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LABORATORY & FIELD EXPERIMENT
14
LABORATORY & FIELD EXPERIMENTS

2
2.1. Proctor Compaction Test
To determine the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and Maximum
Dry Density by Proctor Compaction Test.
2.1.1. Theory
Compaction is defined as the process of packing the soil grains by
reducing the air voids by means of mechanical methods. The
mechanical methods for compaction may include rollers, vibrators,
rammers,
etc.
Short
duration
repeative
loading
is
the
real
requirement for compaction, and this really makes it different from

consolidation, which is a process of long duration loading, resulting
in removal of water from the pores of a saturated soil, and causing
its consolidation by reduction in volume. The compaction of a soil by
rolling etc. can be best performed, if we add a certain particular
amount of water during compaction. Less than that or more than
that quantity will not help us to achieve maximum compaction, or
maximum dry density in the compacted soil. This most beneficial
water content is known as optimum moisture content (OMC), and
the max value of dry density which can be produced by compaction
is known as maximum dry density, (max).
The OMC and d(max) can be determined in the laboratory by
performing a standard test, which was designed by Proctor in 1911.
The test consists of filling wet soil in a cylindrical mould of a
standard size, and filling and compacting the wet soil in the mould in
3 layers, each layer being compacted with certain standard amount
of compaction by falling hammer. The achieved dry density in the
15
compacted soil in the mould is then determined by computing the

water content of the soil (), as:
d =
1+
1
Massof moist soil the mould
Volume of themould
The achieved dry density at various water contents can, thus,

be determined by repeating the test at different water contents
(gradually increasing), and then plotting a curve between water
content and achieved dry density. The obtained curve shows an
initial rise in the dry density with the increase in moisture content,
and after the dry density peaks a particular value, it again falls down
with any further increase in moisture content. This max value of dry
density is d(max).
The IS mould is 100 mm in diameter, 127.3 mm in height, with
a volume of 1000 cm3, as shown in Fig. 30.15 (b). Alternately, the
mould will be 150 mm in dia, 127.3 mm in height with a volume of
2250 cm3. The 100 mm dia mould is to be used when soil fraction
retained on 4.75 mm sieve is less than 20% ; and 150 mm dia mould
is to be used when soil is coarser, having soil fraction retained on
4.75 mm sieve to be more than 20%.
Fig. 2.1 Dimensions of Proctor Compaction Test Apparatus
For light or ordinary compaction, the rammer should have a
mass of 2.6 kg, and should fall from a height of 310 mm. The soil is
to be compacted in 3 layers, with each layer given 25 blows for 10
cm dia mould, and 56 blows for 15 cm dia mould; blows to be
distributed evenly on its surface, as in Proctor's test. However, for
heavier compaction, rammer will have a mass of 4.89 kg and free
fall ht. of 450 mm, compacting in five layers.
16
2.1.2. Equipment Used

1. Proctor mould with a detachable collar assembly and base
plate.
2. Manual rammer weighing 2.5 kg and equipped to provide a
height of drop to a free fall of 30 cm.
3. Sample Extruder.
4. A sensitive balance.
5. Straight edge.
6. Squeeze bottle
7. Mixing tools such as mixing pan, spoon, trowel, spatula etc.
8.
Moisture cans.
9.
Drying Oven
2.1.3. Procedure
17
1) Obtain approximately 10 lb (4.5 kg) of air-dried soil in the

mixing pan, break all the lumps so that it passes No. 4 sieve.
2) Add approximate amount of
water
to
increase
the
moisture content by about

5%.
3) Determine
the
weight
of
empty proctor mould without

the base plate and the collar.
W1, (kg).
4) Fix the collar and base plate.
5) Place the first portion of the soil in the Proctor mould and
compact the layer applying 25 blows.
6) Scratch the layer with a spatula forming a grid to ensure
uniformity
in
distribution
of
compaction
energy
to
the
subsequent layer. Place the second layer, apply 25 blows,

place the last portion and apply 25 blows.
7) The final layer should ensure that the compacted soil is just
above the rim of the compaction mould when the collar is still
attached.
8) Detach the collar carefully without disturbing the compacted
soil inside the mould and using
a straight edge trim the excess
soil leveling to the mould.
9) Determine the weight of the
mould with the moist soil W2,
(kg). Extrude the sample and
18
break it to collect the sample for water content determination

preferably from the middle of the specimen.
10)
Weigh an empty moisture can, W3, (g) and weigh again
with the moist soil obtained from the extruded sample in

step9, W4, (g). Keep this can in the oven for water content
determination.
11)
Break the rest of the compacted soil with hand. Add more
water to increase the moisture content by 2%.

12)
Repeat steps 4 to 11. During this process the weight W2
increases for some time with the increase in moisture and

drops suddenly. Take two moisture increments after the
weights starts reducing. After 24 hrs recover the sample in the
oven and determine the weight W5, (g).
2.1.4. Observations & Graphs

Weight of Mould W = 4.167 kg
Diameter of Mould = 10 cm.
Height of Mould = 11.5 cm.
Volume of Mould V =
( 4 ) x 10 x 11.5
2
= 903.21 cm3
19
Moistur
e
Content
(%)
Weight
of
Mould +
Compac
ted Soil
(kg)
W1
Weight of
Compacted
Soil (kg)
W2 = W
W1
Bulk
Density
(g/cc)
b=(W2/V)x
1000
Dry
Density
(g/cc)
d = b /(1+)
10
6.070
1.903
2.11
1.91
12
6.222
2.055
2.25
2.03
14
6.234
2.067
2.28
2.00
16
6.227
2.060
2.28
1.96
18
6.202
1.853
2.25
1.91
(a)
Dry Density
(b) Water Content

S.
No.
Determination
1.
Percentage of Water (%)
10
12
14
16
18
2.
Wt. of Container (gm)

Wt. of Container + Wet Soil
(gm)
Wt. of Container + Dry Soil
(gm)
14.5 21.7 30.2 19.1

5
2
4
1
32.6 24.2 40.0 45.3 33.8
8
8
5
7
2
31.4 23.2 37.8 43.3 31.6
2
9
6
9
8
5.
Wt. of Water (gm)
1.26 0.99 2.19 1.98 2.14
6.
Wt. of Dry Soil (gm)
7.
Water Content % = [(5)/

(6)] x 100
3.
4.
18.5
12.9
16.1 13.1 12.5
8.74
2
4
5
7
11.3 13.5 15.0 17.0
9.75
3
7
6
2
Table 1: Proctor Compaction Test for Sample 1
20
2.06
2.01
1.96
1.91
1.86
1.81
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
21
Moistur
e
Content
(%)
Weight
of
Mould +
Compac
ted Soil
(kg)
W1
Weight of
Compacted
Soil (kg)
W2 = W
W1
Bulk
Density
(g/cc)
b=(W2/V)x
1000
Dry
Density
(g/cc)
d = b /(1+)
10
6.068
1.901
2.10
1.91
12
6.218
2.051
2.27
2.03
14
6.230
2.063
2.28
2.00
16
6.181
2.014
2.23
1.92
(a)
Density
(b) Water Content
S.
No.
Determination
1.
10
12
14
16
2.
23.1
2
22.8
0
19.9
0
16.1
3
3.
Wt. of Container + Wet Soil (gm)
36.1
6
32.2
1
36.1
6
44.1
8
4.
Wt. of Container + Dry Soil (gm)
34.9
6
31.2
0
34.2
2
40.4
7
5.
Wt. of Water (gm)
1.2
1.01
1.94
3.71
6.
11.8
4
8.40
14.3
2
24.3
4
7.
Water Content % = [(5)/(6)] x

100
10.1
4
12.0
2
13.5
5
15.2
4
Table 2.2: Proctor Compaction Test for Sample 2
22
2.04
2.02
1.98
1.96
1.94
1.92
1.9
1.88
1.86
1.84
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
23
Moistur
e
Content
(%)
Weight
of
Mould +
Compac
ted Soil
(kg)
W1
Weight of
Compacted
Soil (kg)
W2 = W
W1
Bulk
Density
(g/cc)
b=(W2/V)x
1000
Dry
Density
(g/cc)
d = b /
(1+)
10
6.071
1.904
2.108
1.916
12
6.211
2.044
2.263
2.02
14
6.224
2.077
2.30
2.017
16
6.201
2.034
2.252
1.941
(a)
Density
(b) Water Content

S.
No.
Determination
1.
10
12
14
16
2.
3.
4.
24.5
8
36.1
1
35.1
0
30.2
7
65.5
3
61.8
0
30.8
7
50.6
9
48.2
9
18.9
5
40.4
5
37.5
1
5.
Wt. of Water (gm)
1.01
3.73
2.4
2.94
6.
10.5
2
31.5
3
17.4
2
18.5
6
7.

