LOGARITHM QS 18.1 Introduction Previously we have leamt about powers and exponents, Also we have learnt about the properties of exponents. For, a, BR, x,yCR @ @.a=a7 @ Sea Wi) @y =a" Gu) by sat. ro} (sy =f 18.2 Logarithm John Napier was bom in 1550. He died on 4th April, 1667 in Edinburgh. A ‘mathematician Joka Napier introduced the concept of logarithm for the first time in 17th century. Later, Henry Briggs, @ British mathematician born in Feb. 1561 in Yorkshire - England, prepared and published logarithm tables. Ho died on 26th January, 1663 in Oxford — England. Logarithm tables made complicated numerical calculations both ~ easy and fast. Today with the advent of desk calculators and computers, the work of numerical calculations has become easier and faster, thus reducing the usefulness of logarithm tables. All the while they are useful for calculations in the study of seience and mathematics, Definition : Let a = RY — {1} yo RY, xe Rand let a = y. Then the value of x is called logarithm of y to the base a. Tt is denoted by log, (read ‘28 log y to the base a). ©. a =y if and only if x= log,y From the above definition we can conclude that, @ we can obtain the logarithm of only positive real numbers.Locarm 165 (i) for any a= R*~ {1}, loggl (i) for every a © Rt — {1}, logya = 1, since a! (iv) for every x = RY, y © RY, log,x = logyy if and only if x = y. 18.3 Properties of Logarithm ‘We will assume following properties of logarithm : (1) Hac RY {1}, then alBe* = x Gc RY) and loge = x (x c R). Theorem 1 : Product rule Let ac RY. Then for x,y ¢ RY, log, (ey) = loggx + loge Corollary : If xy XXX, = RO and @= RY — {1}, then Vote (X, ¥, Xynta) = Voges, + Vote, tot lORate ‘Theorem 2 : Quotient Rule ec RY {1}, and. yc Rt, tag,(2) = ope — toga Corollary : log, {}) =~ logay ia R= (ye RE ‘Theorem 3: Rute for the logarithm of a power Mae RY {1}, xe RY me Ry thon logge" = m loggx: Example 1 ; Simplify (0 tony (55) + toes ($83 vo Solution : (tony ($2) + tgs togs (8) ci slong (3) - 308 (35 ‘ g 4 bs ot = bg, = tog, (5 1 ii166 Maraewarics log, (2 4 ered PaO, 9 FIRS Peed] meg, ($) lo, (8 bm lf) ) +t F) = log, | + logs [F ] wg = logy som = ) \ = (-4). tox + (-$)loass =2-8 (log, a = 1) --% Frample 2: Simplify :() log, % log, 2 + log, iy SURI) () log, 3 = + log, X + tog, nlite = log, 1=0 (ons) o,s4) __ (ot 34) es2*) esis Tags)‘Locam 167 a (og, ¢= 1) 184 Common Logarithm Since we write numbers in the decimal system, calculations become simple if ‘we use the logarithm to the base 10. The logarithm to the base 10 is called common logarithm. In the rest of this chapter, we will simply write logx instead of logy. x. To find log x for positive x, let us study the following table : Number x 0.0001 [0001 | oor | 01 | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1000 xewritten as | 10 | 103 | 102 | 101 | 10° | ot | 10? | 103 power of 10 ‘Logarithm of x (to the base 1 =3 -1/ of 2/3 Here each x is an integral power of 10. So, it is easy to find log x. When x is not an integral power of 10, to find logarithm (to the base 10), first we write x fas a product of an integral power of 10 and a number between 1 and 10. This is done because the logarithm tables have been prepared only for mumbers between I and 10. It is convenient to find the logarithm of any positive number using this form. @ 1089 = 1,089 x 10? @) 7532 = 7.532 x 10 @) 054 = te 1 54x 10x gh = 54x 107 - 1 (4) 0.000279 = 0.000279 x 10000 > sahg5 = 2.79 x 10-4 (8) 0,0000163 = 0,0000163 x 100000 = aab555 63 < 10-5 (© 456723 = 45523 «100000 = 4.56723 = 108 In each of the above examples, we have divided or multiplied by an appropriate power of 10 to get a non-zero digit to the left of decimal point and then multiplied or divided by a power of 10 to make both sides equal, leading to the representation of the given numbers in the required form.168 Maruewarics Im general, any positive number n ean be put in tho form » = 4x 10F, where 1 <1 < 10 and p is am integer. We shall eall this representation of 2 positive number as presentation of number in the standard form. If the standard form of a number is 897 x 10%, its decimal form is 8.97 x 1000000 = 8970000. ‘A positive number expressed in its decimal form can be expressed in its standard form by applying the following rules: (1) To shift the decimal point p places to the left, multiply by 10”. @) To shift the decimal point p place to the right, multiply by 10-2. Example 3 : Write the following numbers in the standard form : (1) 703251 (2) 3279 (3) 89.99 (4) 603.328 (5) 0.001938 (6) 0.000168 Solution : (1) 703251 = 7.03251 x 105 (2) 3279 = 3.279 x 108 @) 89.99 = 8.999 « 10! (4) 603.328 = 6.03328 « 102 (5) 0.001938 = 1.938 10 (6) 0.000168 = 1.68 x 10°* ‘Example 4 : Write the following numbers in decimal form : (1) 3.72 x 10? (2) 45.793 x 104 (3) 1.798 « 10-9 (4) 728.32 « 10-5 (5) 83.596 = 107 Solution + (1) 3.72 10?=372 (2) 45.793 = 108 = 457930 G) 1.798 103 = 0.001798 (4) 728.32 x 10° = 0.072832 (5) 83.596 x 10 = 0.83596 18.5 The Charnetoristic and Mantissa of Logarithm Let the standard form of a positive number m be £ x 10", where 1< 1 < 10 and pis an integer. + log n = log (£ x 10°) log f+ log 10° log t +p log 10 log t+p Since 1 < ¢ < 10, we have log 1 < log t < log 10. i, 0 < log ¢ <1, We note that log n= log ¢ + p consist of two parts: (I) p and (2) log t. Here p is called the characteristic and log fis called the mantissa of log n. For example : 83.628 = 8.3628 x 10!, p= 1 894.82 = 8.9482 x 102, 0.0329 = 3.29 10, p=-2 0.000487 = 4.87 x 10-4, p =—4 279389 = 2.79389 « 108, p= 5Locanrreng 169 From above examples, we note that — (0) When the integral part of a number is non-zero, p is one less than the number of digits in the integral part 2) When the integral part of the number is zero, p =~ (n + 1), where 1 is the number of zeros beween the decimal point and the first non-zero digit of the number. 18.6 Use of Logarithmic Tables Ready tables of logarithms and antilogarithms shortly called logtables and antilogtables are available. The logtables consist of three parts : In the first part, there is one column, the first column from left, which contains two digit numbers from 10 to 99. Next there are ten columns headed by numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. The last part called ‘mean difference’ has nine columns headed by numbers from 1 to 9. The antilogtables are of the same type, except that the first column contains numbers froms 0.00 to 0.99. Suppose we start with a two digit number 81 and wish to find log 81. Here 81 = 81 + 0. Its characteristic is 1. The mantissa can be obtained from logtables. Look for the number formed by first two digits in the first column. For this, find 81 in the first column and look