfoh Gradaate Fllowihip hich eve ts lds ee {fo pursue research topice of thir om choosing. Aer the diseration wat completed) Chars Tilly geberoualy offered encouragement and recommendations forthe major tevsions that sy ‘shes, Colleagues and stant at Hara, where | each ped in in Imeable ways to faltate and stimulate my progcst on the tock And fnce the revisions were pally done, anyother helped spect the bok te completion, Walter Lippinon, Jey of Cambadge Univensy Pres, a ranged oe eaty reviews ofthe manusrp; these realted not nly in ‘ontrace for publesion hat alo in very uefl advice onthe intron from John Dunn and Exc Walt Peer Evan also made suggestions tht helped ith the renisions ofthe Rast chapter’ Mary Fulbook provided research assance for revisions of Chapter 3 and her work mat pid for bya smal gram from ch Harvand Gradaate Soy I thew benched fom the Soilogy Deparment Fn for Junior Facaly Recrch ‘Several fends hertaly tok eh time to make waten comments on ‘he ete book dra. Thete sec pes were Sosan Eck Harct Fran, Walter Golda, Peer Gourevitch Ricard Kea Tol Mig dik and Jonathan Zein. In ado, Pery Anderson, Rahat Benin, Victoria Bonne Shmuel Esestade, Terence Hopkins, Lyon Hus, Bar ringion Moo, je, Vitor Nex, Maal Safat-Laron Apa Swe, ed Immanvel Waters all made comments on related publ aie of fine, comments which subsantallyinuenced subsequent work on the ‘ok. Needless o Sy, whereas the aboreresoned pele ae reaposibie for much of what may be good abut this work none sto be Bed scsountale for is shoring, _ Preface Mis. Nelle Mile, Louisa Amos and Lynn MeKay did wondefly speedy and accurate work n typing the fal manuscapt. Mis. Mile ‘Totnes hans above al for abe id moto he ping heer stage of ‘ison: was orate idee be abet ey upon her peretioniam fla ue sig acho she eo ny nd, stoqol won this ook deiated His commen on lpr ofthe teat tag any enh ig Rep wth ctl he Sah rhe oping of cary dhs ersone and the checking of quotes a he Si and icant in he ce ony eootonl wp an-Sonne hoe Sirhe ene posen=al of thee ones are embodied in eer at of Seer ad Sota Revo Bil sn experimetlpi,Dut ‘ithowt hs ling ad ths work of comparative sore socolgy cold Tor have developed 0 completion. Introduction cee 1 Explaining Social Revolutions: Alternatives to Existing Theories ace thot er. Kl Ma Serta Bee Scat ae OCIAL REVOLUTIONS have been rare but momentous oscar sce in nade word bisory. From Frances the 1790s to Vie im nthe mid-twentieth ena, tex revolusons hae Wansformed sate frgntastion lw suc, an dominaotWesloges They have gives ith to ntons whose power snd autonomy mackely sampssed thelr ten peterlaonary pa aa tse ther counties in sla ‘omstances Revalonay France cae suey aconquesig powe: 0 {Continental Europe, andthe Rassan Revolson generated an indus Sin tary superpower. The Mexican Revolution gave is mela the posal sens co become ane of he moe indented of postcolonial faton andthe county in Latin Areca ast prone to mitary oops Since Wor War I, the culmination of ¢revoluonsry procs long Sierway his reunited and ansfonned 2 sbtered Chins. And ew soda evolutions hare enabled decoloniing and neoolnial coats ach ‘ienam and Cubs to break the chaits of exteme dependency "Nor have svat revoluons had only atonal signiance In some caso socal evolanonsbave given ss o models and eas of enormous Iternatewal impact and appeat-cspecily where te tansormed Soc tts have been lage 8d peopoially mmportant, actual or pote Seat Powers The ptsotc tte of revolutionary France mastered muck tf cope, Even before the conquests and long ater matary defeat French fevoltonary seal of "Liberty. Eguaiy, and Fratemiy” fred Imagination sn guest of social and national Iberation The effects cached {fom Genera to Stato Domingo, fom lead Latin America ad India, fn influenced subsequent sevoluonary thease fom Babe 9 Mare {hd Lenin to ancolonalis of the owenth century. The Rasa Revo 3 Introduction luton astounded the capitals West