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50 Phan Quyet Trong Tai Quoc Te Chon Loc
50 Phan Quyet Trong Tai Quoc Te Chon Loc
Cc vn c cp:
iu khon trng ti
nh hng ca iu khon bo lu ti hiu lc ca hp ng v ca
iu khon trng ti
Tm tt v vic:
HP TC LM PHIM
Nguyn n v B n k mt Tho thun (hp ng) trong c cha mt
iu khon bo lu vi ni dung nh sau "Tho thun ny s c gi tr sau khi th tn
dng c m".
B n, sau khi c c bo lnh ca Chnh ph m th tn dng, yu cu
Nguyn n giao hng ngay trc khi th tn dng c m. Nguyn n thc hin
vic giao hng theo yu cu ny ca B n.
Sau khi thc hin ton b cc ngha v trong hp ng m ch c thanh ton
mt phn tin hng, Nguyn n khi kin ra trng ti yu cu B n thanh ton nt
s tin cn li.
B n khng chp nhn thm quyn ca trng ti vi lp lun rng v iu khon
bo lu (vic m th tn dng) khng c thc hin nn hp ng coi nh cha c
hiu lc v iu khon trng ti, v th, cng khng c hiu lc.
Phn quyt ca trng ti:
Vn gy nhiu tranh ci nht trong v kin ny l khi iu kin bo lu quy
nh trong hp ng chnh khng c tho mn, hp ng tr nn v hiu th s v
hiu ca hp ng c ko theo s v hiu ca iu khon trng ti hay khng.
Trn thc t tho thun v trng ti thng thng c th hin n gin di
hnh thc mt iu khon trng ti v a vo hp ng thng mi (nh hp ng mua
bn hng ho, mua bn bn quyn, vn chuyn...). Thc t, iu khon trng ti c th
1
PHN QUYT S 2
TRANH CHP V CHT LNG CA H THNG THIT B HPA
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi mua ng Phi
B n
: Ngi cung cp M
Cc vn c cp:
Tm tt v vic:
phc v cho vic vn hnh mt trm v tinh mt t ti ng Phi, thng 4
nm 1978, Nguyn n, mt cng ty ng Phi, k mt hp ng mua, vn chuyn v
lp t mt b khuych i sng cc ngn (sau y gi tt l "HPA") vi B n, mt
nh cung cp M. Hp ng quy nh lut p dng l lut ca bang California v mi
tranh chp s c gii quyt bng trng ti ca Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip
Quc t ti Geneva.
Nguyn n k Bn Chp Nhn i vi h thng "HPA" ti nh my ca B
n ti M vo thng 6 nm 1979, sau ti cng trng ti nc ng Phi.
Tuy nhin trong qu trnh hot ng, h thng "HPA" lun gp trc trc v vo
thng 1 nm 1980, ngng hot ng. K t , mc d hai bn vi ln c gng sa
cha ti ng Phi, h thng HPA vn khng th hot ng bnh thng.
Nguyn nhn ca vic h thng HPA lin tc b hng l do vic lp t khng
ng thit b. C th, h thng cung cp in m HPA yu cu khng ph hp vi h
thng in sn c ti hin trng.
Cui cng vo thng 4 nm 1981, cc bn quyt nh gi h thng HPA tr li
nh my ca B n ti M. Thng 5 nm 1981 B n ngh c sa h thng HPA
nhng Nguyn n khng chp nhn. Hai bn cng tin hnh thng lng nhiu ln
v vic sa cha ny nhng khng t kt qu. Ngy 25 thng 11 nm 1981, Nguyn
n hu b Bn Chp Nhn h thng HPA m mnh k trc y v mua mt h
thng HPA t mt nh sn xut khc thay th cho h thng HPA ca B n.
Nguyn n khi kin ra trng ti yu cu B n:
khng, v trong thi gian m phn Nguyn n bit rng h thng HPA phi ph hp
vi h thng phn phi in ti hin trng v nh th mi c th d dng p ng c
mi quy cch phm cht quy nh ti phn B ca hp ng.
U ban trng ti thy khng cn thit phi nghin cu vn ny, v trn thc t,
vo thng 12 nm 1978, c th l trong thi gian thit k v xy dng h thng HPA,
ngay trc thi im chuyn giao, ng B, nhn vin iu hnh chu trch nhim v phn
sn xut h thng HPA ca B n, nhn c thng bo t mt trong cc k s ca
mnh ti hin trng l tm im c s dng l tm im khc vi tm im c
thit k cho h thng HPA.
U ban trng ti kt lun rng vic h thng HPA khng th vn hnh trong cc
iu kin thc t ti hin trng cu thnh li "khng ph hp" v to thnh li trong
hp ng ca B n. Xt trn kha cnh ny, nhng quy nh ca iu 2608 ca lut
thng mi California c p ng. U ban trng ti cng cho rng nhng iu kin
php l nu ti iu 2608 ca lut thng mi California v hu b Chp nhn cng
c tha mn.
U ban trng ti kt lun rng, Nguyn n c quyn hu b Chp nhn h
thng HPA, c hon tr li tin thanh ton v bi thng khon chnh lch gi do
phi mua mt h thng HPA khc thay th. U ban trng ti bc yu cu ca Nguyn
n v cc thit hi ngu nhin v nhn qu ko theo do Nguyn n khng a ra
c cc chng c chng minh cho cc thit hi ny.
PHN QUYT S 3
TRANH CHP V TNH V HIU CA HP NG I HNG
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Hai doanh nghip Nam T
B n
: Mt cng ty Thy S
Cc vn c cp:
Lut p dng i vi Hp ng
Tnh v hiu ca hp ng: do tri vi tp qun, vi phm chnh sch
chung
Hu qu ca tnh v hiu
Tm tt v vic:
Quan h pht sinh t giao dch gia cc bn c thit lp thng qua vic i
hng ho xut khu t Nam T ly hng ho nhp khu khc. Thc cht ch Hp
ng nhp khu l c thc, cn Hp ng xut khu l khng c thc v mc ch ca
vic thit lp quan h ny l nhm thu c ngun ti chnh cn thit v thc hin vic
quy i ngoi t thanh ton hng ho nhp khu. Trn thc t, hng ho xut khu
c giao ti Nam T v c thanh ton bng Franc Thu S. Cc Nguyn n (trong
c mt doanh nghip ph sn) yu cu hu b giao dch v i bi thng thit
hi.
Phn quyt ca trng ti:
1. Lut p dng cho quan h hp ng gia cc bn:
Theo Nguyn n, lut Nam T s l lut p dng, cn B n cho rng lut Thu
S s l lut p dng.
Theo on 3 v 5, iu 13 ca Quy tc Trng ti Quc t ICC, cc bn c t
do quyt nh lut p dng gii quyt tranh chp. Trong trng hp cc bn khng c
bt k tho thun no v lut p dng th U ban trng ti s ch nh lut p dng theo
nguyn tc m U ban trng ti cho l thch hp. Tuy nhin, trong mi trng hp U
ban trng ti phi tnh n cc iu khon ca hp ng v cc tp qun thng mi.
Qui nh ny cng c nu trong iu VII ca Cng c Geneva v Trng ti
Thng mi Quc t k ngy 21 thng 4 nm 1961 v trong iu 33 on 1 v 3 Quy
tc Trng ti Quc t UNCITRAL.
V vn ny, hu ht cc hc thuyt hin nay v thm quyn ca trng ti v
cc n l trng ti quc t u tha nhn rng trong vic xc nh lut p dng, U ban
trng ti c th b qua cc qui tc lut xung t v p dng trc tip cc qui tc lut
7
10
PHN QUYT S 4
TRANH CHP V VIC KHNG GIAO HNG DO BT KH KHNG
TRONG HP NG MUA BN G
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Bn mua Syri
B n
: Bn bn Ghana
Cc vn c cp:
Vic vi phm hp ng ca B n
Trng hp bt kh khng
Tm tt v vic:
Ngy 15 thng 8 nm 1979, Nguyn n k hp ng mua ca B n 5000
m g dn v 5000 m3 g khi theo nhng iu kin sau:
3
phi c giao mun nht l ngy 22 thng 3 nm 1980. Ngy 26 thng 11 nm 1979,
hai th tn dng c thi hn ti ngy 22 thng 2 nm 1980, mt cho l g dn v mt
cho l g khi m ngi th hng l B n, c xc nhn. V phn mnh, Nguyn
n cng k hp ng bo him cho hng ho v ch nh cng ty gim nh kim
tra cht lng hng ho c giao.
Ngy 14 thng 12 nm 1979, B n thng bo cho Nguyn n bng Telex rng
do ma ln, thiu nhin liu v mt s l do khc, h khng th giao hng theo ng
lch nh. Ngy 16 thng 12 nm 1979 chuyn hng u tin ch c 218,671 m 3 g dn
v 415,904 m3 g khi ri Ghana i Syri.
Sau , B n thng bo cho Nguyn n hn s gi chuyn hng th hai gm
2500 m3 g dn v 1500 m3 g khi vo cui thng 1 nm 1980. Nguyn n ng
ngh ny ca B n. Tuy nhin trn thc t iu ny khng c thc hin. Nguyn
n sau phi nhc nh B n vi ln, ngh c thng bo chi tit v chuyn
hng giao ngy 7 thng 3 nm 1980, ng thi xin gia hn th tn dng cng nh chp
nhn gia hn thi hn giao hng cho ti ngy 31 thng 5 nm 1980.
B n khng h c ng thi g v thc t khng tin hnh giao chuyn
hng th hai. Ngy 2 thng 5 nm 1980, hai bn ng gp nhau bn bc v vic
thc hin hp ng. Ngy 7 thng 5 nm 1980, vin c rng mnh phi chu nhng
tn tht do gi du tng, B n ngh tng gi ln 40%. Nguyn n khng chp nhn
yu cu ny. B n mun hu b hp ng vi l do bt kh khng v i c thanh
ton tin hng cho chuyn hng u tin giao.
Cho n thi im ny Nguyn n c c lnh phong to Bo m thc
hin hp ng cng hai th tn dng theo quyt nh ca to s thm Damascus.
Ngy 25 thng 8 nm 1981, Nguyn n a s vic ra To trng ti ca Phng
Thng mi Quc t (ICC). Theo cc iu khon dn chiu, v vic c xt x ti
Paris v p dng Lut Trng ti Quc t Php.
Nguyn n i c bi thng:
Chi ph bo him
B n khng co i:
cng ty gim nh cp giy chng nhn ngay sau khi hng c kim tra. V
khng lm c iu ny, B n t gy kh khn cho vic nhn tin bng L/C.
Hn na, do bn cht ca L/C l xc nhn khng hu ngang nn Nguyn n
khng th hu b th tn dng. B n c ngha v phi xut trnh ng hn y b
chng t, nu thiu, h phi tm mi cch c c chng t b thiu ng thi hn
song thc t h khng lm c iu . V d gi thit rng b chng t c
xut trnh y v ng hn m ngn hng vn t chi thanh ton th li l vn
ni b gia Ngn hng m th tn dng v Ngn hng xc nhn.
Cui cng, t tt c cc chng t m hai bn a ra cho thy, B n ch
a ra ngh thanh ton trc tip ln u tin ti cuc hp cui thng 7 nm 1980 ti
Damascus. Trc B n gn nh hon ton im lng cho ti ngy 7 thng 5 nm
1980 v sau ch quan tm ti vic nng gi hp ng. Trong sut thi gian h
khng h chng minh c vic Nguyn n t chi hp ng.
T cc cn c trn, U ban trng ti bc lp lun ca B n.
2. Thit hi:
a. Phn chnh lch gi c:
Nguyn n i B n bi thng khon tin chnh lch l 656.070,35 USD do
gi tng. U ban trng ti cho rng theo thng l quc t, trong trng hp hng ho
khng c giao th tn tht c tnh l s chnh lch gia gi trong hp ng v gi
th trng ti thi im hng ho l ra phi c giao ti ni c nhu cu v mt hng .
Trong trng hp c th ny, thi hn giao hng c gia hn n ngy 31
thng 5 nm 1980 nn gi th trng cng s c tnh ti thi im .
Tuy nhin, U ban trng ti bc b yu cu ca Nguyn n i c thanh ton
phn chnh lch gi do:
c th gim bt thit hi bng cch mua mt lng hng ho thay th trn th trng ch
en. Nu v khng mua hng ho ch en thay th, ngi mua phi chu thm nhng
tn tht khc (nh mt li nhun...) th ngi bn s khng chu trch nhim v nhng
thit hi ny.
Trong trng hp ang xt, Nguyn n khng mua, hay t nht cng khng
chng t c vic mnh mua g thay th trong ngy giao hng. Nu mua th h
c th bn li g cho "cc t chc thng mi ni a Siri" v bo ton 10% li
nhun ca mnh. Do vy, bn thn pha Nguyn n phi chu trch nhim v vic
khng lm nh vy.
Hn na, Nguyn n vi t cch l mt thng nhn, h c th thu c li
hoc chu l khi bn li hng ho, khng phi bao gi cng li c. 10% li nhun y
ch l li nhun v ra ch khng phn nh ng vic xc nh gi c thng mi da
trn cung cu trn th trng. Bi vy, yu cu bi thng ny b bc b.
c. Cc ph ngn hng, bo him ca Nguyn n, thu:
V khon ph ngn hng tr gi 618.013,44 Pound Syri, U ban trng ti phn x
nh sau:
Ph ngn hng : Do B n vi phm hp ng, Nguyn n c quyn
c hon tr khon ph ngn hng k t ngy k hp ng cho ti ngy xy ra vi phm.
15
PHN QUYT S 5
TRANH CHP V CCH THC KIM TRA
CHT LNG HNG HO
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi bn Thu S
B n
Cc vn c cp:
Hu hp ng
Tm tt v vic:
Nguyn n v B n ng k ba hp ng bn cng mt loi hng ho vi
cc quy cch phm cht c quy nh chi tit.
Hng c gi i t mt cng ty Canaa v c giao theo iu kin C.I.F cng
Rotterdam. C ba hp ng c lp bng ting Php vi nhng iu kin ging ht
nhau, loi tr iu khon v s lng. iu khon trng ti quy nh rng tranh chp s
c gii quyt theo Quy tc trng ti ca Phng Thng Mi Quc t. Tuy nhin ch c
hai hp ng u tin c k v thc hin, hp ng th ba vn cha c k v trc
khi hng c gi i t Canaa, B n hu hp ng vi l do hng c giao theo
hai hp ng u khng ng vi quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng.
Nh my Canaa gi mt k s sang H Lan kim tra mu hng trong
mt phng th nghim c lp. Kt qu kim tra gy ra nhiu tranh ci: khi tin hnh
phn tch theo phng php ca Bc M th mu hng c kim tra hon ton ph hp
vi nhng quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng, nhng khi tin hnh theo
phng php ca Chu u th li khng ph hp.
Cc bn kin ra trng ti theo :
Canaa c sang tin hnh phn tch hng ho Tuy nhin, y c ba vn cn xem
xt:
Th nht, liu ngi mua c mc nhin c quyn hu mt hp ng khi
phng on rng hng c giao theo hp ng th ba c th s khng ph hp vi cc
quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng hay khng?
1. V quyn n phng hu hp ng ca B n:
Theo quan im ca U ban trng ti, y l mt trng hp lin quan n mt
nhm hp ng thng mi v do , nu kt lun cui cng l hng ho c giao theo
hai hp ng u khng ph hp vi quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng, v
nu B n tin chc rng hng ho theo hp ng th ba s c phm cht y nh s hng
c giao theo hai hp ng trc , th B n s c quyn t chi hp ng th
ba.
Theo iu 48 ca Lut thng nht v Mua bn Hng ng sn Quc t, ngi
mua c th p dng quyn c hu hp ng thm ch trc c thi gian c n nh
cho vic giao hng nu c bng chng r rng rng hng ho c giao s khng ph
hp vi cc quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng. Theo lut Thu S, nu mi
bng chng u cho thy l hng ho s b h hng ti thi im giao hng, ngi mua
khng c php i ti lc mi tin hnh cc th tc php l t chi nhn hng.
Trong trng hp c th ny, B n tuyn b rng h s khng tip tc nhn
hng ho tr khi s hng ny c quy cch phm cht ph hp vi phng php nh gi
do B n a ra. Tuy nhin Nguyn n v nh cung cp (nh my Canaa) hin
ang s dng phng php ca Bc M, khng chp nhn iu kin ny. Nh vy,
nu gi thit v s khng ph hp ca hng ho c chng minh, B n c quyn t
chi hp ng th ba.
2. V vic hiu lm:
Thc cht, c hai bn u ht sc thin ch trong vic gii quyt tranh chp
gia h. V phn mnh, Nguyn n ngay lp tc tuyn b sn sng gi mu do hai
bn cng ly ti kim tra ti mt phng th nghim c lp do hai bn cng la chn v
s chp nhn vic hu hp ng th ba nu nhng phn tch ny cho thy rng nhng l
do m B n a ra l c c s. Nguyn n cng ngay lp tc thng bo v nhng
vn v phm cht v gi mu cho nh my Canaa, ng thi yu cu nh my c
n mt k s.
17
Bnh lun v lu :
Trong thc t kinh doanh, vic cc bn gp g trc tip tin hnh m phn v
k hp ng khng phi lc no cng thc hin c. k kt mt hp ng hoc
thc hin mt thng v, cc bn thng ch trao i rt nhanh thng tin di hnh thc
vn bn (n cho hng, n t hng, hp ng, ti liu k thut...) qua Telex, Fax, th
tn hoc thm ch c trng hp khng c vn bn y . Nu mi vic din ra sun s
th khng c vn g ng nu ra, tuy nhin nu c bt c mt kh khn no pht sinh
th nhng thiu st, li lm hoc s h d nh my cng c hu qu nghim trng kh
19
lng. Chnh bi vy, trc khi tin hnh k kt bt c hp ng no, vic son tho
cht ch cc vn bn hoc hp ng mua bn, nhng ph lc km theo nh ti liu k
thut hay miu t v hng ho... phi c c bit coi trng. Mi chi tit cha r rng
cn phi c lm sng t ngay trnh nhng thit hi ng tic khng nn c nh
chng ta thy qua v d nu trn.
20
PHN QUYT S 6
TRANH CHP V GIAO HNG KHNG NG CHT LNG
TRONG HP NG MUA BN GIY N
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi mua B
B n
: Ngi bn B
Cc vn c cp:
Bt kh khng
Thit hi do mt uy tn
Tm tt v vic:
Nguyn n v B n k mt hp ng bn hng theo B n s cung cp
cho Nguyn n 150.000 i giy ph n trong thi hn bn thng. Cng ngy hm ,
B n k mt hp ng vi cc iu khon y ht (tr iu khon v gi) vi mt cng
ty thng mi quc doanh ca Rumani (sau y gi l bn C) qua C cam kt s cung
cp cng mt s lng giy cho B n.
Sau , Nguyn n khng nhn c hng ng quy cch phm cht v ng
thi hn nh quy nh trong hp ng, do tin hnh khi kin ra trng ti yu cu
c bi thng thit hi. V phn mnh, B n khiu ni li ngi cung cp ca mnh
l bn C, do li giao hng chm.
Phn quyt ca trng ti:
Trong thng mi quc t c rt nhiu l do khin cho mt trong cc bn k kt
hp ng khng th thc hin c y nhng ngha v ca mnh, mt trong nhng
l do m cc bn thng vin dn nhm gim nh li ca mnh l "bt kh khng". Tuy
nhin xc nh liu l do m cc bn a ra c thuc vo trng hp bt kh khng
hay khng hon ton khng n gin. Trong v kin c th ny, B n coi vic khng
th giao hng ng qui cch v ng thi hn do li ca nh cung cp ca mnh (bn C)
l s kin bt kh khng.
Mt vn khc c cp trong v vic ny l ngha v lm gim thit hi ca
cc bn khi c mt s c xy ra nh hng ti vic thc hin hp ng.
Vic khng th thc hin ng hp ng ko theo rt nhiu hu qu. Thit hi
y c th l vt cht v cng c th l phi vt cht. Trong v kin ny, ngoi thit hi
thc t c th tnh ton do li ca B n (bn bn), Nguyn n cn i bi thng
thit hi v uy tn thng mi ca mnh.
21
1. V bt kh khng:
B n cho rng, v hp ng k gia Nguyn n v B n quy nh rng giy
phi ng l loi giy do cng ty C cung cp nn vic C khng th giao hng ng
quy cch v thi hn quy nh trong hp ng l mt tr ngi khng th vt qua i
vi B n (thc cht l B n mun xp nguyn nhn ny vo trng hp Bt kh
khng), v bi vy cho php B n c min mi trch nhim ca mnh i vi
Nguyn n.
V vn ny, Nguyn n cho rng, xt trn c s trch nhim ca ngi u
thc (trong trng hp ny l trch nhim i vi hnh vi ca ngi c u thc), B
n phi chu trch nhim v li ca ngi cung cp ca mnh (cng ty C). Mt khc,
Nguyn n lp lun thm rng theo thng l, li ca ngi cung cp khng th c
coi l mt yu t bt kh khng i vi ngi bn hng.
Xt lp lun ny ca Nguyn n, U ban trng ti cho rng nguyn tc v trch
nhim ca bn u thc (B n) theo hp ng i vi hnh ng ca bn c u thc
(Bn C) khng c lin quan g ti trng hp ny v tun th theo hp ng k gia
Nguyn n v B n, B n khng chn bt c nh cung cp no khc thay th
C. Hn na, s l cng nhc v khng chnh xc nu cho rng trong bt c hon cnh
no li ca ngi cung cp cng khng th c coi l trng hp bt kh khng i
vi ngi bn hng.
Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny, B n khng chng minh c rng li ca
ngi cung cp (Bn C) l khng th lng trc c v khng th khc phc c. B
n khng a ra c bng chng rng vic giao hng chm ca nh my C l
khng th lng trc c v trn thc t vic giao hng mun ca mt nh cung cp l
mt bin c bt ng c th d on c.
Hn na, B n cng khng chng minh c l l ra h cng phi lng
trc hoc tm cch lm gim bt nhng hu qu do vic giao hng chm t pha C gy
ra. Ngha v ca B n trong trng hp ny l ngha v v kt qu1 (tc l ngha v
m bo mang li kt qu m cc bn tho thun - c th trong trng hp ny l
vic giao hng, khc vi ngha v v phng thc2 - tc ngha v m bo s dng mi
kh nng, mi phng thc, phng tin c th v hp l hng ti vic t c kt
qu nhng khng phi m bo s mang li kt qu nh mong mun) v ngha v ny
buc B n phi c trch nhim giao hng cho Nguyn n tr trng hp Nguyn n
hu b n t hng m khng c l do.