100
9.63
11.8
3
13.7
8
15.8
5
24
2.04
2.02
1.98
1.96
1.94
1.92
1.9
1.88
1.86
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
25
Moistur
e
Content
(%)
Weight
of
Mould +
Compac
ted Soil
(kg)
W1
Weight of
Compacted
Soil (kg)
W2 = W
W1
Bulk
Density
(g/cc)
b=(W2/V)x
1000
Dry
Density
(g/cc)
d = b /
(1+)
10
6.181
2.014
2.230
2.027
12
6.330
2.163
2.395
2.138
14
6.390
2.223
2.461
2.150
16
6.242
2.075
2.297
1.980
(a)
Density
(b) Water Content

S.
No.
Determination
1.
10
12
14
16
2.
3.
4.
31.5
4
46.5
9
44.7
8
21.6
9
52.5
7
48.2
6
5.
Wt. of Water (gm)
1.50
2.315
1.81
4.31
6.
15.2
3
20.35
7.

100
9.85
11.38
13.2
4
13.6
8
26.5
7
16.2
3
30.2
5
46.9
8
45.4
8
25.65
48.32
5
46.01
26
2.2
2.15
2.1
2.05
1.95
1.9
1.85
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
27
Weight
of Mould
Moistur
+
e
Compact
Content
ed Soil
(%)
(kg)
W1
(a)
Weight of
Compacted
Soil (kg)
W2 = W
W1
Bulk Density
(g/cc)
b=(W2/V)x1
000
Dry
Density
(g/cc)
d = b /
(1+)
10
6.066
1.899
2.103
1.912
12
6.215
2.048
2.267
2.024
14
6.242
2.075
2.297
2.015
16
6.198
2.031
2.249
1.939
Density
(b) Water Content

S.
No.
Determination
1.
10
12
14
16
2.
31.4
5
25.6
9
23.4
9
30.8
6
3.
45.3
6
44.5
2
47.9
1
65.0
3
4.
44.1
3
42.5
6
44.8
7
60.4
5.
Wt. of Water (gm)
1.22
7
1.96
3.04
4.63
6.
12.6
8
16.8
7
21.3
8
29.5
4
7.

100
9.68
11.6
3
14.2
4
15.6
8
28
2.04
2.02
1.98
1.96
1.94
1.92
1.9
1.88
1.86
1.84
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
29
2.2. Specific Gravity Test

To determine the specific gravity of fine-grained soil by density
bottle method as per IS: 2720 (Part III/Sec 1) - 1980. Specific gravity
is the ratio of the weight in air of a given volume of a material at a
standard temperature to the weight in air of an equal volume of
distilled water at the same stated temperature.
2.2.1. Theory
Specific gravity G of a soil is expressed as:

' G' =
Density of dry soil (solids )

Mass per unit of water
' G' =
Mass per unit of dry soil( solids)

Mass per unit of water
'
'G =
Mass of dry soil of a given volume V

Mass of water of the same volume V
The specific gravity (G) of a soil is, thus, defined as the mass
(in air) of a given volume of dry soil (solids) to the mass of equal
volume of water (distilled water) at 20C (or sometimes 27, only in
India).
To perform the test, the density is first of cleaned and weighed.
Oven dried soil sample of about 20 gm is poured into the density
bottle, and weighed (let its mass be M2). The density bottle
containing soil is then filled with water and weighed again (let this
mass be M3). The density bottle is then emptied and filled with
water and weighed (let this mass be M4). We can then easily write:
Mass of density bottle
=
M1
Mass of density bottle + mass of dry soil

= M2
Mass of density bottle + mass of dry soil + mass of water
= M3
Mass of density bottle + mass of water
= M4
30
' G' =
M 2M 1
( M 4M 1 )(M 3M 1)
The value of G obtained in the

above test will be the G value at the
given temperature (T C) at which the
test is performed, and hence may be
indicated as GTC.
2.2.2. Necessity of
Computation of G Value
Specific gravity of soil grains (G) is an
important property of a soil and is used for calculating void ration,
porosity, degree of saturation; if the density or unit wt. and water
content are know. The value of G is also used in computing the soil
particle size by means of hydrometer analysis. The value of G for
various types of soils may range, as shown in the table below:
S. No.
Type of Soil
Range of G value
1.
Sands
2.65 2.67
2.
Silty Sands
2.67 2.70
3.
Inorganic Clays
2.70 2.80
4.
Soils with mica or iron
2.75 2.90
5.
Organic Soils
Quite variable, as low as 2.2
Table 2.6: G values for different Types of Soils
2.2.3. Apparatus Used

1. Two density bottles of approximately 50ml capacity along with
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
stoppers
Constant temperature water bath (27.0 + 0.2C)
Vacuum desiccators
Oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 105 to 110 C.
Weighing balance, with an accuracy of 0.001g
Spatula
2.2.4. Procedure
31
1) The density bottle along with the stopper, should be dried at a

temperature of 105 to 110C, cooled in the desiccators and
weighed to the nearest 0.001g (W1).
2) The sub-sample, which had been oven-dried, should be
transferred to the density bottle directly from the desiccators
in which it was cooled. The bottles and contents together with
the stopper should be weighed to the nearest 0.001g (W2).
3) Cover the soil with air-free distilled water from the glass wash
bottle and leave for a period of 2 to 3hrs for soaking. Add
water to fill the bottle to about half.
4) Entrapped air can be removed by heating the density bottle on
a water bath or a sand bath.
5) Keep the bottle without the stopper in vacuum desiccators for
about 1 to 2hrs until there is no further loss of air.
6) Gently stir the soil in the density bottle with a clean glass rod,
carefully wash off the adhering particles from the rod with
some drops of distilled water and see that no more soil
particles are lost.
7) Repeat the process till no more air bubbles are observed in the
soil-water mixture.
8) Observe the constant temperature in the bottle and record.
9) Insert the stopper in the density bottle, wipe and weigh (W3).
10)
Now empty the bottle, clean thoroughly and fill the
density bottle with distilled water at the same temperature.
Insert the stopper in the bottle, wipe dry from the outside and
weigh (W4).
11)
Take at least two such observations for the same soil.
2.2.5. Observations
S.
No.
Determination
1.
Wt. of Dry & Clean Bottle W1 (gm)
2.
Wt. of Bottle + Dry Soil W2 (gm)
34.
9
58.
2
34.
9
49.
2
34.
9
52.
3
32
3.
Wt. of Bottle + Dry Soil + Water W3 (gm)
92.
5
84.
8
86.
6
4.
Wt. of Bottle + Water W4 (gm)
80.
7
75.
8
75.
8
2.0
3
2.7
0
2.6
4
Specific Gravity of Soil G = [

5.
(W 2W 1)
( W 2W 1 )(W 3W 4 )
Table 2.7: Specific Gravity test for Sample 1

Average Value of Specific Gravity G =
S.
No.
(2.70+2.64)
2
= 2.67
Determination
1.
34.8
34.9
34.9
2.
40.0
48.0
51.3
3.
Wt. of Bottle + Dry Soil + Water W3

(gm)
83.9
4
89.1
1
91.0
8
4.
80.7
80.9
80.8
2.65
2.67
2.68

5.
(W 2W 1)
( W 2W 1 )(W 3W 4 )

S.
No.
(2.65+2.67+2.68)
3
Determination
= 2.67
1.
35.1
35.1
35.1
2.
52.3
50.6
54.6
3.

(gm)
92.2
7
91.2
2
93.7
0
4.
81.5
81.5
81.5
33

5.
(W 2W 1)
( W 2W 1 )(W 3W 4 )
2.67
5
2.68
2.67

S.
No.
(2.675+2.68+2.67)
3
= 2.675
Determination
1.
36.
1
36.
2
36.
2
2.
52.
8
53.
2
52.
9
3.
Wt. of Bottle + Dry Soil + Water W3 (gm)
94.
8
95.
1
95.
2
4.
84.
3
84.
5
84.
8
2.6
9
2.6
6
2.6
5

5.
(W 2W 1)
( W 2W 1 )(W 3W 4 )

S.
No.
(2.69+2.66+2.65)
3
Determination
= 2.67
1.
35.4
35.4
35.4
2.
48.9
51.3
52.4
34
3.

(gm)
91.6
4
93.0
7
93.9
7
4.
83.2
83.1
83.3
2.67
2.68
2.68
5

5.
(W 2W 1)
( W 2W 1 )(W 3W 4 )

(2.67+2.68+2.685)
3
= 2.678
2.3. Sieve Analysis Test

To determine the Grain Size Analysis for a Coarse Grained Soil by
Sieve Analysis.
2.3.1. Theory
As per provisions of IS 460-1972 (revised), soils having
35
particles of size larger than 75 micron (0.075 mm) are termed as

coarse grain soils. Thus, sand, gravel, cobble and boulder do fall
within the definition of coarse grained soils, since the size range of
different types of these soils, is as under:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Boulder - more than 300 mm

Cobble - 80 mm to 300 mm
Gravel- 4.75 mm to 80 mm
Sand - 0.075 mm-4.75 mm
Soils finer than 0.075 mm (75 ) are classified as silts and
clays; and hence are called fine grained soils. The coarse grained
soils will contain varying percentages of different sized coarse
particles and very small amount of fines (silt and clay sizes). In order
to determine the percentage of various coarse sizes (0.075 mm to
300 mm), the given soil is usually sieved through a set of sieves,
having different sizes, each placed successively below the larger
sized sieve. The IS sieves in coarse size range are available in the
following two sets:
1. First set, containing sieves of size 300 mm, 80 mm, 40 mm, 20
mm, 10 mm and 4.75 mm.
2. Second set, containing sieves of size 2 mm, 0.850 mm (850 ),
0.600 mm (600 ), 0.425 mm (425 ), 0.300 mm (300 ),
0.212 mm (212 ), 0.150 mm (150 ), and 0.075 mm (75 ).
The given course soil is successively sieved through the above
mentioned two sets of sieves to determine the percentage finer than
the different sieve sizes, and grain size distribution curve is plotted.
From the grain size distribution curve, it becomes feasible to read
the percentage presence of different types of coarse soils, such as
percentages of boulder, gravel, and sand. Percentages of course
sand, medium sand and fine sand can also be read out. The value of
coefficient of curvature (Cc) and the value of uniformity coefficient
36
(Cu) can also be evaluated by using their appropriate equations,

indicated below in foot note.
When the given coarse soil contains less than 5% of fines (silt
and clay sizes), it is analyzed by dry sieving; but when it contains
fine soil exceeding 5%; it is analyzed wet sieving. Wetting is adopted
to break the cohesive bond between fine soil particles and the
coarse soil particles.