and wheted the ambitions of the merging nations by demonscraing tha revolutionary ste poe cos, icin the space of two generations, arson a backwacdapanan cou {ino the second-anted industrial and tay power tthe world What the Rusisn Revolution was forthe frst hall te sent cem tury, the Chinese hs been forthe saad bal y showing hart Leinin ‘Baty can lead peasant majcy #0 eonomic and lary srg SN as broupit great power ito being which precise the revoluionary and devlopmenal mole forthe poor counties of the and "The Courtside Agana the City” have fered fresh deal and modes and renewed hops for revsuconey ne ional in he mid-wenethcentary. Morsover as Flaky Herma trmpbaized, aor reolons sft aot only those abread who would Ike wo imitate them. They alo act hoe in ecber counts who pose ‘evolutionary deals but ate compelled to respond tothe cal oF {rete pose by the enhanced atonal power tha has been generate “The world-hiorcal character of revolutions means vss" says Tet, ‘mash that “they exe” a demonstetion eer bend the boandate of that couney of ong hs pote fortnggering mans of reveon| And ountrretoluon both within and betwee soartes = ‘To be sure, soaal revolutions have aoe been the oly forces for change at wok in the moder era Wain the mati of he "Grent Teasfonne ‘on hati wordwidecommercaeton and indutiizaon, andthe te of sational stats and expansion ofthe Euopesn ste stem to encompass the evite globe) poliscal apheavalr and soiosconomic hangs have happened in every county. Bat within this matey vocal fevolusons deserve special ation, not only Because of ther xan ay sigicance forthe histories of nations ad the ocd bu ale be- ‘te of her distincave pen of spel change Socal revolutions ae fap, base transformations of socicy's tate an as structures rd they ate accompanied and in pac cared throw iy class-based eevls fom below: Socal etluins are se apart fom cots sors of confit and wasformasie process above al by the com bination of two eoindences the coineace nf social sutra ange ith class upheaval and the ecimedence of pla with social anaer ‘ation, In conta, rebelions even when mcr, may ivae he ‘evoke of subordinate cases-but thy do or eventte tral ‘change: Policalrevoluions transform state stctues bur not soda erate and they are ot necessary accomplished though clas com fic And processes Sua nduiazation can transform socal stars ‘sees without necessary bringing abou, o esting fom den pis ‘alupheavls or base polial situa changes Wat iigue soca 4 Yr Explaining Social Revolutions throws intense sociopolitical confit ia whch lan rages pay» ey = Soa saetiomneaets Sy fem ble atti onerampceaon camo ead stv ig coors ere eee stron gangs Caen Si oo eet ee et ert, Sine ines cancels SE rae aici poeta How, the, ate socal evolutions tobe explained? Whete ae we totum for fil mode of analying thoi causes and ostcomes! In my vie, ‘isting social-sentetheoit of evolution ae not adeqoate"In cone: "uence, the chil purpose ofthis chapters inroduce and defend enc ples and methods of analy that represent skerasves co hose shed by EI oe mon) exiting approaches Tsallague tha, const che ‘nodes of explanaon une by the cutentypreraen heres, soil rvo™ {tons thould be auaed from s structural perspec wth special fenton devoted to inenational cotets abd to developments at home ‘nd abroad tha alc he reskdown of te sate organtations of od Toximer and the buildup of new, rerolaonary state organizations. Put thermore Tall age hat compaatve historical anaes the most Introduction appropiate may to develop expanaons of revolutions that are at once Instorcaly grounded and genersable beyond une cee ‘To faite the subsequent presentsion of thas tort and methe ‘ological altematves st sboul be hlpfaltssdeniy major typc of wa Sscientic theories of revolution, brie sketching the important shar sexes ofeach as embodied inthe work of rprsnttve water. The bbods of theories 1am abou to sare sis aner ar al propery called “gneral”theonerof revolution that iy they ar ater Geely formulated conceptual schemes and hypotheses mesnt to be appliable cons many pardealarHstoncl tances Ths book elf docs topes ‘at exactly the same sor of scholarly endeavor sch gence hence lasted, ike other historically grounded, comparative sus of reel: ‘os sach as Barsingon Moore, J's Sol Onis of Death ond Democracy, Eos Wall's Peasant War ofthe Tc Contry, a Job u's Modern Revolutions ths bok basally antes imp cof ‘ass Yet alo like these sister woeks (and perhaps snen moedecrninedly than the later wo) ths book concermed not merely with atetng the ‘ates one by one but pinay wid understanding nd cplsincg eee tralizable lope at work nthe ete ae of reoltions ander dscwseon, Plans the sor of eoneeps aad hyporhcis found i general thease of ‘evolution ae potentially tlevan othe explanatory tak ofthe compass: tie historian n fact any comparative stad ether draws upon or teas apson the Wes put forward by sole thers tevoltos ffom Marx o moze contemporary wees fll heen tha bi smatizing general theo, tough not allowing us to explore the cher arguments of exising compart histor eatmena of tele tons, nevertics dss provide at economical way of Wentying elven basi theoreti se for ater commentary. eis wif 1 ogges co hak of surely important sods sciatic theories of reroliion ss grouped in four major families, whch shal take wp one by one. The most sbi tlevant ofthese groupings te Maras; and the ay ideas are best eprsentd in the works of Ka May ‘mse: As active proponent of his mod of otal change, Marsha bee the social anabss mos consientyconcemed wih ander social evolutions as such To be sun the tumultuous ccatury se he ath of Marx, many divergent tendencies have developed wits Marae inlet and polities eadions: Subsequent Marat theorists of ev Isvon range fom technological detrainiessach as Nikola Baars oe Historical Matron)? co poise steps such a Lenin snd Maa ‘0 Westem Mandy ach a8 Geog Lakss, Antonio Grams ar con. temporay“seacualss” such 8 Loui Alone” Nevertileia, Marc iginal approach to cevolatons as remained the unguesionel, ar ‘uly interpreted bass forall sich later Maris, ‘ gr Explaining Social Revolutions ‘Te base cement of Mars theory can be sightorward ident ssthou in any wey denying the fact ha alo the cements ae open 10 {Hic varing wet aod interpretations. Marx understood revolutons [htt lain cptodes of ven or cont burr cueared move ‘ov growing on of objective sacral contradictions within hitoily {veloping an inhernlyconfictrden soci. For Mas, che key #0 Sty sega ts mode of produaton or rece combination of sodon- omic fore of production (echoology and division of abo) and das one of propery ownerdsp an ample appropason. The ate, he ‘Shnon of producto, ar expel emi i ivaeays te det ratio be oes fhe onions of prdicon ede producto raion say alco ‘pening + dnt sage inthe eon he ef ‘Bir ted enty i soelprfucye wach ree ce tows the Hn bathe ene cle 0d with ‘Erp for ef he een of wen sn pede, a bothering tom eT ‘The base ture of sevolsonarycontradiin inser, aco Marr's mon general hort formelaton, the emerges of iene. ture wihin ede of production betwen the vol foes and soa {esos of production es Sa nny coe no conic hh eng ration of od So. bat hl eneion fr th ae hing ith he Proery rela ihn mich thy had been t wok fore From Fem of Severn he fc of poco tho ca rn imo th ter Ten comes he os of soc econ = tn sro thir dajmcure express en antenafying clas conics The fowraon of 4 mace mode of producion within the confines of 23 {ning onc captain witin Rudin; of soci within capita ‘Secrest a dynaie bass forthe growth ofthe unity and comcou. teat of ach proto revolionary clas through on-going toga with dhe ‘cing dominant cam. Thus, leading upto the European boureos rs ion te ens foun a of xchange, whe fon the tourist bua, were generated in eds oc ea emis edie ae ep ar scp + reg pels ofc np er on nthe dal commune he depend ban repabe Tay and Corny