Tm li, vic khng giao hng ng quy cch v ng thi hn ca C khng c
coi l s kin bt kh khng i vi B n v bi vy, B n phi chu trch nhim v
li trn i vi Nguyn n.
1
2
22
23
PHN QUYT S 7
TRANH CHP TRONG 3 HP NG MUA BN HNG
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi Bn
B n
: Ngi Mua
Cc vn c cp:
Lut p dng
iu 13(3) v (5) ca Quy tc trng ti ca Phng Thng mi Quc t
(I.C.C)
Tm tt v vic:
B n k ba hp ng vi Nguyn n mua cng mt loi sn phm theo nhng
quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng. Theo hp ng, B n thanh ton
90% gi tr mi hp ng khi nhn c y b chng t gi hng.
Hng c giao theo hp ng th nht v th ba t ng vi quy cch phm
cht quy nh, tuy nhin cc bn c tranh ci v phm cht hng giao theo hp ng
th hai trc khi hng c giao ln tu. Khi tin hnh gim nh l hng ln th hai ti
cng n, ngi ta pht hin rng hng khng t quy cch phm cht quy nh trong
hp ng. Cui cng sau khi gia cng li hng d bn hn, B n phi bn li
l hng trn cho bn th ba vi mt khon l kh ln.
Ly l do l hng giao theo hp ng th hai khng t quy cch phm cht quy
nh ti hp ng, B n t chi thanh ton 10% tr gi cn li ca cc hp ng.
Nguyn n khi kin trc trng ti i c thanh ton s tin 10% trn. V phn
mnh, B n kin li yu cu khon 10% phi c dng thay th vo khon tin
l ra Nguyn n phi bi thng cho B n cho khon tin l trc tip, chi ph ti
chnh, tht thu li nhun v li sut do l hng th hai c giao khng ng cht
lng.
Phn quyt ca trng ti:
Trong giao dch thng mi, vic hng ho c giao khng ng quy cch phm
cht quy nh trong hp ng xy ra kh thng xuyn v iu thng ko theo
nhng thit hi khng nh cho ngi mua hng. V mt php l, ngi mua c quyn
yu cu ngi bn bi thng cho mnh nhng thit hi pht sinh t vic giao hng
khng ng nh quy cch trong hp ng. Tuy nhin, mt vn t ra l liu ngi
24
27
PHN QUYT S 8
TRANH CHP V VIC T CHI NHN HNG
TRONG HP NG BN NGUYN LIU
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Mt doanh nghip Nh nc ca mt quc gia ang
pht trin (doanh nghip X)
B n
: Cng ty nc ngoi Y
Cc vn c cp:
Bt kh khng
Tm tt v vic:
phn ng li bin php ca chnh ph mt quc gia ang pht trin quc hu
ho cc cng ty nc ngoi khai thc cc nguyn liu th trn lnh th quc gia v
giao cc ti sn ca cc cng ty ny cho mt doanh nghip nh nc c chc nng
chuyn kinh doanh cc sn phm cng loi, cc cng ty nc ngoi ni trn tuyn b
rng h s tch thu cc nguyn liu th trong trng hp chng c bn trn th
trng th gii.
Sau khi bin php quc hu ho c p dng, doanh nghip nh nc c chc
nng khai thc v kinh doanh cc nguyn liu t nhin k kt mt s hp ng mua
bn hng ho vi cc bn hng t nhiu quc gia trn th gii. Mt vi trong s cc bn
hng ny t chi thc hin ngha v nhn hng ny vi l do l li e do tch thu
ca cc cng ty c ti sn b quc hu ho ni trn to nn mt s kin bt kh khng
gii phng h khi ngha v nhn hng.
Cn c vo iu khon trng ti trong cc hp ng mua bn hng ho, doanh
nghip nh nc kin cc i tc ny ra trc To trng ti ICC i c bi thng
cho nhng thit hi phi chu. Cc trng ti vin ca ICC a ra cc phn quyt cho
doanh nghip nh nc thng kin sau khi bc b l do bt kh khng m cc B n
a ra.
Di y l mt phn quyt ca cc trng ti a ra c th cho mt trong cc B
n l cng ty Y. i vi cng ty Y, trc khi c th a ra cc phn quyt, cc trng ti
vin phi gii quyt mt kh khn v th tc t tng khng km phn quan trng l vic
cng ty Y b gii th.
Thng thng, khi mt php nhn gii th th cng c ngha l php nhn
28
hng ho giao nhn hng thng l (...) tn cho mt nm hoc (...) tn cho mt thng.
Trn c s t chc v tm quan trng quc t ca Nguyn n (doanh nghip nh
nc), u ban trng ti cho rng s l cng bng nu nh gii hn s lng hng ho
phi c giao nhn l (...) tn v B n s phi gnh chu mt khon tin pht theo
thng l l (...) USD cho mt n v hng ho ca nguyn liu t nhin.
31
PHN QUYT S 9
TRANH CHP V VIC TNG GI HNG
TRONG HP NG MUA BN THP
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi mua Ai Cp
B n
: Ngi bn Nam T
Cc vn c cp:
Tm tt v vic:
Ngy 20 thng 8 nm 1987, cc bn k kt bn hp ng mua bn 80.000 tn
thp thanh vi gi trung bnh l 190,00 USD/tn. Hng c giao theo hp ng trong
vng ngy 15 thng 12 nm 1987 n ngy 15 thng 12 nm 1988 ti cng Nam T.
Nguyn n c Quyn mua c bit, quyn ny cho php Nguyn n tng s
lng hng mua ln n 160.000 tn vi cng gi c v iu kin nh trn v phi tuyn
b thc hin quyn chm nht l vo ngy 15 thng 12 nm 1987 v m L/C cho
chuyn hng u tin chm nht vo ngy 31 thng 12 nm 1987.
Ngy 26 thng 11 nm 1987, Nguyn n thng bo cho B n rng h s
thc hin Quyn mua c bit ny v s m L/C trong khon t 15 n 31 thng 12
nm 1987. Do vic tng gi thp trn th trng th gii, ngy 9 thng 12 nm 1987, B
n ngh t chc mt cuc hp vo thng tho lun v mc gi p dng cho s
lng hng mua thm. Ti cuc hp ngy 28 thng 12 nm 1987, B n ngh mc
gi 215USD/tn cho s lng hng b sung, nhng Nguyn n khng chp nhn v
cng quyt gi mc gi tho thun.
Trong vn th ngy 31 thng 12 nm 1987, Nguyn n nhn mnh rng B
n vi phm hp ng v nu cho n ngy 6 thng 1 nm 1988 B n vn khng
chp thun, th Nguyn n s buc B n phi chu trch nhim cho ton b cc thit
hi bt k do vic vi phm hp ng gy ra. Thi hn ny sau c Nguyn n
ko di ti ngy 25 thng 1 nm 1988.
Ngy 26 thng 1 nm 1988, Nguyn n mua 80.000 tn thp thanh cng loi
ca mt cng ty Rumani vi gi 216 USD/tn. Nguyn n vin c rng chi ph vn
32
Nguyn n phi mua hng thay th. Vic khng thc hin ca B n bt u t ngy
m h phi giao hng nhng khng giao. Theo hp ng mua bn, 80.000 tn thp
ca quyn mua c bit phi c giao theo 5 ln giao hng tng phn vi khi lng
tng t trong khong thng 1 v thng 5 nm 1988. Do vy B n n qu hn 1/5
ca tng s hng vo ngy 1 thng 2; ngy 1 thng 3; ngy 1 thng 4; ngy 1 thng 5 v
ngy 1 thng 6 nm 1988. Li sut c th c tnh theo tng s n qu hn bt u t
ngy giao hng ca chuyn hng th ba.
Nh cp trn, mc li sut t khong 6,25 - 8,25%. Khng th d on
trc c v li sut s tng nh th no v c khong thi gian chm tr gia vic a
ra phn x ca U ban trng ti v vic thc hin t nguyn hoc cng ch thc hin
nn phn quyt ca U ban trng ti cng phi n nh mc li sut trong tng lai, v
d: cho ti khi B n thc hin t nguyn hoc cng ch thc hin phn quyt. Trn
c s xem xt n tr gi tng trng trung bnh, U ban trng ti cho rng mc li sut
7,25% l ph hp.
36
PHN QUYT S 10
TRANH CHP TRONG HP NG MUA BN TRANG THIT B
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi bn M
B n
: Ngi mua n
Cc vn c cp:
Thm quyn
Tm tt v vic:
Nguyn n l mt cng ty ti New York hot ng trong lnh vc sn xut, bn
v thc hin cc dch v i vi mt s loi trang thit b v cc hot ng km theo
khc. B n l mt cng ty n hot ng trong lnh vc bn cc sn phm c sn
xut bng cc trang thit b ca Nguyn n ti n .
Theo hp ng, Nguyn n tho thun bn v cung cp cho B n thit b v
thc hin cc dch v cho mt nh my mi ti n ; Lut ca bang New York s iu
chnh quyn v ngha v cc bn. iu khon trng ti qui nh nh sau:
"Bt c tranh chp no pht sinh t hoc lin quan n hp ng ny m cc
bn khng c kh nng gii quyt thng qua m phn thng lng th s c gii
quyt chung thm theo qui tc trng ti ICC. Nh qui nh trong Qui tc ny, mi bn
s chn mt trng ti vin, v To Trng ti ca ICC s chn trng ti vin th ba. T
tng trng ti s c thc hin vo thi gian v ti a im do To Trng ti quyt
nh. Phn quyt trng ti c th c cho thi hnh ti bt k mt to n c thm quyn
no".
Khi tranh chp gia cc bn xy ra, Nguyn n kin B n ra trng ti ICC yu
cu B n thanh ton cc khon tin trong c khon tr li sut qu hn m B n
cha thanh ton.
B n pht n kin Nguyn n ln to n ti cao Bombay vi mong mun c
c tuyn b v vic Nguyn n a tranh chp ra gii quyt ti To n trng ti l
vt qu phm vi ca iu khon trng ti.
V phn mnh Nguyn n cho rng vic a v tranh chp ra to n trng ti l
tun theo nhng quy nh ti on 3 Lut 1961 ca n v vic cng nhn v thi
hnh cc phn quyt trng ti nc ngoi m nhng quy nh tng ng vi iu
37
vin s do chnh cc trng ti vin quyt nh". Ni cch khc, cc trng ti vin c
"thm quyn v thm quyn"3 (quyn quyt nh rng mnh c thm quyn gii quyt
hay khng)
2. Khc t v b hn ch quyn tham gia t tng trng ti:
B n cho rng Nguyn n khc t quyn ca mnh a v kin ra trng
ti v b hn ch tham d t tng trng ti vi l do Nguyn n kin ngn hng
bo lnh ca B n ra To n ti cao Calcuta yu cu thanh ton khon li sut nh k
m th tc trng ti ny cng ang gii quyt; v trc , Nguyn n kin ti To
n ti cao Calcuta i chnh Ngn hng thanh ton khon tin lin quan ti k phiu
th nm ca Hp ng.
B n cho rng:
Khng th c hai c quan ti phn cng c thm quyn xt x, ra quyt
nh v cng mt vn .
Trong gii trnh ca mnh Nguyn n cho rng vic a nhng v kin trn ra
to n l nhm bo m tnh an ton ca tho thun bo lnh, mt tho thun c lp vi
hp ng mua bn ang xt. B n trong cc v kin ny l Ngn hng n , h
khng phi l mt bn trong Hp ng mua bn v khng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca
iu khon trng ti ca Hp ng. Nguyn n c mt tho thun bo lnh vi
Ngn hng v l c s a v kin ra to n n .
U ban trng ti thy rng lp lun ca Nguyn n l hon ton hp l v i n
kt lun cc v kin ti to n n l nhng v kin c lp vi v kin a ra trc
trng ti v khng lm nh hng n thm quyn ca cc trng ti vin.
Theo quan im ca cc trng ti vin, v kin trc To n n do Nguyn
n a ra khng lin quan n cc vn v vic khc t hay b hn ch tham gia t
tng trong ti ca Nguyn n.
3. Phm vi iu chnh ca iu khon trng ti:
Tip theo, u ban trng ti phi quyt nh v vic liu n kin ca Nguyn n
ra trng ti ny c nm trong phm vi p dng iu khon trng ti trong Hp ng hay
khng.
3
39
41
PHN QUYT S 11
TRANH CHP V VIC GIAO HNG CHM
TRONG HP NG GIA CNG GNG TAY
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Bn gia cng Trung Quc
B n
Cc vn c cp:
Tm tt v vic:
Ngy 26 thng 2 nm 1988, Nguyn n v B n k mt hp ng gia cng
gng tay cao su y t Shenzhen bng cao su nhp khu. iu 1 ca hp ng qui nh
B n phi cung cp 500 tn cao su 60% ly tm t nhin loi mt (first class 60%
natural centrifugal latex) khng tnh ph trong khong thi gian t thng 3 nm 1988 n
thng 1 nm 1989. iu 2 Hp ng qui nh Nguyn n phi chuyn cho B n
30.000.000 gng tay cao su y t ng trong cc thng hng vo khong gia thng 5
nm 1988 v thng 3 nm 1989. Ph gia cng l 29 USD cho mt tn gng tay, tng s l
870.000 USD, bc hng Shanghai. Ph vn chuyn do B n chu, k c ph vn
chuyn t nh my n cng Shanghai. Thanh ton bng th tn dng gip lng (backto-back L/C). Mi ln giao hng Nguyn n pht hnh mt th tn dng v th tn dng
ny ch c hiu lc khi B n pht hnh tr li mt th tn dng tr tin ngay (time
letter of credit). iu 11 Hp ng qui nh bn vi phm hp ng phi bi thng 20%
tng tr gi cc sn phm gia cng hoc 20% tr gi cc sn phm cha c gia cng
cng vi cc thit hi v nguyn vt liu hoc thit hi v nhn cng cho bn kia. Khon
bi thng s phi tr mt ln.
Sau khi hp ng c k kt, B n cung cp 175,89 tn cao su thnh bn
ln trong khong thi gian t thng 2 n thng 5 nm 1988. Sau khi nhn c nguyn
vt liu, Nguyn n tin hnh sn xut.
Do B n mun thay i phng thc ng gi v v cc l do khc, Nguyn
n hon thi gian giao hng trc khi c s chp thun ca B n. Trong thi gian
t thng 7 n ngy 4 thng 11 nm 1988 Nguyn n chuyn cho B n tng cng
l 8.000.000 gng cao su, tnh c 1.000.000 gng chuyn ngy 4 thng 11 nm 1988 m
B n t chi khi s hng ny n Hng Kng v b tr li cho Nguyn n ngy 5
thng 5 nm 1989.
42
46
PHN QUYT S 12
TRANH CHP V GIAO HNG THIU
TRONG HP NG MUA BN QUN O TR EM
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi mua Cuba
B n
Tm tt v vic:
Ngy 25 thng 12 nm 1986, Nguyn n v B n k kt mt hp ng mua
bn theo B n phi cung cp 19.500 t qun o tr em si hn hp vi s lng v
gi c khc nhau. Tng tr gi hp ng l 404.415 USD, FOB cng Trung Quc, ng
vo hp giy, gi hng i vo qu 1 v qu 2 nm 1987. Thng 6 nm 1987 B n giao
900 hp giy cha hng ho theo hp ng. S hng ny c bc ln tu ca Cuba
v ri i cng Havana, Cuba.
Theo Nguyn n, khi hng n cng Havana Nguyn n xc nhn rng b
ngoi ca s thng giy l khng c vn g nhng c mt s thng c trng lng
khng . Nguyn n vn chuyn s hng ni trn vo kho. C quan gim nh s
ti xc nhn thiu 606 qun/o trong 19 thng hng c gim nh (trong s 300
thng) so vi NQ 9114, B/L52, ho n SUL 30047 c giao. Kt qu gim nh 61
thng hng theo NQIOO58-4, B/L53, ho n SUL 30048 xc nh thiu 1.845 qun/o.
Nguyn n hy vng s t c mt tho thun thng qua m phn vi B n,
nhng B n khng chp nhn m phn. Cn c vo iu 42 Cc iu kin chung
v giao hng, Nguyn n cho rng B n phi chu trch nhim cho s hng thiu v
yu cu B n bi thng cho cc thit hi v kinh t nh sau:
1. Khon tin 4.245,01 USD thanh ton cho s hng giao thiu, bao gm: 606
qun/o, tng ng vi 50,5 t theo NQ9114 vi gi 22,29 USD/t, l
1.125,65 USD; 1.854 qun/o, tng ng vi 154,5 t theo NQ10058-4 vi
gi 20,19 USD/t, l 3.119,36 USD;
2. Ph gim nh 180 USD;
3. Ph trng ti.
Trong vn bn tr li, B n gii trnh nh sau:
1. Theo cc qui nh ti iu 14 Cc iu kin chung v giao hng, s lng v
khi lng ca hng ho c xc nh theo vn n ng bin. Sau khi
hng c bc ln tu, B n nhn vn n sch do thuyn trng pht
hnh xc nhn hng ho hp l v ph hp vi s lng ghi trong ho n v
bn chng nhn s thng hng vi cc chi tit ghi trn vn n. Ngoi ra, t
cc ti liu do Nguyn n trnh, 71 thng (30-40% trong tng s 120 thng)
47
48
PHN QUYT S 13
TRANH CHP V CHT LNG MY NG GI
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi mua Trung Quc
B n
Cc vn c cp:
Lp t v sa cha my
Tm tt v vic:
Ngy 17 thng 1 nm 1985 Nguyn n v B n k hp ng s 5009 theo
B n bn cho Nguyn n mt my ng gi vi gi 80.000 USD. My ny s c
chuyn n Wuhan theo hai t giao hng. B phn chnh ca my c bn sau khi
c trng by trin lm ti Wuhan v c giao vo thng 2 nm 1985. t giao hng
th hai gm cc b phn ph ca my s c tin hnh vo ngy 15 thng 4 nm 1985.
Sau khi hp ng c k kt, Nguyn n pht hnh th tn dng cho ln
giao hng u tin tr gi 65.750 USD theo ng hp ng. Nguyn n giao chuyn
hng u tin ng thi hn. Ngy 20 thng 3 nm 1985 Cc Gim nh Hng ho Xut
nhp khu Hubei, Trung Quc, cp chng nhn gim nh theo thng hng th hon
chnh, nhng thiu mt mt gng kim tra vt liu v hai thc nn l nhm. Ngoi ra,
hai cun hn nng b han g ton b. Cc b phn khc ca my cng b han g mt s
phn. Trong thn my c mt vi git nc. Bn chng nhn gim nh cng cho thy
giao thiu mt s b phn ca my. G st v nc trong my l do khng cn thn
khi ng thng my sau trin lm.
Cc b phn ph ca my ng gi c B n giao vo thng 10 nm 1985, su
thng sau khi hp ng c k kt.
Ngy 28 thng 3 nm 1985, cn c vo chng nhn gim nh ca Cc gim nh
hng ho XNK Hubei, Trung Quc, Nguyn n gi vn th cho B n yu cu giao
cc b phn cn thiu, i ng cun hn nng v bi thng cc thit hi v kinh t.
Sau B n giao gng kim tra vt liu v gi cc k s n nh my l
khch hng ca Nguyn n sa cha my trong cc ngy 23 v ngy 25 thng 4 nm
1985. Sau khi lp t xong, do cn thiu mt s b phn nn ch mt phn ca my l c
th hot ng c. Do c khim khuyt ti hai b phn l A5 v A6 nn ton b my
khng th hot ng bnh thng.
Ngy 8 thng 10 nm 1985, sau khi tt c cc b phn c chuyn n
49
th hai.
Khon tin 7.125USD Nguyn n cha thanh ton cho B n s c
khu tr vo khon tin B n phi tr cho Nguyn n.
Bc cc yu cu khc ca Nguyn n.
52
PHN QUYT S 14
TRANH CHP V TIN TM NG
TRONG HP NG LM PHIM
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Mt cng ty Hng Kng - Macao
B n
Cc vn c cp:
Tm tt v vic:
Nguyn n (Bn A) v B n (Bn B) k mt hp ng sn xut phim ta
Hai Deng Fa Shi ngy 13 thng 4 nm 1985. Phn hp ng lin quan n phng
thc hp tc gia hai bn quy nh Bn A chu mi chi ph cho vic lm phim vi tng
d ton khong 800.000USD. Bn A chu trch nhim cung cp cc thit b quay phim,
xe thng ch o c v mi mt o din v mt th chp nh t Hng Kng v Macao.
Bn B chu trch nhim vit kch bn, thu o din, din vin v on phc v lm
phim, thu a im, xin cp cc loi giy php v hon thnh mi th tc cn thit v
nhng cng vic hng ngy khc.
Hp ng cng quy nh sau khi k kt hp ng, Bn A phi chuyn 120.000
USD (bao gm c 50.000 USD tin tm ng phi chuyn ngay trong ngy k kt hp
ng). Bn B phi xin c cc giy php cn thit ca Chnh quyn nhn dn tnh
Henan v Phng tuyn truyn tnh Henan v phi thc hin tt c cc th tc c c
bo lnh ca Ngn hng Trung Quc Chi nhnh ti Zheng Zhou trong vng 15 ngy. Sau
khi cc th tc ny hon thnh, bn A phi chuyn ngay khon tin 70.000USD cn li
vo ti khon ca bn B. Trong vng nm ngy k t khi khi quay (d tnh l vo thng
5 nm 1985), bn A phi chuyn 180.000USD vo ti khon ca bn B. Phn u t cn
li s c thanh ton thnh nhiu ln bo m cho cc chi ph lm phim.
Ngy 13 thng 4 nm 1985, ngy k kt hp ng, Nguyn n chuyn cho B
n 50.000 USD tin tm ng thng qua Ngn hng Macao Nantong. Ngy 3 thng 5
nm 1985, B n k mt vn bn vi mt cng ty sn xut phim Guangzhou cng
sn xut phim Hai Deng Fa Shi.