1. Stack of Sieves including pan and cover
2. Balance (with accuracy to 0.01 g)
3. Rubber pestle and Mortar ( for crushing the soil if lumped or
conglomerated)
4. Mechanical sieve shaker
5. Oven
6. Brush
2.3.3. Procedure
1) Take
representative
oven
dried
sample of soil that weighs about 500 g.

( this is normally used for soil samples
the greatest particle size of which is
4.75 mm).
2)
If soil particles are lumped or
conglomerated crush the lumped and
not the particles using the pestle and mortar.
3) Determine the mass of sample accurately. Wt (g).
4) Prepare a stack of sieves. Sieves having larger opening sizes
(i.e. lower numbers) are placed above the ones having smaller
opening sizes (i.e. higher numbers). The very last sieve is
#200 and a pan is placed under it to collect the portion of soil
passing #200 sieve.
5) Make sure sieves are clean; if many soil particles are stuck in
the openings try to poke them out using brush.
37
6)
Weigh all sieves and the pan separately.

7) Pour the soil from step 3 into the stack of sieves from the top
and place the cover, put the stack in the sieve shaker and fix
the clamps, adjust the
time on 10 to 15 minutes
and get the shaker going.
8)
Stop the sieve
shaker and measure the
mass of retained soil.
2.4. Hydrometer Test

To Determine the Grain Size
Analysis for a Fine Grained Soil by Hydrometer Method.
2.4.1. Theory
Soils having particles of size smaller than 75 micron (0.075
mm) are termed as fine grained soils. Thus, the term fine grained
soil; include silt, clay and organic clay, etc. Silt size range between
75 to 2 ; and clay size is lesser than 2 micron.
The given fine grained soil (i.e. soil passing 75 micron sieve)
will of course contain particles of different sizes. The percentage
finer than various specified sizes can be determined by hydrometer
testing, since sieves are not available for such smaller particle sizes.
A hydrometer (Fig. 2.2) is a well known instrument for measuring the
density of a fluid. It is, therefore, used to measure the variation in
specific gravity of a soil suspension with time, as the soil grains
settle in a soil suspension, thereby helping in the determination of
grain size distribution.
38
Fig. 2.2 Hydrometer Apparatus

When a soil suspension (soil and water) is taken, full in a
measuring jar of 1000 c.c. capacity, and allowed to settle with time,
then the fall of soil particles of dia D, given by equation:
D=
He
18
x
t
w (G1)
When the values of , w and G are used at 29 C, i.e. =

0.822 x 10-6 kNs/m2 , w = 9.79 kN/m3 , G = 2.67, the above equation
becomes
x
D = 0.0009513
He
t
However, when D is considered in mm, and H e in cm, then the

above equation becomes:
D = 0.09513
He
t
39
In a hydrometer testing performed in a soil suspension, the

sampling depth He (called effective depth), goes on increasing, as
the particles settle down with increase in time interval, since start of
settling. The value of He cannot however be read directly, but is
computed from hydrometer readings (Rh) as:
He =
1
Vh
[ H + {h
}]
2
A
100
(m)
here, H = The distance in cm of each hydrometer reading from the

neck of the
hydrometer bulb (actually measured on the given
hydrometer by scale).
h = Total length of hydrometer bulb in cm.
Vh = Volume of hydrometer in cm3.
A = Area of cross-section of jar in which settling of soil
suspension is being measured.
During the initial calibration process of a given hydrometer,
values of He are determined by the above equation for each reading
of the hydrometer (i.e. printed values), R h. A graph is now plotted
between Rh and He to be a straight line. This graph will be used later
during the test analysis, to stipulate values of H e for different
observed values (R'h) of hydrometer at the top of the meniscus,
corrected for meniscus correction, i.e. R h = R'h + Cm, and also for
Temperature Correction as per the given fig.
40
Fig. 2.3 Temperature correction chart for hydrometer

calibrated at 20 C
The percentage of particles (P) finer than the size 'D', is also
given by equation as:
P=
[ ( )]
V
R
G
x 100
M 1000 G1
Here,V = Volume of soil suspension = 1000 c.c.

M = Original mass of soil taken for preparing the soil
suspension in gm.
G = Sp. Gravity of the soil = 2.67
R = Hydrometer reading corrected for composite correction
So P becomes as follows:
R
P = 160 x M
After the test is performed by recording various hydrometer
readings i.e. values of Rh', with the passage of timet, we can
compute values of D and P (one each for each value of R' h) to plot
the grain size distribution curve, for the given fine soil.
2.4.2. Application
The hydrometer analysis helps us in determining the percentage

finer then various sizes (less than 0.075 mm), it therefore helps us in
computing the percentage of silt and clay present in the given soil
41
and since silt size usually varies between 0.075 mm to 0.002 mm.
1. Hydrometer, range 0.995 to 1.030 gm/cc

2. Two identical measuring graduated jars, each of 1000 c.c.
capacity, having diameter of about 7 cm and height = 30 cm.
3. Dispersing agent solution (containing 33 gm of sodium hexametaphosphate and 7 gm of sodium carbonate in distilled
water to make one liter of solution.
4. Mechanical stirrer, having high speed > 5000 rpm.
5. Balance to measure correct up to 1 gm.
6. Thermometer (accuracy 0.5C).
7. Stop watch.
8. Sieve, 75 micron.
9. Water, preferably distilled water.
10.
Balance for soil weighing.
11.
Given soil.
12.
Oven for producing dry soil, evaporating dishes, etc.
2.4.4. Procedure
1) Prepare dispersing agent solution by mixing 33 gm of sodium

hex am eta phosphate and 7 gm of sodium carbonate in
distilled water to make 1 litre of solution.
2) Keep a clean hydrometer in a 1000 c.c. jar filled with water and
100 c.c. of dispersing agent solution.
3) Take 50 gm of pre-treated fine dry soil passing 75 micron sieve.
4) Place the soil in an evaporating dish and cover it up with 100
c.c. dispersing solution, and warm gently for about 10 minutes.
5) Transfer the sample to the cup of mechanical stirrer, using
distilled water, until the cup is th full, and operate the mixer
for about four minutes.
6) After stirring, wash the specimen into a 1000 c.c. jar, and add
enough water to bring the level to 1000 c.c. mark.
7) Mix thoroughly the suspension in the jar by placing the palm of
the hand on the open end of the jar, and turning the jar up side
down and back.
8) Place the jar on the table and insert the hydrometer slowly
with least disturbance. Start the stop watch simultaneously.
9) Read the top of the meniscus at 0.5 min., 1 min., 2 min. and 4
42
min.
10)
After 4 minutes reading, remove the hydrometer, clear its
outside, and float it again hi the comparison cylinder, i.e. the
second identical jar, containing only the distilled water and
dispersing agent solution.
11)
Record the temperature of the suspension, for very
precise computations; otherwise this step can be avoided.
12)
Take further hydrometer readings in soil suspension at
suitable times like 8 min., 15 min., 30 min., 1 hr., 2 hr., 4 hr., 8
hr. and 24 hr. after the start of the test. For taking each of
these readings, insert the hydrometer just before the reading,
slowly with as less disturbance as possible.
13)
For determining the composite correction C, record the
hydrometer reading at the top of the meniscus in the
comparison cylinder. The negative of this reading will indicate
the composite correction. This composite correction is found
before the start of the test, and also at every time interval
exceeding 30 minutes.
14)
Similarly, also record the meniscus correction (C m) by
noting down the difference of readings between the top of the
meniscus and bottom of meniscus in the identical jar
(comparison cylinder) at the start of experiment, only.
For calibration of hydrometer
1) Measure the cross-sectional area of the jar, by measuring the
distance between the two graduations on the jar by scale. Area
of cross-section of jar will be obtained by dividing the volume
enclosed between the two graduation marks by the distance
between those graduations (markings). Thus, if V 1 and V2 are
the chosen volume indicator points on the graduated jar, found
at a distance s (measured by scale), then
V 1 V 2
s
= A = (Area of x-section of jar)
43
This area A can alternatively be computed by measuring the

diameter of the jar.
2) Determine the volume of the hydrometer (V h). For computing
this volume, take 1000 c.c. graduated jar and fill about 700 c.c.
of distilled water in it. Record the exact volume reading. Insert
the hydrometer in the jar and read the volume corresponding
to risen water level. Difference between two volumes will
indicate the volume of the hydrometer.
3) Measure the length of the hydrometer bulb (h) i.e. the distance
between the lowest graduation mark and the bottom tip of the
hydrometer.
4) Measure the distances (H) by scale between the lowest
graduation mark and all other marks (hydrometer readings) on
the stem of the hydrometers, indicating different values of H
corresponding to various values of Rh.
2.4.5. Observation & Graph (Sieve Analysis &