at row against it. At the intersection of this row and the column headed by 0 is the number 9085. The mantissa of log 81 is 0.9085. Hence, og 81 = | + 0.9085 = 1.9085. To obtain the mantissa of the logarithm of a three digit number, first find the number formed by the first two digits of the given number in the column to the extreme left of the logiables. Look at the row against this number. In this row, the ‘number in the column headed by the third digit of the given number gives the mantissa. For example to find mantissa of log 723, look at the row against 72 in the first column and in the column headed by 3. The number 8591 appears there. Hence mantissa of log 723 is 0.8591. Since the characteristic of log 723 is 2, we have log 723 = 2.8591. For finding the logarithm of a number with four digits, the columns of mean difference will also be used. For examples suppose we want to find the mantissa of log 3986. The number 3986 is divided into three parts 39, 8 and 6. Now look for 39 in the first column, Then find the number in the row against 39 in the column headed by 8. This is 5999. Finally look for the number in the same row in the column headed by 6 among the columns of mean differences. This number is 7. Adding 7 to 5999, vwe get 6006. Hence the mantissa of log 3986 is 0.6006. Since the characteristic of 3986 is 3, log 3986 = 3.6006. Note that the logtables are used to find the mantissa of the logarithm of a number. Our logtables are four digits tables and so for finding the mantissa of the logarithm of a number with more than four digits. We approximate the number to a four digit number. For this, form the number formed by first four digits of the given number. Ifthe fifth digit of the given number is less than 5, this four digit number is the required approximation. If the fifth digit is 5 or greater, then add I to the last digit of the four digit number obtained by truncation. The characteristic of the logarithm of170 Maripwarics 4 given number is obtained in the usual way. The mantissa is the mantissa of the logarithm of the four digit number which approximates the given number. For example, let x = 5.79881, Then the characteristic of log x is 0. The four digit approximation of x is 5.799. Hence the mantissa of log x = the mantissa of log 5.799 = 0.7634. Hence log 5.79881 = 0.7634, When the characteristic of a logarithm is a negative number ~n it is denoted by F (read as m bar). For example, log (0.002675) = 34273. 18.7 Use of Antiloytables ‘The antilogarithm is used to get the number from its logarithm. The first column, from the left of the antilogtables contain numbers from 0.00 to 0,99. In all other respects, antilogtables are similar to logtables. ‘The antilogs are also used in the same way as logtables Since the logtable gives only the mantissa part of the logarithm of a number, the antilog table will give a number corresponding to the mantissa part only. Then by using characteristic the actual number for the given logarithm can be obtained. For example, suppose we want to find antilog (1.5278). From antilogtables, we find that antilog 0.5278 = 3.371 (Meaning that log 3.371 = 0.5278). Hence, antilog 1.5278 = 3.371 x 10" 33.71. Also antilog 3.5278 = 3.371 x 10-3 = 0.003371. Note that power of 10 is (1) means no zero between decimal point and first non-zero digit. (3) means two zeroes between