Ngy 8 thng 5 nm 1985, Nguyn n nhn c t B n vn bn tr li cho
php cng ty Hng Kng - Ma Cao c vn chuyn cc thit b lm phim do Chnh
quyn nhn dn tnh Henan cp ngy 26 thng 4 nm 1985, mt Bn hng dn chp
thun bo co ca C quan vn ho v ngh thut v Cng ty Hng Kng - Ma Cao
53
Bc cc yu cu khc ca Nguyn n;
57
PHN QUYT S 15
TRANH CHP V CHT LNG
CUA NG LNH V TM MUI
Cc bn:
Nguyn n
: Ngi mua M
B n
Cc vn c cp:
- Gi tr ca giy chng nhn gim nh
- Gi tr li tuyn b ming v cht lng hng ho khi nhn hng
- Thit hi mt phn hay ton b
Tm tt v vic:
B n bn cho Nguyn n 12 MT cua ng lnh (1.200 thng, mi thng 10 kg)
vi gi 2.560 USD/MT, gi CIF Los Angeles, tng tr gi l 30.720 USD; v 39.04 MT
tm mui (1.952 thng, mi thng 20 kg) vi gi 1.150 USD/MT, gi CIF Los Angeles,
tng tr gi l 44.896 USD.
Ngy 9 thng 6 nm 1985, B n giao 12 MT cua ng lnh v 34 MT tm mui
ti Fuzhou. Hng c vn chuyn qua Hng Kng ti Los Angeles. Theo Nguyn
n, s hng ny n Los Angeles ngy 9 thng 7 nm 1985 v c chuyn vo kho
bo qun ngy 16 thng 7 nm 1985.
Sau khi thng bo cho cc khch hng, t ngy 20 thng 7 nm 1985 Nguyn n
bt u giao hng cho khch ca mnh. Ngy 25 thng 7 nm 1985, mt s khch hng
tr li cua ng lnh vi l do cua b hng.
Ngy 8 thng 8 nm 1985, Cc qun l thuc v thc phm Hoa K (FDA) tin
hnh mt cuc thanh tra y t thng l ti nh kho. i tng ca cuc thanh tra l tt
c thc phm c bo qun ti bao gm c cua ng lnh v tm mui, i tng
trong v tranh chp ny. Kt qu thanh tra l 14 loi hng ho khc nhau b tch thu
ch gii quyt. Cua ng lnh khng trong s hng ho b tch thu nhng 480 thng
tm mui (20 kg/thng) b tch thu. Bo co thanh tra xc minh 480 thng tm mui
c vn chuyn t Trung Quc nhng khng ni r chnh xc tn nh cung cp ti
Trung Quc.
Ngy 29 thng 7 nm 1985, Nguyn n yu cu Cng ty Toplis & Harding
(Toplis & Harding) M gim nh cua ng lnh v tm mui trong cc nh kho hi
quan v kho lnh lin bang vo ngy 30 thng 7 nm 1985. n ngy 1 thng 11 nm
1985, Toplis & Harding mi cp giy chng nhn gim nh trong nu:
Bao b ngoi ca 1.200 thng cua ng lnh tnh trng tt. Tuy nhin, khi m
cc thng hng ny th ngoi s hng vn cn tt, c mt s hng b i mu. Hn
58
giao. V vy, B n ng khi t chi chp nhn giy chng nhn kim nh.
3.
Cc bn hp ng B n trnh ln U ban trng ti khng c ch k ca
c Nguyn n ln B n. Ni dung ca cc bn hp ng cng khng thng nht vi
ni dung v kin. V vy, B n khng c quyn vin dn thi hn khiu kin bc
khiu kin ca Nguyn n.
4.
B n tuyn b iu khon kim nh hng ho ca hai hp ng trn
quy nh giy chng nhn kim nh ca Cc kim nh hng ho (CCIB) l v cht
lng hng ho. Cua ng lnh v tm mui c kim nh bi Cc kim nh hng
ho (CCIB) Fuzhou, do , khng th bc c cht lng hng ho. Tuy nhin, hai
hp ng trn khng c gi tr php l v khng bn no k v s lng hng khng
thng nht vi ni dung v vic. Hn na, B n khng a ra giy chng nhn kim
nh chnh thc do Cc kim nh hng ho (CCIB) cp. Tuyn b ca B n v cht
lng cua ng lnh v tm mui khng c chng c.
5.
Nguyn n khng a ra bng chng chng minh ton b hng ho b
hu vo ngy 31 thng 8 nm 1985. Ngc li, mt s bng chng a ra mu thun vi
trnh by bng li v bng vn bn ca Nguyn n. Tm li, khng th khng nh
1.200 thng cua ng lnh v 1.952 thng tm mui b hu vo ngy 31 thng 8 nm
1985.
U ban trng ti kt lun:
1.
Nguyn n khng a ra chng c chng minh tt c 1.200
thng cua ng lnh v 1.952 thng tm mui c vn v cht lng hay hng ho
b hu. V vy, bc khiu kin ca Nguyn n i B n tr li tin hng v tin li
km theo.
2.
B n tha nhn kt qu kim nh y t ca Cc qun l thuc v thc
phm Hoa K (FDA) v t nguyn bi thng 7.337 USD cho 319 thng tm mui vi
phm Lut thc phm ca M. Theo cc bo co ca Cc qun l thuc v thc phm
Hoa K (FDA), 480 thng tm mui, ch khng phi l 319 thng, khng t tiu chun
y t v B n phi bi thng cho Nguyn n 11.040 USD cng vi tin li, ch
khng phi l 7.337 USD.
3.
Ngoi cc khon bi thng ni trn, B n khng phi bi thng cho
Nguyn n bt k mt khon tin no.
Phn quyt:
1.
B n phi bi thng cho Nguyn n 11.040 USD cng vi tin li tnh
t ngy 1 thng 9 nm 1985 cho n ngy B n tr tin, vi li sut 7%/nm.
2.
3.
C hai bn u phi tr ph trng ti, B n tr 80% ph trng ti v
Nguyn n tr 20% ph trng ti.
62
PHN QUYT S 16
TRANH CHP TRONG HP NG MUA BN NG CC
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi bn Singapore
B n
Cc vn c cp:
Tm tt v vic:
Cng ty X (cng ty c Nguyn n u quyn lm i din) k vi B n hai
hp ng mua bn theo Nguyn n bn cho B n: bt ng cc dinh dng v c
ph Coffeemix tr gi 30.925,47 USD (Hp ng th nht) v bt ng cc dinh dng,
ch xanh cao cp... tr gi 8.917,45 USD (Hp ng th hai). Trn hai hp ng ny ghi
tn cc bn k kt l tn Nguyn n & Cng ty X v tn B n. iu kin giao hng
CIF ti cng TP H Ch Minh khng chm hn ngy 30 thng 3 nm 1999 (i vi Hp
ng th nht) v ngy 15 thng 9 nm 1999 (i vi Hp ng th hai); Thanh ton
bng TTR, B n phi chuyn 100% tr gi ho n trong vng 10 ngy, k t ngy
nhn c chng t vn ti gc; ngi hng li l Nguyn n.
Thc hin Hp ng, Nguyn n chuyn s hng thuc Hp ng th nht
cho B n vo ngy 13 thng 3 nm 1999 v s hng thuc Hp ng th hai ti B
n ngy 17 thng 3 nm 1999. Cc ho n vn ti gc ca hai hp ng ny cng
c Nguyn n gi cho B n. Nhng B n khng thanh ton tin hng cho
Nguyn n. Ngy 1 thng 12 nm 1999 Nguyn n gi vn th cho B n nhc
nh vic thanh ton tin hng theo hai ho n ni trn. Tt c cc vn bn ny B n
u nhn c. Nhng B n vn khng thanh ton s tin hng ny cho Nguyn
n.
Ngy 29 thng 5 nm 2000, Nguyn n chnh thc kin B n ra Trung tm
Trng ti i B n phi tr cc khon tin sau:
Ph trng ti
68
PHN QUYT S 17
TRANH CHP DO T CHI NHN HNG
TRONG HP NG BN GIY GI KO
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi bn Singapore
Bn n
Cc vn c cp:
Tm tt v vic:
Nguyn n v B n k hp ng ngy 29 thng 6 nm 1994, theo
Nguyn n bn cho B n giy gi ko c in nhn v tn c th theo iu kin CIF
Hi phng: giao hng tng t. M L/C v giao hng t mt: theo Annex 1. M L/C v
giao hng t hai v cc t khc: B n s thng bo cho Nguyn n bng Telex
hoc Fax. Thi gian giao hng l 20 ngy sau khi m L/C
Thc hin hp ng, hai bn tin hnh giao hng, tr tin t mt v t hai.
Sau hai t giao hng, ngy 11 thng 2 nm 1995 Nguyn n fax cho B n l sn
xut xong l hng tr gi 77.705USD v yu cu B n m L/C giao hng tip. Ngy
17 thng 5 nm 1995, B n telex ng nhn l hng lm hai ln: ln u vo gia
thng 6 nm 1995 cn ln hai th sau ln u. Nhng ngy 19 thng 6 nm 1995, B n
li in cho Nguyn n t chi nhn l hng nu trn vi l do l ko khng bn c
trn th trng H Ni, s lng ko sn xut ca B n rt ln, dy chuyn sn
xut ko ngng hot ng nn khng th nhp khu giy gi ko na. V vy, l hng
ca Nguyn n vn nm li trong kho.
Ngy 31 thng 12 nm 1996, Nguyn n khi kin i B n bi thng thit
hi gm:
20.000 USD chi ph chung nh chi ph php l, chi ph cho mt thi gian.
giao hng chm t mt v t hai. Thi hn giao hng t mt chm nht ngy 22
thng 8 nm 1994 nhng Nguyn n khng thc hin ng. L hng cui cng ca
t mt n Hi phng ngy 9 thng 11 nm 1994, hn na, hng b giao thiu l 5.820
USD. Nguyn n gii thch rng theo tho thun sau khi m L/C mi cho sn xut
hng nn xin co li v s chm tr v giao hng thiu.
Thi hn giao hng t hai chm nht ngy 25 thng 2 nm 1995 nhng mi n
ngy 7 thng 4 nm 1995 hng mi v n Hi Phng, ng thi hng b giao thiu tr
gi 11.641 USD v giao khng ng b. B n i Nguyn n bi thng do hng
giao chm gy thit hi cho sn xut v tiu th sn phm, c th l:
nguyn nhn ny l cn c min trch cho vic giao hng chm, bi v Nguyn n
khng c vn bn ng tng s lng v hai bn cng khng sa i s lng ca
Annex 1. V vy, Nguyn n phi chu trch nhim v nhng thit hi do vic giao
hng chm gy ra.
Theo qui nh ca Annex 2 v L/C, Nguyn n phi giao hng chm nht ngy
25 thng 2 nm 1995. Thc t Nguyn n giao l u vo ngy 9 thng 2 nm 1995 tr
gi 20.628 USD, l th hai vo ngy 19 thng 3 nm 1995 tr gi 8.395 USD. Nh vy,
Nguyn n giao chm l th hai (thuc t hai) l 24 ngy, giao thiu hng tr gi
11.641 USD. Giao chm v giao thiu hng nhng khng chng minh c l c cn
c min trch th Nguyn n phi chu trch nhim v nhng thit hi pht sinh.
4. V s tin thit hi do B n i Nguyn n bi thng:
20.000 USD chi ph chung nhng khng c cn c, khng c chng t chng minh nn
b U ban trng ti bc yu cu. Mt khc, ch i bi thng nhng thit hi thc t
hp l, khng nn k khai nhng thit hi c lng, khng thc t, bi v B n cng
nh U ban trng ti lun lun khng tha nhn nhng thit hi gin tip, khng c
thc, khng hp l. Trong trng hp nu trn, B n i bi thng 901.447.000
VND nhng ch c U ban trng ti chp nhn 284.577.200 VND. Nh vy, B n
i bi thng s tin qu ln, khng thc t v khng hp l, kt qu l khng c
p ng ht m cn phi t chu phn ph trng ti tng ng vi s tin khng c
p ng.
73
PHN QUYT S 18
TRANH CHP DO T CHI THANH TON
TRONG HP NG MUA BN C PH
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi bn Singapore
B n
Cc vn c cp:
Tm tt v vic:
Ngy 10 thng 6 nm 1997 gia Nguyn n v B n k hp ng
9623/INUT.97, theo Nguyn n bn cho B n 9.937 Kg c ph v bt kem theo
iu kin CIF HCMC, thanh ton bng TTR trong vng by ngy sau khi ngi mua
nhn c chng t vn ti gc, ngi hng li l ngi bn (Nguyn n).
Thc hin hp ng, Nguyn n giao hng cho B n ngy 21 thng 6 nm
1997. Sau khi giao hng, Nguyn n chuyn cho B n Vn n gc v Ho n
thng mi s 059/97 ngy 21 thng 6 nm 1997 i tin hng, nhng cui cng
Nguyn n vn khng nhn c tin hng. Vic B n khng thanh ton tin hng
cho Nguyn n lm cho Nguyn n phi chu nhiu thit hi.
Qua nhiu ln i m khng c tr tin, Nguyn n khi kin B n ra
trng ti i B n phi tr cc khon tin sau:
Tin hng
75
Bnh lun v lu :
B n l ngi mua c ngha v tr tin hng cho Nguyn n l ngi bn.
Trong v kin ny B n khng trc tip thc hin ngha v tr tin m li ch nh
ngi th ba (Ca hng A) thay mnh tr tin cho Nguyn n v c Nguyn n
ng . Bng chng l Bin bn tho thun ba bn s 9623/INUT.97 ngy 10 thng 6
nm 1997. Nh vy, thc cht l B n thc hin ngha v tr tin thng qua ngi th
ba, v do B n vn phi chu trch nhim v vic lm ca ngi th ba. Nu ngi
th ba thc hin ng, y ngha v tr tin th B n ht trch nhim, ngc li nu
ngi th ba khng thc hin hoc thc hin sai ngha v tr tin th B n vn phi
chu trch nhim trc Nguyn n. Do vy, Nguyn n kin B n i tr tin hng
khi ngi th ba (Ca hng A) khng tr l hon ton ng. B n khng c quyn da
vo Bin bn tho thun ba bn v vic qui nh ngi th ba (Ca hng A) c trch
nhim thc hin ngha v tr tin thot trch nhim trc Nguyn n. Mun khng
chu trch nhim trc Nguyn n th B n phi c vn bn chuyn ngha v tr tin
(th ngha v) t B n sang ngi th ba, c s ng ca Nguyn n.
Khi i thc hin ngha v tr tin (khi ht thi hn m cha tr) th khng
nn gia hn, bi v lm nh th th to n, U ban trng ti c th suy on l ch n gia
hn thi hn tr tin v do khng cho hng tin li sut trong khong thi gian c
coi l gia hn . Hoc l, vn c th a ra mc thi gian cho vic tr tin sau khi
ht thi hn tr, nhng i ngay thm tin li sut k t ngy ht thi hn tr .
Khi i tin bi thng thit hi l cc khon chi ph v chc chn c U
ban trng ti chp nhn, th phi cung cp y chng t hp l chng minh cho cc
khon chi ph . Nu khng cung cp bng chng chng minh thit hi th U ban
trng ti c th bc yu cu, v nh th quyn li ca mnh khng c bo v.
76
PHN QUYT S 19
TRANH CHP DO KHNG GIAO HNG
TRONG HP NG MUA BN XI MNG
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi mua Vit Nam
B n
: Ngi bn n
Cc vn c cp:
Tm tt v vic:
Nguyn n k hp ng s 09/95 ngy 20 thng 9 nm 1995 mua ca B n
20.000 MT 4% Xi mng Kumgang vi gi 55USD/MT CNF.FO cng Nha Trang, giao
hng vo thng 12 nm 1995, thanh ton bng L/C khng hu ngang, tr tin ngay, L/C
phi c m trc ngy 30 thng 9 nm 1995.
Hp ng qui nh Nu bt k bn no khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng
ng ngha v hp ng v cc trng hp bt kh khng nh bo, ng t, l lt, ho
hon, ni la phun, chin tranh, nh cng, bo ng ca qun chng, lnh cm ca
chnh ph, nh my sn xut b ng ca th c min trch (iu 14).
Theo iu 15 Hp ng, Nu chm giao hng do nhng nguyn nhn khc vi
iu 14 th 10 ngy chm u tin khng phi np pht. Sau pht 0,7% tr gi l
hng cho mi tun chm tr cho n khi t ti ti a l 3% tr gi l hng giao chm.
Trn thc t, Nguyn n m L/C vo ngy 25 thng 9 nm 1995 cho B n
hng li.
Ngy 29 thng 9 nm 1995 Nguyn n k hp ng bn li l xi mng cho
ngi mua ni a.
Cui thng 11 v c thng 12 nm 1995 Nguyn n nhiu ln gic B n giao
hng, B n vi ln in cam kt s giao hng nhng ri vn cha giao.
Ngy 20 thng 12 nm 1995 Nguyn n nhn c t B n giy chng nhn
bt kh khng do b phn thng mi thuc i s qun ca nc ngi cung cp ng
ti th n cp ngy 25 thng 11 nm 1995 cho B n theo Hp ng mua bn s
02/95 c k kt gia B n v ngi cung cp. Hp ng s 02/95 ny c k ngy
4 thng 7 nm 1995 vi s lng 60.000 MT xi mng Kumgang.
Nguyn n khng tha nhn B n gp bt kh khng, tip tc yu cu B n
giao hng, nhng n ngy 15 thng 6 nm 1996 B n vn khng giao hng.
77
Khng phi l B n khng giao hng m l cha giao hng v ngi cung
78
Nh my sn xut b ng ca l hu qu ca l lt xy ra nc ngi
cung cp, m l lt khng c cng nhn l bt kh khng, cn c min trch cho
B n nh phn tch.
Tin li ngn hng trn s tin k qu m L/C cng c coi l mt khon thit
hi ca Nguyn n, v nu khng k qu s tin ny m L/C th Nguyn n c th
gi tin vo ngn hng ly li. Nguyn n k qu m L/C nhn c hng t B
n, nhng B n khng giao hng, do B n phi bi thng tin li 56.700 USD
cho Nguyn n.
Li khng thu c:
81
PHN QUYT S 20
TRANH CHP DO GIAO HNG C KHUYT TT
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi mua Vit Nam
B n
: Ngi bn Hn Quc
Cc vn c cp:
Tm tt v vic:
Ngy 3 thng 8 nm 1997 Nguyn n v B n k hp ng mua bn quc
t s 0014/97, theo Nguyn n mua ca B n hai my thu tr gi 136.000 USD
theo iu kin CIF cng Thnh ph H Ch Minh, bo hnh 12 thng sau khi hon thnh
lp t.
Thc hin hp ng, ngy 16 thng 8 nm 1997 B n giao hai my thu cho
Nguyn n, my c lp t v a vo s dng. Trong qu trnh s dng, my c
nhiu hng hc, B n c chuyn gia sang Vit Nam sa cha nhng khng thnh
cng. B n cam kt s sa cha xong vo ngy 4 thng 4 nm 1998 v s bi thng
29.202 USD cho 40 ngy my ngng hot ng nhng sau B n ch bi thng
4.302 USD v khng tip tc sa cha my na.
Nguyn n trng cu SGS Vit Nam gim nh tnh trng hai my thu. Bin
bn gim nh ngy 1 thng 9 nm 1998 ca SGS ghi "hai my khng th sn xut ra
sn phm theo yu cu ca Nguyn n".
Do my ngng hot ng, Nguyn n i B n i hai my mi v bi thng
thit hi pht sinh cho Nguyn n.
Trong Vn th gi Nguyn n ngy 12 thng 2 nm 1999, B n cho rng:
Li sut ca 136.000 USD tnh cho thi gian k t ngy my ngng hot
ng cho n ngy trng ti xt x. Trng ti coi y l khon thit hi do ng vn v
khng s dng c my. Thi gian k t ngy thanh ton cho n ngy my khng vn
hnh c khng tnh li sut.
ngi mua, th ngi bn phi c trch nhim bi thng. Tt nhin, nhng thit hi
phi pht sinh trong thi gian my khng hot ng c v trong thi gian thay th,
ng thi, l nhng thit hi ti sn trc tip do vic my khng vn hnh c v
vic thay th my gy ra. T , nhng chi ph chi ra khi cha nhn my, trong khi
nhn my, trong thi gian my vn hnh c (v d, ph m L/C, ph d my khi tu
cng n v.v...) s khng c bi thng v y khng phi l thit hi trc tip ca
vic my khng vn hnh c v ca vic thay th my. Nu ngi bn chp nhn tr
li tin hng, ly li my c khuyt tt th lc ngi mua mi c quyn i bi
thng tt c cc chi ph chi ra mua my nhng cui cng li khng c my (tc
p dng ch ti hu hp ng).
Theo php lut Vit Nam v php lut cc nc, trch nhim do vi phm hp
ng dn s, cng nh hp ng thng mi l trch nhim ti sn, tc l trch nhim
vt cht. Bn vi phm hp ng khng chu trch nhim tinh thn. V vy, khi i bn vi
phm bi thng thit hi do vi phm hp ng th khng c i bi thng thit hi
tinh thn, nu c i th to n, trng ti cng bc.
85
PHN QUYT S 21
TRANH CHP V VIC CHUYN NGHA V
TRONG HP NG MUA BN GO
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi bn Vit Nam
B n
Cc vn c cp:
Tm tt v vic:
B n (cng ty Hng Kng) k hp ng mua ca Nguyn n (Cng ty Vit
nam) 5000MT go trng loi 5% tm vi gi 340USD/MT FOB cng Si Gn hoc Cn
Th, thanh ton bng L/C khng hu ngang, giao hng trong vng 25 ngy k t ngy
bn bn nhn c thng bo L/C. B n u thc cho Nguyn n thu tu ch hng v
tin cc thanh ton bng TTR.
Mt cng ty Macao (ngi mua li l hng ca B n) do B n ch nh
thay B n m L/C ti Ngn hng thng mi Macao cho Nguyn n hng li. Sau
khi nhn c thng bo L/C, Nguyn n thu tu v ngy 20 thng 8 nm 1995
giao xong 5000 MT go tr gi 1.700.000 USD.
Hng c d v lu kho cng, nhng mt phn hng b m t trong hm
tu v b h hng. Ngi mua Macao khng chp nhn b chng t i nhn hng vi
l do b chng t khng hp l.
Ngy 25 thng 10 nm 1995 B n thng bo cho Nguyn n rng ngi mua
li l go (ngi th ba) s chp nhn b chng t d khng hp l v thanh ton trc
cho Nguyn n 1.200.000 USD ly b chng t i nhn hng v khiu ni cng ty
bo him bi thng tn tht. Nu cng ty Macao i c tin bo him th s thanh
ton tip cho Nguyn n, nu s tin bo him thc tr t hn 500.000 USD th cng ty
Macao s thng lng vi Nguyn n gii quyt. B n cho rng nu v Nguyn
n khng ng vi phng n gii quyt ny m hng lu trong kho cng tip tc
b tn tht th Nguyn n phi chu trch nhim cho nhng tn tht .
