Induction Motors

W
K

W
W

K .

K .

K .

KK .

K .

K .

K .

K .

K .

K .

K .
--

KW

W

W

K J

--

Induction Motors
Three Phase Indution Motors:

W

W
K

EE JF
K

(Induction)

--

W J

Stator

KE JFRotor

W J
W J J

E JF

{{

KE JF

--

W J

W J J

(Slip-ring motors)

(Squirrel cage motors) (Wound rotor motors)

(Wound Rotor)

W J

K(Wound rotor)
--

(Slip Rings)

KE JF

W J

:EaF

EbF

(Squirrel-cage rotor)

W J

E JFE JF (Squirrel cage)

K

--

W J

W J

E JF
WSynchronous speed

ns =

120 f s
P

E JF
W

Wns

Wfs

WP

E JF

K
--

--

WE JF

E JF

--

W J

EnsF

nEns JnF

KEnsF

E JF

WE JF

T Fs Fr Sin( sr )

E JF
W

KWT

KWFs
KWFr

KWsr

n f = ns n

E JF
W

KEFWnf
- -

J
W J
n
(Slip speed)(ns-n)ns

(Slip)

(s)
- -

Slip Speed = nslip = ns n

n n
Slip = s = s
ns
n n
100 %
% Slip = s = s
ns

E JF

(n=ns)
K(n=0)

WE JF
E JF

Rotor speed = n = ns (1 s )

W J

s nns

(ns-n)E JF
ns
K

KEF

EF

(s=1)(n=0)

KEfr=fsF

- -

(s=0)(n=ns)

KEfr=0F

(ns-n)

WE JF

fr = s fs

E JF

WE JF

120 f s 120 60
=
= 1200
P
6
n = ns ( 1 s ) = 1200 ( 1 0.05 ) = 1140
f r = s f s = 0.05 60 = 3

ns =

rpm

rpm
Hz

WE JF

K
W

120 f s 120 50
=
= 1500
4
P
nslip = ns n = 1500 1455 = 45

ns =

rpm
rpm
- -

s=

ns n 1500 1455
=
= 0.03
ns
1500

p.u.

WE JF

K{
W

f r 2.5
=
= 0.05
f s 50
120 f s 120 50
ns =
=
= 1000
p
6
n = ns (1 s ) = 1000 (1 0.05) = 950

s=

rpm
rpm

- -

W
K J
J

J
>K

K J

J
K

K J

J
K J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J
K

KKKKKKKKKKKK J

J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

- -

W J
K

W J
K

W J
K
K

J
W

KKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKK

- -

KKKKKKKKKKKK

J
K

J
K

J
W
K

K
{
J
W

K
K
EF

EF

EF

EF

EF

EF J
KEF

K{EF

{EF

- -

The Equivalent Circuit

W J

JF

WI2E

I2 =

s E2

E JF

R22 + (sX 2 )

X2 E2

(sE2) R2

(sX2)s
sE JF s

WE JF

I2 =

E2

WE JF

R2
2
+ X2
s

E JFE JFE JF

W J

XmKE

WE JF
- -

WE JF

KWR1, R2

KWX1, X2

KWRc

KWXm
KWN1, N2

WE JF

EFWE JF
W
N
E2' = E2 1 = a E2
N2
2

N
R2' = R2 1 = a 2 R2
N2

WE JF
WE JF
- -

N
X 2' = X 2 1 = a 2 X 2
N2
N
I 2' = I 2 2 = I 2 / a
N1

WE JF
E JF

R2'
E JF
} {
s
WE JF
R2'
1 s
= R2' + R2'
s
s

E JF

W J

R2'
R2' (1 s )

s
E JFK
K

Rc W J
- -

E JF E JF

FRc
KE

W J J

(Io)
E JF
KE JF (I1)

W J
W

Req = R1 + R2'

X eq = X 1 + X 2'

WE JF

W J

1 s
R2'

s

- -

(R1 ,R2 ,X1 ,X2 ,Rc ,Xm)

K

No Load Test or Open Circuit Test WEF J

E JF

P = W1 + W2

KEF

W J

1 s
R2'

s

- -

Rc,Xm

Rc,Xm

WE JF

Rc =

V1
Ic

Xm =

V1
Im

V1

IoIm , Ic E JF

I c = I o Coso

I m = I o Sino

E JF
W

P
3 V1 I o
P

o = Cos 1
3
V
I

1
o
Coso =

E JF
E JF
W Rc , Xm

Rc =

V1
V1
=
I c I o Coso

Xm =

V1
V1
=
I m I o Sino

E JF

W J

- -

WEF J

Locked Rotor Test (or Short Circuit Test)W

E JF

WEF

P = W1 + W2

KE

EFW J

Es=1F

1 1

' 1 s
R2'
= 0 R2

1

(Io)