Hydrometer Test)
(a) For Calibration of Hydrometer:1. Cross sectional area of the jar = A =
2
4 (6.3)2 = 31.17 cm
2. Volume of Hydrometer = Vh = 70 cc
3. Length of Hydrometer bulb = h = 16 cm.
Hydrometer Reading
Rh
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
H
(cm)
2.20
3.50
4.90
6.30
7.70
9.20
10.80
He =
1
Vh
[ H + {h
}]
2
A
100
(m.)
0.091
0.104
0.118
0.132
0.146
0.161
0.177
He
(cm)
9.10
10.40
11.80
13.20
14.60
16.10
17.70
44
-5
12.40
0.193
Table 2.12: Calibration of Hydrometer
19.30
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-5
10
15
20
25
30
35
45
(b) Sieve Analysis Test on Given Soil Sample 1:Mass of the soil sample taken = 500 gm.
S.
No.
I.S. Sieve
Size ()
Weight Retained
(gm)
% Weight
Retained
Cumulative % Weight
Retained
%
Finer
1.
600
100
2.
425
100
3.
300
4.5
0.9
0.9
99.1
4.
212
51.3
10.26
11.16
88.84
5.
150
51.8
10.36
21.52
78.48
6.
75
131.3
26.25
47.77
52.23
7.
Pan
261.1
52.23
100
= 500
Table 2.13: Sieve Analysis Test for Sample 1
46
(c) Hydrometer Test on Given Soil Sample 1:1. Mass of dry fine soil passing 75 sieve (gm), M = 50 gm.
2. Meniscus Correction (Cm) = (Bottom Meniscus Top Meniscus) = + 0.5
Observ
Elap
ed
S. sed Hydrom
N Time
eter
o
t
Readin
(sec)
g
R'h
Temp
Menisc
. of
us
Solut
Correct
ion
ion Cm
(c)
Temp.
Correcti
on
(from
Graph)
Ct
Rh =
R'h + Cm
+ Ct
He (cm)
Values
read from
Calibration
Graph
D=
[0.09513
He
(mm)
P% Finer
than D
P = 3.2
x R
30
12.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
15
13.30
0.0633
48
60
12
29
+0.5
+2.0
14.5
13.44
0.045
46.4
120
10
29
+0.5
+2.0
12.5
14.03
0.0325
40
180
7.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
10
14.75
0.0272
32
240
29
+0.5
+2.0
9.5
14.90
0.0237
30.4
800
29
+0.5
+2.0
7.5
15.48
0.0171
24
900
29
+0.5
+2.0
4.5
16.35
0.0128
14.4
1800
1.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
16.50
0.0091
12.8
3600
29
+0.5
+2.0
3.5
16.64
0.0065
11.2
1
0
24
hrs
-2
29
+0.5
+2.0
0.5
17.51
0.0014
1.6
Table 2.14: Hydrometer Test for Sample 1
47
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
0.01
0.1
10
100
48
S.
No.
I.S. Sieve
Size ()
Weight Retained
(gm)
% Weight
Retained
Cumulative % Weight
Retained
%
Finer
1.
600
100
2.
425
0.2
0.2
99.8
3.
300
14
2.8
97
4.
212
39
7.8
10.8
89.2
5.
150
62
12.4
23.2
76.8
6.
75
127.5
25.5
48.7
51.3
7.
Pan
256.5
51.3
100
= 500
49
S.
N
o
Elap Observe
Temp
sed
d
Menisc
. of
Time Hydrom
us
Soluti
t
eter
Correct
on
(min Reading
ion Cm
(c)
)
R'h
Temp.
Correcti
on
(from
Graph)
Ct
Rh =
R'h + Cm
+ C t
He (cm)
Values
read from
Calibration
Graph
D=
[0.09513
He
(mm)
P% Finer
than D
P = 3.2 x
R
30
12.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
15
13.30
0.0633
48
60
10
29
+0.5
+2.0
12.5
14.03
0.046
40
120
7.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
10
14.75
0.0334
32
180
5.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
15.33
0.0278
25.6
240
29
+0.5
+2.0
7.5
15.48
0.0242
24
480
29
+0.5
+2.0
4.5
16.35
0.0176
14.4
900
1.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
16.50
0.0129
12.8
1800
29
+0.5
+2.0
3.5
16.64
0.0091
11.2
3600
0.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
16.79
0.0065
9.6
10
24
hrs
-1.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
17.37
0.00135
3.2
50
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
0.01
0.1
10
100
51
S.
No.
I.S. Sieve
Size ()
Weight Retained
(gm)
% Weight
Retained
Cumulative % Weight
Retained
%
Finer
1.
600
100
2.
425
1.5
0.3
0.3
99.7
3.
300
13.7
2.73
3.04
96.96
4.
212
41.1
8.22
11.26
88.74
5.
150
59.8
11.96
23.22
76.78
6.
75
120.9
24.18
47.4
52.6
7.
Pan
263
52.6
100
= 500
52
S.
N
o
Elap
sed
Time
t
(min
)
Observe
Temp
d
Menisc
. of
Hydrom
us
Soluti
eter
Correct
on
Reading
ion Cm
(c)
R'h
Temp.
Correcti
on
(from
Graph)
Ct
Rh =
R'h + Cm
+ C t
He (cm)
Values
read from
Calibration
Graph
D=
[0.09513
He
(mm)
P% Finer
than D
P = 3.2 x
R
30
13
29
+0.5
+2.0
15.5
13.15
0.063
49.6
60
10.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
13
13.88
0.0458
41.6
120
8.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
11
14.46
0.033
35.2
180
29
+0.5
+2.0
8.5
15.19
0.0276
27.2
240
29
+0.5
+2.0
7.5
1548
0.0242
24
480
2.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
16.21
0.0175
16
900
1.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
16.50
0.0129
12.8
1800
29
+0.5
+2.0
3.5
16.64
0.0091
11.2
3600
0.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
16.79
0.0065
9.6
10
24
hrs
-2
29
+0.5
+2.0
0.5
17.51
0.0014
1.6
53
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
0.01
0.1
10
100
54
S.
No.
I.S. Sieve
Size ()
Weight Retained
(gm)
% Weight
Retained
Cumulative % Weight
Retained
%
Finer
1.
600
100
2.
425
0.4
0.4
99.6
3.
300
15.6
3.12
3.52
96.48
4.
212
38.6
7.72
11.24
88.76
5.
150
61.3
12.26
23.5
76.5
6.
75
130.4
26.08
49.58
50.42
7.
Pan
252.1
50.42
100
= 500
55
Observe
Elaps
Temp.
d
Menisc
S.
ed
of
Hydrom
us
N Time
Soluti
eter
Correct
o
t
on
Reading
ion Cm
(min)
(c)
R'h
Temp.
Correcti
on
(from
Graph)
Ct
Rh =
R'h + Cm
+ C t
He (cm)
Values
read from
Calibration
Graph
D=
[0.09513
He
(mm)
P% Finer
than D
P = 3.2 x
R
30
12
29
+0.5
+2.0
14.5
13.44
0.064
46.4
60
11.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
14
13.59
0.0452
44.8
120
29
+0.5
+2.0
10.5
14.61
0.0332
33.6
180
5.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
15.33
0.0278
25.6
240
4.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
15.63
0.0243
22.4
480
29
+0.5
+2.0
4.5
16.35
0.0176
14.4
900
29
+0.5
+2.0
3.5
16.64
0.0129
11.2
1800
29
+0.5
+2.0
3.5
16.64
0.0091
11.2
3600
0.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
16.79
0.0065
9.6
10
24
hrs
-1
29
+0.5
+2.0
1.5
17.23
0.00134
4.8
56
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
0.01
0.1
10
100
57
S.
No.
I.S. Sieve
Size ()
Weight Retained
(gm)
% Weight
Retained
Cumulative % Weight
Retained
%
Finer
1.
600
100
2.
425
0.6
0.12
0.12
99.88
3.
300
14.3
2.86
2.98
97.02
4.
212
39.4
7.88
10.86
89.14
5.
150
64.5
12.9
23.76
76.24
6.
75
114.2
22.84
46.6
53.4
7.
Pan
267
53.4
100
= 500
58
S.
N
o
Elap Observe
Temp
sed
d
Menisc
. of
Time Hydrom
us
Soluti
t
eter
Correct
on
(min Reading
ion Cm
(c)
)
R'h
Temp.
Correcti
on
(from
Graph)
Ct
Rh =
R'h + Cm
+ C t
He (cm)
Values
read from
Calibration
Graph
D=
[0.09513
He
(mm)
P% Finer
than D
P = 3.2 x
R
30
12.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
15
13.30
0.0633
48
60
12
29
+0.5
+2.0
14.5
13.44
0.045
46.4
120
29
+0.5
+2.0
11.5
14.32
0.0329
36.8
180
5.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
15.33
0.0278
25.6
240
4.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
15.63
0.0243
22.4
480
2.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
16.21
0.0175
16
900
29
+0.5
+2.0
4.5
16.35
0.0128
14.4
1800
1.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
16.50
0.0091
12.8
3600
29
+0.5
+2.0
3.5
16.64
0.0065
11.2
10
24
hrs
-1.5
29
+0.5
+2.0
17.37
0.00135
3.2
59
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
0.01
0.1
10
100
60
2.5. Liquid Limit Test