decimal point and first non-zero digit etc, In fact antilog is obtained from first four digits after decimal point (the truncated four digit number). Ifthe characteristic is p, we multiply antilog obtained by 10”. ‘Example § : Find the value using logtable and antilogtables : (G29)2 x9826 (1) 49.673 x 9.4891 ® ean (asap x (01259) (m6 x0.3564 > | eran © Fen ©) eis © «123% @ Cors7s Solution : (1) Suppose x= 49.673 x 9.4891 log 2 = log (49.673) + log (9.4891) = 1.6961 + 0.9772 = 2.6733 © antilog (log x) = antilog (2.6733) =4113‘Locam im (629)! 9806 si) @) Suppose x= log x = log G20)? + log (9826) log (67.891)° = $ tog 629) + og (9826) 3 1g (6789) (2.5172) + 3.9924 — 3 (1.8318) = 6.2930 + 3.9924 5.4954 = 4.7900 *. antilog (log x) = antilog (4.7900) » x= 61660 (asa x(o1239) ©) Suppose x= rary = og 84322x(0.1259) |? = } tog (8432)? + log (0.1259) — log (27.478)5} = 1 (2log (832) + og (01259) Sop, 27478) 1 {2(3.9259) + 1.1000 ~ 5(1.4391)} £78518) + 1.1000 ~ 7.1955} =i =a 1 1.1563} = 4 (2+ 1.7563) = is7e2 ~. antilog (logx) = antilog (7.8782) = 0.7554im Maruewarics, (amie 0.3564 (4) Suppose x = t (eae log x = § (log (7776)? + log (0.3564) — log (2.3428)4) = } (2log (7776) + log (0.3564) — log (92.3428)} = } (2.8908) + 1.5519 - 4(1.9654)) 21 rms + issi9—78616, (14719) =4G +2479} = L240 ©. antilog (log x) = antilog (7.8240) 2 x= 0.6668 ()_ Suppose x = ¥a7992 <- log x = = log (87.992) = § (1.9444) = 0.2431 <. antilog (log x) = antilog (0.2431) 235 1.750 © Suppose x = (41.23)? 2. Jog x = 3 log (41.23) = 3 (1.6152) = 4.8456 +. antilog (log x) = antilog (4.8456) 2 x= 70080 (Suppose x = (0.01237)¢ ©. Tog x = 4 log (0.01237) = 4 (2.0923) = 83692 ©. antilog (log x) = antilog (8 3692) © x= 0.00000002340‘Loca 13 EXERCISE 18 1. Find the value of following (using logtables) : a @ oO oF 3.8217 « 23.469 > 0.2987 @) 47371921 «7 (23.167 x(0182) (any (03215) x 7.92 x 87.69 @ TOIKOSIE READ (132) (21) x (44.44) cz (0) (63.83)? x (6723)? 2, Select proper option (a), (b), (c) or (4) and write in the box given on the right so ‘that the statement becomes correct : @ @ 8) @ © © o @) ‘The decimal form of the number 8.97 * 104 =... (a) 897000 (b) 89700 (©) 8970000) 897 ‘The decimal form of the number 3.8269 x 10 = ..... (@) 0.038269 (6) 0.38269 ——(«) 0.038269 (a) 0,00038269 ‘The standard form of the number 9382 =. (@) 9.382 10 (b) 9.382 « 10 (©) 9.382 x 10% (4) 9.382 107 ‘The standard form of the number 773259 = su. (@) 7.73259 x 106 (b) 7.73259 « 108 (¢) 7.73259 x 10-5 (d) 7.73259 x 108 ‘The standard form of the number 0.03711 BI 102 @)3-7x 102 (3.7 10S (3.711 x 108 The standard form of the number 0.00023821 BB (@) 2.382 x 10-4 (b) 2.3821 x 104 (6) 23.821 x 10 (4) 2382.1 x 107 ‘The characteristic of the number log $5231 =... eI @s @)4 ©3 @2 ‘The characteristic of the number log 8989340 = @s ©)9 O6 @s5 od Oo Oo Oo Ei174 Maniwarics (9) The characteristic of the number log 0.003942 = m oO @3 2 3 @2 (10) The characteristic of the number log 0.13879 = tc @0 2 On @a * ‘Summary In this chapter we have studied the following points : d= y if and only if x= loggys where a © R*— {1}, x¢ Ry © Rt. d%Ro = x(x © RY) and logya* =x, xe Rac Rt {1}. Product rule + for x,y ¢ RY, a RY — {1}, log,xy = log,x + log,y Quotient rule : for x, y ¢ Rt, Power kaw for Nogarithm {I}, xe RY ne R, log,x" = mloggx RY ~ {1}, logy % = logg~logay Fora For positive number n, we