Req,Xeq) I1 I 2' (
Req,Xeq

WE JF
- -

P
3 I12
V
Z eq = sc
I1
Req =

E JF
E JF

X eq = Z eq2 Req2

E JF

KVsc
Dc Test:

W J

R1

KE JF

W J

(Vdc)

WE JF

Vdc
I dc
V
R1 = dc
2 I dc

2 R1 =

E JF

(skin effect)

- -

WE JF

VL=220 V

IL=20 A

P=600 W

VL =30 V

IL =50 A

P=1500 W

K
W

W Rc , Xm

VL
= 127
3
I o = I L = 20

V1 =

V
A
WRc , Xm

P
600
=
= 0.0787
3 V1 I o 3 127 20
o = Cos 1 (0.0787 ) = 85.48o
V1
127
Rc =
=
= 80.68
I o Coso 20 0.0787
V1
127
Xm =
=
= 6.37
I o Sino 20 Sin(85.48)
Coso =

WReq , Xeq

VL 30
=
= 17.32
3
3
I1 = I L = 50

V1 =

V
A
WReq , Xeq
- -

P
1500
=
= 0.2
3 I 2' 2 3 50 2
V 17.32
Z eq = 1 =
= 0.3464
I1
50
Req =

X eq = Z eq2 Req2 =

(0.3464) (0.2)
2

= 0.2828

WE JF

VL=127 V

IL=7.53 A

P=179 W

VL =39.3 V

IL =34.64 A

P=1265 W

Vdc=19 V

Idc=20 A

X 1 = X 2'
W

WE JFR1

R1 =

Vdc
19
=
= 0.475
2 I dc 3 20

WRc, XmEF

V1 = VL = 127
7.53
I
Io = L =
= 4.347
3
3

V
A
WRc&Xm

179
P
=
= 0.108
3 V1 I o 3 127 4.347
o = Cos 1 (0.108) = 83.8o
Coso =

- -

127
V1
=
= 270.78
I o Coso 4.347 0.108
V1
127
Xm =
=
= 29.435
I o Sino 4.347 Sin(83.8)

Rc =

WReq, XeqEF

V1 = VL = 39.3
34.64
I
I1 = I 2' = L =
= 20
3
3

V
A
W(R1,R2,X1,X2)

P
1265
=
= 1.054
'2
2
3 I 2 3 20
V 39.3
Z eq = 1 =
= 1.965
I1
20
Req =

X eq = Z eq2 Req2 =

(1.965) (1.054)
2

= 1.658

Req = R1 + R2
R1 = 0.475

'

R2' = Req R1 = 1.054 0.475 = 0.579

X eq = X 1 + X 2'
X 1 = X 2'

:
X 1 = X 2' =

X eq 1.658
=
= 0.859
2
2

- -

KKKKKKKKKKKKKK

K E

K E

K E

K E

KKKKKKKKKK

K E

K E

K E

K E

K E

K E

K E

K E

K E

K E

K E

K E

- -

220 V

3.86 A

550 W

35 V

12.9 A

490 W

415 V

21 A

1250 W

100 V

45 A

2730 W

K
Y J
W

380 V

16.5 A

1050 W

86 V

32 A

1854 W

X1 = X2` & R1 = R2`

- -

W J
W J J

EF

EF
E JF

KP2P1

WE JF
WP1
P1 = 3 V1 I1 Cos

E JF

KWV1
KWI1

R1Pcu1

E JF

Pcore

- -

PcorePcu1

RcKE JFPst

Pcu1 = 3 I1 R1

WE JF

Pst = Pcu1 + Pcore

E JF

PstP1

P12KPg(air gap power)

Pg = P12 = P1 Pst

WE JF
W

R2
WE JF
s
Pg
Pg = 3 I 2' 2

'

W Pcu2

Pcu 2 = 3 I 2' 2 R2'

WE JF

WPm

Pm = Pg Pcu 2

WE JF

1 s
R2'

s
WE JF
1 s
Pm = 3 I 2' 2 R2'
WE JF

s
Pm

Pf

Euseful mechanical powerFP2

W
- -

P2 = Pm Pf

WE JF
KE JF

WE JFE JFE JF

Pg

Pm

Pcu2

1
3 I 2' 2 R2'
s

1 s
3 I 2' 2 R2'