ere nae "id eat ofthe monarchy ft tn rane fer te ped of malate poe, eM ‘ier hsm onsichy ab coum spat (Beeb, ad acy comers of te peat morse i 7 Introduction tralnthe bout, ince he cblahment of Maden ey aed the wee! mae, cocoa fa el he der repent Stt ene palsy." Silay, with he eatblshancot of pital the ‘anc f ida, whose ilantry promote ithe borg, "eplces the ono the labourer, ae to competion, ‘eolonay combina, dew ea ‘The proleana goe trough variow sage of dle. With ts ‘heise seg the Houpae, A fine he ont cared on by inn! ours hen yee mrp fae ton tho by he pervs of oe de, one ey ‘Now ad thn he mths isu on fora ing The el fr ftir ate, not he imo rey btn ee ‘spunkng ain of wos Theo beled on bythe peed ‘a of wmmncaon hat rece yen nda Pace the wore offre erm con ith ne other "ast cnt ha wat aed to se the sues oa ro lho hee an ona ee (he rem move oe wed cil war cing within exiting sees tothe pir wher tha a as out oop ale Son and wc the em overhew f the bout ae the foumdtbon forte ray ofthe prea” Revolution itself acomplihed through cae action led by the se concious cing revolutionary cls Le, the Bourgoin bourgers "evoluons andthe proletaat im soca revolutions: Perhape the elo ‘onary clas is sppored by other cae allies such a the ocsnty, Bot thas alles are nether fll clse-cosions nor pica organized on rational sale. Once sues a revolusion marks the trtsiton fom the Previous mode of prodacson and fom of class dominance to few mode {of predacton, i which new soil relatns of predation, new pial and deolegal form, and in genera, he hegemony of he ae am ‘hant revolutionary elas tate appropriate conditions for the further ‘evelopment of soy In shor, Mane see fevoltons emerging out of ‘trsdvided modes of prodocton, and wansforming one ode of reac Non nto anther hsough clase conics, “The other thre fale of theories of elton have taken basic shape ‘much more recent han Marxism (hough they al draw partir tenes ftom the clscal socal theo, incading Tocqucil, Durkheim, and Weber at well as Mary). Tnded,dueng the lo two decades theres of revolution have sprung ap thc and fata Amen seal sence THs 8 rr Explaining Social Revolutions recent uegronth fasbeen concerned above all with understanding the foot of socal instability and politcal violence, not infequeaty for the ‘Ealaed purpose of ping established authors to prevent of ambi= Site these condtons at htne sod abroad, Whateve the intended appli fons though, caborate tories have ben developed that parpore cher to eplin rvoltons a sch oto subsume evlusons exp wi ‘ome wil broader cas of phenomena which dey cain to explain, Most tha cocn toot canbe iene with one anosher of thre Imujor approach aprepatePeychologal theoren which atenpe to ex pln reelutions in teams of people's psychological moiations for erga fng in political violence or janing oppostonal movement ‘tems {le conscous thors, which atenpt to expan eevlusons a8 molest ‘esponcr of ideological movements to severe Saou in soc {eum and pola confit theo which argue tha calc aneng foveramens and vasious organized groups contending for power mus be placed at the center of aenion to explain collective lee and eeolae Sons” An imporant and representative theoretical work has been Peo {ced within each perspectives Tel Gur Why Aor Rebel hin the Steps pechologs Chalmers Jolson’ Revoltionary Change wie inthe systemsalue consensus; abd Chars Tily’s From Mobization to [evoliton within the poison approach. in Why Mor Rebel Ted Gare sna to develop genesl,pycholog cally Based theory ofthe magnitude and forms of “politcal lene.” ‘ned a al calecine sch win» poli commny asin ihe pls! Isp, sctrnldng competing pla aap at well 2 0- ‘Sensor pise The comet spr 990 ney Sonmon propery of which ie the aca Or heen ae fo try coaps ae, belo ad nts Gus theory i ompiex ad all of interesting asancs inal eabors ‘Son buts saple comugh in entence: Polite lence ocors when many people in society become ans. especialy ifexiing