Intemational Journal of Electrical and Power Engineering 4 (2): 154-159, 2010 ISSN: 1990-7958 © Medwell Joumal, 2010 Estimation of Bifurcation Point in Multi-Bus System Using Generator Reactive Power Limit Approach Nwohu Mark Ndubuko Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB, 65 Minna, Niger State, Nigeria Abstract: This study proposes an approach for estimating bifurcation point in multi-bus systems. The approach assumes that the generators would violate their Q-limits before the bifurcation point is reached, The result of this assumption clearly raises the voltages along the PV curve which consequently yield an infinitesimal erro, ‘Therefore, the final estimated point ean be obtained after a number of load flow solutions depending on the ‘complexity of the aystem and the loading pattern among others, Finally, computer simulations of two system networks are carried out ta calculate the bifurcation point atthe selected minimum voltage which estimates the ‘bus that violates its Q-limit ata certain load, Key words: Bifureation point, PV curves, Q-limit, load flow, large power system, Nig INTRODUCTION ‘The estimation of the bifueation point gives a platform for calculating the power margin or extreme loading condition before voliage collapie occurs in a Power system at its operating point. This, of course requires the initialization of the load flow as a basic unit in static and dynamie analysis of the system. The load flow solution ean produce the trajectory of the PV curves to a point just before the bifurcation point where the solution. Marts to diverge. The final estimated point can be obiained after a mumber of load flow solutions depending, fon many factors such as system's complexity, the loading pattem, the size of the load step and the required accuracy (Hassan, 1995) ‘Various approaches have been adopted and applied to large power systems aiming at estimating the bifurcation points and improving the voltage stabilities of these systems, Semlyen ef al, (1991) in the view, discussed the use of the basic nodal equation to obtain the bifureation point of a large power system. The active and reactive powers of each bus are expressed in terms of its load admitiance and voltage ‘And the seoant method is applied to find the zero crossing of the differential of both powers on the admittance-load factor plane ‘Semlyen (1991) presents a simple numerical example toshow how a proximity index can be calculated from the Jacobian and also depict the relation between the static fand dynamic biflreation using algebraic differential model. Suzuki er af. (1992) have used the curve fitting technique after obtaining @ good number of lower and "upper solutions on the PV curves to estimate the statie 154 bifurcation point, However, the difficulty appears to be in obtaining the lower solution for large ystems and the appropriate load increment for a weak system without passing the bifurcation point ‘The other controversial issue is the suitability of curve fitting techniques close to the bifureation point when generators Q-limits are considered which tend {© agive staircase type euves, Another approach called the Continuation technique which offers a unique approach of obtaining the full trace of nese curves was documented. This formed the basis of Ajjaraju and Christy (1992)'s research. The same technique has also been used by Canizares and Alvarado (1993) for large AC/DC system, ‘The optimization technique (Otudina and Berg, 1998) was one of the early methods of obtaining the exact bifurcation point, An objective function which is a funetion of the increase in active and reactive power demand together with the load flovr equations are used to develop a Lagrange function. A stability margin having @ value between 0 and 1 was also defined to serve as @ measure of the voltage security af power systems. The same technique was also applied to the Belgian system (Custem, 1991) Howvever inthis study, the focus is on the application of the generator reactive power limit technique to systems in order to determine their bifureation points ‘The concept of generator reactive power limit: When the system is complex the computational time can be very Jong and a technique for fast estimation of the bifurcation, point 8 needed. Generators reactive power limit technique ‘sone of the techniques used in fast estimation oftheInt. J. Elec, Power Eng, 4 ( bilftacation point. Only reactive power limits of generators tbuses can lead to saddle limit indeed bifureation points that associated to a maximum loading condition. It has a ditect influence on the voltage profile of electri systems, It limits the computation time and averts the dynamic simulation of many inaccessible parameters in real time. The algorithm of the generators reactive limit technique is as Follows (Lof and Reeve, 1993): Step 1: Set k=, Step 2: Run lead flow to obtain