3 I 2' 2 R2'

Pcu2s Pg
WKPm(1-s)Pg

Pcu 2 = s Pg

WE JF

Pm = (1 s ) Pg

E JF

Pg : Pm : Pcu 2 = 1 : (1 s ) : s

PmPg

sKs(1-s)Pcu2

Pcu2
K

K
K

WE JF

K

- -

fr
3
=
= 0.05
f s 60
120 f s 120 60
ns =
=
= 1800
P
4
n = (1 s ) ns = (1 0.05) 1800 = 1710
Pcu 2 = s Pg = 0.05 120 = 6
Pm = (1 s ) Pg = (1 0.05) 120 = 114
s=

rpm
rpm
kw
kw

WE JF

{
W

K
W
P2 = Pg Pcu 2 Pf = 120 6 2 = 112
112000
P2 =
= 150
746
P1 = Pg + Pcu1 + Pcore = 120 + 3 + 1.7 = 124.7
P
112
= 2 100 =
100 = 89.7%
P1
124.7

kw
hp
kw

WE JF

{
K{
W
- -

120 f s 120 60
=
= 1200
6
P
n n 1200 1140
s= s
=
= 0.05
ns
1200
Pg = P1 Pst = P1 (Pcu1 + Pcorw )
Pg = 48 (1.4 + 1.6 ) = 45
Pm = (1 s ) Pg = (1 0.05) 45 = 42.74
P2 = Pm Pf = 42.75 1 = 41.75
P
41.75
= 2 100 =
100 = 87%
P1
48
ns =

rpm
p.u.

kw
kw
kw

WE JF

K
W

f r 1.67
=
= 0.0334
50
fs
120 f s 120 50
ns =
=
= 1000
6
P
n = (1 s ) ns = (1 0.0334) 1000 = 966.6
Pm = (1 s ) Pg = (1 0.0334 ) 80 = 77.33
Pcu 2 = s Pg = 0.0334 80 = 2.67
P
2670
R2' = cu 2' 2 =
2 = 0.21
3 I 2 3 (65)
s=

- -

rpm
rpm
kw
kw

- -

WE JF

EFE
E

WE

120 f s 120 50
=
= 750
p
8
n n 750 732
=
= 0.024
s= s
750
ns

ns =

rpm

WP2EFE
Pg = P1 Pst = 40 11 = 39
Pm = (1 s ) Pg = (1 0.024 ) 39 = 38.064
P2 = Pm Pf = 38.064 2 = 36.064
36064
P2 =
= 48.343
746
Pcu 2 = s Pg = 0.024 39 = 0.936
P
36.640
= 2 100 =
100 = 90.16%
P1
40

- -

kw
kw
hp

WPcu2E

kw
WE

W J J
ETorqueF

KNm

(total developed torque)

KE JFsPgns

Pm n

KE JFPm

T=

T=

Pg

s
Pm

Nm

E JF

Nm

E JF

s
WE JF

2 ns
rad/sec. E JF
60
2 n
=
rad/sec. E JF
60
WE JFE JFE JF

s =

R 2 ns

T=
= 3 I 2' 2 2

s
s 60
R2'
'2
T = K I2
s
Pg

'

Nm
Nm

E JF

3 60

K =
2

E JF

WE JF I 2'

- -

I 2' =

V1
V1
=
2
Z eq
R2'
2

R1 + + ( X eq )
s

E JF

WE JF I 2'

T =K

V1
R2

(R1 + R2' / s )2 + (X eq )2 s
2

'

E JF

E JF

WE JFE JF

ELFELFWE JF

E JF

s=sms=0

s=1s=sm

K
- -

(useful torque)TuT

KTf

P2 KPf
Tu =

P2

P2
2 n / 60

Nm.