Nguyn n thng bo bng fax cho B n ng nhn thanh ton trc
1.200.000 USD, nhng yu cu rng phn tin hng cn li (500.000 USD) phi c
thanh ton trong vng 10 ngy sau ln thanh ton th nht.
Trn thc t, Nguyn n nhn c 1.200.000USD, sau tip tc i ngi
mua li (cng ty Macao) tr tip 500.000USD, nhng khng c gii quyt, Nguyn
86
2. V tin li:
U ban trng ti bc tin li do chm thanh ton 40 ngy i vi khon
tin 1.200.000 USD v:
ngi th ba (u quyn cho ngi th ba thc hin ngha v ca mnh) th vn phi chu
trch nhim v vic thc hin ca ngi th ba . Nu ngi th ba khng thc hin,
hoc thc hin khng ng, khng y ngha v th ngi c ngha v phi tip tc
thc hin hoc phi trc tip chu trch nhim trc ngi c quyn.
Nu ngi c ngha v chuyn ngha v cho ngi th ba th ngi th ba ny tr
thnh ngi c ngha v trc ngi c quyn cn ngi c ngha v ban u th hon
ton c gii phng ngha v ni trn. Do , nu ngi th ba vi phm ngha v th
ngi c quyn i ngi th ba chu trch nhim, ch khng c i ngi c ngha
v ban u. Theo qui nh, vic chuyn ngha v phi c s chp thun ca c ba bn:
ngi c ngha v, ngi th ba v ngi c quyn. Thng thng, vic chuyn ngha
v nn c thc hin thng qua hnh thc vn bn trnh nhng tranh chp c th
pht sinh sau ny lin quan n quyn v ngha v ca cc bn.
89
PHN QUYT S 22
TRANH CHP V VIC GIAO HNG SAI QUY CCH
TRONG HP NG MUA THP PH LIU
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi mua Vit Nam
B n
: Ngi bn Nht Bn
Cc vn c cp:
Tm tt v vic:
Nguyn n k hp ng mua ca B n 4000 MT thp ph liu. Hp ng quy
nh s lng v phm cht thp ph liu thc t s cn c vo bin bn gim nh ca
NKKK (cng ty gim nh Nht bn) ti cng xp hng v bin bn gim nh ca
Vinacontrol (cng ty gim nh Vit nam) ti cng d hng. Trong trng hp dung sai
vt qu 5% so vi t l kch c quy nh trong hp ng theo bin bn gim nh
ca Vinacontrol v NKKK (nh iu 1 Hp ng ghi) th phn hng c t l vt qu
c tr theo gi 50 USD/MT.
B n tin hnh giao cho Nguyn n 4.018 MT thp ph liu. Bin bn gim
nh ca Vinacontrol ti cng d hng kt lun:
dy ln hn 40mm: 570 MT
dy t 20mm n 40mm
dy t 20mm n 40mm
90
ca B n.
93
PHN QUYT S 23
TRANH CHP DO KHNG M TH TN DNG (L/C)
THANH TON TIN HNG
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi bn Hng Kng
B n
Cc vn c cp:
n phng sa i hp ng
Tm tt v vic:
Nguyn n, mt cng ty Hng Kng, m phn k kt hp ng vi B n,
mt doanh nghip Vit Nam. Sau khi thng nht c vi nhau hng ho v gi c, B
n chuyn cho Nguyn n mt hp ng mu m B n k vi bn hng nc
ngoi trc y Nguyn n tham kho son tho cc iu khon ca hp ng.
Sau , Nguyn n v B n chnh thc k hp ng mua bn (ngy 6 thng
12 nm 1992), theo Nguyn n bn cho B n 10.000 MT 5% UREA vi gi 215
USD/MT CFR cng Quy Nhn, L/C phi c m chm nht ngy 15 thng 12 nm
1996, qu hn ny m cha m bn mua phi np pht 3% tr gi hp ng, tin pht
ny phi c tr trong vng 3 ngy k t ngy ht hn m L/C, ngi bn phi giao
hng trong vng 30 ngy k t ngy m L/C.
Ngy 8 thng 12 nm 1996, B n gi cho Nguyn n bn d tho giy yu
cu m L/C vi mt s im khc bit so vi cc iu khon ca hp ng k v
ngh nu Nguyn n chp nhn th B n s m L/C.
Ngy 10 thng 12 nm 1996, Nguyn n gi tr B n bn d tho giy yu
cu m L/C, trong ch ng ba im sa i, t chi vic sa i bn im khc.
B n li tip tc m phn ngh Nguyn n chp nhn bn im sa i cn li.
n ngy 14 thng 12 nm 1996, Nguyn n tr li dt khot l khng ng vi bn
im sa i .
n ngy 20 thng 12 nm 1996, B n vn cha m L/C nn Nguyn n in
khiu ni i B n np pht ngy 3% tr gi hp ng vi s tin 64.500 USD theo
ng quy nh ca hp ng.
B n t chi yu cu ny ca Nguyn n vi l do l Nguyn n khng a
94
95
PHN QUYT S 24
TRANH CHP V VIC CHM TR TIN HNG
TRONG HP NG NHP KHU QUA U THC
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Vn phng i din ca cng ty A (ngi bn)
B n
Cc vn c cp:
Tm tt v vic:
Cng ty A nc ngoi k hp ng xut khu hng cho doanh nghip C Vit
Nam, thanh ton sau khi bn c hng thu c tin ti Vit Nam. Doanh nghip C
Vit Nam nhp u thc hng cho doanh nghip D Vit Nam. Hp ng qui nh tin
thu c t vic bn hng cho khch hng ni a s c s dng thanh ton tin
hng cho ngi bn.
Trn thc t, doanh nghip C v D bn gn ht s lng hng nhp khu m
vn khng thanh ton tin cho cng ty A nc ngoi. gii quyt vic ny, Vn phng
i din ca cng ty A nc ngoi t ti Vit Nam, doanh nghip C v doanh nghip D
Vit Nam k Bin bn tho thun ba bn vi ni dung sau:
S tin thu c sau khi bn hng, doanh nghip C v doanh nghip D
Vit Nam phi tr cho cng ty A nc ngoi 10 ln trong vng 10 thng, mi thng
35.466,00 USD bt u t thng 1 n thng 10 nm 1998.
U ban trng ti cho rng Bin bn tho thun k ngy 4 thng 12 nm 1997 gia
Vn phng i din ca cng ty A nc ngoi t ti Vit Nam vi doanh nghip Vit
Nam C v doanh nghip Vit Nam D theo php lut Vit Nam l khng c hiu lc v
cc l do sau:
Vn phng i din ca cng ty A nc ngoi t ti Vit Nam khng c
thm quyn k kt hp ng thng mi cng nh cc tho thun nhm thc hin hp
ng thng mi vi cc doanh nghip Vit Nam (iu 18 Thng t 03/tn dng ngn
hng - PC ngy 10 thng 2 nm 1994, iu 42 Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 1997). T ,
vn phng i din ca cng ty A nc ngoi khng c lm ch th k Bin bn
tho thun nhm thc hin hp ng xut nhp khu do chnh Cng ty A k. Ch c
cng ty A nc ngoi mi l ch th hp php k kt cc vn bn b sung hoc cc bin
bn nhm thc hin hp ng xut nhp khu k vi doanh nghip C Vit Nam. Thay
mt cho cng ty A l gim c hoc ngi c gim c u quyn bng giy u quyn.
Trng ti xem xt giy u quyn ca gim c cng ty A u quyn cho Trng Vn
phng i din ti Vit Nam nhng khng thy c s u quyn no lin quan ti vic k
kt v thc hin hp ng xut nhp khu do cng ty A k vi doanh nghip C, cng
khng c s u quyn v vic k Bin bn tho thun vi doanh nghip C v doanh
nghip D.
Doanh nghip Vit Nam D khng c quyn xut nhp khu trc tip nn
phi u thc nhp khu cho doanh nghip Vit Nam C, v vy doanh nghip D khng
c thm quyn nhn danh mnh k kt bin bn tho thun nhm thc hin hp ng
xut nhp khu do doanh nghip C k. T , doanh nghip D nhn danh mnh k
Bin bn tho thun ngy 4 thng 12 nm 1997 l khng hp php.
Phn quyt s 25
TRANH CHP DO KHNG M TH TN DNG THANH TON
TRONG HP NG MUA BN THP
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi bn o
B n
Cc vn c cp:
V tin pht
Tm tt v vic:
Ngy 26 thng 6 nm 1999 gia Nguyn n v B n k Hp ng mua bn
s 06/99 theo Nguyn n bn cho B n 1500 MT thp tm cn nng theo iu
kin C.I.F FO cng Hi Phng vi tng tr gi hp ng l 370.880 USD, giao hng vo
thng 7 nm 1999, thanh ton bng L/C khng hu ngang c xc nhn, ngy m chm
nht l ngy 30 thng 6 nm 1999. iu 7 Hp ng quy nh rng trong trng hp
chm tr giao hng hoc nhn c L/C chm hn 15 ngy so vi ngy hp ng quy
nh th bn bn/bn mua c quyn hu hp ng, bn vi phm phi tr mt khon tin
pht l 5% tng tr gi hp ng cho bn kia.
Ngy 30 thng 6 nm 1999 l ngy cui cng m L/C, do s khng thu xp
kp vic m L/C ng hn theo quy nh ca hp ng nn B n gi vn th cho
Nguyn n trnh by kh khn khch quan ca B n v ngh xin hu Hp ng s
06/99 c k gia hai bn. Kh khn khch quan c B n trnh by l B n
cha tr ht tin n cho ngn hng nn ngn hng khng m L/C theo ngh ca B
n.
Ngy 3 thng 7 nm 1999, tc ba ngy sau khi ht thi hn m L/C, Nguyn n
telex cho B n, theo , Nguyn n ng gia hn ngy m L/C n ngy 7
thng 6 nm 1999 (until June 7th 1999). Nu Nguyn n khng nhn c L/C trong
thi gian , c ngha l B n khng thc hin Hp ng. Trong trng hp ny B
n phi np cho Nguyn n tin pht l 18.544 USD theo qui nh ca iu 7 Hp
ng. B n nhn c bn Telex ny. 20 pht sau khi Telex cho B n, Nguyn
n pht hin ra c s sai st v ngy thng, nn sa thng 6 (June) thnh thng 7
(July) v telex li ngay cho B n. Nhng sau ny B n ni l khng nhn c bn
Telex sa i ny ca Nguyn n.
n ngy 9 thng 8 nm 1999, Nguyn n vn khng nhn c L/C cng nh
99
102
PHN QUYT S 26
TRANH CHP V BO M THC HIN HP NG XY DNG
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Mt ngn hng Php
B n
: Mt cng ty Ma-rc
Cc vn c cp:
Bo m thc hin hp ng
Bo m c lp
Bo m ph thuc
Gim nh k thut
Tm tt v vic:
Ngy 20 thng 9 nm 1982 mt cng ty xy dng Php k hp ng vi mt
cng ty Ma-rc theo cng ty Php s xy dng mt khu lin hp ti Ma-rc vi tng
tr gi cng trnh l 211.200.000 Frng Php (FF) v 60.264.000 Dirhams. Hp ng
ny c iu khon chn trng ti ICC.
Cng ty xy dng cn chp nhn yu cu mt Ngn hng Php pht hnh bo
m thc hin hp ng vi tr gi 20% tng tr gi hp ng. Ngy 9 thng 11 nm
1982, Ngn hng Php, Nguyn n trong v vic ny, pht hnh mt th bo m
thc hin vi tr gi ti a l 54.575.438,16 FF, tc l 20% tr gi hp ng. Ngn hng
tuyn b trong giy bo m rng:
"Bng vic khc t quyn tranh lun v quyt nh ca mnh, chng ti chp
nhn tr ton b hoc mt phn trong khon tin ni trn trn c s yu cu bng vn
bn ca qu cng ty (B n), km theo mt bn bo co chuyn mn c lp bi mt
chuyn gia ca Trung tm gim nh k thut quc t ca Phng Thng mi Quc t".
Hai bn tho thun vi nhau l khon tin bo m s gim xung tng ng vi
tin hon thnh cng trnh. Theo vn th ngy 9 thng 11 nm 1984, mi tranh chp
lin quan n vic bo m s c a ra ICC.
Nm 1984, gia nh thu Php v ch d n Ma-rc xy ra tranh chp v vic
thc hin hp ng v hai bn a tranh chp ny ra ICC gii quyt ngy 10 thng 9
nm 1985. T tng trng ti trong tranh chp vn ang c tin hnh.
Ngy 10 thng 10 nm 1985, cng ty Ma-rc yu cu Trung tm gim nh k
thut quc t ch nh mt chuyn gia nh yu cu trong th bo m nm 1984 ca
Ngn hng Php. Ngy 12 thng 11 nm 1985, Trung tm ch nh mt chuyn gia
ngi Thu S, v chuyn gia ny trnh bo co vo thng 4 nm 1986 trong c
103
nu r phn cng vic cha thc hin ca nh thu Php tng ng vi khon bo m
thc hin l khong 16.902.000 FF v 13.076.000 Dirhams.
Ngy 21 thng 4 nm 1986, cng ty Ma-rc yu cu Ngn hng Php tr khon
tin m chuyn gia n nh. Ngy 2 thng 5 nm 1986, Ngn hng t chi tr tin v
ngy 22 thng 5 nm 1986 khi kin ra trng ti ICC.
Ngn hng Php lp lun rng bo m cp cho cng ty Ma-rc ch l mt bo
m ph thuc v do n ph thuc vo kt qu ca trng ti trong tranh chp gia
cng ty Php v cng ty Ma-rc. Ngn hng cng cho rng ngay c nu bo m ny l
bo m chng t ch da trn yu cu duy nht l bo co gim nh th bo co ny
cng khng hp php v vic lp bo co c gian ln. Cui cng, Nguyn n cho rng
do c cc kh khn trong vic gii thch bo co, bo m ny khng th c t ng
thanh ton.
Pha cng ty Ma-rc li lp lun rng bo co c lp theo ng qui nh v
p ng c cc yu cu nu trong th bo m, v rng th bo m c gi tr c
lp. Cng ty ny cng kin li i c thanh ton khon tin m chuyn gia n nh
(16.902.000 FF v khon tin tng ng vi FF ca 13.076.000 Dirhams), tin li
trn khon tin , ph trng ti v ph cho bo co gim nh v 1.500.000 FF b
p cho cc thit hi kinh t phi gnh chu.
Phn quyt ca trng ti:
A. V khiu kin chnh:
1. Bo m c lp hay Bo m ph thuc?
Cc thut ng dng trong th bo m khng r rng. Thc t, mt mt Ngn
hng s dng cc t nh bo m thc hin ng ca ngn hng, bo m lin i, v
khc t quyn tranh lun v quyt nh l c trng ca bo m ph thuc. Mt khc,
Ngn hng li ha s thanh ton "trn c s yu cu bng vn bn ca qu cng ty (B
n), km theo mt bo co ca chuyn gia.
Ngn hng a ra ba im m theo Ngn hng th c th xc nh tnh cht ph
thuc ca bo m . Th nht, Ngn hng vin dn rng Ngn hng ha s tr
ton b hoc mt phn khon tin nu trong th bo m v vic tr ny ph thuc
vo vic thanh ton khon tin chnh m cng ty xy dng c th phi tr. Th hai, tr
gi ca bo m ny s gim tng ng vi tin hon thnh cng trnh. V th ba,
Ngn hng cho rng s tn ti ca mt iu khon trng ti nhm gii quyt nhng kh
khn trong vic gii thch v thc hin bo m cho thy bn thn bo m khng th
thc hin mt cch t ng c.
Tuy nhin, theo u ban trng ti ba kha cnh ny khng xc nh tnh ph
thuc hay tnh c lp ca bo m. V im th nht, ha tr ton b hay mt phn l
xut pht t thc t cng ty Ma-rc c th yu cu mt khon tin nh hn tng tr gi
khon bo m. V im th hai, vic tr gi bo m gim tng ng vi tin hon
104
thnh cng vic hon ton khng c mi lin h g vi tnh c lp hay ph thuc ca
bo m. V im th ba, vic a mt iu khon trng ti vo hp ng gii quyt
cc kh khn trong vic gii thch hay thc hin bo m khng c ngha l bo m
khng c lp. Ngc li, nu nh hiu lc ca bo m ph thuc vo kt qu trng ti
gia cng ty Ma-rc v cng ty Php th khng phi qui nh cho n mt th tc
trng ti th hai. Vic tr gi bo m gim tng ng vi tin hon thnh cng vic
cng c th lm pht sinh nhng kh khn cn n trng ti.
Mt khc, c mt s thut ng s dng trong bo m li th hin tnh c lp
ca bo m ny nh ha tr trn c s yu cu".
Nh vy, trong trng hp ny ngi ta thy c s mu thun gia cc t bo
m hon thnh v bo m lin i vi ha tr trn c s yu cu. U ban trng
ti, do buc phi la chn gia cc t ng mu thun ny, v ly lm tic l mt ngn
hng m li c tnh trng mu thun nh vy.
Sau khi xem xt, U ban trng ti cho rng y l mt bo m ngn hng dng
chng t, c lp vi ngha v chnh v ch ph thuc vo yu cu xut trnh ti liu.
Thc t, khi t chi tr tin vo ngy 2 thng 5 nm 1986, Ngn hng khng nu l
do l cc ngha v ca mnh ph thuc vo kt qu gii quyt tranh chp gia cng ty
Ma-rc v cng ty Php m ch khng nh rng bo m ny khng th thc hin
c.
Quyt inh ny ca trng ti cn c vo mt s chi tit sau y:
Nu y khng phi l mt bo m c lp (tc l Ngn hng ch b rng buc
vi bo m ny sau khi tranh chp gia cng ty Ma-rc v cng ty xy dng Php
c gii quyt) th khng th gii thch ti sao li c yu cu cng ty Ma-rc trnh mt
bo co ca chuyn gia c nhn tin bo m t pha Ngn hng. Yu cu v bn
bo co thc cht trnh cc yu cu i thanh ton bo m v cn c, ch khng
n thun ch l mt bng chng chnh xc v thit hi ca cng ty Ma-rc m Ngn
hng lp lun.
Thc t, s khng r rng trong cc thut ng c s dng cng xut pht t
thc t y l mt gii php tho hip gia:
107
PHN QUYT S 27
TRANH CHP LIN QUAN N TH TN DNG
KHNG HU NGANG
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Cng ty Ty Ban Nha
B n
Cc vn c cp:
Tm tt v vic:
Nguyn n, vi t cch l bn nhn u thc cho mt cng ty Ty Ban Nha khc,
bn mt l sn phm lng thc cho mt Cng ty C-ot. V phn mnh, vo ngy 1
thng 7 nm 1978, Cng ty C-ot m ti ngn hng ca mnh mt th tn dng
khng hu ngang v chuyn nhng c tr gi 76.244 la M cho cng ty u thc
Ty Ban Nha th hng qua mt ngn hng Ty Ban Nha.
Hng s c giao thnh hai chuyn, mi chuyn cch nhau 20 ngy mun nht
l vo ngy 20 thng 9 nm 1978. Tin hng cng c thanh ton lm hai ln. Hng
giao theo gi C&F v p dng Quy tc v Thc hnh thng nht v tn dng chng t
ca ICC (bn sa i nm 1974).
C hai iu kin c quy nh cho th tn dng. Th nht, Ngn hng Ty Ban
Nha s tin hnh thanh ton khi nhn c mt b y vn n ng bin xp
hng hon ho. Th hai, Ngn hng Ty Ban Nha s phi i giy php do Ngn hng
C-ot (B n) cp. Giy php ny s c cp sau khi c thng bo ca Cng ty Cot (Ngi mua) rng h nhn c hng v hng c c quan y t C-ot ti
cng chp nhn. Ngy 30 thng 9 nm 1978, Ngn hng C-ot sa i li iu kin
2 rng Ngn hng s cp giy php trong vng 75 ngy k t ngy nhn c vn n
ng bin "vi iu kin l hng c nhn bi ngi m th tn dng v c c
quan Y t ca chnh ph C-ot chp nhn" m khng c kin chp nhn ca ngi
c hng li (Nguyn n).
Ngy 25 thng 11 nm 1978, Ngn hng Ty Ban Nha gi b chng t ca
chuyn hng th hai cho B n (Ngn hng C-ot) v b B n t chi vi l do
thi gian gia hai chuyn giao hng vt qu 20 ngy. Ngn hng Ty Ban Nha
khng chp nhn iu ny.
Do vy Ngn hng C-ot thuyt phc ngi mua C-ot chp nhn iu
khng ng nguyn tc trn, nhng ng thi Cng ty C-ot vn i s chp nhn l
108
109
110
PHN QUYT S 28
TRANH CHP V BO M THC HIN HP NG
V IU KIN
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi cung cp M
B n
: Ngi mua M
Cc vn c cp:
Tm tt v vic:
Bng Hp ng mua bn ngy 12 thng 7 nm 1982, Nguyn n cam kt cung
cp cho B n mt s t vn phng v t ng qun o. Sau , B n s cung cp s
hng ho ny cho mt cng ty Arp X-t (Khch hng). Hp ng qui nh tranh chp
pht sinh s c gii quyt bng trng ti ICC ti Oa-sing-tn.
Theo hp ng, trong vng 15 ngy k t ngy k hp ng Nguyn n phi
cung cp:
Mt bo m thc hin hp ng v iu kin v khng hy ngang c th c
[B n] chp nhn, do mt Ngn hng M pht hnh v xc nhn cho [B n]
hng li vi tr gi l 10% gi bn ... nh l mt bo m cho Tho thun ny
(sau y gi tt l L/C bo m thc hin).
Mt mu giy bo m c nh km vi hp ng.
Theo hp ng, B n phi thanh ton bng:
Mt th tn dng khng hu ngang, c th chuyn nhng v tun hon vi tr
gi tng 25% tng gi bn, thanh ton trong vng 67 ngy k t ngy giao cc
chng t xc nhn vic nhn hng. Th tn dng phi c m cho Nguyn n
hng li trong vng 15 k t ngy nhn c chp thun ca khch hng (sau
y gi l L/C thanh ton).