This test is done to determine the liquid limit of soil as per IS:
2720 (Part 5) - 1985. The liquid limit of fine-grained soil is the water
content at which soil behaves practically like a liquid, but has small
shear strength. Its flow closes the groove in just 25 blows in
Casagrandes liquid limit device.
2.5.1. Theory
When enough and sufficient water is added to a fine soil, it
achieves a liquid state; i.e. the soil behaves like a liquid without
having any shear strength. However, when we reduce the water
content of the soil gradually, the soil changes from the liquid state to
the plastic state. In the plastic state, the soil gains a lot of shear
strength. A plastic soil (i.e. a soil in plastic state) is a sticky soil, and
can be moulded into different shapes, and hence used for making
clay toys, etc.

Fig. 2.4 Casagrandes Liquid limit Apparatus
61
The water content at which the soil just changes from the
liquid state to the plastic state, is known as the liquid limit of the
soil, and is usually represented by L L.L. In-physical terms, it can be
defined as that water content, at which a soil passes from zero shear
strength to a very small (infinitesimal) shear strength. For laboratory
determination of liquid limit of a soil, therefore, the liquid limit is
defined as that water content at which the soil has such small shear
strength that it flows to close a groove of standard dimensions when
jarred under an impact of 25 blows in a standard liquid limit
apparatus.
2.5.2. Application
The value of liquid limit of a soil coupled with the value of
plastic limit is directly used for classifying the fine grained soils.

1. Casagrandes
liquid
limit
device.
2. Grooving
tools
of
both
standard and ASTM types

3. Oven
4. Evaporating dish
5. Spatula
6. IS Sieve of size 425
7. Weighing balance, with 0.01g accuracy
8. Wash bottle
9. Air-tight and non-corrodible container for determination of
62
moisture content.
2.5.4. Procedure
1) Air-dry the soil sample and break the clods. Remove the
organic matter like tree roots, pieces of bark, etc.
2) About 100g of the specimen passing through 425m IS Sieve is
mixed thoroughly with distilled water in the evaporating dish
and left for 24hrs. for soaking.
3) Place a portion of the paste in the cup of the liquid limit device.
4) Level the mix so as to have a maximum depth of 1cm.
5) Draw the grooving tool through the sample along the
symmetrical axis of the cup, holding the tool perpendicular to
the cup.
6) For normal fine grained soil: The Casagrandes tool is used to
cut a groove 2mm wide at the bottom, 11mm wide at the top
and 8mm deep.
7) For sandy soil: The ASTM tool is used to cut a groove 2mm
wide at the bottom, 13.6mm wide at the top and 10mm deep.
8) After the soil pat has been cut by a proper grooving tool, the
handle is rotated at the rate of about 2 revolutions per second
and the no. of blows counted, till the two parts of the soil
sample come into contact for about 10mm length.
9) Take about 10g of soil near the closed groove and determine
its water content.
10)
The soil of the cup is transferred to the dish containing
the soil paste and mixed thoroughly after adding a little more
63
water. Repeat the test.

11)
By altering the water content of the soil and repeating
the foregoing operations, obtain at least 5 readings in the

range of 15 to 35 blows. Dont mix dry soil to change its
consistency.
12)
Liquid limit is determined by plotting a flow curve on a
semi-log graph, with no. of blows as abscissa (log scale) and

the water content as ordinate and drawing the best straight
line through the plotted points.
2.6. Plastic Limit Test

This test is done to determine the plastic limit of soil as per IS:
2720 (Part 5) 1985.The plastic limit of fine-grained soil is the water
content of the soil below which it ceases to be plastic. It begins to
crumble when rolled into threads of 3mm dia.
2.6.1. Theory
When we reduce the moisture content of the soil gradually, the
soil changes from the liquid state to the plastic state. In plastic
state, the soil gains a lot of shear strength, and become sticky and
liable to be moulded into different shapes. When the moisture
content is further reduced, the soil goes into a semi-solid state
before going into a solid state. In semi solid state, the soil looses its
moulding capacity and begins to crumble when we try to mould it
into an arbitrary shape. The boundary limit moisture content
between the plastic state and semi solid state is called the plastic
limit. The plastic limit may hence be defined as the water content
(P) at which the soil sample first looses its full plasticity, and begins
64
to
crumble
when
moulded.
For
the
purpose
of
laboratory
determination, the plastic limit is defined as the water content at

which a soil will just begin to crumble when rolled into a thread of 3
mm in diameter.
The range of water content between liquid limit (L) and Plastic
limit
(P)
range
in
represents
the
which
soil
behaves
like
material.
This
plastic
range
is
hence called the plasticity

index (IP). Soils with a high
IP are called plastic soils,
because they behave like
plastic material for a large range of water contents.
2.6.2. Application
The value of liquid limit of a soil coupled with the value of
plastic limit is directly used for classifying the fine grained soils.

1. Porcelain evaporating dishes about 120mm dia.
2. Spatula
3. Container to determine moisture content
4. Balance, with an accuracy of 0.01g
5. Oven
6. Ground glass plate -20cm x 15cm.
65
7. Rod - 3mm dia. and about 10cm long.
2.6.4. Procedure
1) Take out 30g of air-dried soil from a thoroughly mixed sample
of the soil passing through 425m IS Sieve. Mix the soil with
distilled water in an evaporating dish and leave the soil mass
for nurturing. This period may be up to 24hrs.
2) Take about 8g of the soil and roll it
with fingers on a glass plate. The rate
of rolling should be between 80 to 90
strokes per minute to form a 3mm
dia.
3) If the dia. of the threads can be
reduced to less than 3mm, without any cracks appearing, it
means that the water content is more than its plastic limit.
Knead the soil to reduce the water content and roll it into a
thread again.
4) Repeat the process of alternate rolling and kneading until the
thread crumbles.
5) Collect and keep the pieces of crumbled soil thread in the
container used to determine the moisture content.
6) Repeat the process at least twice more with fresh samples of
plastic soil each time.
2.6.5. Observation & Graphs (Liquid Limit &

Plastic Limit Test)
S.
No.
Determination
66
1.
No. of Blows (N)
15
2.
20.04 31.58 26.45
3.
42.62 49.41 55.04
4.
37.89 45.87 50.02
5.
Wt. of Water (gm)
6.
7.

100
8.
Liquid Limit % L (From Graph)
4.73
21
3.54
32
5.02
17.85 14.29 23.57

26.5
24.8
21.3
23
Table 2.23: Liquid Limit Test for Sample 1
S. No.
Determination
1.
25.37
2.
50.24
3.
45.82
4.
Wt. of Water (gm)
5.
6.
Water Content % = [(5)/(6)] x 100
7.
Plastic Limit % P
Table 2.24: Plastic Limit Test for Sample 1
Plasticity Index IP = L - P = 23 22 = 1
4.42
20.45
21.6
22
67
30
25
20
15
10
0
10
100
68
S.
No.
Determination
1.
No. of Blows (N)
33
28
22
2.
31.24 25.89 21.34
3.
51.81
4.
48.02 49.43 40.07
5.
Wt. of Water (gm)
6.
7.

100
8.
3.79
54.7
5.27
44.58
4.51
16.78 23.54 18.73

22.6
22.4
24.1
24
S. No.
Determination
1.
30.24
2.
52.66
3.
48.74
4.
Wt. of Water (gm)
3.92
5.
18.5
6.
Water Content % = [(5)/(6)] x 100
21.2
7.
Plastic Limit % P
21
69
30
25
20
15
10
0
10
100
70
S.
No.
Determination
1.
No. of Blows (N)
39
18
27
2.
21.47 23.58 34.59
3.
47.77 45.62 50.38
4.
42.96 41.11 47.23
5.
Wt. of Water (gm)
6.
7.