can put it asm = tx 10%; where 1 <1 < 10 and Pp © Z. This is called standard form of 1. For positive number m, if the standard form of nis n = t x 10°, where 1<¢< 10 and p< Z then log n= logt 4p. p is called the characteristic and log tis called the mantissa. To find logarithm of any number, n ¢ N, first we will find the characteristic and then the mantissa from logarithmic table.ANSWERS REEL tits (Answers to only problems involving some calculations are given.) Brercise 10.1 1. (I) Sides : X¥, ¥Z, ZW, WX @ Angles : 2X, ZY, 22, ZW (@)Diagonals : XZ, YW (4) X¥ and YZ, X¥ and XW, YZ and ZW, ZW and WX (6) X¥ and ZW, YZ and XW (6) ZX and ZY, ZY and ZZ, ZZ and ZW, ZW and ZX (1) LX and ZZ, ZY and ZW (8) (9) {X} 2. No, because if one is a quadrilateral, then the other is not. 3. (1) mZP = 48, mZQ= 72, mZR= 96, mZS=144 (2) mLD = 120 3) mZA = 36, mZB = 90, mZC = 108, mZD = 126 (4) mZA = 100, mZB = 70, mZC = 120, mZD = 70 4, (1) False (2) True (3) True (4) True (5) True (6) False (7) False Exercise 10.2 1 120, mZD = 120 3. 108, mZS = 100, mZP = 80 5. mZA~= 60, mZB = 70, mZC = 110, mZD = 120 6, (1) True (2) True (3) False (4) False (5) False (6) True (7) True (8) False (9) False Exercise 103 1, mZP = 100, mZQ = 80, mZR = 100, mZS= 80 2. mZFDE = 60 3. mZC=105 and mZD=75 4, mZP = 60, mZQ= 120, mZR= 60, mZS = 120 6, mZOPS = 63 7 mZDCA=45 8, mZDBC = 60 9. mZDFG = 50, mZDGE = 40 |0, mZAOB = 90 Exercise 10.4 2. QR= 20cm 3,52cm 7, XY = 4 06 XY Lxereise 10.5 1, BC=13 2,.X¥=10 3,125 4, Perimeter of DI DBCF is 31.5, Perimeter of ACFE is 195 5.PQ=11 GRS=3 $27 935 10,48 Exercise 10 1. (1) 60 (2) 683) mZQPO=60 (4) QR=22 (5) 45, 75, 60 (2) b 2) a G)c (4) d (5) a (6) a (7) € (8) d (9) d (10) ¢ (11) a (12) b (13) b (14) © (15) @ (16) ¢ (17) d (18) © (19) a176 ‘Mariemanics Exercise 11.1 (1) False (2) True (3) True (4) True (5) True (1) AD = 21.6 cm (2) AB=96 cm 3,125 cm? 4, BE BE = 45 cm and AE = 30cm 6, BN=225 7, ABC PQR = 16 cm?, PQCR = 32 cm?, PBCR = 48 cm? ABC = 216 cm?, altitude corresponding to AC = 14.4.cm 10, 336 sq unit Exercise 11.2 1, 60cm? 2.(1) 25 em? (2) AAFB and AACB (3) AFEB = 50 cm? (4) O" ABCD (5) Yes_ (6) ADF = 7.5 cm? 4.114 em? 5. 252 cm? 6. 160 cm? and x = 26 Exercise 1 ABC = 36V3 cn? 9, PQR = 30 em, PQCR = 60 em?, PBCR = 90 cn? 10. (1) 82) a G) a 4) 6S) a6 d Mae) be Exercise 12.1 1. (1) P=Q @) Equal (3) OQ 2. (1) False (2) True (3) False (4) False 6 1603 cm? Exercise 12.2 1. (1) mZCOD = 130 (2) CD = Sy em Exercise 12.4 5. Diameter = 10 Exercise 12.5 1.90 2. mZBDC=80 3. 150,30 4.mZBAC=75 5. mZQRS = 80, mZERS= 5 6. mZBAC = 1007. r= 3, Area of the circle = 97 sq units Exercise 12 3 13° 4. lem 7. Radius= 13 11. AB = CD = 2, AC = BD = 10 12. (1) @ 2) GB) d 4) dG) ¢ © 4 (7) 4B) ¢ () b (10) b (11) € (12) b (13) b (14) d (15) © (16) d (17) a (18) a (19) d (20) (21) d Exercise 14.1 1. 993 sq units 2. 60 cm? 3, 864 cm? 4, 600 mS, 9/15 cm? 6. © 11,66,000 7. Length of altitude 2 om Bxercise 14.2 1, (GVI0 + 40266) cm? — 2. 12(5 + JAZ) m2 3. 306 m2 4. 480 mi? 5. 24¥14 em?Answers 17 Exercise 14 1. 24V3 m? 2, 4246 cm? 3. 36 tiles, © 594 4. 960 om? 5, 24 om? 6. 150 m, 72m 7. 4¥14 cm? 8, base 800 m, altitude 400 m 9, 24 m?, 6 10. BD =25 cm 11. 