curl and practical Caiton, prove enmuragenent fr abgrenon agsierpolcal erp ‘And people baome angry when there occurs a gap between the vated ‘hing nl opportuni hey fe ened 0 andthe hing aed opports- Ser they actualy gta condition known as “elatve deptation” Gurr ‘fers special mde explain dierent major forms of pols! lence edge “eam” "conspiracy an “ier war” a the major fous. Revoltons are icded inch inecnalwarestgory, along 9h largesse etorisn, guerilla wary, and ceil wars. What ses imeral trae apart om the ater forma in that they ae moe organized than Turmeil and more masebascd than conspiracy, Logie, therfore, ero: ° Iroduction lions ar eine bal dae co the acon ina soy of despre, irene. lasted fle depen at ture both masses and etc asp Foe prea eae and follower alike se inte asad the both bod prtipaon i and dl rae onganzation of, piven se probable andthe fare ‘Sado for incl ware pest ‘harks Tilly's rom Mobilestion to Revolution represent, $0 t9 spat ulin frontman fra politico sppch {Ber ma om n polemic open ofa agpesion explana ot pola! olen ich Ted Gans The base counteract ae Sonning and easly specie. Polat theovts nue tat so Ima ow domed an pepe ofpople may brs hy cannot age in poiclsctontinuding voles) wes tay se pa of at {Ei nial organiaed groupe with ass to rome Tsou Ever the, gorenment or competing rope yeasty reps te il ‘© cogagincolecve acon by making the css too iho Beas. More ‘vr plitesleoiicr ors cotend a Tily ps ‘heen dene vide ed fw dela af Penson coal ple pct ed fee di ‘ein Smt ih le ee ‘aos nbd romps a moe mpm sane ee a ton odio oft popes a dino Pines within sac owe areal tn fa ily refer oak lens av sch is object of anal, ecru he mats hat ment of solve vee nei aca only by-prducs of noma proces of poup competion rer power 2nd conising pal Ined he objsveof snes “ele ne. ten” dee at "people's ang top in pura of common ines ‘si Tly anaes cole ston wth he io wo gener ey poly model” anda "moblsaton model” Themejc cena the Boy todel ar goverment (orgeniations that cota she pingpal foncentated means of cot in population) and prope contending, foe power, nclaing bos meners Contd on hve foe, law on acess 10 govemment resres), and chalenge all athe: con fender. The mobzaten mode nla var deind w expan the pater of coltive acon engaged in by ven contenders Thee ‘arable let sou incre to degeesoforgeniain to amounts of ‘sources under ellie const, and tthe epportes and tes {hac gies comendes fas othr lone we ovement an oer ‘Senending groups ‘Revlon for Til i peal cae of colltive acon in which he comrender both (oral) Aight or stout pla Soveray ove a 10 - Explaining Social Revolutions populaon, and im which challengers nace a leat to some degre [placing exstig power Holders Given ths conepin, the causes of Sevloonary station of "mtn wverigney” ince the Flowing ‘Tre fio comsdertons shouldbe any longtem Sota ends that St {soc tm some groups io Soc to others parla if those who ifn were fxmeriy excited fom the ply Secnd is import © ‘fae any median tem occurrences, such 2 te prlifeaton of ol fray ideologies snd the increase of popular cones, hat make evo. Iona contenders for soverogney Mealy o emerge and nrge clement of the popelsson likey to support the clans. Fal: “Te velo momem shes nen prolly axe mem th of a poplin nd heme one wth ey ompushic emnde fom the goverment abd fan alentive ed chiming coma ve the govmment~and obey the alent ‘ou Thy pay saves pone men fort ric fed fe Seton honor termi ge tie Yo soc, OF eld oe rc dex th robin fhe ileaing gorermee at hey tomer chee. Mane over has ep SacenfalFevolaons, in tr, depend not oni upon the emergence of Irulpl svergny. They la probably depend upon "the formation of Cealtions beeen smembers ofthe polity abd the contenders advancing ‘clase atemauve aims co contol over the poeroment." And they “ney depend upon te “conta of sabsental Force by the eoluion ty eoalcon"™ For only if hse adiionaleonitions bol are the reo- intionary