100
8.
4.81
4.51
3.15
21.49 17.53 12.64

22.4
25.7
24.9
24
S. No.
Determination
1.
24.80
2.
41.64
3.
38.56
4.
Wt. of Water (gm)
5.
6.
Water Content % = [(5)/(6)] x 100
7.
Plastic Limit % P
3.08
13.76
22.4
22
71
30
25
20
15
10
0
10
100
72
S.
No.
Determination
1.
No. of Blows (N)
16
22
31
2.
32.52 20.46 28.53
3.
62.04 38.16 58.93
4.
56.1
5.
Wt. of Water (gm)
5.94
6.
7.

100
8.
34.83 53.39
3.33
5.54
23.58 14.37 24.86

25.2
23.2
22.3
23
S. No.
Determination
1.
32.58
2.
57.20
3.
52.98
4.
Wt. of Water (gm)
4.22
5.
20.4
6.
Water Content % = [(5)/(6)] x 100
20.7
7.
Plastic Limit % P
21
73
30
25
20
15
10
0
10
100
74
S.
No.
Determination
1.
No. of Blows (N)
36
31
14
2.
23.57 29.35 25.10
3.
44.36 56.38 45.77
4.
40.98 51.93 41.66
5.
Wt. of Water (gm)
6.
7.

100
8.
3.38
4.45
4.11
17.41 22.58 16.56

19.4
19.7
24.8
22
S. No.
Determination
1.
23.49
2.
46.29
3.
42.44
4.
Wt. of Water (gm)
5.
6.
Water Content % = [(5)/(6)] x 100
7.
Plastic Limit % P
3.85
18.95
20.3
20
75
30
25
20
15
10
0
10
100
76
2.7. California Bearing Ratio Test

To determine the California bearing ratio by conducting a load
penetration test in the laboratory.
2.7.1. Theory
The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test was developed by the
California Division of Highway as a method of classifying and
evaluating soil-subgrade and base course materials for flexible
pavements. The CBR is a measure of resistance of a material to
penetration of standard plunger under controlled density and
moisture conditions. Briefly, the test consists of causing a cylindrical
plunger of 50 mm diameter to penetrate a pavement component
material at 1.25 mm/minute. The loads, for 2.5 mm and 5 mm are
recorded. This load is expressed as a percentage of standard load
value at a respective deformation level to obtain CBR value. The
standard load values were obtained from the average of a large
number of tests on different crushed stones and are given in Table
2.33.
Penetration of
plunger (mm)
2.5
Standard load
(kg)
1370
5.0
2055
7.5
2630
10.0
3180
12.5
3600
Table 2.33: Standard Load values on Crushed Stones
1. Cylindrical mould with inside diameter 150 mm and height 175
77
mm, provided with a detachable extension collar 50 mm height

and a detachable perforated base plate 10 mm thick.
2. Spacer disc 148 mm in diameter and 47.7 mm in height along
with handle.
3. Metal rammers weight 2.6 kg
with a drop of 310 mm (or)
weight 4.89 kg a drop 450 mm.
4. One annular metal weight and
several slotted weights weighing
2.5 kg each, 147 mm in dia, with
a
central
hole
53
mm
in
diameter.
5. Loading machine with a capacity
of
at
least
5000
kg
and
equipped with a movable head

or base that travels at a uniform rate of 1.25 mm/min.
Complete with load indicating device.
6. Metal penetration piston 50 mm diameters and minimum of
100 mm in length.
7. Two dial gauges reading to 0.01 mm.
8. Sieves. 4.75 mm and 20 mm I.S. Sieves.
9. Miscellaneous apparatus, such as a mixing bowl, straight edge,
scales soaking tank or pan, drying oven, filter paper and
containers.
2.7.3. Procedure
1) Prepare the remolded specimen at Proctors maximum dry
78
density or any other density at which C.B.R. is required.

Maintain the specimen at optimum moisture content or the
field moisture as required. The material used should pass 20
mm I.S. sieve but it should be retained on 4.75 mm I.S. sieve.
Prepare the specimen by dynamic compaction.
2) Take about 4.5 to 5.5 kg of soil and mix thoroughly with the
required water. Fix the extension collar and the base plate to
the mould. Insert the spacer disc over the base. Place the filter
paper on the top of the spacer disc. Compact the mix soil in
the mould using either light compaction or heavy compaction.
For light compaction, compact the soil in 3 equal layers, each
layer being given 25 blows by the 2.6 kg rammer. For heavy
compaction compact the soil in 5 layers, 56 blows to each
layer by the 4.89 kg rammer.
3) Remove the collar and trim off soil.
4) Turn the mould upside down and remove the base plate and
the displacer disc.
5) Weigh the mould with compacted soil and determine the bulk
density and dry density.
6) Put filter paper on the top of the compacted soil (collar side)
and clamp the perforated base plate on to it.
7) Place the mould assembly with the surcharge weights on the
penetration test machine.
8) Seat the penetration piston at the center of the specimen with
the smallest possible load, but in no case in excess of 4 kg so
that full contact of the piston on the sample is established.
9) Set the stress and strain dial gauge to read zero. Apply the
79
load on the piston so that the penetration rate is about 1.25

mm/min.
Fig. 2.5 California Bearing Ratio Testing Mould with Plunger

10)
Record the load readings at penetrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5,
2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 mm. Note the
maximum load and corresponding penetration if it occurs for a
penetration less than 12.5 mm.
11)
Detach the mould from the loading equipment. Take
about 20 to 50 g of soil from the top 3 cm layer and determine

the moisture content.
2.7.4. Observation & Graphs

Penetration (mm)
Load (kg)
0.5
29
80
77
1.5
96
114
2.5
146
159
186
206
7.5
225
10
259
12.5
276
Table 2.34: California Bearing Ratio Test for Sample 1

Final Value of CBR for sample 1 from Graph for 2.5 mm penetration
= 10.36%
81
82
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
11
12
13
14
83
Penetration (mm)
Load (kg)
0.5
12
38
1.5
85
105
2.5
136
153
178
194
7.5
227
10
257
12.5
273

= 11.02%
84
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
11
12
13
14
85
Penetration (mm)
Load (kg)
0.5
36
75
1.5
91
119
2.5
140
154
182
197
7.5
220
10
254
12.5
271

= 10.2%
86
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
11
12
13
14
87
Penetration (mm)
Load (kg)
0.5
22
63
1.5
85
109
2.5
136
152
176
196
7.5
225
10
251
12.5
269

= 9.93%
88
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
11
12
13
14
89
Penetration (mm)
Load (kg)
0.5
10
25
1.5
73
95
2.5
124
143
167
189
7.5
221
10
249
12.5
271

= 10.95%
90
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
11
12
13
14
91
2.8. Aggregate Crushing Value Test

To determine the aggregate crushing value of coarse
aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) - 1963.
2.8.1. Theory
The principal mechanical properties required in road stones arc
(i) satisfactory resistance to crushing under the roller during
construction and (ii) adequate resistance to surface abrasion under
traffic. Also surface stresses under rigid tyre rims of heavily loaded
animal drawn vehicles are high enough to consider the crushing
strength of road aggregates as an essential requirement in India.
Crushing strength of road stones may be determined either on
aggregates or on cylindrical specimens cut out of rocks. These two
tests are quite different in not only the approach but also in the
expression of the results. Aggregates used in road construction,
should he strong enough to resist crushing under traffic wheel loads.
If the aggregates are weak, the stability 01" the pavement structure
is likely to be adversely affected. The strength of coarse aggregates
is assessed by aggregates crushing test. The aggregate crushing
value provides a relative measure of resistance 10 crushing under a
gradually applied compressive load. To achieve a high quality of
pavement aggregate possessing low aggregate crushing value
should be preferred.
92

1. Steel cylinder with open ends, and internal diameter 25.2 cm,
square base plate plunger having a piston of diameter 15 cm,
with a hole provided across the stem of the plunger so that a
rod could be inserted for lifting or placing the plunger in the
cylinder.
2. Cylindrical measure having internal diameter of 11.5 cm and
height 18 cm.
3. Steel temping rod with one rounded end, having a diameter of
1.6 cm and length 45 to 60 cm.
4. Balance of capacity 3 kg with accuracy upto 1 g.
5. Compressions testing machine capable of applying load of 40
tonnes, at a uniform rate of loading or 4 tonnes per minute.
93
Fig. 2.6
Aggregate
Crushing
Test
Apparatus
2.8.3. Procedure
1) The aggregates passing through 12.5mm and retained on
10mm IS Sieve are oven-dried at a temperature of 100 to 110
C for 3 to 4hrs.
2) The cylinder of the apparatus is filled in 3 layers, each layer
tamped with 25 strokes of a tamping rod.
3) The weight of aggregates is measured (Weight A).
4) The surface of the aggregates is then leveled and the plunger
inserted. The apparatus is then placed in the compression
testing machine and loaded at a uniform rate so as to achieve
40t load in 10 minutes. After this, the load is released.
5) The sample is then sieved through a 2.36mm IS Sieve and the
fraction passing through the sieve is weighed (Weight B).
6) Two tests should be conducted.
Aggregate Crushing Value =
2.8.4. Observation
B
A
x 100%.
94
Sample
Description
No.
Total Weight of dry sample taken A (gm)

Weight of sample passing through 2.36 mm B (gm)
B
Aggregate Crushing Value ( A
x 100) (%)
3000
3000
468
395
15.6
13.2
Table 2.39: Aggregate Crushing value
Average value of Aggregate Crushing Value =
15.6+ 13.2
2
= 14.4 %
2.9. Aggregate Impact Test

To determine the aggregate impact value of coarse aggregates
as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) - 1963.
2.9.1. Theory
Toughness is the property of a material to resist impact. Due to
traffic loads, the road stones are subjected to the pounding action or
impact and there is possibility of stones breaking into smaller
pieces. The road stones should therefore be tough enough to resist
fracture under impact. A test designed to evaluate the toughness of
stones i.e., the resistance of the stones to fracture under impacts
may be called an impact test for road stones. Impact test may either
be carried out on cylindrical stone specimens as in Page Impact test
or on stone aggregates as in Aggregate Impact test.
The aggregate impact value indicates a relative measure of the
95
resistance of aggregate to a sudden

shock or an impact which in some
aggregates differs from its resistance
to
slow
compressive
load.
The
method of test covers the procedure

for determining the aggregate impact
value of coarse aggregates.