Do mt s kh khn t pha Nguyn n nn cho n ngy 20 thng 9 nm 1982
L/C Bo m thc hin cho B n hng li mi c m v Bo m ny c qui nh
rng th ch c hiu lc khi B n m L/C thanh ton. Ngy 27 thng 9 nm 1982, B
n gi telex cho Nguyn n thng bo L/C bo m thc hin khng th chp nhn
111
114
PHN QUYT S 29
TRANH CHP TNH TRNG AN TON CA CU BN
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Cng ty gi hng
Cc B n : Cng ty vn ti hng hi
Cng ty khai thc cu cng
Cc vn c cp:
Hp ng thu tu nh hn
Cu bn an ton
Trch nhim
Tm tt v vic:
Ngy 15 thng 5 nm 1970 Nguyn n v Cng ty vn ti hng hi, B n th
nht, k kt mt hp ng thu tu nh hn vn chuyn mt lng amoni-sun pht
dng ri t Hopewell v Norfolk, M n Manzanillo, Mexico.
Theo cc ch dn ca Cng ty khai thc cu cng, B n th hai, tu gh mn
ng cu cng Fiscal trong cng Manazanillo d hng ngy 11 thng 3 nm 1972.
Tu cp c cu cng nhng phn ui tu li hi nh ra so vi chiu di ca cu
cng. Sau khi cp cu cng, thuyn trng nhn thy thnh cu thiu cc m chn
chng va p v phn nn v iu ny vi i l ca tu. Trong thi gian neo ti cu
cng, tu phi chu mt cn bo ln v phi s dng tt c cc dy neo tu v m
chn m tu c trang b nhng vn khng trnh khi mt s thit hi v vt cht i
vi tu.
Trong thi gian , thuyn trng c gng lin h qua in thoi vi i l ca
cng ty thu tu New York yu cu mt cu cng khc nhng khng th lin lc
c. Tu vn cu cng Fiscal v bt u d hng cho n chiu ngy 15 thng 3 nm
1972 mi nhn c ch th ca i l ca ngi thu tu yu cu tu di chuyn n khu
th neo.
Trong thng bo ngy 14 thng 3 nm 1972 thuyn trng nu rng khi cp
cu cng ngy 11 thng 3 nm 1972, thuyn trng kim tra v thy rng cu cng
ny khng an ton d hng. Trong mt tuyn b sau ngy 30 thng 3 nm 1972,
thuyn trng nhn mnh rng c th c mt cn bo ln s xy ra do c nhng cn gi
d di trc .
Nguyn n i 200.130 USD cho cc thit hi m tu phi chu do bo khi
115
116
PHN QUYT S 30
TRANH CHP V THI GIAN GIA HN D HNG
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Cng ty vn ti hng hi
B n
: Cng ty thu tu
Cc vn c cp:
Hp ng thu tu chuyn
Bo m bm nc dn tu
Tm tt v vic:
Ngy 27 thng 5 nm 1983 Nguyn n, ch s hu tu, k vi B n, bn thu
tu, mt hp ng thu tu chuyn theo mu Asbatankvoy ch ti thiu 117.000 tn du
th t Ecuador n b bin pha ty nc M.
Tu nhn 111.500 tn du th ti Balao, Ecuador v i n Vnh M ngy 24
thng 6 nm 1983. B n ch th tu phi lng hng cho nh bt ti khu vc th neo
phc v d hng xung s lan South West Pass, sng Missisippi c th vo c
bn cui l Capline Terminal, St James, Louisiana vi mn nc qui nh l 38 feet.
Tu n khu vc th neo d hng ngy 28 thng 7 nm 1983, sau khi d 43.000
tn du th xung s lan Freeport Chief, m ngy 29 thng 7 nm 1983 tu tip tc
hnh trnh n Capline Terminal. Sng ngy 30 thng 7 nm 1983 tu phi th neo ti
Dockside Anchorage theo lnh cm qua li ca Cnh st bin Hoa K do c mt tu
khc b mc cn trong knh o gn Beltmont Crossing. Sng ngy 31 thng 7 nm 1983
tu tip tc i n Capline Terminal nhng mt ln na b buc phi dng li v cc lnh
cm Beltmont Crossing do cng nguyn nhn nu trn.
Cui cng tu n Capline Terminal ngy 1 thng 8 nm 1983, bt u d 68.500
tn du th cn li trn tu t 23h30 cng ngy. Vic d hng hon thnh vo 14 h05 ngy
3 thng 8 nm 1983 v tu ri bn lc 22 h30 ngy 3 thng 8 nm 1983 sau khi bm
nc dn tu.
Nguyn n yu cu B n tr 53.250 USD tin bi thng do tu b lu gi qu
thi hn (thi gian gia hn d hng) cn B n th cho rng B n khng chu bt k
trch nhim g cho thi gian d hng chm ny. Tranh chp xoay quanh cu hi khong
thi gian tu b chm li trn ng n ni d hng v thi gian tu bm nc St
117
120
PHN QUYT S 31
TRANH CHP V THI GIAN I CU BN
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ch tu
B n
: Cng ty thu tu
Cc vn c cp:
Thi gian ch i cu bn
Cu bn cha sn sng
Ri ro hng hi
Tm tt v vic:
Nguyn n v B n k kt mt hp ng vn chuyn hng ho bng ng
bin. Nguyn n c ngha v ch hng n Le Havre.
Ngy 29 thng 7 tu n ni nhng phi th neo lc 13 h 42 pha ngoi cng do
nc rng. Vo thi im cu cng cng khng trong tnh trng sn sng do ang
c mt tu khc ti cu cng. Tu phi i mc nc triu cng tip theo.
Cc bn ng rng trong mi trng hp, ngay c khi cu cng khng bn, th
tu cng khng th vo cng trc 20h30, tc l 6 gi 48 pht k t khi th neo do phi
i triu cng.
Thc t th mi n 19h00 ngy 4 thng 8 cu cng mi trng, nhng phi n
23h54 cng ngy khi c triu cng tu mi nh neo vo cu.
Tranh chp lin quan n khong thi gian 6 gi 48 pht m tu phi ch vo
cu cng.
Nguyn n cho rng thi gian ch i bt u t khi tu n ni th neo do
B n phi chu trch nhim bi thng thit hi cho khong thi gian ny. Trong khi
, B n cho rng vic ch i l do nc rng nn tu khng th tip cn cu cng,
v vy B n khng phi chu bt k trch nhim g.
Phn quyt ca trng ti:
U ban trng ti ra phn quyt chp nhn yu cu ca Nguyn n v trch
dn li l do trong Phn quyt s 371 ngy 15 thng 10 nm 1980 ca Phng Trng ti
Hng hi Paris:
"Ch tu ch phi chu mi ri ro lin quan n vic di chuyn thc t ca tu
pht sinh khi cu cng ni tu phi cp trong tnh trng sn sng
Theo quan im ca B n, ch tu phi chu trch nhim cho c hai ln tu
121
PHN QUYT S 32
TRANH CHP V KH NNG I BIN CA TU
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Cng ty thu ch hng Australia
B n
Cc vn c cp:
Hp ng thu tu chuyn
Kh nng i bin
S mn cn hp l
Tm tt v vic:
Nguyn n, ch hng ng thi l ngi nhn hng, k vi B n, ch s hu
tu, hp ng vn chuyn 5.100 MT ct ziricon t Bunbary, Australia n Burnside,
Louisiana. Vn n pht hnh ngy 9 thng 2 nm 1982 xc nhn hng ho c
chuyn vo hm s 1 tng trn (Hm 1A), hm trn s 2 (Hm 2A) v hm s 4. Khi tu
n Burnside ngy 31 thng 3 nm 1982, hng ha trong Hm 1A b h hi. Mt
cng ty gim nh kt lun rng nc vo hm ny t np hm tu v t khoang dn
tu trn. Bo co gim nh cho thy lng ct ziricon trong hm ny b t nghim
trng mt s ch v cc mu ct ly t khoang ny kim tra clorua cho phn ng
m tnh.
Khoang dn tu tip gip vi Hm 1A cha mt lng nc ngt ly t sng
Mississipi trc khi tu n Burnside. i din ca Nguyn n cho bit thy nc
trn vo t mt khe nt trn vch ngn pha trc v tip gip vi khoang dn bn sn
tu S 1.
S hng b h hi Hm 1A c chuyn xung s lan. Tnh s b c 990.881
tn non (1 tn non 907,2kg) b h hi. Sau Nguyn n phi bn s ct ziricon
t ny cho mt cng ty vi gi l 99.088 USD, tc 100 USD/1 tn non.
Nguyn n yu cu bi thng 45.996 USD tin thit hi theo gi th trng cho
s ct b t do B n khng thc hin s mn cn hp l lm cho tu c kh
nng i bin. B n th cho rng Nguyn n khng chng minh c cc tn tht
m B n phi chu trch nhim v vt nt mi hn trn ngn tip gip l mt n t
(latent defect) . Hn na, theo B n, khiu kin i bi thng ny l qu ng v tin
bi thng ch gii hn gi bn cng vi tin cc vn chuyn n b (freight landed
value) ca s ct ti Burnside.
123
kin bo lu
Trong kin bo lu ca mnh, trng ti vin thiu s khng ng vi lp lun
ca u ban trng ti rng B n khng chng minh c rng n t ny khng th
pht hin c d c s mn cn hp l trong vic lm cho tu c kh nng i bin.
Trng ti vin ny nht tr rng Nguyn n ch phi trnh by v thit hi cn ngha v
chng minh thit hi khng phi do thiu mn cn thuc v trch nhim ca B n
nhng phn i kt lun ca a s trng ti vin cho rng nhng sa cha thc hin vo
thng 8 nm 1981 l nhng sa cha chung chung v ng khng cho l ch tu c trch
nhim chng minh rng cc mi hn ca mt hm cha c kim tra.
Trng ti vin ny cho rng vic yu cu ch tu cung cp mt bng chng kh
khn nh vy vi nhng chi tit nh nht v cc mi hn ca cc tm ngn khoang tu
nh vy ch da trn nhng cn c rt hn ch v b qua nhng cn nhc thng mi
c bn. iu ny th hin mt s cng nhc khi gii quyt vn v khim khuyt n t
vn l mt vn tng i n gin v hin nhin. Yu cu mt ch tu cung cp mt
chng c nghim nht nh vy khng ch khng cng bng m lm phng hi n t
duy c bn trong vn ti hng hi quc t v thch thc nghim trng i vi cc khi
nim nn tng v ngha v chng minh vn c thc hin v chp nhn trong ngnh
cng nghip ny t nhiu nm nay. Trng ti vin ny cho rng khng mt tu bin no
m cc khoang dn tu ca n li c th nghim v cc mi hn c kim tra chi tit
vo bt k thi im no gia cc cuc kim tra phn hng d ch tu c thn trng n
u chng na.
Trng ti vin ny kt lun rng v mt php lut cng nh trong vic k kt cc
hp ng thu tu, cc tu khng phi mc nhin chu trch nhim v vic tu khng
kh nng i bin sau khi tu ri cng bc hng tr trng hp thiu mn cn hp l
trong vic pht hin ra mt n t.
Vi quan im cho rng vt nt trong khoang tu l mt n t khng th pht hin
c d c s mn cn hp l v rng B n thc hin s mn cn hp l ,
trng ti vin ny kt lun B n khng phi chu trch nhim i vi cc tn tht v
hng ho.
Bnh lun v lu :
Nu hng ho b h hng khi tu ri cng bc hng th khng nn khiu ni
ch tu v li tu khng kh nng i bin v trch nhim bo m kh nng i bin
cho tu ch l ngha v ca ch tu trc khi bt u hnh trnh. iu ny c ngha l
ch hng phi xem xt xem hng ho b h hng trong lc tu ang trn hnh trnh l
do ni t hay n t. Nu l do ni t, tc mt khim khuyt bn trong ca trang thit b
trn tu th ch tu kh lng khc t trch nhim. Ngc li nu l do n t (latent
defects) th ch tu c min trch nhim v mt khi l n t th vi con mt thng
thng v phng tin thng thng kh c th pht hin.
Tuy nhin khi pht hin hng b h hng trong hnh trnh cng cn phi lu
125
126
PHN QUYT S 33
TRANH CHP DO HNG HO KHNG C CHP NHN
TI CNG D HNG
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ch tu
B n
: Bn thu tu
Cc vn c cp:
Tin pht do gi tu qu hn
Tm tt v vic:
Nguyn n k vi B n mt hp ng vn chuyn ht la m dng ri. Khi tu
n cng d hng theo qui nh trong hp ng, do cc th tc hnh chnh tu phi d
hng chm v vic d hng c thc hin sau khi thi gian gia hn d hng bt u.
Tu phi dng vic d hng khi vn cn 2000 tn la m trn tu theo quyt nh ca
mt c quan thuc B Y t nc s ti cm tiu th s la m ny v ba l do: trong
hng ho c ln g st t tu, hng c cha phostoxin (mt loi thuc tr su c s
dng ti nc xut x ca hng ho), hng c ln cc ht c c (c kim) vi s lng
vt qu mc cho php.
Sau tu b bt gi theo yu cu ca ngi nhn hng, bn cm vn n. Ch
tu khng th xin hu lnh bt gi ny v khng c kh nng cung cp bo lnh c tr gi
tng ng vi tr gi ca hng ho.
17 thng sau tu mi c th theo quyt nh ca To n cng theo tu khng
phi chu trch nhim v tnh trng ca s hng ho ny. Ngi nhn hng khng co
quyt nh ny ln To phc thm.
Tu vn b cm khng c ri khi cng v l do s la m cn li trn tu thuc
v ngi nhn hng. Mi thng sau ch tu v ngi nhn hng t c mt tho
thun theo ch tu mua li s la m trn tu v c quyn t do x l s hng ny cn
ngi nhn hng vn bo lu quyn kin ch tu theo th tc t tng ti To phc thm.
Lc ny tu phi thu mt tu ko khc a v quc gia m tu mang c (v cng
l ni xut x ca hng ho, mt nc thuc Lin minh Chu u) do khng kh nng
i bin v chng nhn xp hng ca tu ht hn v do khng c thu th on.
127
129
PHN QUYT S 34
TRANH CHP V VIC HU HP NG VN CHUYN
DO KHNG XP HNG
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ch tu Vit Nam
B n
Cc vn c cp:
Hu hp ng
Tm tt v vic:
Nguyn n k kt vi B n mt hp ng ch 5.200 tn g trn t Rangoon,
Burma n Huangpu, Trung Quc. B n cam kt tr khon 140.000 USD cc vn
chuyn cho ngn hng do Nguyn n ch nh trong vng ba ngy lm vic k t khi
hon thnh vic xp hng ln tu v k vo vn n. Tu phi n cng bc hng v
phi tnh trng sn sng xp hng vo khong thi gian gia ngy 5 thng 2 v ngy
15 thng 2 nm 1992.
Nguyn n a tu n Rangoon th su ngy 12 thng 2 nm 1992 v gi
Thng bo sn sng bc hng vo hi 17 h10 cng ngy. Nh vy theo cc qui nh v
thi gian bc hng trong hp ng th thi gian bc hng s bt u tnh t 13 h00 ngy
th by.
Nhng Nguyn n khng h nhn c tn hiu g v vic giao hng t pha B
n. Nguyn n lin tc lin h vi B n thng qua ngi mi gii thu tu
xc nh xem hng ho sn sng cha v v B n khng tr li nn Nguyn n
phi xc minh iu ny qua cng Rangoon thng qua i l ca mnh. Sau khi xc minh
Nguyn n bit c rng B n khng th bc s hng ghi trong hp ng vn
chuyn v B n ang gp kh khn ln trong vic p ng cc yu cu v giy t th
tc theo cc qui ch v xut khu g.
Trc s im lng ca B n, Nguyn n i cho n ht thi hn bc hng
v ngy 27 thng 2 nm 1992 Nguyn n gi mt telex cho B n thng bo rng
nu Nguyn n khng nhn c tr li ca B n xc nhn s bc hng ln tu trong
ngy hm th Nguyn n s coi l B n khng th bc hng, t chi hp ng
gia hai bn v do vi phm hp ng v Nguyn n s iu tu i ni khc. B n
vn khng tr li v ngy hm sau Nguyn n gi mt telex khng nh Nguyn n
coi hnh vi ca B n l vi phm hp ng v tuyn b Nguyn n c quyn t do
iu tu i ni khc. Thc t ngy 12 thng 3 nm 1992 Nguyn n k mt hp
130
132
PHN QUYT S 35
TRANH CHP V NGHA V VN CHUYN
TRONG HP NG C&F
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Mt cng ty B
B n
Cc vn c cp:
Thi im bt u tnh li
Tm tt v vic:
Nguyn n k kt mt hp ng mua ca B n 500 tn thp theo cc iu kin
C&F Karachi. Hp ng quy nh bc hng ln tu khi hnh t bt k cng no ca
Chu u v theo bt k ng bin no theo la chn ca B n, ngi bn. Tuy
nhin, khong mt thng sau khi hp ng c k kt, Nguyn n gi cho B n yu
cu ca ngi mua li Pakistan theo hng phi c ch bng tu theo tuyn thng
thng n thng Karachi. B n chuyn cc yu cu mi ny n ngi trung gian
vn chuyn ca mnh v nu r tuyn ng yu cu: tu ch hng theo tuyn thng
thng, i trc tip n Karachi.
Khng may l chic tu c ngi trung gian vn chuyn ca B n thu
khng ti c Karachi. Chuyn tu ny xut pht t Anvers vi s thp bn cho
Nguyn n, dng li Rotterdam vi ngy ri n Dunkerque d khong 12.000 tn
ng ch trn tu. Tuy nhin, tu ny khng th ri cng Dunkerque v b cc ch
n ca ch tu tch thu bn u gi sau khi tt c hng ho trn tu bao gm c s
hng bn cho Nguyn n c d xung v lu kho theo quyt nh ca Chnh n
To Thng mi Dunkerque.
Do khng nhn c s thp ni trn nn ngi mua Pakistan ca Nguyn n
quyt nh hu hp ng vi Nguyn n. Nguyn n thng bo vi B n rng B
n phi chu trch nhim cho mi thit hi v tu khng i tuyn trc tip t Anves
n Karachi v ni r rng gim thiu thit hi Nguyn n s c gng thu xp vi
ngi mua Pakistan. Vic dn xp ny kt thc bng vic Nguyn n bi thng
133
cho ngi mua Pakistan. V cng gim thit hi, Nguyn n bn li l hng ni
trn vi s chp thun ca B n, B n cng t nguyn mua li 3/5 s hng ny.
Nguyn n yu cu U ban trng ti buc B n bi thng ton b thit hi
m Nguyn n phi gnh chu, bao gm:
Cc chi ph i li n Karachi.
Nguyn n cng yu cu rng nhng thit hi tnh bng -la v Frng Php
phi c qui i sang Frng B theo t gi qui i hin hnh vo thi im thanh ton
hoc vo ngy Nguyn n phi thc hin cc chi ph do hp ng khng c thc
hin.
B n bc b yu cu ca Nguyn n v lp lun rng trong cc hp ng
mua bn C&F mi ri ro xy ra sau khi bc hng ln tu thuc trch nhim ca ngi
mua v hp ng gia Nguyn n v B n khng qui nh B n phi thu mt
chuyn tu i thng n Karachi. Hn na, B n cho rng Nguyn n ch c quyn
i cc thit hi l khon chnh lch gia gi hp ng v gi bn cho ngi mua
Pakistan. B n cng cho rng vic qui i cc khon tin tnh bng -la v Frng
Php ch phi thc hin vo thi im thi hnh phn quyt.
Phn quyt ca trng ti:
1. V vic xc nh B n c li hay khng theo cc thng l iu chnh hp
ng mua bn theo C&F:
Cc bn tha nhn rng khi mua bn theo C&F ngha v ca ngi bn cng
ging nh cc ngha v ca ngi bn trong hp ng mua bn CIF v ch khc mt
im l ngi bn khng c ngha v bo him cho hng ho.
C th hn, ngi bn C&F c ngha v vn chuyn hoc nh mt ch th khc
vn chuyn hng ho theo cc iu kin vn chuyn tho thun gia ngi bn v
ngi mua vi chi ph do ngi bn chu, tuy nhin mi ri ro trong qu trnh vn
chuyn hng hi li thuc v trch nhim ca ngi mua tnh t khi xp hng ln tu.
Cc hc thuyt cng nh n l u tha nhn rng khi cc bn khng a vo hp
ng nhng quy nh c th lin quan n iu kin vn chuyn th ngi bn c ngha
v vn chuyn hng ho theo cc iu kin theo thng l ti cng xp hng trn tu c
cht lng ph hp vi tnh cht ca hng ho .
Php lut cng cho php cc bn tho thun v cc yu cu c th khc lin quan
134
140
PHN QUYT S 36
TRANH CHP TRONG V TU CH GO
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Cng ty thu tu Vit Nam
B n
: Cng ty vn ti Singapore
Cc vn c cp:
Tm tt v vic:
Ngy 27 thng 11 nm 1997, Nguyn n (mt cng ty Vit Nam) k mt hp
ng mua bn vi cng ty Angiri (Ngi mua) theo Nguyn n bn cho Ngi
mua 10.000 MT go trng ht di 5% theo iu kin C&F mt cng Angiri do Ngi
mua la chn. iu 18 quy nh tr gi mi ln giao hng s ng gp vo vic tr
khon n m Chnh ph Vit Nam n Chnh ph Angiri theo mt Tho thun chnh ph
nm 1995 gia hai nc ny. Phng thc thanh ton qui nh trong hp ng l
Nguyn n trnh cho ngn hng ca mnh (ngn hng Vit Nam) cc chng t chng
minh quyn s hu i vi hng ho, sau cc chng t ny c ngn hng Vit
Nam chuyn cho ngn hng Angiri, nu Ngi mua khng c phn i g th Nguyn
n s c ngn hng Vit Nam thanh ton tin hng theo hp ng mua bn sau khi
c tho thun cui cng gia ngn hng Vit Nam v ngn hng Angiri.
Thc hin ngha v theo hp ng mua bn ni trn, ngy 5 thng 1 nm 1998
Nguyn n k kt hp ng vn chuyn vi B n (mt cng ty vn ti ng bin
Singapore). Thc cht B n khng c tu m phi k mt hp ng thu tu trc
vi mt ch s hu tu. Theo cc iu khon ca hp ng vn chuyn, B n phi xp
10.000 MT go ng bao ti mt cu cng an ton thnh ph H Ch Minh, Vit Nam,
vn chuyn n v d hng ti Oran, Angiri.