WE JF

W) sm ( J J J

(Tmax)(s)E JF

R2'
R
sm = ' = 2
X2 X2

W
WE JF

R2' / X 2' (Tmax)

EF
WE JFsm

WE JF
- -

E JF

W sm = 1 & R2' = X 2'

Tmax

V1 2
=K
2 X 2'

E JF

W J J

E JF

R2

E JF
W) s = 1(E JF

Tstarting = K

V1
R2'
' 2
2
(R1 + R2 ) + X eq
2

E JF

WE JF

R1 = 0.4

R2' = 0.6

X 1 = 1.0

X 2' = 1.0

W
K

- -

V1 = VL = 240

s=

ns n 1800 1710
=
= 0.05
1800
ns

I1 I 2'
W

I1 I 2' =
I1 I 2' =

V1
=
Z eq

V1

(R

V1
=
Z eq

(0.4 + 0.6 / 0.05) + (1 + 1)

+ R2' / s ) + ( X eq )
240
2

= 19.11

W
3 50
3 60
=
= 0.0159
2 ns 2 1800
R2'
'2
T = K I2
s
0.6
2
T = 0.0159 (19.11)
= 69.74
0.05

K=

Nm

Ws=1I1
I1 I 2' =

I1 I 2' =

V1
=
Z eq

V1

+ R2' / s ) + ( X eq )
1

(R

240

(0.4 + 0.6 / 1) + (1 + 1)
2

= 107.33

EF Tstarting
W

- -

Tstarting = K I 2' 2

R2
s

'

Tstarting = 0.0159 (107.33)

2

0.6
= 109.9
1

Nm

WsmaxTmax
Tmax = K

V1
2 X 2'
2

(240)
= 0.0159

Tmax

smax =

2 1

= 457.92

Nm

R2 0.6
=
= 0.6
X 2'
1
'

WE JF

{K{
WEF
K

N
Req = R1 + R2' = R1 + 1 R2
N2
2
Req = 0.2 + (2 ) R2 = 0.2 + 4 R2
45 103
P
Req =
=
2 = 0.4
3 I 2' 2 3 (193.6 )

R2 = 0.05
R2' = Req R1 = 0.4 0.2 = 0.2
2 ns 2 900
s =
=
= 94.25
60
60

rad/sec
- -

Tst = 3 I1
2

3 (193.6 ) 0.2
= 238.6
94.25
2

R2'

Nm

WE JF

E JF

R1 = 2 R2' = 0.2

X 1 = 0.5

X m = 20

X 2' = 0.2

W
K

120 f s 120 60
=
= 1800
4
P
n n 1800 1755
s= s
=
= 0.025
1800
ns

ns =

Ze
Ze
Ze

'

'

'

'

rpm

[(R / s ) + jX ] ( jX )
= (R + jX ) +
[(R / s ) + jX ] + ( jX )
[(0.1 / 0.025) + j 0.2] ( j 20)
= (0.2 + j 0.5) +
[(0.1 / 0.025) + j 0.2] + ( j 20)
[4 + j 0.2] ( j 20)
= (0.2 + j 0.5) +
2

4 + j 0.2 + j 20
Z e = (0.2 + j 0.5) + (3.77 + j 0.944) = 3.97 + j1.444
Z e = 4.22320 o
- -

W
V ph = VL / 3 = 400 / 3 = 231

V
W

I ph = I L =

231
= 54.65 20
4.22320

A
W

Pinp = P1 = 3 VL I L Cos

Pinp = P1 = 3 400 54.65 Cos ( 20 ) = 35.58

kw

W
W

Pg = P1 Pcu1 = P1 3 I12 R1

Pg = P1 Pcu1 = 53580 3 (54.65) (0.2) = 33.788

2

kw
W

Pg = 3 I 22 R2' / s

Pg = 3 (54.65) (3.77 ) = 33.789

2

kw

Pm = (1 s ) Pg = (1 0.025) 33.79 = 32.94

kw
W

P2 = Pm Pf = 32940 800 = 32.14

kw
W

Tu =

P2

2 n 2 1755
=
= 183.8
60
60
P 32140
= 174.9
Tu = 2 =
m 183.8

m =

rad/sec.
Nm
- -

P2 32.14
=
= 90.3%
P1 35.58

- -

W

J

W
K

KKKKKKKKK
E

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

- -

{E

{E

{E

KKKKKKKKKKK
E

KKKKKKKKKKKK

3 / 2 E

1 / 2 E

KKKKKKKKKKK
E

KKKKKKKKKKKKK

J
E

KKKKKKKKKKKKKK

K
K

J
E

- -

W
K

KEEE

K
W

KEKKEKKEKE
KEKE

K J

K J

K J
J

- -

W{
K

W
K

R1=0.12

R2`= 0.16

X1 = 0.45

X2`= 0.52

W
- -

K1

R1= 0.4

R2`= 0.6

X1 = 0.82

X2`= 0.86

W
K

R1= 0.12

R2`= 0.16

X1 = 0.45

X2`= 0.52

W
K

WKE JF
R1 = 0.75

R2' = 0.8

X 1 = X 2 = 2
'