challengers likely to be able to detest and diplace existing power holders "Wires Te Ge and Charles Til analy evlusions a pei yes ‘of pial evn explicable interme of genera hoor of ple ho lence or calcite acon, Chalmers Johnson in Revolutionary Change pase Mar in analyzing revolutions from the perpecste of macro: Focologeal theory of sonal sntegeaon abd change Like the stdy of pPhysilogy and pathology, Jonson argues, the “analysis of revolution {ncrmeshes wth the nays of able, Fencing scene" Borowing his sosolopel wadom from the Pavoni Johnson posits that not. ‘bal ci oes sadety shoul be concave 68 "lve coordinated sca System” fanctionally adapted ote eigen of enront.Such ‘ial ytem tan aeraly consistent sof astitations that expres and {ely core soa talbeeniatons in norme and ae. The Yale or ‘ations hae alo been itemized thro proce of sodalaation to Serve athe perenal moral and reaiy-defaing standads foe the vast, Taonity of onal ad member ofthe sory: Moreover, pital a thority in rosary mst be lems in tems of societal vale. ‘Revolusons ac oth dfn ad explained by Johnson on the bass of u Intvoduction ‘his vabecoorinated socal system model. Violence and change are Jhoson sy the dine etre of evasion: “To makes eveluaon ist ac vickense for th prow of singe syn chang more ‘exact, ii the purpose plementation of sae of ideac ‘tert fect a change in scl sructute™+ When teysuceed, what teoluoos chang above all are the core value-oretatoneo 1 tot ‘And the purposive atenpt to do this tlc he fom of valconened ‘ologeal movement that i prepare to ube wolener again eng futhors. Ye such a movemne wl or emerge the ft place ene the exiting sodalsystam comes into ent This ocr, atoring fo Johnson, whenever value and envronmeat become teouly "is Srochronine,” due to ether external o ternal ineusons petal of new values or technlopc. Once dvsacrniaion stn people inthe ‘ocety become disorited, and hence pen Yo covenant the alterna: te values propose by 4roludonsry movenen As this happens ex ing authors hone haley and have wo rely more and tore pon ‘Sern to main ode. Yer thy can doin sccnly oly fr whl the authorities ar smart, flex, aod skill, they wil imple ‘hen reforms to “wesyechroie™ rales and environment, Bar ifthe n- ‘hoses are sabborny“transigen,” ten revoluon wil inna accom Dish systemic change vem, Thi esis ss oom ay ome “factor con tributed by fortune” comes slong to sero the authoste” neces tenuous and tenporary abit el pom coerdon, See ft ay Se the cepa ok: eel di sho fab matte by Cacacs inno hee mney Palestina eatin Sat ts aay (9G ‘evelon elem ne pur, a resonable Tie fet eva. the cay of ivi» yen aloe ‘esse en oro in ort tcp he nary ‘tao in any cain way" Succes evolton finaly acompes the revyachroniation ofthe s- Gil site's ales and evironment tha the tncmpetent or ns ‘klrepme autores were unable accomplish Incl in Johan’ Siew revolution rather than evolutionary ehange becomes possible and ecsary onl Because the preeolonary autho thas al and fot th ema ohn ty wal change mae ale onttons and pla ltinay te ey es or epi tie eamgac of evohaonsy Satan, he ops of exncy here tes, and the nature and succes of rerluonary Faces Even from sch bie setches 2 these, bold he realy apparent that thee are enommousdiaprecment among the majo ype fsx ‘ie theories, noe only about how eo expla revolution, bu even bout 2 rr Explaining Social Revolutions aw to inet. In thi book here ie eaily no pres of netrality feih ripest 10 such disgreamens Quit evident, the conception of Thai seolcon ed ete draws hess spon Mandst emphases cn 2 ‘Susur! change and cls conic’ Ande eens to ata Say frm sus of sucturl tapformation, a8 Gur and Tily do, oF | mae siciral rl erientaton the key to revoltionary cl change, 8 JJlhmon docs Morcover, in my overall nays of the causes and oo fom of social tevlutins,T shall eave aside explanatory hypotbess ‘owe eave depsvaton and content

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