Hp ng vn chuyn qui nh B n ch phi chu trch nhim i vi cc mt
mt hoc thit hi i vi hng ho nu cc mt mt hoc thit hi ny do ch tu hoc
ngi qun l khng thc hin s mn cn hp l tu kh nng i bin v bo m
tu c trang b y , c nhn lc v c cung cp y nguyn vt liu hoc
do hnh vi hoc li ca ch tu hoc ngi qun l ca ch tu. B n khng chu trch
nhim i vi cc mt mt hoc thit hi pht sinh t bt k nguyn nhn bt k no
khc k c do li ca Thuyn trng hoc on thu th v mt s ngi khc do B
n (ch tu) thu ln tu hoc trn b m thng thng ch tu phi chu trch nhim
141
cho nhng hnh ng ca h hoc do tnh trng khng kh nng i bin ca tu khi
bc hng hoc khi bt u hnh trnh hoc ti bt k thi im no. iu 18 Hp ng
vn chuyn quy nh Sau khi hon thnh vic xp hng tu i thng ti Angiri vi tc
c tnh kinh t v an ton m khng c php i hng .... iu 22 hp ng ny
quy nh 100% cc vn chuyn phi c thanh ton trong vng 5 ngy lm vic ca
ngn hng tr i tin hoa hng vn chuyn k t khi Thuyn trng pht hnh vn n
.
Hp ng qui nh mi tranh chp pht sinh t hp ng vn chuyn s c a
ra Trng ti Hng Kng gii quyt theo lut Anh.
Tu vo cng thnh ph H Ch Minh ngy 12 thng 1 nm 1998, hon thnh
vic xp hng v ri cng ngy 20 thng 1 nm 1998. Vn n dng congenbill do
Thuyn trng pht hnh v k ngy 20 thng 1 nm 1998 xc nhn tu xp 10.024
MT go Vit Nam loi trng, ht di. Nguyn n thanh ton 360.864 USD cc
vo gia thng 1 nm 1998 trc thi hn qui nh ti hp ng vn chuyn.
Thng thng vi chng ng t thnh ph H Ch Minh n Angiri tu phi
i mt khong t 3 n 4 tun. Sau hai thng tu vn cha n Angiri, Nguyn n
tin hnh iu tra xem tu ang u. Theo cc thng tin m Nguyn n nhn c,
tu khng th qu cnh qua Knh Suez do B n khng v/hoc khng kh nng
tr cc l ph qui nh ti Knh Suez do c tranh chp pht sinh t hp ng thu tu
gia B n v ch s hu tu. Sau mt thi gian bt tin, ngy 16 thng 7 nm 1998 tu
n Gibralta, b bt gi y theo yu cu ca ngn hng nhn cm c ca ch tu v b
bn vi gi 1.400.000 USD. S hng ho trn tu b d xung trc khi tu n
Gibralta nhng cc chi tit v vic d v bn hng khng xc nh c.
Cn c vo iu khon trng ti trong hp ng vn chuyn, Nguyn n khi
kin i B n bi thng 3.200.000 USD l tr gi s hng theo iu 4 Hp ng mua
bn. Nguyn n i B n hon tr 288.820,80 USD l mt phn tin cc vn
chuyn. Ngoi ra Nguyn n cn i B n phi chu trch nhim cho mi khiu kin
hoc bn n m mt bn th ba tin hnh chng li Nguyn n pht sinh t hoc c
lin quan n s mt mt/khng giao hng. Nguyn n cng i bi thng tin li v
cc chi ph khc.
Phn quyt ca trng ti:
1. V t cch khi kin ca Nguyn n:
Trn c s cc chng c do Nguyn n cung cp, Nguyn n l Ngi bn
trong hp ng mua bn vi Ngi mua Angiri v l ngi thu tu trong hp ng
vn chuyn. Vic thanh ton cho s go theo hp ng mua bn s c thc hin sau
khi hng c giao cho ngi mua v tr gi ca l hng s c dng vo vic tr n
ca Chnh ph Vit Nam cho Chnh ph Angiri. Do , U ban trng ti quyt nh
rng Nguyn n vn l ngi gi vn n gc v l ch s hu ca s hng ho ti thi
im s hng ny b mt. V vy Nguyn n c quyn kin i thit hi do mt hng
142
ho.
2. V trch nhim i vi thit hi:
Cc kt qu iu tra do Nguyn n cung cp cho thy s hng ho cha tng
c ch n Angiri v giao cho Ngi mua.
Theo iu 13 Hp ng vn chuyn, B n c ngha v a tu n thnh ph
H Ch Minh, xp hng theo cc iu kin ghi trong hp ng vn chuyn v giao s
hng n Oral, Angiri. iu 18 Hp ng qui nh B n c ngha v cho tu i
thng ti Angiri khng chm tr hay i hng. Mc d khng c chi tit chnh xc v
vic hng ho trn tu b mt nh th no nhng c th kt lun l B n vi phm
ngha v theo hp ng vn chuyn, m c th l vi phm iu 13 v iu 18 do
khng i n Angiri v giao hng ti y.
ng thi, U ban trng ti yu cu Nguyn n gii trnh theo iu 2 Hp
ng vn chuyn (qui nh v trch nhim ca bn vn chuyn). Nguyn n tr li
bng bn fax ngy 16 thng 11 nm 1999 cho rng B n hon ton khng nhc g n
iu 2 Hp ng vn chuyn trong gii trnh ca mnh. Bn sao ca bn fax ny cng
c chuyn n B n. Theo iu 2, B n c th c min trch nu chng
minh c rng vic mt hng ho khng xut pht t s thiu mn cn hp l lm
cho tu c kh nng i bin v bo m tu c trang thit b y , c nhn lc
v c cung cp nguyn nhin liu hoc xut pht t hnh vi hoc li c nhn ca
B n. U ban trng ti chp nhn lp lun ca Nguyn n cho rng iu 2 ch yu
l mt iu khon min trch, ngha v chng minh v quyn hng min trch thuc
v B n. c min trch B n phi chng minh l vic mt mt hoc thit hi
ca hng ho khng phi do li thiu mn cn cn thit ca B n.... Thc t B n
khng trnh bt k chng c no v hon cnh mt hng. Do , U ban trng ti kt
lun B n khng c quyn min trch theo iu 2 Hp ng vn chuyn v phi
chu trch nhim trc Nguyn n do khng chuyn v giao hng theo cc iu khon
ca Hp ng vn chuyn.
3.V thit hi:
Nguyn n lp lun trn c s Hp ng vn chuyn rng:
Bin php thng thng tnh thit hi do khng giao hng l tr gi ca hng
ho ti thi im v a im m ng l hng phi c giao, tr i cc chi ph m
ng l Nguyn n phi chi ra c c s hng ti cng ch nhng do hng
khng c giao nn Nguyn n khng phi chi. Trong trng hp c th bn c
hng ho trn th trng th thit hi s c tnh theo gi tr th trng khng ph
thuc vo vic Nguyn n bn hng theo gi th trng thng thng ... hay cao
hn gi th trng. Gi ca hng ho m Nguyn n mua hoc bn c th coi l
bng chng v gi th trng...
V nguyn tc, Nguyn n c ngha v chng minh cc thit hi m mnh
143
6. Cc chi ph:
V khiu kin chnh ca Nguyn n c chp nhn nn Nguyn n c
quyn c bi hon cc chi ph bao gm chi ph cho U ban trng ti v cc chi ph
cho lut s m Nguyn n b ra theo ui v kin ny.
145
PHN QUYT S 37
TRANH CHP V TH LAO TRONG HP NG
KHO ST THIT K
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Kin trc s ngi M
B n
Cc vn c cp:
Lex mercatoria
Cc tp qun thng mi
Tm tt v vic:
Nm 1976 Nguyn n v B n k kt vi nhau hai tho thun (Tho thun
Dch v giai on I v Tho thun Dch v giai on II) theo Nguyn n thc hin
cc cng vic chun b cc bn v v cc ti liu xy dng lin quan khc cng nh lin
h vi cc nh thu xy dng chnh cho mt d n xy dng Jeddah, Arp X-t. Cc
bn tho thun a cc tranh chp c th pht sinh ra trc trng ti ICC ti Geneva
gii quyt. Trong cc tho thun ny khng cp g n vic chn lut p dng.
Khi tranh chp pht sinh gia cc bn v mc ph kho st thit k, Nguyn n
khi kin ra trng ti. B n kin li vi l do mnh phi tr cho Nguyn n mc
ph qu cao.
Phn quyt ny c tuyn nm 1985 gii quyt vn lut p dng cho tranh
chp.
Nguyn n th cho rng lut p dng cho tranh chp phi l Lut ca bang
Georgia, M bi tt c cc cng vic chnh qui nh trong cc tho thun u c thc
hin ti bang ny. Nguyn n cng cho rng c th la chn lut ca Thu S, lut ca
ni c ch th xt x (lex fori), hay lex mercatoria cng c th c p dng. Cui
cng, Nguyn n cn da vo cc qui tc lut quc t tng t qui nh v cc dch
v k thut theo nu khng c tho thun ngc li, mi quan h gia cc bn s
c iu chnh bi lut ca ni c tr ca k thut vin ch khng phi l lut ni c
tr ca ngi thu dch v k thut.
B n th li cho rng cn p dng lut ca Arp X-t bi cc ngha v ca
Nguyn n c thc hin mt phn ti bang Georgia, mt phn ti Arp X-t, trong
khi tt c cc ngha v v pha B n li c thc hin ti Arp X-t. Hn na,
146
iu chnh Tho thun Dch v giai on I m U ban trng ti ang phi quyt nh.
Theo nhiu qui tc xung t lut th vic xc nh lut p dng ch yu da vo cc tnh
tit thc t v cng vic c bn theo cc hp ng c thc hin. Trong trng hp
c th ny th phn cng vic Giai on Dch v II cha c thc hin, nn U ban
trng ti ch cn xem xt cc tnh tit thc t ca v vic ch khng xem xt n phn
cng vic trong tng lai, phn s c iu chnh bi mt tho thun ring r khc m
cha c thc hin.
Bnh lun v lu :
Mt hp ng k kt gia cc ch th thuc cc quc gia khc nhau c th c
iu chnh bi nhiu h thng php lut khc nhau (v d: lut quc gia ca mi bn k
kt, lut ni thc hin hp ng, lut ni c ti sn l i tng ca hp ng, lut ca
quc gia c truyn thng lu i v lnh vc , tp qun thng mi trong lnh vc ,
v..v..). V vy, trnh nhng mu thun c th xy ra lin quan n vn ny, khi
giao kt cc hp ng dng ny cc bn nn cng thng nht la chn mt lut p dng
cho hp ng.
Khi cc bn khng chn lut p dng cho hp ng, nu c tranh chp a ra
trng ti th trng ti s l ngi c quyn quyt nh vic ny trn c s xem xt cc
hon cnh c th ca v vic. Thng thng, lut p dng s l lut ca quc gia c
quan h cht ch nht vi hp ng (v d trong trng hp ny l quc gia ni thc
hin phn cng vic ch yu ca hp ng) hay tp qun quc t trong lnh vc lin
quan nu khng th xc nh c quc gia c mi lin h cht ch nht vi hp ng.
148
PHN QUYT S 38
TRANH CHP V SA I GI
TRONG HP NG THU PH XY DNG
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Nh thu ph Italia
B n
Cc vn c cp:
Sa i gi quy nh trong hp ng
Ngha v hp tc thin ch
Tm tt v vic:
Nguyn n l mt lin doanh c thnh lp theo lut Italia vi mc ch thc
hin cng vic xy dng dn dng ti Libi. B n l mt cng ty c phn hot ng
theo lut Libi trong lnh vc xy dng v xy dng dn dng ti Libi. B n c chn
thc hin mt s cng vic xy dng cho Ch Cng trnh Libi. Ngy 22 thng 10
nm 1978, mt hp ng thu ph c k gia Nguyn n v B n, theo Nguyn
n c thu li mt s cng vic. Cc bn quy nh mt gi khon n nh trong
hp ng v gi ca cng trnh s l gi c nh trong sut thi gian thc hin hp
ng v khng th b sa i. Hp ng chu s iu chnh ca lut Libi v thi hn
thc hin hp ng n nh l 24 thng, thi hn bn giao cng trnh l ngy 15 thng
10 nm 1980.
Ngay t khi bt u cng vic xy dng gp phi kh khn do c mt vi
chm tr v th tc hnh chnh v do c khan him v nguyn vt liu. Sau khi cn nhc
cc kh khn ny, B n yu cu Ch cng trnh cho li thi gian bn giao cng trnh
li 8 thng so vi d tnh ban u. V B n cng yu cu Ch Cng trnh tng gi
cng trnh ln 30%, vi l do l gi g, xi mng v ct tng nhiu k t khi hp ng
c k kt.
Ti ngy 1 thng 5 nm 1980, ch khong 10% tng gi tr cng vic c hon
thnh, iu ny chng t cng vic gp phi rt nhiu kh khn.
Cc bn gp i din ca Ch cng trnh nhiu ln tm ra gii php gii
quyt nhng kh khn lin quan n vic hon thnh cng trnh. V cui cng Nguyn
n v B n k kt mt vn bn sa i i vi hp ng thu ph vo ngy 28
thng 10 nm 1980, vi cc iu khon sa i c bn nh sau:
149
sau:
Vn th nht cn c xem xt l vic bt ng rt khi cng trng vo thng
6 v 7 nm 1982. Hnh vi ny l mt cn c xc nh li ca Nguyn n trong vic
dng thc hin hp ng thu ph, tr khi Nguyn n vin dn c h thc hin hnh
vi l do li ca B n.
Nguyn n khng nh rng Nguyn n c quyn rt khi cng trng vo
thng 6 v 7 v hu b hp ng thu ph v B n khng chp hnh cc ngha v
k kt trong cc vn bn sa i v vic tng gi ca hp ng v thanh ton khon tin
n.
bo cha, mt mt B n lp lun rng vic sa i gi hp ng ch c
thc hin vi iu kin l phi c Ch cng trnh chp thun, m thc t Ch cng
trnh cha bao gi chp thun, mt khc B n cho rng lut Libi loi tr nguyn tc
sa i gi c n nh, v vy bt c tho thun no v vic sa i s khng c
hiu lc.
V vn th nht, U ban trng ti nhn thy rng ng l tho thun ngy 28
thng 10 nm 1980 th hin s thng nht ca B n v nguyn tc sa i gi ca hp
ng c thc hin vi iu kin c s chp thun ca Ch cng trnh, nhng trong
cc tho thun sa i sau khng h nhc n iu kin ny. Hn na, trong bn sa
i hp ng ngy 14 thng 1 nm 1982 xc nh nguyn tc sa i gi hp ng c
nu r rng nguyn tc ny c Ch cng trnh thng qua.
Ngoi ra, v hp ng thu chnh gia Ch cng trnh v B n hon ton c
lp vi hp ng thu ph gia B n v Nguyn n v trong cc tha thun sa i
hp ng B n cam kt tng gi hp ng v iu kin, nht tr thanh ton trong
thi hn xc nh nn vic Ch cng trnh c ng vi vic tng gi hay khng cng
khng c ngha g.
V lun im th hai ca B n, iu 657 Lut dn s Libi loi tr trn nguyn
tc vic sa i gi hp ng c n nh, song Mc 4 ca iu ny qui nh v
quyn tng gi hoc ngng hp ng khi c nhng s kin khng th lng trc v
ngoi l pht sinh sau khi hp ng c k kt.
V im ny, U ban trng ti cho rng lut Libi cng ging nh lut quc gia
ca c v lut ca Thu S hoc thm ch cng nh lex mercatoria, a ra thuyt v
s kin khng lng trc pht sinh v trong nhng trng hp nh vy s p dng
nguyn tc cao hn, l nguyn tc thin ch.
U ban trng ti cng cho rng lut Libi cng nh lut Thu S v lut c,
khng ch quy nh cc bn phi hon thnh ngha v ca mnh ph hp vi nguyn tc
thin ch (nh qui nh ti iu 148 Chng 1 Lut dn s Libi), m cn cm lm dng
lut (nh qui nh ti iu 5 Lut dn s Libi).
Nh vy, tri vi nhng im bo cha ca B n, lut Libi khng cm vic sa
i gi c n nh khi c nhng s kin khng lng trc v bt thng xy ra v
151
152
PHN QUYT S 39
TRANH CHP DO KHNG THC HIN NGHA V
TRONG HP NG XY DNG
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Nh thu an Mch
B n
: Nh thu li Ai Cp
Cc vn c cp:
Chm dt hp ng
Sa i n kin
Li sut
Tm tt v vic:
Ngy 26 thng 3 nm 1983 Nguyn n k hp ng vi ch d n ngi Ai Cp
xy dng mt l m gia sc Ai Cp. Ngy 9 thng 3 nm 1983, Nguyn n k hp
ng thu li vi B n, mt cng ty Ai Cp khc. Hp ng ny, sau c sa i,
c cha mt iu khon trng ti. Cng ty Ai Cp tho thun s xy mi khu nh v
cc cng trnh ph khc.
Sau khi pht sinh tranh chp v vic B n tr hon thc hin cng vic, vo cui
thng 1 nm 1985 Nguyn n thc hin thm phn cng vic ca mnh theo qui
nh ti Tho thun sa i ngy 19 thng 9 nm 1984 v hon thnh lun phn cng
vic cn d dang ca B n. Theo yu cu ca Nguyn n, thanh tra cht lng lp
bo co xc nh mc cng vic c thc hin cho n ngy 31 thng 1 nm
1985.
Ngy 7 thng 5 nm 1985 cng ty an Mch khi kin ra trng ti ICC ti
Zurich, Thu S i B n bi thng 555.000 EGP (ngy 30 thng 4 nm 1987 khon
tin ny c sa i thm 230.097 EGP) v 7.262.997 Dkr. Ngy 10 thng 9 nm 1985
ICC ch nh mt trng ti vin duy nht. Trng ti vin ny xc nh Zurich l ni tin
153
154
thp hn s tin i hin ti. Tuy nhin, cng phi ghi nhn rng s tin i hin ti
c a vo phn tnh ton cc tn tht gii trnh trong bn trnh by u tin ca
Nguyn n ngy 30 thng 7 nm 1986 theo yu cu ca trng ti vin. Trong n kin
Nguyn n bo lu quyn tng tr gi v kin. V vy tng tr gi v kin l c th
chp nhn c.
Li sut tin gi qui nh theo php lut ca Thu S l 5% (iu 104 Lut ngha
v Thy S). Li sut cao hn (7% cho ng DKr v 6% cho ng EGP) m Nguyn
n yu cu l khng chnh ng.
159
PHN QUYT S 40
TRANH CHP TRONG HP NG I DIN BN HNG
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Cng ty i din bn hng M
B n
Cc vn c cp:
U quyn thc t
Sa i hp ng
Tm tt v vic:
Mt cng ty M v mt cng ty Ty Ban Nha k kt mt Tho thun i din bn
hng (Tho thun) vo nm 1982 trong c qui nh cc khu vc v lnh th m cng
ty M c cho bn cc sn phm hng ho ca cng ty Ty Ban Nha v hng hoa
hng t cc hp ng mua bn ny. Tho thun qui nh mi sa i i vi Tho thun
phi c lp thnh vn bn. Hai bn tho thun s a cc tranh chp trong tng lai ra
gii quyt tranh chp ti trng ti ICC Geneva v lut p dng cho hp ng l lut
Thu S.
Sau gia h pht sinh tranh chp lin quan n vic liu cng ty M c
quyn c hng hoa hng t vic bn hng cho khch hng ti Lebanon, mt quc gia
nm ngoi cc khu vc lnh th c nu trong Tho thun hay khng. Vn mu cht
cn xc nh trong tranh chp ny l liu gia cc bn c tn ti tho thun b sung
danh sch lnh th qui nh trong Tho thun ban u hay khng. Cng ty Ty Ban Nha
th cho l khng v Tho thun yu cu cc tho thun mi phi c lp thnh vn bn
v thc t khng c mt sa i bng vn bn no. Ngoi ra, nhng bn telex v vn
th l bng chng duy nht ca vic ny li c k bi ngi khng c u nhim
i din cho cng ty Ty Ban Nha.
Ngc li, pha cng ty M cho rng thc t c sa i c gi tr php l i
vi Tho thun lin quan n vic b sung vo danh sch lnh th c php thc hin
dch v tho thun v cng ty M phi c hng hoa hng i vi tt c cc hp
ng thc hin vi khch hng Lebanon.
Phn quyt ca trng ti:
1. V vic ch th k kt khng c t cch php l i din cho cng ty Ty Ban
Nha:
160
161
V vn th ba:
Nh trn xem xt, bn thn cc bn telex v fax trong v vic ny khng to
thnh mt tho thun minh th v vic B n chp thun s tr tin hoa hng. Tuy nhin
thc t cc ho n giao hng ca ba giao dch bn hng c lin quan c gi km
theo vn th ny v ngi ta s khng th gii thch ti sao nhng ho n ny li c
ng X gi cho Nguyn n nu khng phi l phc v cho vic tnh ton, v d, tin
hoa hng. T hnh vi ny c th suy ra nh tr tin hoa hng cho Nguyn n cho ba
giao dch ny ca B n d khch hng c cc tr s ng k ngoi lnh th c
php thc hin dch v.
Lut Thu S tha nhn nguyn tc ph chun cc giao dch hp php bng hnh
vi cui cng, ngay c trong trng hp cc giao dch ny vn khng hp php v mt
hnh thc, v thm ch ngay c khi chng c li ln. iu 31 Lut ngha v qui nh v
vn ny nh sau:
"Mt tho thun b v hiu do nhm ln hoc do gian ln, hay mt tho thun
c thit lp do b e do c coi nh c ph chun trong trng hp bn
khng mun b rng buc bi tho thun khng thng bo cho bn kia quyt nh
khng duy tr tho thun ca mnh, hay khng i li tin m mnh tr".
Theo n l ca Thu S (v d, Journal des Tribunaux nm 1959, 486) bn khng
mun b rng buc bi mt tho thun ch cn tuyn b phn i trong thi hn l mt
nm. Do , theo Lut Thu S mt tho thun c giao kt vi li nghim trng vn
c th c coi l c hiu lc ch v l do khng c bn no phn i tho thun .
Lut ngha v Thu S cho php vic ph chun cc tho thun v hiu hay thm ch bt
hp php n gin ch bng mt hnh vi ngm hiu c gi tr nh mt s ph chun.
V ba giao dch thc hin ny, B n chp nhn khch hng m khng a
ra bt k iu kin bo lu g i vi Nguyn n, giao hng v nhn tin. y r
rng l mt trng hp ph chun bng hnh vi v, theo ngha ny, d rng xt t gc
hnh thc cc bn telex v cc ti liu khc c trao i gia cc bn cha p ng
iu kin sa i bng vn bn i vi Tho thun, Tho thun ny trn thc t c
sa i trong phm vi ba giao dch c lin quan thng qua thi ng h ca B n i
vi khch hng v i vi Nguyn n.