24021 cm? 12, (1) € Q) © B) bM) b(S) dG e (1) d dO) ¢ (10) c (11) c (12) 4 Exercise 15.1 1. (1) 280 em, 640 em? (2) 36 m2, 54 m? (3) 17500 em?, 32500 em? 2. (1) 5900 cm? (2) @ 175-3, 260 mi, & 3900 4, € 88,560 5, (1) Areas of both boxes are equal. (2) Total surface area of cuboid is more by 550 on?, Exercise 15.2 1, (1) curved surface area 1760 cm, total surface area 2292 cm? (2) r= em, total surface area 924 cm? (3) curved surface area 2826 cm, total surface area 4239 em? 2, © 20,064 3, h= 42cm 4, Diameter = 32 cm —§, 31400 cm? 6, 1408 cm? 7. (1) 266 m? (2) % 13,200 Exercise 15.3 1, (1) 180m em?, 324 em? (2) h= 42 cm, 63 T em? 112 T em? (3) 1=5, 15 mem? 24 Tem? 2. 1= 13, 204.10 em?, & 20,410 3. [=25 8250 em? 4, 1=21,r=3 226.28 em? 5. 1=5, 47.1 m2, number of tents 6 Exercise 15.4 1. (1) 112 em, 394.24 em? 197.12 em?, 295.68 em? (2) 20 em, 1256, 628, 942 @)r=3.5 cm, Diamete 24:9 3.821164 4 em, T7 cm, 115.5 cm* em 5. & 62,800 Exercise 15.5 480 cm?, 2880 cm 2. 24000 litres 3, 0.625 m 4. 5 days 5. 10800 crates, 6. 5184 cm -7. k= 25m 8. 6000 cm? Exercise 15.6 1, r= 35, 134.750 litre 2. 75.36 cm? 3.h=4m 4,h=3m 5. 2200 cm? 6. (1) volume of cuboid = 600 cm? (2) volume of cylinder = 770 m3, capacity of cylinder is more by 170 em? 7. number of bags 100 8. radius = 5 cm 9. r=7,h=6178 Marneswanics Exercise 15.7 1. (1) 234.66 cm3 (2) 616 cm® (3) 1018.28 cm 2, 7065 cm3_3. 120 om 4. Tom 5.594 m3 6, (1) 48 cm (2) 50 cm (3) 2200 om Exercise 15.8 1, (1) 904.32 em? (2) 1437.33 em? (3) 4851 om? 2, (1) 5749.33 em? (2) 19404 cm? 3, 19404 litre 4, 20 em §, 1:2 Exercise 15 1. 7:5 rea 175 em 3,2:3 4 B= 4 5,4 125 cm 6, 1694 ont 7. (1) © @)d GB) eA) © S) b © b (7) dB) a (9) a (10) ¢ (11) b (12) b (13) a (2A) d (1S) b (16) € (17) © (18) b (19) d (20) a (21) © (22) d Exercise 16.2 1. Range of Data = 755 2, (ji) Range of Data = 14.3 3. 73 read more than 50% 6, (ii) concentration more than 0.11 for 10 days Exercise 16 ‘Mean (x) = 3.6, Median (M) = 3, Mode (Z) = 3 Mean (¥) = $6.27, Median (M) = $4, Mode (Z) = 55 Average Salary = © 5262.50 4. ¥ = 16.133 5. Correct Mean (¥) Correct Mean (Z) = 11 7. ¥ = 143,M x= 49 Wx = 10 n= 10 12. . (1) @ @) b G) b 4) b () b 6) a (7) b Bd @) 4 (10) ¢ (11) b (12) (13) € (14) b (15) d (16) b (17) @ (18) b (19) d 20) a (21) © 2) d @3) d (24) a @5) © 26) d (27) d (28) d 29) d (30) c (31) c (32) b (33) d G4) b (35) a G6) d GN 4. 2. 3. 6. 9, 1 Exercise 17 07 G03 2.) 002 Gi) 0.77 Gi) 0535 3.06 Gi) 04 i) 0.03 (ii) 0.113 (iii) 0.652. 5. (i) 0.075 i) 0 Gi) 1 6. G04 Ci) O Gi) 08 ? 7 8. (i) 0.18 (ii) 0.1 Gil) 0.56 9.()0.1 (ii) 0.675 (ii) 0.275 (iv) 0.5 . @ 0.02 Gi) 0.25 Gi) 0.23 iv) 0.15 1,05 12.05 . 0.55 (i) 03 Gi) 0.85 +4. () 03 Gi) 0.16 Gi) 035 (iv) 0.19 (v) 0.65 . (1) 0.62 (ii) 0.26 Gil) 0.34 (iv) 04 (¥) 088 - 0) d Qc G)b McG) a@)b Exercise 18 1. (1) 26.79 (2) 70170 (3) 223.2 (4) 16.06 (5) 45.03 (6) 2.727 (7) 356000000 (8) 21.77 (@) 1702 (10) 25.29 2. (1)bQ)dG) eA) dG) ba) be) (10dTERMINOLOGY (In Gujarati) SSS AAS (Angle Angle Side) vp ‘Acute Angle ayaa Algebraic Expression Ales weal Alternate Angles yoda Altitude au ‘Angle Biscetor guste Bours Antecedent ydue Antilogarithm wR agoes Approximate Value alae Gad Are an Area aoa, ASA (Angle Side Angle) pu “Associative Law qed Pee At least alow ag Axes aa Axiom / Postulate ydtuzeu Balanced Die ade wal Bar Diagram doa Base aur Base wd Bisector Goures Bisector of a Line-segment Pied Bours Capacity wa Cartesian Product SAB gust Central Tendency atedl BARE Centroid wads ‘Characteristic yale Circle aja ‘Circumcentre WR Cireumeirele wat Circumference wR180 ‘Maritearics Circumradius Class (Class-interval Coefficient Collinear Points ‘Commutative Law ‘Complement of a Set ‘Complementary Angles Concave Quadrilateral Concentric Circles, ‘Congruence of Triangles ‘Congruent Angles Consecutive Sides Construction ‘Continuous Converse Convex Quadrilateral Co-ordinate Plane Coplanar Lines Coplanar Points Correspondence Corresponding Angles Cube Cube Root Cubie Cuboid ‘Cumulative Frequency Cyclic Quadrilateral Cylinder Data Decimal Expansion Denominator Deviation Diagonal Direct Proof REL ah asicous BYR wt Big sad, Geet Ags 3, Araia rierh agate wee afi Badierll Asguat ag Ya os opel watt aa wel. aR ape apeanide wad Soe, aaidell4 Bigad Mott aide att wey Fae, duet all aught ade agas usta wd euia Rader Be Rae Rs wet aedTerwanovooy 181 Distributive Law Dividend Polynomial Divisor Polynomial Equal Sets Equation Equiangular Triangle Equilateral Triangle Equivalent Set Event Exponent Exterior Angle Face Factor Finite Set Foot of Perpendicular Frequency Frequency Distribution Table Frequency Polygon Great Circle Head Hemishpere Histogram Hollow Sphere entity Incentre Incirele Included Angle Indirect Proof Inequality Infinite Set Inradius Interior Angles at 961 ine Roureed Fert cure aguel cures saga abut 18 aallazet wade Bae aug Fade. a0 RL eat fuatis afede ws aie at 981 sous aught aug Raver des aught ugdter aidan 04 ada ado ded ade Fant rite aieeget ical eh atv aid 2A trie 202182 ‘Maritearics Interior Opposite Angles Intersection Irrational Number Isosceles Triangle Kite Lateral Surfaces Line Line-segment Linear Linear Pair of Angles Logarithm Lower Limit Lower Limit point Major Are ‘Major Segment Mantissa ‘Mean Measure Median Mid Value Minor Arc ‘Minor Segment Mode Non-collinear Points ‘Non-terminating and Non-recurring nth root Null Set ‘Numerator ‘Observation ‘Obtuse Angle ‘One-One Correspondence Opposite Angles Opposite Sides Ordered Ps siacanyedie Beata ai aa sau Gide douse wala an ands au aaron aL apis anal satel Big, agar agaais eye wes ae me wena agurt aagris ages sao Big Bidet A BAG mya wuieie in madlit agate Beats duta, aL RU avraell augal, syst ATervanovoay 183 Origin Orthocentre Parallel Parallelogram Perimetre Perpendicular Bisector Perpendicular Line Point Quadrilateral Region Qualitative Data Quantitative Data Quotient Polynomial Random Range Rational Number Rationalization Raw Data Ray Rectangle Remainder Polynomial Remainder Theorem Rhombus RHS (Right Angle Hypotenuse Side) Right Angle Right Angled Triangle SAS (Side Angle Side) Scalene Triangle Secondary Date Sector of a Circle Gorbig tes ania aaiceaty Ade AREA eines oto Big wees wld aiourt aaa Gea aga apd at aguets led aioucs “ule cususia ugudl nes Rae ae aba ase sell aa Bae diate ax aguel asd aotougy age. asst, sede sade Gate say Boog Bade sti mulBel gxin184 Marieswanics Segment of a Circle Set Singleton Skew Lines Slant Height Space Sphere SSS (Side Side Side) Step Suplimentary Angles Surd Tail Terminating Recurring ‘Transversal ‘Trapezium, ‘Triangle Undefined Term Union Set Universal Set Universal Truth Upper Limit Upper Limit Point Variable ‘Vertex Vertical Line ‘Vertically Opposite Angle ‘Volume Leroes gavis a aad ot Pood aad ail Geus meat ate uct, ant ygadat seeth ia. ard 4 aug Rat aries aga. Baa aourelRe Ye aa ta albus at wie UAL ae adebiBig ae AAPG Faded. 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