base case reaults or initial state, Py, Qo. Va 8 for each bus, Step 3: Selecta loading and generation scenario, Step 4: For simplicity assume a uniform load increase of 2% (da= 0.02} onall buses. Step 5: Obtain another system state using the load flow. Step 6: Increment k, Step 7: Evaluate dQide for each generator bus and dVider and d®da. for each bus, Step 8: Caleulate the new load increase Aq that will cause the first generator, say ito reach its limit, Quas ~ Qa: + Aa dVida. Step 9 If all generators have violated their Q-limits calculate the new load increase Ae that will eause the first bbus say i, to reach its critical voltage: Viensa = Vai * Ady (avydeo, Fig, 1: Continue 158 54-159, 2010 Step 10: Assuming that linearity is maintained, obtain a set of voltages and angles for each bus I: Vie= Via + Ao (dV de), 8,,= 83. + Ae, (a8, Step 11: Update the Jacobian using the above values and find the new solution: [ser] Step 12: Check if the biflweation point has been passed ive, if AV/dQ<0 oF dV/4P=0. Step 13: Go to step 4, If the solution is unstable then use the binary oe dichotemic search method until the increment Aci, is within a specified tolerance. Step 14: Calcalate the margin= Ac, Description of the test systems: Two systems have been selected for the application of genorator reactive power limit eehnique. These systems are 9-bus system and IEEE, L4-bus system (Pocas Lopes ef af, 1993) a8 shown in Fig. 1 and 2, The line and bus data of these systems are given in Appendixes AT and A2, Simulations: The simulations ate carried out with Power ‘System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT). The calculation of the bifurcation point depends on the minimum voltage selected. The caleulated step according to the initial slopes will estimate the bus that violates its Q-limit at @ certain load, °14s 1010: giass 10304 ons 1000" tas 1 Bass ose oss is 10s 100° je 030. oss; ono. o> ost) 1s aD To is a0 ‘Loading practi ooding parameter Qin ps ig. 1: 3-machine 9-bus system b : Fig. 2: Continue1a 1 va vas ; 2 tot 7 gua tas 1 Bese bose = F096: ‘J oss- 08s} ost aa i o i 1a 14 16 Loatng preter @) inp. ig. 2: IEEE 14-bus system power network as considered a benchmark for comparative study L4cbus system has been in the ‘This study has proposed a technique for estimating the bifureation point of power systems. It is hoped that the study would give an insight of the fast approach to estimate bifurcation point for Voltage stability of any proposed technique. Finally, computer simulations of these system networks are carried out to calculate the bifurcation point which subsequently, evolved pragmatic results that validate the proposed techniqueInt. J. Elec. Power Eng., 4 (2): 154-139, 2010 APPENDIX AL: Sty spends us ysten) Cine cis ‘Valo en per unit wd bowen TOOMVA Elena na From bus faa @ x Hal in a 1 7 ? One ‘00% OTs 3 7 5 oasn 610 fasso 4 9 ‘ e360 3700 e700 6 4 6 0.0170 0000 0.0760 7 2 ; Sena oes 1000 ue Allpewer valves wen a VAR Bus mo, Butpe P PL ot 2 2 ons 16 ® ° ° a0 10 3 2 OM ry ® ° ° 70 0 s 1 1 ° ° as * : é 1 1 ° 5 = » E ® 1 1 ° ® 6 ° : L L 2 7 Madine and excite parameters ‘Vahiesae per init meee Poeanstens Sadist Machine Machin Tak % ais 9058 Taias pu % os O18 casi pu 5 ry 3618 tase pa x onioae 01980 aso pu Tm 895 60000 S500 = ty a 0838) ‘vso0 a Mf ese 0059) ors pu K 0 25.0000 r7s0000 pu qr 05 02009 ‘unsi0 ne K 008 0.9500 170 eu T ‘sos OsaR8 ‘uss00 se K sis 0910 ‘oso pu L L 03500 1.0008 ss AD IEEE 4 bus sptem Linea ‘Values we i pert wows on 100 VA lene no Frombue ‘Totus x i ‘rant aio 1 1 2 0817 - 03st 3 2 4 0176 : unig? 4 1 5 02308 fone 5 3 4 0er01 ores : oi 7 4 5 oansss ori i ‘oooh 2 4 1 ‘2.00000 020013 0978 = 10 7 5 00000 8 : 12 7 ° ‘2.00000 ‘0.14001 o = B 3 10 ousist osis0 : “ uw 6 u Soucy O18 : 4 1s é icy orzo omsse : o 16 6 1% 13027 : 0 ia 9 rr oma 6 7 18 10 u olg207 ° : 20 13 14 03090 6 7 158Int. J. Elec. Power Eng., 4 (2): 154-139, 2010 Bs tua “Alpower alee are MW wad VAR Bus Pe oe a 2 1 a4 ° a 5 2 300 ° ar 27 ma 50 4 00 0 a8 39 © © 5 00 ° 76 ° ° 7 00 0 00, 0 o 8 00 ° 60 “ 4 10 oD ° 30 ° ° 1 00 ° 85 ° ° B 00 ° 1s 58 ° ° in 0 us : a & REFERENCES: Obadina, 0.0. and GJ. Berg, 1988. Determination of voltage stability limit in multimachine power Aijaraju, V. and C. Christy, 1992. The continuation power flow: A tool for steady state voltage stability analysis, IEEE Trans, Power Syst. 7: 416-423, Canizares, C.A. and FL, Alvarado, 1993, Point of collapse and continuation methods for large a.cid.e systems. IBEE Trans. Power Syst, 8: 1-8 Custem, T.V,, 1991. A method to compute reactive power margin with reapeet to voltage collapse. IEEE Trans. Power Syst, 6: 145-158, Hassan, J.A., 1995, Assessment of techniques for voltage stability analysis, Master's Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Babrain, Saudi Arabia Lof, P.A. and IK. Reeve, 1993. 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