Tuy nhin, t cc bn Telex c trao i gia cc bn th cng khng th suy ra
l h tng c nh m rng Tho thun ca h sang Lebanon. Ni cch khc, B
n cha bao gi chp thun s tr tin hoa hng cho Nguyn n cho tt c cc giao
dch m Nguyn n c th tin hnh vi mt khch hng Lebanon bt k.
V vy, c th kt lun rng gia cc bn c sa i v phm vi lnh th c
php thc hin dch v i vi Tho thun nhng ch gii hn ba hp ng k kt
vi khch hng Lebanon.
V vy, U ban trng ti bc l l ca c hai bn.
163
Bnh lun v lu :
Ngy nay hin tng giao kt hp ng hay tho thun thng qua cc phng
thc k thut nh telex, fax, th in t v..v tr nn kh ph bin. Php lut nhiu
nc cng tha nhn cc hnh thc ny. Tuy nhin, quy nh ca cc nc v gi tr
php l ca cc hnh thc ny vn cn nhiu khc bit, c bit l vn c nn coi cc
hnh thc ny tng ng vi hnh thc vn bn hay khng. V th, bo m gi tr
v tnh an ton php l cho cc giao dch ca mnh, khi tin hnh giao dch thng qua
telex, fax hay cc phng thc k thut khc, cc bn cn xc nhn li bng vn th
chnh thc tun th cc hnh thc yu cu nh ch k, du... Vn bn xc nhn th hin
mt cch xc thc ch ca cc bn v c gi tr chng c quan trng trong cc trng
hp c tranh chp pht sinh lin quan n giao dch ny.
Khi c nghi ng hay phn i g v gi tr php l ca giao dch m mnh k
kt th cn nu/tuyn b phn i trong thi hn do lut quy nh, nu lut khng quy
nh thi hn th phi trong thi hn hp l. S im lng hay vic tip tc thc hin giao
dch, theo php lut ca nhiu nc, c coi nh mt s ph chun i vi giao dch
v l mt hnh thc hp php ho giao dch ngay c khi giao dch ban u c
khim khuyt hay thm ch tri php lut. Mc d nguyn tc Im lng khng c ngha
l ng c tha nhn mt cch rng ri trong nhiu h thng php lut, nguyn tc
ny cng khng ngn cn cc quc gia t s n nh ca quan h php lut ln v tr u
tin hn trong mt s trng hp nht nh.
164
PHN QUYT S 41
TRANH CHP TRONG HP NG PHN PHI T
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Nh phn phi Libng
B n
: Nh sn xut t Ty u
Cc vn c cp:
- Tho thun lm i l phn phi
- Chm dt hp ng
- Lm dng quyn
- Thit hi
Tm tt v vic:
Nguyn n, mt cng ty Libng, v B n, mt cng ty Ty u chuyn sn
xut t, k mt hp ng, theo Nguyn n s l nh phn phi cho B n ti
Libng. Hp ng quy nh rng Nguyn n khng ch bn t m cn thc hin dch
v hu mi v cung cp cc ph tng thay th. Do Nguyn n phi xy dng mt
ga-ra t km theo mt nh kho. Da trn iu 19 ca Hp ng v quyn chm dt
hp ng, B n tuyn b chm dt hp ng sau ba thng, v mt trong cc l do
c vin dn l Nguyn n khng xy dng ga-ra km theo nh kho.
Theo iu khon trng ti ICC nu trong hp ng, Nguyn n khi kin B n
theo trnh t trng ti ti Paris, Php. Nguyn n cho rng B n khng c quyn
chm dt hp ng nh iu 19 ca Hp ng quy nh, v i bi thng thit hi i
vi khon li nhun b tn tht khong mt triu bng Libng.
Phn quyt ca trng ti:
1. Lut p dng:
Cc quy phm xung t lut:
Lut s ca c hai bn tuyn b ti to n trng ti rng trong trng hp ny
cc trng ti vin c quyn quyt nh lut p dng i vi hp ng theo cc quy tc
lut xung t ca Php. Cc trng ti vin, tuy khng bt buc phi tun theo cc quy
tc lut xung t ca nc ni tin hnh th tc trng ti, nhng phi tun theo tho
thun ny ca cc bn v p dng quy phm xung t php lut. Theo quy tc xung t
lut ca Php lin quan n hp ng, lut p dng cho hp ng trong trng hp ny
cn c xc nh da trn nh (ng nhin hoc ngm nh) ca cc bn i vi
vic xc nh lut p dng, v da vo vic kim tra cc tnh tit.
165
167
PHN QUYT S 42
TRANH CHP TRONG HP NG PHN PHI THIT B
Cc bn:
Nguyn n
: Nh xut khu M
B n
Cc vn c cp:
- Hp ng phn phi hng ho
- Phn quyt b phn
- Chn lut thc cht v hp ng khng m phn (adhesion contract)
- Chm dt hp ng
- Rt li quyt nh chm dt hp ng
- Quan h trc khi k kt hp ng
- Gim thiu thit hi
Tm tt v vic:
Trong Hp ng phn phi hng ho quc t (sau y gi l Hp ng) k ngy 8
thng 8 nm 1979, Nguyn n ch nh B n lm nh phn phi thit b ca mnh
Ac-hen-ti-na.
iu 15 ca Hp ng quy nh khi c tranh chp hoc bt ng xy ra gia cc
bn m khng th dn xp thng qua thng lng th cc bn s a ra trng ti theo
cc quy tc ca Phng thng mi quc t (ICC). Ni xt x trng ti (nh sa i
ngy 31 thng 8 nm 1979) l Trinidad v Tobago, West Indies.
Hp ng s t ng chm dt sau hai nm nhng c th gia hn Hp ng bng
mt vn bn tho thun gia hai bn. Hp ng ht hn vo ngy 8 thng 8 nm
1981.
Tuy nhin, Nguyn n v B n k cc tho thun gia hn hp ng ngn hn
v v vy, c hai bn tip tc thc hin Hp ng.
Ngy 9 thng 3 nm 1983, Nguyn n thng bo cho B n l Nguyn n
ang trong qu trnh son tho mt Hp ng phn phi hng ho quc t mi v ch
cn vi thng na Hp ng mi ny s hon thnh. Do , Nguyn n quyt nh gia
hn Hp ng ang thc hin thm hai thng tnh t thi im Nguyn n a Hp
ng mi cho B n B n c thi gian xem xt Hp ng mi ny. Nhng
sau Nguyn n khng gi bn hp ng mi ny.
Trong thi gian ny Ac-hen-ti-na, sau cuc tuyn c, mt ng chnh tr khc
ln nm quyn. Chnh ph mi d nh s ban hnh cc chnh sch hon ton mi lin
quan n tye l ni a ho ca hng ho. V vy, Nguyn n v B n tin hnh
168
chn ny l c gi tr.
Thc t, theo c lut California v lut Ac-hen-ti-na, Nguyn n v B n u
c coi l cc i tc thng mi. Khi tham gia k kt hp ng cng nh khi cng
nhau gii quyt cc bt ng, c hai bn hnh ng vi t cch l i tc thng mi
ca nhau. Cc chng c cho thy rng c hai bn u c nng lc php l tin
hnh cc hnh vi thng mi ca mnh.
Chc chn, B n khng th coi mnh l ngi tiu dng (ngi s dng dch v).
"Mt cng ty danh ting nht trn th trng" Ac-hen-ti-na khng th c coi l "ngi
tiu dng". Hn na, hp ng khng th coi l mt hp ng mu c in c nh do
Nguyn n son tho v c a cho B n xem xt trn c s "chp thun hoc
khng chp thun ton b hp ng" (tc chp thun hoc khng chp thun ch khng
c quyn sa i cc iu khon trong hp ng - y l tnh cht c trng ca hp
ng khng m phn).
Trn thc t, v vic khng n gin nh vy. B n khng lp lun rng Nguyn
n c s c quyn, hoc rng tt c cc nh sn xut trong lnh vc c th ny s
dng mu hp ng chun thng nht. B n thm ch khng lp lun rng mnh
buc phi chp nhn mu hp ng chun do Nguyn n a ra. Tt nhin, cc trng
ti vin khng cho rng y c s cng bng tuyt i gia hai bn hoc lun d dng
vch ra ranh gii r rng gia min cng chp thun v thiu t nguyn. Tuy nhin,
trong trng hp ny, U ban trng ti nhn thy rng khi hp ng c hiu lc cc
bn khng c s phn i iu khon chn lut p dng trong hp ng cng nh ton
b Hp ng.
Hn na, cc chng c cho thy rng B n c c hi tho lun v thng
lng cc iu khon Hp ng. Vic ni xt x trng ti chuyn t Lun-n v
Trinidad theo yu cu ca B n cho thy r rng l mt chng mc nht nh, cc
iu kin ca hp ng c cc bn thng lng mt cch c hiu qu.
Ngoi ra, B n khng chng minh c rng s la chn lut California s
mang li nhng kt qu php l khng cng bng. Bng chng l B n tip tc da
vo cc n l ca California khi m iu ny c li hn cho khiu kin ca B n. V
vy, cc trng ti vin khng cho rng B n phi chp thun mt iu khon la
chn lut v l v l do y l hp ng khng m phn nn B n thc t khng
c la chn g.
U ban trng ti kt lun: theo lut California m c hai bn vin dn trong v kin
ny, Hp ng phn phi hng ho quc t k kt gia cc bn l mt hp ng chun
quc t ch khng phi l mt hp ng khng m phn.
Khng tnh n vn hp ng khng m phn, U ban trng ti cho rng iu
khon la chn lut California c hiu lc khng nhng ch theo lut California m cn
theo Lut xung t, Lut t php quc t Argentina v lut Trinidad v Tobago.
Mc 16 ca Hp ng quy nh: "Hp ng ny c gii thch v s c iu
172
S khng r rng ny, th hin trong khi nim m h v "giai on th hai" pht
trin th trng Ac-hen-ti-na, khng th b b qua khi xc nh tm quan trng v tc
ng php l ca hp ng phn phi mi. Theo lut California, cc hp ng ch chp
thun ca cc bn khng phi l cc hp ng c gi tr thi hnh. "Nu mt hp ng
khng r rng to n c th gii thch chnh xc hoc nu mt iu khon chnh
ca hp ng tng lai b bo lu th hp ng ny khng lm pht sinh cc ngha v
php l i vi cc bn" (Phn quyt trng ti trong v Cng ty cho thu Thit b
Transamerica kin Ngn hng Union, v Cng ty White Point kin Herrington)
T cc cn c nu trn, U ban trng ti kt lun Nguyn n khng b mt quyn
chm dt hp ng cho d Nguyn n khng a bn hp ng mi cho B n. Nu
U ban trng ti quyt nh khc th Nguyn n, gii quyt nhng kh khn do c
thay i hon cnh trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng v thi hn, s khng c s la
chn no khc ngoi vic a vo bn hp ng mi nhng iu khon m B n
khng th chp nhn c.
Tuy nhin, y cha phi l kt lun cui cng ca u ban trng ti v vn ny.
U ban trng ti thy rng tuyn b r rng ca Nguyn n trong vn th ngy 9 thng
3 nm 1983 v bn hp ng mi cng vi mt lot cc tuyn b r rng hoc ng ca
Nguyn n trong nm 1982 v 1983 v quan h tng lai gia Nguyn n v B n
khin B n hy vng v trin vng mt quan h lu di. Trong hon cnh ny, quyn
t do n phng chm dt quan h hp ng ca Nguyn n khng cn mc
tuyt i nh trc khi cc tuyn b trn cha c a ra. U ban trng ti thy vic
Nguyn n chm dt hp ng l qu bt ng. Nguyn nhn ch yu ca vic chm
dt hp ng t pha Nguyn n l nhng thay i trong chnh sch kinh t ca ng
chnh tr mi thng c Ac-hen-ti-na ngy 30 thng 10 nm 1983. Nhng r rng l vo
thi im thng 11 hoc 12 nm 1983 cc chnh sch mi ca ng thng c cha th
thnh hin thc v v th ng c thc p Nguyn n chm dt ngay hp ng cha
tn ti.
Nguyn n lp lun rng vo nm 1983 B n a ra rt nhiu cc bng
chng v s bp bnh trong quan h hin ti v tng lai vi Nguyn n. Thc t h s
v kin cng phn nh s bp bnh v cng c nhiu li khai ca cc nhn chng ca
c hai bn v iu ny. Cc cuc m phn ca B n trong sut thi gian ny vi cng
ty ca Php, mt i th cnh tranh ca Nguyn n chnh l bng chng ca s bp
bnh trong quan h gia B n v Nguyn n. Tuy nhin h s v kin cng cho thy
trong sut thi gian Nguyn n vn khch l bng vn bn v bng li vi B n v
trin vng tip tc hp tc gia hai bn. Nh vy, y c c nhng yu t khng nh
v ph nh vic bn thn B n nhn thc c v kh nng Nguyn n s chm dt
hp ng. U ban trng ti nhn nh rng vo ngy 9 thng 3 nm 1983 v sau , cc
yu t ph nh c v c u th hn (ni mt cch khc, l do B n tin tng l
Nguyn n vn tip tc hp ng vi mnh chim u th hn), do bc lp lun ca
Nguyn n rng trong trng hp ny khng cn phi thng bo trc cho B n v
vic chm dt hp ng v B n bit r v kh nng ny
175
178
PHN QUYT S 43
TRANH CHP V THANH TON TRONG
HP NG LI-XNG
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Cng ty Php
B n
: Cng ty M
Cc vn c cp:
- Hp ng cho php s dng sng ch
- Hp ng t ng b hu b
- Ngha v hn ch thit hi
- ng tin thanh ton
Tm tt v vic:
Nguyn n (cng ty Php) k mt Hp ng vi B n (cng ty M) theo
Nguyn n nhng quyn s dng tn v nhn hiu hng ho ca mnh trong ba nm
cho B n, s dng trn nhng sn phm do cng ty ny sn xut v c tiu th
trong phm vi lnh th M. Thng thng theo phng thc hot ng ny, B n phi
tr (su thng mt ln) cc khon ph tng ng vi mt s phn trm nht nh ca
doanh thu v mt khon bo m ti thiu trong mi trng hp. V iu ny, Hp ng
qui nh rng vic khng thanh ton cc khon ph vo cc ngy o hn tng ng s
dn n vic Hp ng t ng b hu b v vic khng tun th mt trong nhng iu
khon ca hp ng bi mt trong cc bn cng dn n nhng hu qu tng t, m
khng lm nh hng n quyn c bi thng thit hi ca bn kia.
Thc t, B n ch thanh ton mt khon tin bo m ti thiu theo hp ng
trong nm u tin v quyt nh chm dt hp ng. Nguyn n kin B n ra
trng ti ti Bruxelles, B, yu cu B n thanh ton khon bo m ti thiu cn li
vo ngy o hn theo quy nh ca hp ng trong khong thi gian hai nm.
Phn quyt ca trng ti:
Trng ti vin bc yu cu trn ca Nguyn n vi cc l do sau:
Trn thc t, khiu ni ny l tri vi ch ca cc bn c biu hin
trong hp ng v tri vi tp qun v thc tin ni chung trong hot ng thng mi
v c bit l trong quan h thng mi quc t;
180
PHN QUYT S 44
TRANH CHP V VIC LA CHN LUT P DNG TRONG HP
NG LI-XNG
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Nh sn xut M
B n
Cc vn c cp:
- Lut p dng thc cht
- Lex mercatoria
- iu 13 Quy tc ca ICC
- Lut ca ni c mi lin h mt thit nht vi hp ng
- Cng c Rme 1980
- p dng phi hp cc quy tc lut xung t
Tm tt v vic:
B n, ngi s hu bng sng ch v Nguyn n, nh sn xut M, k mt
hp ng cho php Nguyn n c quyn sn xut v bn cc thit b M v Canaa
da trn cc bng sng ch v cng ngh ca B n. Tranh chp pht sinh khi Nguyn
n tuyn b Hp ng b vi phm v khi kin B n i bi thng nhng thit hi
pht sinh. B n khng tha nhn vic vi phm hp ng vi l do l Nguyn n
khng tr tin mua quyn s dng sng ch khi chm dt hp ng. B n cng kin li
i bi thng thit hi.
Cc bn a tranh chp ra trng ti ICC. Vn bn xc nh thm quyn ca
trng ti quy nh U ban trng ti s xc nh lut thc cht p dng cho hp ng. B
n yu cu p dng lex mercatoria, bao gm cc nguyn tc chung ca lut v tp
qun; trong khi , Nguyn n yu cu p dng lut ca M v c bit l lut bang
Massachusetts, ng thi dn chiu lex mercatoria nu cn thit. Do cc bn khng tho
thun c vi nhau, U ban trng ti phi gii quyt vn ny bng mt phn
quyt tm thi.
Trong phn quyt tm thi, U ban trng ti quyt nh p dng lut ca M
v lut bang Massachusett bi l lut ca ni c mi lin h mt thit nht vi hp
ng.
Phn quyt ca trng ti:
Mc IX Vn bn xc nh thm quyn ca trng ti quy nh U ban trng ti s
181
quyt nh lut p dng thc cht cho v tranh chp bng mt phn quyt tm thi,
ging nh iu 32 Cng c trng ti lin bang Thu S. Trong khi , on 3 iu 13
Quy tc ICC quy nh nu cc bn khng ch ra c lut p dng th U ban trng ti
s xc nh lut p dng bng cc quy tc lut xung t, v on 5 iu 13 quy nh
trong mi trng hp, U ban trng ti phi xem xt c cc iu khon hp ng v
nhng tp qun thng mi lin quan.
Quy tc ICC khng buc U ban trng ti phi chn quy tc lut ca ni tin
hnh t tng trng ti, trong v ny l cc quy tc lut xung t ca Thu S.
Theo thng l xt x trng ti hin nay ca ICC, xc nh lut p dng cho v
tranh chp, u ban trng ti ICC c th s dng phng php p dng tng hp cc quy
tc lut xung t ca tt c cc quc gia c lin quan n tranh chp.
Trong v ny, cc quc gia lin quan n tranh chp l:
Ni k kt hp ng
Ni m phn hp ng
Ni thc hin hp ng
ngha v ca bn phi thanh ton tin mua quyn s dng sng ch.
Bi Hp ng ny c xem l mt tho thun cho php s dng sng ch v b
quyt sn xut nn Nguyn n c quyn s dng M v Canaa cc sng ch ti
M ca B n v b quyt sn xut lin quan n sng ch ny.
Mc d ngi phi thc hin ngha v chnh ca Hp ng c tr Italia, Hp
ng li c mi lin h mt thit nht vi M, c bit vi bang Massachusetts v M l
ni thc hin v a im ca i tng thc hin chnh ca hp ng (sng ch).
U ban trng ti cho rng theo Quy tc lut xung t ca M th lut p dng cho
v tranh chp s l lut M ni chung v lut bang Massachusetts ni ring.
Trn c s Cng c EEC v theo Quy tc lut xung t ca Italia th kt qu xc
nh lut p dng cng tng t .
Theo Quy tc lut xung t ca Thu S, To n Lin bang Thu S xc nh
lut p dng cho Hp ng l lut ca ni c tr c nh ca ngi cho php s dng
bng sng ch bi v To n cho rng y l bn thc hin ngha v chnh ca Hp ng.
Cch xc nh ny cng c Lut Lin bang mi ca Thu S v lut t php quc
t cng nhn. Tuy nhin, cch xc nh ny b ch trch, bi lut ca ni c tr ca
ngi c quyn s dng sng ch c th bao gm mt s nguyn tc bt buc phi
tun th. Trong cc v vic trc , To n Lin bang Thu S cng p dng lut
ca ni thc hin ngha v chnh ca hp ng.
Trong v ny, xem xt mi kha cnh th thy gii php chn lut M v lut bang
Massachusetts l lut p dng chc chn c Quy tc lut xung t ca Thu S tha
nhn. V vy, da vo iu 13(3) Quy tc ICC, U ban trng ti quyt nh p dng lut
ca M v lut bang Massachusetts.
Mt khc, iu 13(5) Quy tc ICC buc U ban trng ti phi xem xt c cc tp
qun thng mi lin quan. Ngun ca lex mercatoria cng l cc tp qun thng mi
v v c bn, lex mercatoria thng c p dng trong thng mi quc t.
V vy, U ban trng ti quyt nh nh sau:
1. Lut ca M ni chung v lut bang Massachusetts ni ring l lut p dng
cho v tranh chp v nu cn thit s p dng c lex merctoria.
2. Cc chi ph, k c ph lin quan ti phn quyt tm thi ny s c xc nh
trong phn quyt cui cng.
183
PHN QUYT S 45
TRANH CHP TRONG HP NG LI -XNG
V MT HP CHT DC PHM
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Cng ty s dng sng ch
B n
Cc vn c cp:
-
2. V vic vi phm hp ng ca B n:
V nguyn nhn ca vic ht hn bo h ca bng sng ch, sau khi xem xt cc
chng c, u ban trng ti kt lun: bng sng ch ht thi hn bo h l do B n
khng ng ph bo h 90 USD/nm mc d nhn c y cc thng bo np
ph.
Nguyn n cho rng vic B n c tnh khng ng ph bo h lm cho bng
sng ch XX001 cho hp cht XX1 ht thi hn bo h Php trc thi hn d kin
(nm 1992) v h qu l lm cho Hp ng gia Nguyn n v B n t ng ht hiu
lc (do hiu lc ca Hp ng ph thuc vo thi hn bo h ca bng sng ch). Do
, B n vi phm nghim trng Hp ng.
chng minh cho lp lun ca mnh, lut s ca Nguyn n vin dn trc U
ban trng ti quyt nh ca To Phc thm Paris trong v Fridor vs. Exhenry (Paris,
ngy 3 thng 3 nm 1953). Trong v , ngi s hu bng sng ch khng ng ph
hng nm nn lm chm dt thi hn bo h ca bng sng ch. To n cho rng vic
ng ph hng nm l trch nhim ca ch s hu sng ch v nu ch s hu khng
lm nh vy, anh ta c ngha v bi thng thit hi cho ngi s dng sng ch.
B n lp lun: vic bng sng ch hp cht XX1 ht thi hn bo h khng nh
186
187
PHN QUYT S 46
TRANH CHP TRONG HP NG LI - XNG
V CHAI NG UNG NH
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ch s hu bng sng ch Italia
B n
Cc vn c cp:
-
191
PHN QUYT S 47
TRANH CHP LIN QUAN N TH QUYN TRONG
HP NG BO HIM TN DNG
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngn hng (A)
B n
Cc vn c cp:
-
Th quyn
Tm tt v vic:
Ngn hng A, Nguyn n, cho mt cng ty vay tin xy dng nh my. Vic
cho vay ny c thc hin trn c s bo lnh tr ca B, B n. Hp ng vay qui
nh lut p dng l lut Php.