1. Impact testing machine: The machine consists of a metal
base with a plane lower surface supported well on a firm floor,
without rocking. A detachable cylindrical steel cup of internal
diameter 10.2 cm and depth 5 cm is rigidly fastened centrally
to the base plate. A metal hammer of weight between 13.5 and
14.0 kg having the lower end cylindrical in shape, 10 cm in
diameter and 5 cm long, with 2 mm chamber at the lower edge
is capable of Sliding freely between vertical guides, and fall
concentric over the cup. There is an arrangement for raising
the hammer and allowing it to fall freely between vertical
guides from a height of 38 cm on the test sample in the cup,
the height or fall being adjustable upto 0.5 cm. A key is
provided for supporting the hammer while fastening or
removing the cup.
2. Measure:
cylindrical
metal
measure
having
internal
diameter 7.5 cm and depth 5 cm for measuring aggregates.

3. Tamping rod: A straight metal tamping rod of Circular cross
section, 1 cm in diameter and 23 cm long, rounded at one end.
96
4. Sieve: IS sieve of sizes 12.5 mm,

10 mm and 2.36 mm for sieving the
aggregates.
5. Balance: A balance of capacity not
less than 500 g to weigh accurate
upto 0.1g.
6. Oven: A thermostatically controlled
drying oven capable of maintaining
constant temperature between 100
C and 110 C.
Fig. 2.7 Aggregate Impact
2.9.3. Procedure
Testing Apparatus
1) The cup of the impact testing machine should be fixed firmly in
position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test
sample placed in it and compacted by 25 strokes of the
tamping rod.
2) The hammer should be raised to 380mm above the upper
surface of the aggregates in the cup and allowed to fall freely
onto the aggregates. The test sample should be subjected to a
total of 15 such blows, each being delivered at an interval of
not less than one second.
3) The sample should be removed and sieved through a 2.36mm
IS Sieve. The fraction passing through should be weighed
(Weight B).
4) The ratio of the weight of the fines formed to the total sample
weight should be expressed as a percentage.
97
Aggregate Impact Value

Here,
B
A
x 100%.
B = Weight of the crushed sample passed from 2.36 mm
IS sieve.
A = Total weight of the sample
2.9.4. Observation
Sample
Description
No.
1
538
543
52
56
10.35
9.69
Total Weight of dry sample taken A (gm)

Weight of sample passing through 2.36 mm B (gm)
B
Aggregate Impact Value ( A
x 100) (%)
Table 2.40: Aggregate Impact value
Average value of Aggregate Impact Value
10.35+ 9.69
2
= 10.02 %
2.10. Los Angeles Abrasion Test

To determine the abrasion value of coarse aggregates as per
IS: 2386 (Part IV) 1963.
2.10.1. Theory
Due to the movements of traffic, the road stones used in the
surfacing course are subjected to wearing action at the top.
98
Resistance to wear or hardness is hence an essential property for

road aggregates, especially when used in wearing Course. Thus road
stones should be bard enough to resist the abrasion due to the
traffic abrasion test on aggregates are generally carried out by
anyone of the following methods
I.
Los Angeles abrasion test
II.
Deval abrasion test
III.
Dorry abrasion test

Of these tests, the Los Angeles abrasion test is more
commonly adopted as the test values of aggregates have been

correlated with performance of studies. The ISI has suggested that
wherever possible, Los Angeles abrasion test should be preferred.
The principle of Los Angeles abrasion
rest is to find the percentage wear due to the
relative
rubbing
action
between
the
aggregates and steel balls used as abrasive

charge; pounding action of these balls also
exist
while
conducting
the
test.
Some
investigators believe this test to be more

dependable as rubbing and pounding action
simulate the field conditions where both abrasion and impact occur.
Los Angeles abrasion test has been standardized by the ASTM,
AASHO and also by the ISI. Standard, specification of Los Angeles,
abrasion values is also available for various types of pavement
constructions.
99
1. Los Angles abrasion testing machine,

2. IS Sieve of size - 1.7mm,
3. Abrasive charge - 12 no cast iron or steel
spheres approximately 48mm dia. and
each weighing between 390 and 445g
ensuring that the total weight of charge
is 5000 +25g,
4. Oven.
Fig. 2.8
Los Angeles Abrasion
Testing Machine
2.10.3. Procedure
1) The test sample of total weight A and the abrasive charge
should be placed in the Los Angles abrasion testing machine
and
the
machine
rotated
at
speed
of
20-33
revolutions/minute for 1000 revolutions. At the completion of

the test, the material should be discharged and sieved through
1.70mm IS Sieve.
2) The material coarser than 1.70mm IS Sieve should be washed
and dried in an oven at a temperature of 100 to 110 C to a
constant weight and weighed (Weight B).
3) The proportion of loss between weight A and weight B of the
test sample should be expressed as a percentage of the
original weight of the test sample. This value should be
reported as,
Aggregate Abrasion Value =
AB
A
x 100%.
100
2.10.4. Observation
Sample No.
Description
10
10
8.22
8.54
7
14.5
Total Weight of dry sample taken A (kg)

Weight of sample retained on 1.70 mm IS sieve B
(kg)
Aggregate Abrasion Value (
AB
A
x 100) (%)
17.7
Table 2.41: Aggregate Abrasion value
Average value of Aggregate Abrasion Value =
17.7+ 14.53
2
= 16.12 %
2.11. Specific Gravity & Water Absorption Test

To determine the specific gravity & water absorption of coarse
aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part III) - 1963.
2.11.1. Theory
The specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a
measure of strength or quality of the material. Stones having low
specific gravity are generally weaker than those with higher specific
gravity values. The specific gravity test helps in identification of
stone. Water absorption gives an idea of strength of rock. Stones
having more water absorption are more porous in nature and are
generally considered unsuitable unless they are found to be
acceptable based on strength, impact and hardness tests.
101
1. Wire basket - perforated, electroplated or plastic coated with

wire hangers for suspending it from the balance,
2. Water-tight container for suspending the basket,
3. Dry soft absorbent cloth - 75cm x 45cm (2 nos.),
4. Shallow tray of minimum 650 sq.cm area,
5. Air-tight container of a capacity similar to the basket,
6. Oven.
2.11.3. Procedure
1) The sample should be thoroughly washed to remove finer
particles and dust, drained and then placed in the wire basket
and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between 22
and 32 C.
2) After immersion, the entrapped air should be removed by
lifting the basket and allowing it to drop 25 times in 25
seconds. The basket and sample should remain immersed for a
period of 24 + hrs afterwards. The weight is noted while
suspended in water = W1 gm.
3) The basket and aggregates should then be removed from the
water, allowed to drain for a few minutes, after which the
aggregates should be gently emptied from the basket on to
one of the dry clothes and gently surface-dried with the cloth,
transferring it to a second dry cloth when the first would
remove no further moisture. The empty basket is then returned
to the tank of water, jolted 25 times and weighed in water =
W2 gm.
4) The aggregates should be spread on the second cloth and
102
exposed to the atmosphere away from direct sunlight till it

appears to be completely surface dry. The aggregates should
be weighed = W3 gm.
5) The aggregates should then be placed in an oven at a
temperature of 100 to 110 C for 24hrs. It should then be
removed from the oven, cooled and weighed = W4 gm.
=
W4
W 3(W 1W 2)
Water Absorption of Aggregates =
(W 3W 4)
x 100
W4
Specific Gravity of Aggregates
2.11.4. Observation
Sample
No.
Description
1
2
Weight of saturated aggregate and basket in
3911 3743
water = W1 (gm)
.3
.2
2674 2674
Weight of basket in water = W2 (gm)
.9
.9
Weight of saturated surface dry aggregates in air 1995 1658
= W3 (gm)
.9
.1
1982 1650
Weight of oven dried aggregate in air = W4 (gm)
.0
.3
Specific Gravity =
Water Absorption =
W4
W 3(W 1W 2)
(W 3W 4)
x 100
W4
2.60
2.64
0.7
0.4
Table 2.42: Specific gravity & Water Absorption
Average value of Specific Gravity

= 2.62
2.60+ 2.64
2
103
Average value of Water Absorption=
0.7+0.4
2
= 0.55 %
2.12. Penetration Test

To determine the penetration of bitumen as per IS: 1203 1978.
2.12.1. Theory
Various types and grades of bituminous materials are available
depending on their origin and refining process. The penetration test
determines the consistency of these materials for the purpose of
grading them, by measuring the depth (in units, of one tenth of a
millimeter or one hundredth of a centimeter)
to which a standard needle will penetrate
vertically
under
specified
conditions
of
standard load, duration and temperature.