X m = 50

- -

KEKEKEKE
KEKKE

- -

W J

W J J

s=1{

1 s
R2'

s
K

F
KE
W

-
K

K -
K

-
K

W J J J

E JF

- -

W J

(Auto-Transformer)W

W J J J

W J

E JF

1 / 3

K


- -

WL J J J

1 : 3

E JFK

\W J
W J J J

E JF

E JF

(Tmax)
- -

K KEKsmax=1)

W J
W J J J

K
W J J

KK
K

E JF

- -

W J J J

W J J J

K
K

KE JF

KE JF

(Dahlander connection)

K{{{

- -

K
KE
F

W J

W J
W J J J

- -

J
ELYF J

J
K

J
W J

KELF

KELF E

KELF E

KELF E

KELF E

KELF E

KELF E

KELF E

W J
K E

K E

K E

K E

K E

K E
- -

K J

K
W

K E

K E

K E

JE

{E

K J
K

K E

K E

K E

E E

- -

Single Phase Induction Motors

W J

W J J

E JF

K

K

E JF
W J J


WE JF

F1 = F1max cos( s t ) . cos( )

WE JF

WE JF

B1 = B1max cos( s t ) . cos( )

WE JF

- -

WE JFEF

B1 =

1
1
B1max cos( - s t ) + B1max cos( + s t )
2
2

WE JF

B1max
Ks

s
BbBfE JF

B
K Bb&Bf

B = B f + Bb

WE JF

- -

(Superposition)
K

E JF

KE JF

- -

F
KE

sf = s = (ns-n)/ns ns

(ns+n)ns
W sb

sb =

nS + n
=2s
nS

WE JF

(s=0.05)

W J

sb

ns

Ki

Kii

K Kiii

W
i - Slip for the backward field sb = 2 - s = 2 - 0.04 = 1.96
120 f 120 60
ii - The synchronous speed ns =
=
=1800
p
4
iii - The motor speed n = ( 1 - s ) ns = 0.96 1800 = 1728

rpm
rpm

- -

W J J

(Split-Phase Motor)

W J J J

EF

E JF

K

Ia
Im
E JF

K
K

KE JF
- -

KEFLWE JF

EF

KE JFK

- -

W J

Zm = 1.2 + j 25

Za = 12 + j 5

K
W

V1 110 0
110 0
=
=
Z m 1.2 + j 25 25.0387.252
I m = 4 87.252
V 110 0
110 0
Ia = 1 =
=
Z a 12 + j 5 1322.62
I a = 8.46 22.62
Im =

A
W

It = Im + Ia
I t = 4 87 . 25 + 8 . 46 22 . 62
I t = (0.192 j 3.995) + (7.81 j 3.254)
I t = 8.02 j 7.25 = 10.8 42.11o
Cos ( 42.11) = 0.742

= m a = 87.25 ( 22.62) = 64.63o

I m lags I a by 64.62

- -

(Capacitor Motors)

W J J J

Capacitor Start Motor

E JF

Ia

E JF EFIm

KK

- -

KE JF

LKE JF

KE JF

- -

Permanent-Capacitor Motor

KKE JFK

E JF

K
- -

Two-Values Capacitor Motor

E JF

E JF

E F

K

E F

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W J

Z m = 4.2 + j 3.8

Z a = 8.8 + j 3.3

3.8
o
= 42.14
4.2

m = tan 1

a = 90 m = 47.86 o
WXc
X 3 .2
tan 1 c
= 47 . 86
8
.
8

X c = 1 . 1 ( 8 . 8 ) + 3 . 2 = 12 . 93

X c 3 .2
= tan (47 . 86 ) = 1 . 1
8 .8

Xc =
c=

1
1
=
c 2 f c

1
1
=
= 205
X c 377 12.93

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Shaded-Pole motor

W J J J

EF

KE JF (Shading Coil)

E JF

EF

E JFK
- -

- -

W
W

KKKKEF

K
K

K
KKKK

K K

K K
K K

K K

KKKKKKKK

K
K

KKKKKK

K K

K K
K K
K K

KKKKK

K K

- -

K K
K K
K K
K K

KKKKKKKK

K K

K K
K K

K K
KKKKKK

K K

K K
K K
K K

KKKKKKK

K K
K
K

K K

K K
K K

K K
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K J
K J

J
J
J

J
K

(2p = 6) J
W

K( sb ) Ki

ns Kii

K Kiii
J
W

Z m = 4.2 + j 3.6

Z a = 8.4 + j 3.0

( 80 )

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