Sau A k mt hp ng bo him tn dng vi COFACE (Cng ty bo him
ngoi thng Php) theo COFACE cam kt s thanh ton cho A tin bo him l x%
tr gi khon vay khi xy ra s kin c bo him (tc l khi khon vay khng c tr
ng hn v ngi bo lnh B t chi thc hin ngha v bo lnh ca mnh).
Trn thc t, B t chi thc hin ngha v bo lnh ca mnh khi n hn.
COFACE, v th, tr cho Ngn hng A mt khon tin l x% tr gi khon vay theo
ng hp ng bo him tn dng.
Ngn hng A kin B ra trng ti yu cu B tr khon tin vay m B ng ra
bo lnh.
Phn quyt ca trng ti:
(Phn quyt trng ti trnh by di y ch gii quyt vn v quyn khi kin
ca Nguyn n)
Khi t tng trng ti mi bt u, B n, trn c s t vn ca ngi vay, a
ra lp lun rng Nguyn n khng c quyn khi kin trong v vic ny v Nguyn n
thc t c COFACE thanh ton tin bo him cho khon vay. Nhng trong qu
trnh t tng sau B n khng h nhc li lp lun ny. Trong cc bn gii trnh v
bin h ca mnh, B n ch nu rng Nguyn n khng c quyn kin i ton b
khon vay c B n bo lnh m ch c quyn kin i phn tin khng c
COFACE thanh ton bo him.
Tuy nhin, cn c vo cc s kin c vin dn v cc chng c do cc bn a
ra, u ban trng ti thy rng cn thit phi gii quyt vn : Nguyn n c quyn
khi kin i B n thanh ton ton b khon vay hay khng khi Nguyn n c
192
COFACE thanh ton tin bo him l x% khon vay c bo lnh, tnh c vn ln li?
(Liu y quyn khi kin ca Nguyn n c b chuyn sang cho COFACE theo
nguyn tc th quyn trong bo him hay khng?)
iu L.121-12 B lut bo him Php qui nh: ngi bo him, sau khi tr
tin bo him cho ngi c bo him, c thay th ngi c bo him trong vic
i v khi kin (gi l th quyn) i vi khon n tng ng vi khon tin bo
him m ngi bo him thanh ton cho ngi c bo him. Qui nh v th
quyn ny l mt trong cc qui tc c bn ca lut v bo him v c khng nh
trong nhiu phn quyt ca To Ph n Php.
Trong v vic ny, hp ng bo him c k kt gia Ngn hng A v
COFACE. COFACE l mt cng ty nh nc hot ng vi mc ch h tr cc nh
xut khu thng qua vic cung cp cc bo m tn dng cho cc khon vay trung hn
trong mt s giao dch c tm quan trng nht nh. COFACE bo him cho cc nh
xut khu i vi cc ri ro xy ra khi nh xut khu khng thu c tin t i tc ca
mnh. Thc t, COFACE khng bo him ton b ri ro m ch bo him mt s phn
trm nht nh ca ri ro. iu ny ph hp vi thng l quc t nhm buc ngi c
bo him phi c s cn trng ti thiu khi tin hnh cc giao dch v c trch nhim
gim thiu thit hi khi c ri ro xy ra. Hp ng m COFACE k vi Ngn hng A th
hin y cc qui tc hot ng ni trn ca COFACE v c xc nh l mt Hp
ng bo him tn dng.
Theo khon 3 iu L.111-1 B lut bo him, cc hp ng bo him tn dng
khng thuc phm vi p dng ca iu L.112-12 qui nh v vic th quyn ca ngi
bo him i vi ngi c bo him. Nh vy, trong v vic ny, vic th quyn
khng c p dng mt cch ng nhin theo qui nh ti iu L.112-12. xc
nh c tn ti th quyn trong v vic ny hay khng, v nu c th th quyn cn phi
c hiu nh th no, trng ti phi da trn cc cn c khc s c xem xt ln lt
di y.
Th nht, iu XV Hp ng qui nh: bt k vic thanh ton tin bo him no
do COFACE thc hin u dn ti h qu l COFACE c thay th ngi c bo
him trong vic thc hin quyn i v khi kin i khon tin vay c bo him, cc
khon li v cc khon tin khc c lin quan n khon vay chnh. Nh vy, trong
trng hp ny, th quyn gia ngi bo him v ngi c bo him sau khi tin bo
him c thanh ton l hon ton r rng: khon tin bo him c thanh ton
trc khi t tng trng ti ny bt u, COFACE l ngi th hng duy nht ca x%
khon tin n pht sinh t hp ng cho vay ca Ngn hng v Ngn hng A ch cn
quyn khi kin i vi y% cn li ca khon n ny.
Th hai, B lut bo him cng nh cc iu khon trong Hp ng bo him c
nhng qui nh cho thy vic th quyn khng phi l tuyt i (tc l ngay c khi c
th quyn, ngi bo him ln ngi c bo him vn c nhng quyn v ngha v
lin quan cht ch vi nhau). iu A.432-5 B lut bo him qui nh mi khon tin
193
thu c (t pha ngi c ngha v tr tin) sau khi tin bo him c thanh ton
phi c phn chia cho ngi bo him v ngi c bo him theo t l bo him
qui nh trong hp ng; tuy nhin iu khon ny khng xc nh r trong s hai ch
th ny, ai l ngi c quyn i (hoc kin i) khon n . iu XII Cc iu kin
chung ca Hp ng qui nh COFACE phi chu cc chi ph xt x, vi t l tng
ng vi t l bo him, trong cc th tc t tng c tin hnh trnh hoc hn ch
nhng thit hi pht sinh t ri ro c bo him. iu XIII Cc iu kin chung qui
nh rng vic thanh ton tin bo him ph thuc vo vic thc hin cc quyn gn lin
vi khon n c bo him ca Ngi c bo him. Qui nh ny ph hp vi iu
21 ca Hp ng theo Ngi c bo him (d th quyn cho Ngi bo him)
vn c trch nhim tin hnh tt c cc bin php cn thit i li khon n ca
mnh v cam kt tun th cc ch dn ca COFACE lin quan n vn ny. Vic
thanh ton tin bo him khng gii phng Ngi c bo him khi cc ngha v
nu trong Hp ng bo him. T cc iu khon ny c th thy ngi c bo him
sau khi nhn tin bo him vn c quyn v t cch khi kin i tr n.
Th ba, theo mt n l ca To Ph n Php trong phn quyt ban hnh ngy 17
thng 12 nm 1985, khng mt qui nh no trong h thng php lut hin nay buc
ngi th quyn phi t mnh thc hin cc quyn m anh ta c v ngi th quyn c
th cho ngi c th quyn thc hin cc quyn ny. Vic thanh ton tin bo him
khng gii phng ngi vay n (ngi phi thanh ton khon n c bo him) khi
ngha v ca mnh. Nh vy, trong v vic ny, COFACE hon ton c th cho Ngn
hng thay mnh kin i ton b khon n. iu ny l hon ton hp l bi tin n
trong trng hp ny l mt khon vay trung hn v Ngn hng r rng l c li th hn
COFACE trong vic qun l v theo di h s ca vic vay n.
Th t, iu 10 Hp ng bo him c qui nh Khi COFACE khng mun t
mnh tin hnh khi kin chng li ngi c ngha v tr n, Ngi c bo him cam
kt thc hin tt c cc bin php cn thit v hp l bo v cc quyn li ca mnh
v m bo vic thanh ton khon tin c bo him vi s chp thun v theo cc
ch dn ca COFACE. Vi iu khon ny, c th ni rng trc khi t tng trng ti
c bt u, COFACE u quyn mt cch minh bch cho Ngn hng tin hnh khi
kin ra trng ti theo ng qui nh ti hp ng thu hi li ton b khon n. Tuy
nhin, COFACE vn bo lu quyn c a ra nhng ch dn cn thit cho Ngn hng
A v quyn c thng bo v tin trnh t tng trng ti. Nh vy, vic Ngn hng A
thay th cho COFACE khi kin i B n ton b khon n l hon ton ph hp vi
tho thun u nhim khiu kin gia Ngn hng v COFACE.
Th nm, v mt nguyn tc, khi c tranh chp pht sinh gia Ngi c bo
him ( y l Ngn hng A) v i tc ca h (ngi vay n), Ngi bo him
(COFACE) s phi ngng vic thanh ton tin bo him cho n khi tranh chp lin
quan c gii quyt xong (theo th tc gii quyt tranh chp qui nh ti hp ng vay
n) v Ngi c bo him c tha nhn l ngi th hng ca khon tin vay
(Phn quyt ngy 9 thng 11 nm 1988, To Phc thm Paris). Tuy nhin, Ngi bo
194
195
PHN QUYT S 48
TRANH CHP TRONG HP NG BO HIM
THANH TON TIN HNG
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Mt ngn hng B (X)
Mt cng ty Php (Y)
B n
Cc vn c cp:
- Quyn khi kin
- Lut p dng cho hp ng
- Bo him thng thng hay bo him tn dng?
- S kin bo him v tnh khng lng trc c ca hp ng bo
him
- Tnh trng ph sn ca mt bn trong t tng trng ti
Tm tt v vic:
Cng ty Y k hp ng bn nguyn vt liu cho mt ngi mua chu Phi. Hai
bn tho thun tin hng phi c thanh ton bng tn dng chng t khng hu ngang,
c xc nhn, trong quy nh tr 90% gi tr l hng sau mi ln giao hng, 10% cn
li s thanh ton khi bn bn xut trnh "Cc th gii phng hng" m ngi mua phi
pht hnh 60 ngy sau khi chuyn hng cui cng v n im giao hng. Vic mua bn
ny c thc hin bng ngun ti chnh ca ngn hng B (X).
Mt hp ng bo him c k kt gia X, Y v hng bo him Z theo Z
cam kt tr cho ngi bn khon bo him trong trng hp ngi mua khng thanh
ton 10% gi tr l hng khi cc chng t ly hng c xut trnh. Thi gian bo
him ko di t ngy 1 thng 11 nm 1988 n ngy 31 thng 3 nm 1989 v thi hn
i thanh ton tin bo him l 510 ngy k t ngy xy ra s kin bo him. Theo bn
Ph lc ca Hp ng, ngn hng X, ngi s trc tip tr ph bo him, s c hng
tin bo him.
Ngy 2/2/1989, cng ty Y thng bo cho hng bo him Z rng vic d hng ca
chuyn tu cui cng thc hin vo ngy 26/11/1988 m cng ty ny vn cha nhn
c " Cc th gii phng hng" ng ra phi c k pht chm nht l vo ngy
25/1/1989 tc l 60 ngy sau khi d l hng cui cng ngi bn c th nhn c
khon thanh ton 10% cn li. Cng ty Y cng thng bo cho hng bo him Z rng h
v ang tin hnh xc minh vic khng thanh ton ny ti nc ca ngi mua v
qua ngn hng xc nhn tn dng chng t ni trn. Hng bo him Z tr li rng h
ghi nhn vic "Cc th gii phng hng" vn cha c k pht v h ch i kt
196
197
ng bo him tn dng, trong khi n rt ging nh vy, trng ti phi tin hnh hai
bc:
Th nht, xc nh xem lut no trong bn thn h thng php lut ni a ca
Php c th p dng cho hp ng ang xt (iu ny c v hi l v thng thng vic
la chn lut p dng ch c tin hnh khi c xung t php lut gia hai hay nhiu
nc). Trng ti quyt nh rng bn hp ng ny c iu chnh bi B lut Bo
him bi v cc bn mun nh vy ch khng xc nh bn cht ca hp ng trn c s
cc c im ca hot ng bo him m cc bn tho thun. Mong mun ny ca cc
bn c th hin thng qua vic dn chiu n hai iu khon ca B lut Bo him
trong bn hi p mu v l mt b phn khng tch ri ca hp ng bo him, hon
ton ging nh t vic mt s iu khon ca B lut dn s Php c nu ln trong
mt bn hp ng quc t, mt trng ti c th suy on l cc bn mun dng lut ca
Php iu chnh hp ng . Vic lm ny ca trng ti nhm xc nh ch ca cc
bn l hon ton ng n, nhng liu trong mt h thng php lut ni a cc bn vn
c quyn t do la chn p dng lut ny hay lut khc p dng cho hp ng ca
mnh ging nh trong mt hp ng quc t khng? Trong h thng php lut ni a,
quan h hp ng do cc bn thit lp phi tun th cc qui phm bt buc khng ph
thuc vo vic xc nh bn cht ca quan h . V vy, vic cc bn t tho thun
trc vi nhau v bn cht ca quan h hp ng phi ht sc thn trng. Tuy nhin,
trong phn quyt ny, cc trng ti li cho iu ny l th yu v t vic phn tch hp
ng bo him b tranh chp, u ban trng ti i n kt lun rng y khng phi l
mt bo him tn dng. Quan nim v hp ng tn dng ca trng ti theo bo him
tn dng ch gii hn cc hp ng bo him khi ngi phi thanh ton n mt kh
nng thanh ton c v l qu hp. Trong v vic ny u ban trng ti i n kt lun
rng hp ng phi c iu chnh bi B lut bo him Php. Nhng liu kt lun
ny ca trng ti c cn thit khng khi thc ra mt hp ng bo him tn dng vn c
th thuc phm vi iu chnh ca B lut Bo him Php, hoc chnh xc hn l mt
phn ca B lut ny (tr phn khng p dng cho bo him tn dng).
3. V tnh khng th d on trc ca hp ng bo him:
Trng ti khng nh chc chn rng hp ng bo him l mt hp ng khng
th d on trc c (vic thc hin bo him ph thuc vo s xut hin ca s kin
c bo him). Tuy nhin tnh cht ny khng phi l tuyt i, t nht l t pha ngi
bo him bi khi nhn bo him ngi bo him phi c nhng s liu thng k v
nhng tnh ton v xc sut xy ra s c lm cn c tnh ph bo him (CF. J.
Carbonnier, Lut dn s, T.4, s 11, trang 38).
Tuy vy, nu so vi cc loi hp ng khc th r rng l trong hp ng bo
him, yu t ngu nhin c vai tr quan trng v do tnh khng th d on trc vn
c coi l mt c tnh ca loi hp ng ny. V th quan im cho rng ngi th
hng bo him c th lm cho hp ng c hiu lc sau khi xy ra s kin c bo
him bng cch thanh ton ph bo him l khng th chp nhn c. Trong trng hp
201
202
PHN QUYT S 49
TRANH CHP TRONG LIN DOANH
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Mt cng ty Trung Quc
B n
: Mt cng ty Php
Cc vn c cp:
- Thnh lp mt phng ban trong Lin doanh
- Hnh ng ca Ch tch Hi ng qun tr m khng c s nht tr ca
ton b thnh vin Hi ng qun tr
- Thit hi
Tm tt v vic:
Ngy 16 thng 5 nm 1992, Nguyn n, B n v hai bn khc k hp ng Lin
doanh thnh lp Cng ty trch nhim hu hn Thng Hi chuyn sn xut qun o.
Vn bn chp thun thnh lp Lin doanh c ban hnh ngy 21 thng 5 nm 1992 v
giy php kinh doanh c cp ngy 2 thng 6 nm 1992. Ngy 25 thng 8 nm 1992,
Lin doanh bt u hot ng.
Ngy 15 thng 10 nm 1992, Ch tch Hi ng qun tr ca Lin doanh, mt
thnh vin Hi ng qun tr do B n ch nh v mt s ngi khc n Phng kinh
doanh ca Lin doanh ly i gic cm in thoi v tuyn b Lin doanh ngng hot
ng tin hnh mt s iu chnh. H cng nim phong kt an ton v ba ngn ko
bn tri bn lm vic ca nhn vin ph trch ti chnh, gi cha kho t ca Lin
doanh v bng li xe ca ngi li xe. Sng ngy 16 thng 10 nm 1992, Ch tch Hi
ng qun tr c i din n ngn hng ng ti khon ca Lin doanh nhng b
ngn hng t chi. Ngy hm sau, ti khon ca Lin doanh Chi nhnh Thng Hi Ngn hng u t Trung Quc b ng. V vy, mi hot ng ca Lin doanh b
ngng li.
Nguyn n kin B n vi phm hp ng v gy thit hi 960.000 Nhn dn t
cho Lin doanh. Theo iu 43 ca Hp ng Lin doanh, bt k bn no cn tr vic
thc hin cc iu khon hp ng v cc ph lc km theo s b coi l vi phm hp
ng. iu 54 ca iu l Lin doanh quy nh Nguyn n c hng li nhun t
hot ng ca lin doanh theo t l ng gp vo vn iu l ca Lin doanh, tc 15%
li thu c ca Lin doanh. V vy, hnh vi ca B n gy thit hi cho Nguyn n
144.000 Nhn dn t v Nguyn n kin B n ra Vn phng Thng Hi ca U
ban trng ti thng mi v kinh t quc t Trung Quc (CIETAC) theo iu 46 ca
Hp ng Lin doanh yu cu:
1. B n phi bi thng cho Nguyn n 144.000 Nhn dn t.
2. Ph trng ti do B n chu.
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5.
Ph trng ti s do c Nguyn n v B n tr. Nguyn n tr 35% ph
trng ti v phn cn li do B n tr.
6.
Phn quyt:
1.
t.
2.
Ph trng ti do c Nguyn n v B n tr. Nguyn n tr 35% ph
trng ti v phn cn li do B n tr.
3.
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PHN QUYT S 50
TRANH CHP LIN QUAN N VIC LA CHN T PHP HAY
CNG PHP LM LUT IU CHNH HP NG
Cc bn:
Nguyn n
: Ngi bn Italia
B n
Cc vn c cp:
Lut iu chnh hp ng
Tm tt v vic:
Tranh chp pht sinh sau khi "Hp ng cung cp v mua hng" c hiu lc vo
ngy 11 thng 11 nm 1976. Th tc t tng trng ti c tin hnh ti To n trng ti
ICC v To n ny ph chun vic ch nh trng ti vin duy nht Hague.
Phn quyt ny gii quyt hai vn : s tha k ca Ngi bn Italia i vi cc
quyn v ngha v ca mt cng ty sp nhp vi Ngi bn Italia v iu ny
c B n tha nhn; yu cu ca Ngi mua Hn Quc ngh u ban trng ti ra
phn quyt tm thi tuyn b hu b Hp ng nm 1976 do hp ng ny khng th
thc hin c trn c s lut cng Hn Quc (Lut chng c quyn, Lut gi c v
Lut thng mi cng bng).
U ban trng ti cho rng trong t tng trng ti, cng ty Italia l ngi tha k
hp php ca cng ty sp nhp vi n v rng Hp ng ngy 11 thng 11 nm 1976
c iu chnh bi lut t php Hn Quc. U ban trng ti bc yu cu tuyn b
Hp ng khng th thc hin c v quyt nh tip tc t tng trng ti.
Phn quyt ca trng ti:
1. V kh nng p dng lut cng php ca Hn Quc cho vic thc hin hp
ng
U ban trng ti tin hnh phn bit gia lut t iu chnh Hp ng v cc quy
tc khc ca lut cng c th p dng cho Hp ng. Cc bn tha nhn Hp ng ch
yu c thc hin trn lnh th Hn Quc. V vy, cho d lut t php ca bt c quc
gia no iu chnh Hp ng, Hp ng vn thuc phm vi iu chnh ca lut cng
Hn Quc. Do , U ban trng ti phi xc nh liu lut Hn Quc nh B n
vin dn c p dng cho Hp ng khng, cho d lut ny khng iu chnh Hp ng.
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Tuy nhin, trong v ny, lut cng quc gia nh Nguyn n vin dn (Lut
chng c quyn, Lut gi c, Lut thng mi cng bng) v bn cht l cc quy tc
chung. Thng thng, vic p dng cc quy tc ny phi trn c s chnh sch ca nh
nc. V vy, U ban trng ti khng th t do p dng cng php Hn Quc nh yu
cu ca B n nu vic p dng ny i hi trng ti phi nh gi, gii thch cc chnh
sch ca Nh nc.
Mt khc, U ban trng ti c quyn p dng lut cng php quc gia chng
no U ban trng ti thy rng trong v kin ny, theo nh thc tin t php c
cng b ca cc to n quc gia c thm quyn v/hoc cc chnh sch c ban
hnh v cng b ca cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn th cc b lut m U ban
trng ti ang xem xt u b coi l v hiu v khng th thc hin c do b cng
php ca cc quc gia c lin quan cm.
Do vy, bn tham gia t tng trng ti mun p dng lut cng php quc gia
phi chng minh cng php quc gia thc s c th p dng c trong v kin ny v
nu p dng th mc no.
Bi B n khng cung cp chng c v tnh hnh th trng Hn Quc v v
tr ca Nguyn n th trng , U ban trng ti cho rng vo thi im , Nguyn
n khng th gi v tr chi phi th trng c th lm dng th phn ca mnh, v b
quyt k thut lin quan ti sn xut mt loi sn phm v vic cung cp nguyn liu
th sn xut sn phm khng phi l hai mc c lp dn n quy nh hn ch
hot ng ca cc bn k kt hp ng trong iu 4 ca bn Thng bo ni trn.
V vy, quan im ca U ban trng ti l B n khng chng minh c iu 1
v iu 2 ca Hp ng c cc iu khon hn ch hot ng ca cc bn k kt hp
ng b cm bi lut cng php Hn Quc.
B n cng vin dn o lut thng mi cng bng v chng c quyn Hn
Quc nm 1980, c hiu lc t ngy 1 thng 4 nm 1981. Theo quan im ca B n,
o lut ny cng p dng cho Hp ng. Tuy nhin, trn thc t B n hu Hp
ng vo ngy 19 thng 5 nm 1980 hoc ngy 25 thng 11 nm 1980.
Do B n khng ch ra c rng o lut mi c hiu lc hi t v Hp
ng mc d b hu vo nm 1980, nhng vn c hiu lc sau ngy 31 thng 3 nm
1981, U ban trng ti cho rng o lut mi ca Hn Quc khng lin quan ti v kin
ny.
Trn c s cc vn bn trnh ca hai bn, cc cuc tho lun trong cc phin
xt x v cc cu tr li ca B n i vi cc cu hi v i tng ca cng php Hn
Quc m U ban trng ti a ra, U ban trng ti khng chp nhn p dng lut cng
php Hn Quc cho Hp ng.
2. V vic p dng iu 85 ca Hip c Rma:
Cng nh cng php quc gia, cc quy tc cnh tranh (iu 85) ca Hip c
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