Thus the basic principle of the penetration
test is the measurement of the penetration
(in units of one tenth of a mm) of a standard
needle in a bitumen sample maintained at 25
C during five seconds, the total weight of the
needle assembly being 100 g. The softer the
bitumen, the greater will be the penetration.
The penetration test is widely used world over for classifying the
bitumen into different grades. The ISI has standardized the
penetration test equipment and the test procedure.
104
1. Penetrometer
2. Water bath
3. Bath thermometer - Range 0 to 44 C, Graduation 0.2 C
Fig. 2.9 Penetrometer
2.12.3. Procedure
1) Soften the bitumen above the softening point (between 75 and
100 C). Stir it thoroughly to remove air bubbles and water.
2) Pour it into a container to a depth of at least 15mm in excess
of the expected penetration.
1
3) Cool it at an atmospheric temperature of 15 to 30 C for 1 2
hour. Then place it in a transfer dish in the water bath at 25.0

1
+ 0.1 C for 1 2
hrs.
4) Keep the container on the stand of the penetration apparatus.

5) Adjust the needle to make contact with the surface of the
105
sample.
6) Adjust the dial reading to zero.
7) With the help of the timer, release the needle for exactly 5
seconds.
8) Record the dial reading.
9) Repeat the above procedure thrice.
2.12.4. Observation
Room Temperature = 27 C
Sample No.
1
2
3
12.5 10.4 11.6
Readings
Penetrometer dial reading
(i)
Initial
(1/10 mm)
(ii)
71.1 82.8 75.3
Final
Penetration Value, (1/10 mm)
58.6 72.4 63.7
Table 2.43: Penetration Test
Average value of Penetration
58.6+ 72.4+63.7
3
= 64.9 mm/10
So, the bitumen grade suggested by the above observations is
60/70 & may be designated as A 65.
2.13. Ductility Test

To determine the ductility of bitumen as per IS: 1208 - 1978.
2.13.1. Theory
106
In the flexible pavement construction where bitumen binders

are used, it is of significant importance that the binders form ductile
thin films around the aggregates. This serves as a satisfactory
binder in improving the physical interlocking of the aggregates. The
binder material which does not possess sufficient ductility would
crack and thus provide pervious pavement surface. This in turn
results in damaging effect to the pavement structure. It has been
stated by some agencies that the penetration and ductility
properties,
go
together;
but
depending
upon
the
chemical
composition and the type of crude source of the bitumen,

sometimes it has been observed that the above statement is
incorrect. It may hence be mentioned that the bitumen may satisfy
the penetration value, but may fail to satisfy the ductility
requirements. Bitumen paving engineer would however want that
both test requirements are satisfied in the field jobs. Penetration or
ductility can not in any case replace each other. The ductility is
expressed as the distance in centimeters to which a standard
briquette of bitumen can be stretched before the thread breaks. The
test is conducted at 27 0.5 C and a rate of pull of 50 2.5 mm
per minute. The test has
been standardized by the
ISI.
2.13.2.
Apparatus
Used
1. Standard mould
2. Water bath
3. Testing machine
4. Thermometer - Range 0 to 44 C, Graduation 0.2 C
107
Fig. 2.10 Ductility Test
2.13.3. Procedure
1) Completely melt the bituminous material to be tested by
heating it to a temperature of 75 to 100 C above the
approximate softening point until it becomes thoroughly fluid.
Assemble the mould on a brass plate and in order to prevent
the material under test from sticking, thoroughly coat the
surface of the plate and the interior surfaces of the sides of the
mould with a mixture of equal parts of glycerin and dextrin.
While filling, pour the material in a thin stream back and forth
from end to end of the mould until it is more than level full.
Leave it to cool at room temperature for 30 to 40 minutes and
then place it in a water bath maintained at the specified
temperature for 30 minutes, after which cut off the excess
bitumen by means of a hot, straight-edged putty knife or
spatula, so that the mould is just level full.
2) Place the brass plate and mould with briquette specimen in the
water bath and keep it at the specified temperature for about
85 to 95 minutes. Remove the briquette from the plate; detach
the side pieces and the briquette immediately.
3)
Attach the rings at each end of the two clips to the pins
or hooks in the testing machine and pull the two clips apart
108
horizontally at a uniform speed, as specified, until the briquette

ruptures. Measure the distance in cm through which the clips
have been pulled to produce rupture. While the test is being
done, make sure that the water in the tank of the testing
machine covers the specimen both above and below by at
least 25mm and the temperature is maintained continuously
within 0.5 C of the specified temperature.
2.13.4. Observation
Briquette Number
Test
Ductility Value (cm)
53.5
61.2
Table 2.44: Ductility Test

Average value of Ductility of Bitumen =
53.5+ 61.2
2
= 57.35 cm.
109
2.14. Traffic Census Data

Description of Vehicle
S.
N
o.
1.
2.
Place
Time
Lane
Cars
(1)
Mangalaya
tan
University
Mangalaya
tan
University
10:00
a.m.
11:00
a.m.
11:00
a.m.
12:00
a.m.
Mot
or
Cycl
es
(2)
Aligarh
to
41
Mathur
a
Mathur
a to
52
Aligarh
Aligarh
to
43
Mathur
a
Mathur
a to
59
Aligarh
Table 2.45:
35
Buse
s
(3)
Two
Axle
Truc
ks
(4)
Agricult
ural
Tractors
(5)
14
13
Anim
al
Cycl Draw
es
n
(6) Vehicl
es
(7)
50
Commer
cial
Vehicles
per Day
= {(3) +
(4)}x24
(8)
4
1344
44
22
23
25
16
15
83
1
1056
45
12
Traffic Census Data
12
56
110

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LABORATORY & FIELD EXPERIMENT

LABORATORY & FIELD EXPERIMENTS

requirement for compaction, and this really makes it different from

LABORATORY & FIELD EXPERIMENT

compacted soil in the mould is then determined by computing the

Massof moist soil the mould

The achieved dry density at various water contents can, thus,

LABORATORY & FIELD EXPERIMENT

2.1.2. Equipment Used

LABORATORY & FIELD EXPERIMENT

1) Obtain approximately 10 lb (4.5 kg) of air-dried soil in the

moisture content by about

empty proctor mould without

subsequent layer. Place the second layer, apply 25 blows,

LABORATORY & FIELD EXPERIMENT

break it to collect the sample for water content determination

Weigh an empty moisture can, W3, (g) and weigh again

with the moist soil obtained from the extruded sample in

water to increase the moisture content by 2%.

Repeat steps 4 to 11. During this process the weight W2

increases for some time with the increase in moisture and

2.1.4. Observations & Graphs

LABORATORY & FIELD EXPERIMENT

(b) Water Content

Percentage of Water (%)

Wt. of Container (gm)

14.5 21.7 30.2 19.1

Wt. of Water (gm)

1.26 0.99 2.19 1.98 2.14

Wt. of Dry Soil (gm)

Water Content % = [(5)/

Table 1: Proctor Compaction Test for Sample 1

LABORATORY & FIELD EXPERIMENT

LABORATORY & FIELD EXPERIMENT

(b) Water Content

Percentage of Water (%)

Wt. of Container (gm)

Wt. of Container + Wet Soil (gm)

Wt. of Container + Dry Soil (gm)

Wt. of Water (gm)

Wt. of Dry Soil (gm)

Water Content % = [(5)/(6)] x

Table 2.2: Proctor Compaction Test for Sample 2

LABORATORY & FIELD EXPERIMENT

LABORATORY & FIELD EXPERIMENT

(b) Water Content

Percentage of Water (%)

Wt. of Container (gm)

Wt. of Container + Wet Soil (gm)

Wt. of Container + Dry Soil (gm)

Wt. of Water (gm)

Wt. of Dry Soil (gm)

Water Content % = [(5)/(6)] x

Table 2.3: Proctor Compaction Test for Sample 3

LABORATORY & FIELD EXPERIMENT

LABORATORY & FIELD EXPERIMENT

(b) Water Content

Percentage of Water (%)

Wt. of Container (gm)

Wt. of Container + Wet Soil (gm)

Wt. of Container + Dry Soil (gm)

Wt. of Water (gm)

Wt. of Dry Soil (gm)

Water Content % = [(5)/(6)] x